Open-source software and Louis Vuitton: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy.PA (LVMH)
| company_logo = [[Image:Louis Vuitton Logo.PNG|250px]]
| company_type = Public
| foundation = [[1854]]
| ___location = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| key_people = [[Bernard Arnault]], [[Marc Jacobs]], [[Antoine Bernheim]], [[Ed Brennan]]
| industry = Luxury goods ([[leather]] goods, [[prêt-à-porter]])
| subsidiary = [[LVMH]]
| parent = [[LVMH|Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton]] (LVMH)
| products =
| revenue =
| num_employees =
| homepage = http://www.louisvuitton.com
}}
[[Image:Louis-Vuitton-Paris.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Louis-Vuitton situated on the famous [[Champs-Elysées]], Paris]]
''Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy LVMH.PA'' more commonly known simply as Louis Vuitton, is a [[luxury]] [[France|French]] fashion and leather goods brand and company headquartered in [[Paris, France]].
The company is named after its founder Louis Vuitton ([[August 4]][[1821]]-[[February 27]][[1892]]), who designed and manufactured luggage, as a [[Malletier]] during the second half of the nineteenth century. Vuitton was born in [[Jura (département)|Jura]], [[France]] (now part of the commune of
[[Lavans-sur-Valouse]]), but moved to Paris in 1835. The trip from his home town to Paris was over 400 kilometers long, and he traveled by foot. On his way there he picked up a series of odd jobs to pay for his journey. Two years later, at the age of 16, he apprenticed for the luggage manufacturer Monsieur Marechal. In 1854 he founded the company, which is now owned by [[LVMH]], a French [[holding company]] helmed by [[Bernard Arnault]].<ref>[http://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/fullDescription.asp?symbol=LVMH.PA Reuters Description of LVMH]</ref>
One hundred and fifty years after its eponymous founder began creating and selling trunks in [[Paris, France|Paris]], Louis Vuitton's signature leather goods are considered a [[status symbol]] around the globe and are highly regarded in the [[fashion]] world. The company's iconic Monogram Canvas design can be considered the first designer label in contemporary history; the design was created in 1896 by Vuitton's son Georges and was intended to prevent counterfeiting. Ironically, Louis Vuitton has become the most counterfeited [[brand]] in fashion history, with just over 1% of all items branded with the Vuitton logo ''not'' [[counterfeit]].<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/25/business/google.php European trademarks vs. Google]</ref>
The Louis Vuitton company has carefully cultivated a celebrity following and has used famous models and actresses in its marketing campaigns, most recently [[Uma Thurman]] and [[Scarlett Johansson]]. Other models and actresses who have lent their name to the Louis Vuitton line include [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Chloe Sevigny]], [[Christina Ricci]], [[Gisele Bundchen]], [[Kate Moss]], and [[Naomi Campbell]]. [[Hayden Christensen]] has also appeared as model for the company's luggage and [[prêt-à-porter]] lines. The company commonly uses print ads in [[magazines]] and billboards in [[cosmopolitan]] cities.
Vuitton bags and [[purses]] have a considerable list of [[celebrity]] adherents who are frequently seen in [[tabloid]] and magazine photographs carrying the brand. [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Beyonce Knowles]], [[Lindsay Lohan]], [[Kimora Lee Simmons]], [[Ayumi Hamasaki]], [[Jessica Simpson]], [[Ashley Tisdale]], [[Paris Hilton]], [[Nicole Richie]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Anna Kournikova]], [[Pamela Anderson]], [[Katharine McPhee]], [[Carmen Electra]], [[Mariah Carey]], and [[Victoria Beckham]] are included in this list.
The Vuitton collection has also created a cult-like following among consumers. Owners of the bags and accessories often refer to the products as their “Louis.” This cult following by both celebrities and wealthy consumers has elevated the Vuitton brand to the foremost position in accessory design alongside houses such as [[Gucci]], [[Prada]], [[Fendi]], and [[Hermès]].
==History==
===Early Days (1854-1892)===
[[1854]] - Vuitton opens his first store in Paris on Rue Neuve des Capucines, founding Louis Vuitton ''Malletier a paris.'' Before his quality trunks, French philosopher, Denis Diderot & Jean Le Rond d'Alembert makes mention of a Malletier and his techniques about 140 years earlier. (1713-1784)<ref>[http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?p.138:109./var/artfla/encyclopedie/textdata/IMAGE/ COFFRETIER - MALLETIER - BAHUTIER]</ref>
Vuitton began by selling flat-topped trunks that were lightweight and airtight. All trunks before this had rounded tops for water to run off and thus could not be stacked, it was Vuitton's gray Trianon canvas flat trunk that allowed the ability to stack for ease with voyages.
[[1860]] - Vuitton opens a larger factory in [[Asnières-sur-Seine]] to accommodate increased demand.
