Dirar ibn al-Azwar: differenze tra le versioni

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{{Bio

|Nome = Ḍirār ibn al-Azwar

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|LuogoMorte = Bilād al-Shām

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|AnnoMorte = 640 ?

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Appartenente al [[clan]] dei [[Banu Asad]] della [[tribù]] dei [[Quraysh]] di [[La Mecca|Mecca]], fu uno dei ''[[Mubarizun|Mubārizūn]]'' e un abile guerriero, impegnato nella [[guerra della ridda]] sotto il [[califfato]] di [[AbuAbū Bakr]] e nella [[conquista islamica della Siria]], agli ordini del generale [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khālid b. al-Walīd]], all'epoca del secondo [[califfo]] [['UmarʿOmar ibn al-KhattabKhaṭṭāb|ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb]] (634-644), in cui mise in luce un indomito coraggio e una feroce determinazione.<br/>

Fu presente nella [[battaglia di Ajnadayn|battaglia di Ajnādayn]] e nella [[Battaglia dello Yarmuk|Campagna dello Yarmūk]].

==Biografia==

Figlio del ''[[Sayyid]]'' dei B. Asad, Mālik b. Aws, apparteneva a una famiglia che fu tra le ultime a convertirsi all'[[islam]] (dopo la [[conquista di Mecca]], ossia ''fatḥ Makka''). Assai ricco, abbandonò la sua vita di lussi per la causa islamica.<br/>

Dopo la [[battaglia del Fossato]], assieme a [[Tulayha|Ṭulayḥa b. Khuwaylid]], fu inviato da [[Maometto]] per convincere i suoi contribuli ad abbracciare la nuova religione.<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA242&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QxHaVP-eMIyJuASsuoE4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false {{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Abu Khalil | first nome= Shawqī | yearanno= 2004 |title titolo= Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah Quoting ''Ibn Hishām, 4/164; al-Ṭabarī, 3/136; ''ʿUyūn al-athīr'', 2/234; ''al-RawdRawḍ al-Unufunuf'', 4/220; Ibn Khaldūn, 2/56; ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', 1/357; ''al-Sīra al-Ḥalabiyya'', 3/248; ''al-Kāmil fī l-Taʾrīkh'', 2/98'' |page p= 242|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA242&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QxHaVP-eMIyJuASsuoE4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false}}]</ref>

=== Guerra della ridda ===

Ḍirār passò la sua vita a combattere nella [[guerra della ridda]], operando come percettore delle imposte (della ''[[zakat|zakāt]]'') prima di dedicarsi al mestiere delle armi, servendo come esploratore a cavallo nella "[[Guardia mobile]]", una unità di élite costituita dal generale [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khālid b. al-Walīd]]. Fu inviato da [[MaomettoAbū Bakr]] a porre fine alla ribellione, insorta dopo l'apostasia di Ṭulayḥa.<ref>[{{cita testo|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v8jpVIeyKsKWuAT8xoHwDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar&f=false |titolo=Husayn Haykal, ''Muhammad''; Cordova library, 2014; 1 Biografia di Abu Bakr al-Siddiq]|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222151429/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v8jpVIeyKsKWuAT8xoHwDg&redir_esc=y }}</ref>

Un altro evento particolare che riguardò Ḍirār fu quello di essere inviato da Khālid b. al-Walīd, alla guida di un distaccamento di guerrieri appartenenti ai [[Banu Tamim|Banū Tamīm]] per affrontare [[Malik ibn Nuwayra|Mālik b. Nuwayra]], capo dei Banū YarbuʿYarbūʿ, sottotribù dei Tamīm, accusato di [[apostasia]].<ref name="google1">[{{cita testo|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false |titolo=The Origins of the Islamic State; Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyà al-Balādhurī; ]|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210155420/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y }}</ref>