[[1867]] - Vuitton enters the Universal Exhibition at the World's Fair in Paris, winning the bronze medal.
[[1872]] - Vuitton creates a red and beige striped canvas, which he uses to line the interior of his trunks.
[[1876]] - Vuitton creates the [[wardrobe trunk]], which contains a rail and small drawers for storing clothing.
[[1880]] - Vuitton's son Georges is married and (on the same day) is given control of the business. Georges is credited with developing the unique five-number combination lock found on Vuitton trunks.
[[1883]] - Georges' son Gaston-Louis is born.
[[1885]] - The first Louis Vuitton store in London opens.
[[1888]] - The Damier Canvas pattern is created by Louis Vuitton in collaboration with Georges, and bears a logo that reads "marque L. Vuitton déposée," which translates to "mark L. Vuitton deposited" or, roughly, "L. Vuitton trademark".
[[1889]] - Vuitton wins the gold medal at the World's Fair in Paris.
[[1892]] - Vuitton dies; the Vuitton company begins selling handbags.
===Golden Age of Louis Vuitton (1893-1936)===
[[1893]] - Georges displays Vuitton products at the World's Fair in [[Chicago]] and begins his campaign to make the company into a worldwide corporation.
[[1894]] - Georges publishes his book ''Le Voyage''.
[[1896]] - Georges designs the Monogram Canvas. Its graphic symbols, including quatrefoils and flowers, are based on the trend of using Japanese and Oriental designs in the late [[Victorian era]]. This can be considered the first contemporary designer logo, as Georges is driven to create the pattern to prevent counterfeiting, which has already begun. The same year, Georges sails to the [[United States]], where he tours various cities such as [[New York City|New York]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], and [[Chicago]]. He sells Vuitton products during the visit.
[[1899]] - Georges exhibits Vuitton products at the maiden [[Paris Auto Show]].
[[1900]] - Georges Vuitton is given the honor of setting up the ''Travel Items and Leather Goods'' section of the 1900 [[World's Fair]] in Paris.
[[1901]] - The Louis Vuitton Company introduces the ''Steamer Bag'', a smaller piece of luggage designed to be kept inside Vuitton luggage trunks.
[[1904]] - Georges chairs the jury for the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|St. Louis World's Fair]]. The same year, the Louis Vuitton company introduces a new line of trunks that have special compartments for items such as perfumes, clothing, and other goods.
[[1906]] - Georges' son Gaston-Louis marries Renee Versille, and the company introduces trunks for automobiles.
[[1914]] - The Louis Vuitton Building opens on the [[Champs-Elysees]]. This is the largest travel-goods store in the world at the time. Stores also open in [[New York City|New York]], [[Bombay]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[London]], [[Alexandria]], and [[Buenos Aires]] as [[World War I]] begins.
[[1924]] - The company introduces its iconic ''Keepall'' bag, a forerunner of the duffel bag. The bag is still made by the company today in four sizes; the smallest retails for [[US$]]855.
[[1929]] - The company celebrates its seventy-fifth anniversary and expands its offering of custom-made items. It creates a toiletry case specially for opera singer [[Marthe Chenal]], which can hold bottles, brushes, mirrors, powder boxes, and other toiletries.
[[1931]] - Louis Vuitton introduces exotic bags, including handbags made from crocodile skin and elephant hide, and presents them at the Colonial Exhibition.
[[1932]] - Louis Vuitton introduces the ''Noé'' bag. This bag was originally made for champagne vinters to transport bottles, and is currently sold as a handbag. Prices for this bag now begin at [[US$]]585.
[[1933]] - The Louis Vuitton ''Speedy'' bag is introduced. It is still manufactured today.
[[1936]] - The golden age of Louis Vuitton ends as Georges Vuitton passes away. Estimates credit Georges Vuitton with over 700 new Vuitton designs. Gaston-Louis Vuitton assumes control of the company. The secretary trunk is introduced for Leopold Stokowski, a conductor.
===Modern Age of Louis Vuitton (1937-1996)===
[[1959]] - The company revamps its signature Monogram Canvas to make it more supple, allowing it to be used for purses, bags, and wallets.
[[1963]] - [[Audrey Hepburn]] is seen carrying the bag in the film [[Charade]].
[[1966]] - The company launches the classic ''Papillon'', a cylindrical bag that is said to resemble a butterfly .
[[1978]] - Vuitton opens its first stores in Japan, in [[Tokyo]] and [[Osaka]]. (Sales in Japan would come to account for nearly half of the company's total revenue by the 1980s.)
[[1983]] - The company joins with America's Cup to form the [[Louis Vuitton Cup]], a preliminary competition (known as an eliminatory regatta) for the world's most prestigious yacht race.