=== Battaglia di Ajnādayn ===

Le forze dell'[[esercito dei Rashidun]] lasciòlasciarono la capitale di [[Medina]] probabilmente nell'autunno del 633 o agli inizi del 634. <!--TheyEssa firstdapprima engagedimpegnarono andcombattimento defeatedcoi the[[Bizantini]] Byzantinese atli sconfissero nella [[Battlebattaglia ofdi Dathin|Dathin]] on Februaryil 4; afterfebbraio. that EmperorL'Imperatore [[HeracliusEraclio I|Eraclio]], thenfermatosi stationed ina [[Emesa]] (nowora [[Homs]], in [[SyriaSiria]]), hadricevette reinforcementsrinforzi sente southli tospedì protecta sud a protezione di [[CaesareaCesarea Maritimamarittima]]. AsPer reagire a possible reactionciò, commanderil comandante [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] wasricevette orderedl'ordine todel interruptcaliffo operationsd'interrompere againstle theoperazioni contro l'[[SassanianImpero Empiresasanide]] ande reachdi Syria,guadagnare whichil brought''[[Grande himSiria|Bilād toal-Shām]]'', engageimpegnando theil opposition.nemico Duringin thebattaglia. middleA ofmetà thedi battleessa itsi istramanda recordedche thatl'impetuoso theḌirār impetuousabbia Dhiraar confront Khalidcosì andapostrofato saidKhālid:

{{Citazione|Perché aspettiamo, quando Allah, l'Altissimo, è dalla nostra parte? Per Allah, i nostri nemici penseranno che noi abbiamo paura di loro. Li aggrediremo con te.<ref name="justislam36">Waqidi, p. 36 [http://www.justislam.co.uk/The%20Sword%20of%20Allah/29.05.html], Cap. 29 in: ''In Swords of Allah''. N.B. Questo dialogo è messo in dubbio dagli studiosi, dal momento che solo [[al-Waqidi]] lo riporta.</ref>}}

Khālid decise di permettere che i singoli campioni musulmani combattessero contro i campioni bizantini anche perché, in caso di loro vittoria, sarebbero stati eliminati ufficiali bizantini abili, facilitando il compito delle forze islamiche. Pertanto Khālid permise a Ḍirār di agire secondo questo intendimento e Ḍirār prese quindi con sé [[corazza]] ed [[elmetto]] per proteggersi dagli [[arcieri]] [[ghassanidi]] al servizio dei Bizantini, imbracciando il suo [[scudo]] fatto di pelle d'[[elefante]], una volta appartenuto a un Bizantino.<br/>

{{quote|"Why are we waiting when Allah, the Most High, is on our side? By Allah, our enemies will think that we are afraid of them. Order the attack, and we shall attack with you."<ref name="justislam36">Waqidi: p. 36 [http://www.justislam.co.uk/The%20Sword%20of%20Allah/29.05.html], Ch. 29 in, In Swords of Allah.</ref>{{#tag:ref|This dialogue recording was not generally accepted as it was only found in the records of Al-Waqidi who has been criticized by many scholars in terms of Hadith narration field.<ref name="islammemo2003">http://www.islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html</ref><ref name="letmeturnthetables1">http://www.letmeturnthetables.com/2012/01/muhammad-ibn-umar-waqidi-narrator.html</ref>|group="Notes"}}}}

[[Waqidi]] afferma che Ḍirār lanciò il suo personale grido di battaglia quando s'avvicinò al nemico:

{{Citazione|"Io sono la morte dei Pallidi (vólti)<br/>Io sono l'uccisore dei Bizantini<br/>Io sono un flagello mandato su di voi<br/>Io sono Ḍirār ibn al-Azwar!"<ref name="justislam36"/>}}

Khalid decided to let individual champions go into combat against Byzantine champions. Accordingly, the Muslims would have the advantage, and it would be useful to eliminate as many of the Roman officers as possible, as this would in turn reduce the effectiveness of the Roman army. so Khalid finally decided to allow Dhiraar to act according to this plan. at first Dhiraar kept on his coat of mail and helmet Because of the Byzantine archers, and in his hand carried a shield made of elephant hide, which likely had once belonged to a Roman. it was stated by Waqidi gave his personal battle cry when he approaching the Rome:

Dal momento che pochi campioni ghassanidi avanzarono per la [[singolar tenzone]], Ḍirār abbandonò immediatamente la propria armatura e indumenti, facendosi conoscere dai suoi nemici come un "nudo campione". Nei successivi pochi minuti le cronache musulmane, indifferenti della veridicità di quanto narravano, egli avrebbe ucciso diversi nemici, inclusi due generali, uno dei quali governatore di [[Amman]] (allora Philadelphia) e l'altro di [[Tiberiade]], demoralizzando i ranghi ghassanidi.

{{quote|"I am the death of the Pale Ones<br>I am the killer of the Romans<br>I am a scourge sent upon you<br>I am Dhiraar bin Al Azwar!" <ref name="justislam36"/>{{#tag:ref|This dialogue recording was not generally accepted as it was only found in the records of Al-Waqidi who has been criticized by many scholars in terms of Hadith narration field.<ref name="islammemo2003"/><ref name="letmeturnthetables1"/>|group="Notes"}}}}

Dopo quell'episodio, avvenuto il 24 aprile, le forze musulmane sarebbero entrate senza trovare ostacoli a [[battaglia di Bosra (634)|Boṣra]], unendosi poi a quelle condotte da [['Amr ibn al-'As]], nei pressi di Adjnādayn.