[[1984]] - Vuitton expands its presence in Asia by opening its first store in Korea, in Seoul.
[[1986]] - The company introduces its Epi leather line.
[[1987]] - [[Moët et Chandon]] and [[Hennessy]], leading manufacturers of [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]] and of [[brandy]], respectively, merge with Louis Vuitton to form the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate, [[LVMH]]. The group is partly owned by the [[Christian Dior]] group, and [[Bernard Arnault]] is chairman and CEO of both companies.
[[1988]] - Vuitton reports profits up 49% from the prior year.
[[1988]] - The company hosts its first [[Louis Vuitton Classic]] car show in Paris.
[[1989]] - The company's stores total 130 worldwide.
[[1990]] - Yves Carcelle is named president of the company.
[[1992]] - The first store in China is opened at the [[Palace Hotel]] in Beijing.
[[1993]] - The Taiga leather line is introduced.
[[1996]] - The [[centennial]] of the Monogram Canvas is celebrated in seven cites across the world, marked by parties at stores and the release of limited-edition items bearing the signature design.
===Millennium Age of Louis Vuitton (1997-present)===
[[1997]] - The company hires designer [[Marc Jacobs]] to be the label's artistic director. In March of the following year, he designs and introduces the company's first ''[[prêt-à-porter]]'' line of clothing.
[[2001]] - [[Stephen Sprouse]], in collaboration with [[Marc Jacobs]], designs a limited-edition line of Vuitton bags that feature [[graffiti]] written over the monogram pattern. The graffiti says ''Louis Vuitton'' and, on certain bags, the name of the bag (such as 'Keepall' and 'Speedy'). Certain pieces, which feature the graffiti without the Monogram Canvas background, are created and only available to the customers on Vuitton's [[Very Important Person|V.I.P.]] customer list.
[[2003]] - [[Takashi Murakami]], in collaboration with [[Marc Jacobs]], masterminds the new Monogram Multicolore canvas range of handbags and accessories. This range includes the monograms of the standard Monogram Canvas, but in 33 different colors on either a white or black background. (The classic canvas features gold monograms on a brown background.)
[[2003]] - Takashi Murakami creates the "Cherry Blossom" pattern, in which smiling cartoon faces in the middle of pink and yellow flowers are sporadically placed atop the Monogram Canvas. This pattern appeared on a limited number of pieces, which sold out quickly; the production of this [[limited-edition]] run was discontinued in June 2003.
[[2005]] - Takashi Murakami creates the Monogram Cerises pattern, in which cherries with faces on them are placed over Monogram Canvas on select pieces.
[[2006]] - The company launches a new line, called Damier Azur, a reinvention of the oldest pattern created by Louis Vuitton (the original Damier).
[[2006]] - Louis Vuitton launches the Winter 2006 show collection, which includes styles called "Monogram Miroir", giving new life to the classic Speedy 30, Keepall, Alma, and Papillon in a flashy, reflective silver and gold bag. Also included is the "Monogram LV-Inyl", "Monogram Embossed Leather", "Monogram Mink" (Multicolor Monogram canvas on [[Mink]]) and "Monogram Léopard" (Monogram canvas with leopard print done by Stephen Sprouse in 1989 and introduced by Marc Jacobs). Louis Vuitton was an amazing man he helped make a landmark of amazing handbags.
[[2006]] - The Monogram Mini line is discontinued throughout the world except for the [[United States]]. The Monogram Mini Lin will assume its position.
[[2006]] - Louis Vuitton opens its first store in [[Norway]], located in [[Akersgaten]] in [[Oslo]].
[[2006]] - Louis Vuitton opens its tenth [[UK]] store in the upmarket [[Leeds]] [[Victoria Quarter]]. The store is the first [[UK]] Louis Vuitton store outside [[London]] that has its own [[Very Important Person|VIP]] area. The store sells most of Louis Vuitton's lines except its ''[[prêt-à-porter]]'' lines.
[[2006]] - Louis Vuitton reopens its Malaysian flagship store at the upscale Starhill Gallery. The store is 6,000 square feet - the largest in southeast Asia.
[[2006]] - Louis Vuitton reopens a Global Store in [[Guam]], 27 years after they opened the first store in there. The store is 3 floors high with a high display wall called the Bags' Bar. The outside wall is built with laser-cut LV logo shaped stones.
[[2007]] - Louis Vuitton opens its first store in the Dutch Antilles, in Aruba. The store features the new Louis Vuitton concept and is located inside the Renaissance Hotel & Casino.
[[2007]] - Louis Vuitton's [[Nagoya]] store opens its doors in [[Midland Square]], [[Japan]].
==Counterfeiting==
[[Image:CIMG0185.JPG|right|thumb|A genuine Louis Vuitton purse from its new line.]]