As a few of the Roman champions advanced to answer his challenge, Dhiraar immediately abandoned his armor and garments and the Romans knew him at once as the Naked Champion. In the next few minutes, Dhiraar killed several Romans, including two generals, one of whom was the governor of [[Amman]] and the other the governor of [[Tiberias|Tiberius]]. this progress allow Khalid to seize the advantage Byzantine's rank disorder and morale breakdown after the death of many Rome soldiers or generals in the close combats due to Dhiraar's action.<ref>Book "Sword of Allah" written by Retd. Lt. Gen. A. I. "Sword of Allah" written by Retd. Lt. Gen. A. I. Ikram</ref>

=== Battaglia del Yarmuk ===

After the defeat the Byzantine-allied [[Ghassanids]] by April 24, Khalid's force was able to enter almost unopposed in [[Battle of Bosra|Bosra]]. Thus Khalid's forces went to join with [[Amr ibn al-A'as]]'s forces in a place known traditionally as Adjnadayn.

ItNella issuccessiva recorded[[battaglia bydel Yarmuk]], sulla scorta di una notizia di [[Ibn TaymiyyahTaymiyya]] ande di Muhammad Yusuf Al al-Dihlawi, authorautore ofdi Hayatusuna Sahabahvita dei [[Sahaba]] (''Ḥayāt al-Ṣaḥāba''), thatsi inafferma theche onesi particularsarebbe clashverificato auno rankscontro ofin Muslimscui werei fellmusulmani backfurono atrespinti Byzantinedai onslaught,Bizantini hee alongche withḌirār ibn al-Azwar, con [[IkrimahIkrima ibn Abi Jahl]], stoodavrebbe firmeroicamente withresistito con 400 menguerrieri, holdingdifendendo thele desertedposizioni linemusulmane andfinché successfullyl'esercito defendcaliffale thenon Muslimriuscì positiona untilriprendere theil oncecontrollo fleetingdella Muslimsituazione rankscon werel'arrivo backdi to battlefield and reinforced the position againrinforzi.<ref>[{{cita testo|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wZALAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9yLaVJmQNpGJuwSY4oAY&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=dhirar%20azwar&f=false |titolo=Islamic Books bydi Ibn TaymiyyahTaymiyya Maqdisi ande AbdullahʿAbd Azzam]Allāh al-ʿAzzām}}</ref><ref>[{{cita testo|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?ei=uCnaVOKqEI2yuASD-4DwDw&hl=id&id=MVMwAAAAYAAJ&dq=dhirar+azwar+yarmuk&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=azwar |titolo=Ḥayātuṣ-ṣaḥābah: The Lives of the Sahabah, Volume 1; Muḥammad Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad Ilyās Kāndihlawī al-Dihlawī; Published by Publ. Darul Ishaat, 1991; Digitalized by University of Virginia, 2008 ]}}</ref> The circumstances were more detailed in Tabari chomprehensive record that Ikrimah saying:

{{quote|"(Would)Al-Ḥārith ib. fightHishām thee messengerḌirār ofibn Godal-Azwar incombatterono everyfino place,a yetquando fleele fromferite youebbero today?!il whosopravvento. willIkrima takecadde, anmentre oath(toḌirār fight)scampò to the death?!"alla morte.<ref name="google36">Waqidi:Wāqidī, p. 36 [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=47PEMS6emv0C&dq=dhirrar+azwar+ikrimah&source=gbs_navlinks_s], ChCap. 29 indi ''The History of al-Tabari'', Vol. 11: "The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13".</ref>}}

=== Battle of Yarmouk ===

Later in the battle of Yarmouk assigned most of the time as Muslim armies's scout. usually screening the battlefield with small group of horsemen to determine the best way to deal with Byzantine force.