The brand is highly [[counterfeit]]ed, and just over 1% of the items bearing the trademark [[Image:LV_Icon.svg|20px]] monogram are authentic. Ironically, the signature Monogram Canvas was created to ''prevent'' counterfeiting.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/25/business/google.php European trademarks vs. Google]</ref> In 2004, Louis Vuitton fakes accounted for 18% of counterfeit accessories seized in the [[European Union]]. LVMH, Vuitton's parent company, said that it employed "some 60 people at various levels of responsibility working full time on anti-counterfeiting, in collaboration with a wide network of outside investigators and a team of lawyers."<ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8209-2220038,00.html Special Report: Trying to stub out the fakes]</ref>
In an effort to prevent counterfeiting, the company closely controls the distribution of its products. Until the 1980s, Vuitton products were widely sold in department stores, such as [[Neiman Marcus]] and [[Saks Fifth Avenue]]. Today, Vuitton products are primarily available at Louis Vuitton boutiques, with a small number of exceptions. These boutiques are commonly found in [[upmarket]] shopping districts or, less commonly, inside high-end department stores. The boutiques within department stores operate independently and have their own managers and employees.
Louis Vuitton's biggest stores are in [[New York]], [[Beverly Hills]], [[Waikiki]], [[Guam]],[[Hong Kong]], [[Tokyo]], [[Boston]], [[San Francisco]], [[Chicago]], [[London]] and their flagship ___location in [[Paris]].
The rise of internet retailing created an extra challenge for the company in the fight against counterfeit goods. In 2006, Louis Vuitton and its sister company [[Christian Dior]] sued [[eBay]]<ref>[http://www.tech2.com/india/news/websites-internet/ebay-to-be-sued-for-counterfeit-products/1303/0 eBay To Be Sued For Counterfeit Products?]</ref> for failing to adequately prevent the sale of counterfeit products. According to the suit, which was filed in French courts on September 20, 2006, over 90% of the Vuitton items sold on eBay are fake.<ref>[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.pcinpact.com/actu/news/31582-ebay-lvmh-contrefacons.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=2&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Debay%2Bmalletier%2Bdior%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Doff%26rls%3DGGLG,GGLG:2005-36,GGLG:en Dior and Vuitton want to put at bag the counterfeit on eBay]</ref>
In 2005, the company successfully sued [[Google]] in France, and Google was ordered to pay [[US$]]250,000 for trademark violations, unfair competition, and misleading advertising. Vuitton has collected half the award, but Google has not settled the suit in full, alleging, in part, that French courts don't have jurisdiction over certain Google ___domain names.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/25/business/google.php European trademarks vs. Google]</ref>
In 2006, Louis Vuitton filed suit against Haute Diggity Dog<ref>[http://www.hautediggitydog.com/ Haute Diggity Dog Website]</ref> in Federal Court in the Eastern District of Virginia (opinion published at 464 F.Supp.2d 495). Haute Diggity Dog is a company that sells stuffed toys and beds for dogs under names that [[parody]] the products of other companies. Haute Diggity Dog marketed products such as "Chewnel #5"<ref>[http://www.pawstogo.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=405 Chewnel #5]</ref>, "Dog Perignon"<ref>[http://www.pugcafe.com/catalog/dog-perignon-plush-dog-toy.htm Don Perignon</ref>, "Chewy Vuiton"<ref>[http://www.thepamperedpup.com/shopping/hdd-chewyv-toy.htm Chewy Vuiton</ref>, and "Sniffany & Co."<ref>[http://www.bestinshowsf.com/sncosqdogtoy.html Sniffany & Co.</ref> for sale in pet stores. Louis Vuitton alleged that Haute Diggity Dog’s use of the mark Chewy Vuiton as well as other marks that imitate Louis Vuitton trademarks and copyrights, violate Louis Vuitton [[trademark]], [[trade dress]], and [[copyright]] rights. The court ultimately denied Louis Vuitton’s motion for [[summary judgment]] and granted Haute Diggity Dog’s motion for summary judgment. The court found that while Louis Vuitton is a strong mark and there is some similarity between the products in question, the lack of actual confusion and bad faith, when combined with contemplation of parody acted to vastly outweigh the factors that favor Louis Vuitton’s argument for trademark infringement. Similarly, the court found that no reasonable trier of fact could find for Louis Vuitton on the issue of [[trademark dilution]], [[counterfeiting]], and copyright violation. This case is indicative of the far extent that Louis Vuitton will go to protect its products.
==See also==
*[[LVMH]]
*[[Louis Vuitton Cup]]
==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><references/></div>
==External links==
* [http://www.louisvuitton.com Official Louis Vuitton website]
* [http://www.americascup.com Official site for the 2007 [[Louis Vuitton Cup]]]
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