I musulmani non presero prigionieri, visto che il generale bizantino Theodore Trithyrius e altri comandanti erano morti in battaglia. Un gran numero di soldati bizantini tentò la fuga per evitare il massacro, ma molti di loro furono catturati nel successivo inseguimento musulmano. <br/>

It is recorded by [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] and Muhammad Yusuf Al Dihlawi, author of Hayatus Sahabah, that in the one particular clash a rank of Muslims were fell back at Byzantine onslaught, he along with [[Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl]] stood firm with 400 men holding the deserted line and successfully defend the Muslim position until the once fleeting Muslim ranks were back to battlefield and reinforced the position again.<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wZALAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9yLaVJmQNpGJuwSY4oAY&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=dhirar%20azwar&f=false Islamic Books by Ibn Taymiyyah Maqdisi and Abdullah Azzam]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?ei=uCnaVOKqEI2yuASD-4DwDw&hl=id&id=MVMwAAAAYAAJ&dq=dhirar+azwar+yarmuk&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=azwar Ḥayātuṣ-ṣaḥābah: The Lives of the Sahabah, Volume 1; Muḥammad Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad Ilyās Kāndihlawī al-Dihlawī; Published by Darul Ishaat, 1991; Digitalized by University of Virginia, 2008 ]</ref> The circumstances were more detailed in Tabari chomprehensive record that Ikrimah saying:

Dopo la battaglia, il [[califfo]] [['Umar]] dette ordine che una parte delle truppe musulmane che avevano combattuto al Yarmūk si trasferisse in [[Iraq]] per rafforzare e aiutare [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas|Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ]] nella [[battaglia di al-Qadisiyya]] contro l'[[Impero sasanide]], e Ḍirār ibn al-Azwar fu tra costoro.

=== Successive imprese ===

{{quote|"(Would) i fight the messenger of God in every place, yet flee from you today?! who will take an oath(to fight) to the death?!" <ref name="google36">Waqidi: p. 36 [https://books.google.co.id/books?id=47PEMS6emv0C&dq=dhirrar+azwar+ikrimah&source=gbs_navlinks_s], Ch. 29 in The History of al-Tabari Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13.</ref>}}

Durante la [[Battaglia di Thaniyyat al-'Uqab]] che precedette la conquista di [[Damasco]] fu catturato dai Bizantini, ma poco dopo fu trovato e, secondo [[al-Waqidi|al-Wāqidī]], liberato da un drappello guidato da sua sorella, [[Khawla bint al-Azwar]].<ref>{{cita testo|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false|titolo="Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria", di David Nicolle|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117235113/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y }}</ref> ma la notizia non viene confermata dalle fonti arabe più affidabili ([[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal]], [[al-Shafi'i]], [[al-Bukhari|al-Bukhārī]] e altri ancora).<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html |titolo=Copia archiviata |accesso=10 dicembre 2015 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214104631/http://islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html |urlmorto=sì }}</ref><ref name="letmeturnthetables1">https://www.letmeturnthetables.com/2012/01/muhammad-ibn-umar-waqidi-narrator.html</ref>

==Sulla sua morte==

Al Harith bin Hisham and Dirrar bin Al-Azwar both swear an oath along with 400 of notable mens and knights([[Furusiyya]]). they fought in the front of Khalid's(command) tent until all of them were disabled by wounds. Many of them died after the clash due to heavy wounds including Ikrimah. although some like Dhiraar was able to recovered.<ref name="google36"/>

Ḍirār sarebbe morto in [[Siria]], vittima dell'[[epidemia]] di [[Emmaus|ʿAmwās]] del [[638]], al pari di [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan|Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān]] e [[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah|Abū ʿUbayda b. al-Jarrāḥ]].<ref>http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/jordan_valley.html</ref> Sarebbe stato inumato nel ''[[Bilad al-Sham|Bilād al-Shām]]''.<ref>''Futūḥ al-Shām'', di al-Wāqidī</ref>

butma anotherun'altra account fromfonte, [[Ibn 'Abd al-Barr]], saidafferma heche wasḌirār fallensarebbe inmorto thenella battlebattaglia ofdi Ajnadayn.Ajnādayn, contrarymentre toal-Wāqidī Alriferisce Waqidiche reportsarebbe whoaddirittura hascaduto saidanni heprima, has fallen innella [[Battlebattaglia ofdella Yamama]]<ref>[{{Cita web|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false]|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210155420/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y |titolo=The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic .. }}</ref><ref>httphttps://islamstory.com/ar/ضرار_بن_الأزور {{cite bookCita libro| last cognome= Khuri Hitti | first nome= Phillip | yearanno=2005 |title titolo= The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II, page p. 165, 2002 |page p= 149 }}</ref>

==Retaggio==

[[File:Mohammad adeel-day-5.PNG|thumb|right|Day 5|alt=troop deployment day-5|Deployment of troops on the fifth day. Dhiraar troops was waiting on the far left to ambush routed Byzantine army.]]

Una [[moschea]] dedicata a Ḍirār è sita nella parte settentrionale della [[Valle del Giordano]], nei pressi del mausoleo dedicato ad Abū ʿUbayda b. al-Jarrāḥ, in un'area in cui era stata combattuta la [[battaglia di Mu'ta]].

Dhiraar played a prominent role when Khalid assigned him to capture a bridge at Ayn al Dhakar for safe crossing across the deep gorges of the ravines of Wadi-ur-Ruqqad with 500 soldiers at night of the fifth day, then he ordered by Khalid to set an ambush there to eliminate the Byzantine armies who has been routed and using this bridge as a way to withdraw.<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ggK29Dcp4AwC&dq=zaraar+azwar+yarmouk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xmy6VKGEI4WWuASQyYLoCQ&redir_esc=y SWORD OF ALLAH : Khalid Bin Al-Waleed His Life & Campaigns; Lt. Gen. A.I. Akram]</ref>

== Note ==

In the next day Dhiraar moved with 500 mounted troops around the northern flank of Byzantines and captured the bridge the plan was successful as the Byzantine was retreated onto this path as Khalid's prediction, and the retreating Byzantine army shocked as Dhiraar has been waiting them in Wadi Ul Raqqad bridge . The Byzantines were surrounded from all sides now. Some fell into the deep ravines off the steep slopes, others tried to escape in the waters, only to be smashed on the rocks below and again others were killed in their flight. Nevertheless, a large number of the soldiers managed to escape the slaughter

<references/>

The Muslims took no prisoners in this battle as Byzantine general, [[Theodore Trithyrius]] and some other generals were died in this battle. However a large number of the soldiers managed to escape the slaughter although they may have captured some during the subsequent pursuit. After this battle Caliph Umar instructed a portions of Rashidun troops from Yarmouk to be transferred to [[Iraq]] as reinforcement to assist [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]] in the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]] against [[Sassanid Empire]] and Dhiraar was counted among them

=== Later career ===

During the [[Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab|battle of Eagle Pass]] which preluding the Siege of Damascus, he was captured by Byzantine force, but shortly later he on he was rescued by rescue team led by his sister, [[Khawlah bint al-Azwar]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria By David Nicolle]</ref> but some commentary has criticize the authenticity of this incident about Khawlah because it was recorded without various citations which approved by that era scholars and only by [[Waqidi]], who has been criticized by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] , al-Shafi’i, Al-Bukhari and others as unreliable<ref name="islammemo2003"/><ref name="letmeturnthetables1"/>

==Historicity regarding death==

The young Sahabi embraced his death in Syria, being victim of the pernicious plague outbreak which broke in Syria and western Iraq which caused by severe drought took the lives of many of the pious Companion including [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]]. the time of his death was said as 18th years after [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] which means his death was supposedly in 640 AD<ref>http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/jordan_valley.html</ref> He was buried in Syria.<ref>Book "Futooh ush Sham" written by Allama Waqidi</ref>

but another account from [[Ibn 'Abd al-Barr]] said he was fallen in the battle of Ajnadayn. contrary to Al Waqidi report who has said he has fallen in [[Battle of Yamama]]<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false]</ref><ref>http://islamstory.com/ar/ضرار_بن_الأزور {{cite book | last = Khuri Hitti | first = Phillip | year=2005 |title = The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II page 165,2002 |page = 149 }}</ref>

Also it was reported by Ibn Hajjar Hadith that in one case that Dhiraar murdered [[Malik ibn Nuwayrah]] and committed adultery of female slave taken from the campaign. so Khalid has ordered by Caliph Umar to executed him due this crime. However, before Khalid received the order to execute Dhiraar, he was already dead<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=OqHvlJYjgRUC&pg=PA43&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QxHaVP-eMIyJuASsuoE4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false {{cite book | last = Zawātī | first = Ḥilmī | year=2005 |title = Is Jihād a Just War? quoting [[Al-Bayhaqi|Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Husayn Al-Bayhaqi]] , Al Sunan Al Kubra 10 volume(Haydar Abad) Da'irat Al-Ma'rif Al-Uthmaniyya, 2001 |page = 44 }}]</ref> although there's some controversy regarding the textual translations if Dhiraar died in that time (regardless the cause) or not,<ref>http://kingoflinks.net/Mkhalfoon/10Khalid/6Dhrar.htm</ref> as its recorded by [[Bayhaqi]]<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=OqHvlJYjgRUC&pg=PA43&dq=dhirar+azwar+asad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMLpVNnVA9fluQSQ6YCwDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=azwar&f=false {{cite book | last = Zawātī | first = Ḥilmī |title = Is Jihād a Just War?}}]</ref>

so this is different from Al-Waqidi version. on the other side Tabari explained the same circumstances with Waqidi that Dhiraar was appeared at the battle of Yarmouk<ref>the history of nations and the apostles and kings , Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, c 2, p. 336. رابط الموضوع: http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/54093/#ixzz3RD0InZQZ</ref> and [[Ya'qubi]] even wrote He live long enough to the [[Battle of Qadisiyah]] together with [[Tulayha]], [[Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib]] and other Rashidun soldiers to discover the corpse of [[Rostam Farrokhzād]]<ref name="google1"/> although the chronicle of Ya'qubi was plagued with skepticism{{#tag:ref|Skepticism regarding Ya'qubi works were exist as he was accused with bias of Shiite sympathy regarding his works<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652001/al-Yaqubi Ya'qubi]</ref>|group="Notes"}}

However, it is should be noted that Ibn Hajjar surmisses there's two different person of Dhiraar. the first was Dhiraar bin Azwar from Asad tribe but another named Dhiraar bin al-Khattab was also exist, thus chroniclers like Abd al-Barr making some mistakes by identifying those two different persons as the one person. Although the confusion was evident here the older chroniclers such as Abu Ismail al Azdi and [[Sayf ibn Umar]] was conscious the existence of two Dhiraar but they also recorded both Dhiraar al-Azwar and Dhiraar bin al-Khattab was present in the Syrian campaign particularly battle of Yarmouk, Dismissing al-Barr & Waqidi's claim<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=FP09AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA74&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O8XpVOCJBMmgugSv_YCgBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dhirar%20azwar&f=false {{cite book | last = Nassau Lees | first = W. |title = The Conquest of Syria commonly ascribed to Muḥammad b. 'Umar al- Wāqidī: Ed. with notes by W. Nassau Lees, Volume 1}}]</ref>

==Legacy==

[[Dirar Bin Al-Azwar mosque]] was built to commemorate the Prophet’s companion, Dirar Bin Al Azwar. the Mosque is located to the northern part of the Jordan Valley adjacent the mausoleum of [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]], another prophet's companion and his former superior on the campaign against Byzantine empire, in an area which witnessed the [[Battle of Mu'tah|first battles between the Muslims and the Byzantine empire]] in the earliest Muslim conquests.

===In popular culture===

Several 20th century film about Muslim conquests was made which including Dhiraar as one of the cast

* Syrian actor Ahmed Slan played the role of Dhiraar bin Azwar in Series Khalid ibn al-Walid in Part I, directed by Jordanian Mohammed Azizia

* Egyptian actor Abdullah Ghaith played the role in the ''Under the shade of swords'' series<ref>[[:ar:تحت ظلال السيوف]]</ref> from the Egyptian Directed by Saeed Al-Rashidi

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== Bibliografia ==

=== Fonti primarie ===

* Abū Ismāʿīl al-Azdī, ''Futūḥ al-Shām'' (attribuito erroneamente a [[Waqidi|Wāqidī]]<ref> [[Claudio Lo Jacono]], «I 'romanzi waqidei' e l'opera di Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī». Relazione presentata alla Giornata di studio nel cinquantenario della morte di [[Leone Caetani]] (Roma 16-XII-1985), Fondazione Leone Caetani dell'[[Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei]], Roma, 1985, pp. 39-54.</ref>

* {{ar}}[[TabariṬabarī|Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī]], ''Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa l-mulūk''

* {{ar}}[[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani|Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī]], ''Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb''

* {{ar}}[[Sayf ibn 'Umar|Sayf b. ʿUmar]]

* {{ar}}[[Sahih al-Bukhari|''Ṣaḥīḥ'' di al-Bukhārī]]

* {{ar}}[[Ibn 'Abd al-Barr|Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr]], ''al-Istiʿyāb fī maʿrifat al-Aṣḥāb'' (<bigspan style="font-size: 120%;">ﺍلاستعياب في معرفة الاصحاب</bigspan>)

== Note ==

<references/>

==Voci correlate==

* [[Sahaba]]

* [[Qa'qa' ibn 'Amr]]

* [[Khawla bint al-Azwar]]

* [[Battaglia di Thaniyyat al-'Uqab]]

* [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]

* [[Mubarizun]]

{{Sahaba}}

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