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{{Infobox pope|
English name=Pius X|
image=[[Image:pope-pius-x-03.jpg|200px]]|
birth_name=Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto|
term_start=[[August 4]], [[1903]]|
term_end=[[August 20]], [[1914]]|
predecessor=[[Pope Leo XIII | Leo XIII]]|
successor=[[Pope Benedict XV | Benedict XV]]|
birthplace=[[Riese]], [[Italy]]|
dead=dead|death_date=[[August 20]], [[1914]], age 79|
deathplace=[[Apostolic Palace]], [[Rome, Italy]]|
other=Pius}}
'''Pope St. Pius X''' ([[Ecclesiastical Latin | Latin]]: ''Pius PP. X'') ([[June 2]], [[1835]]—[[August 20]], [[1914]]), born '''Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto''', was the 257th [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], reigning from [[1903]] to [[1914]], succeeding [[Pope Leo XIII]] ([[1878]]–1903). He was the first Pope since the [[Counter-Reformation]] of [[Pope Pius V]] ([[1566]]–[[1572|72]]) to be [[Canonization|canonized]].
== Early life and ministry ==
Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born [[June 2]], [[1835]] in [[Riese]], [[province of Treviso]] ([[Veneto]]), [[Italy]]. He was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto ([[1792]]–[[1852]]) and Margarita Sanson ([[1813]]–[[1894]]). He was baptized [[June 3]] [[1835]]. Giuseppe's childhood was one of poverty, being the son of the village postman. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked 6 kilometers to school each day.
[[Image:Giuseppe-sarto-01.jpg|thumb|140px|left|A young Giuseppe Sarto]]
At a young age, Giuseppe studied [[Latin language | Latin]] with his village priest, and went on to study at the [[gymnasium (school) | gymnasium]] of [[Castelfranco Veneto]]. "In [[1850]] he received the [[tonsure]] from the Bishop of Treviso, and was given a scholarship [from] the Diocese of Treviso" to attend the Seminary of [[Padua]] "where he finished his classical, philosophical, and theological studies with distinction" [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12137a.htm].
On September 18, [[1858]], Giuseppe Sarto was ordained a priest, and became chaplain at [[Tombolo]]. While there, Father Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both [[Saint Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Canon law (Catholic Church) | Canon law]], while carrying out most of the functions of the [[parish]] pastor, who was quite ill. In [[1867]], he was named Arch-Priest of [[Salzano]]. Here he restored the Church and expanded the hospital, the funds coming from his own begging, wealth and labor. He became popular with the people when he worked to assist the sick during the [[cholera]] plague that swept into northern Italy in the early [[1870s]].
In [[1875]] he was made [[canon (priest) | Canon]] (or Chancellor) of the Cathedral and Diocese of Treviso, holding offices such as spiritual director, [[rector]] of the Treviso seminary, and examiner of the clergy. As Chancellor he made it possible for [[public school]] students to receive religious instruction.
In [[1878]] Bishop Zanelli died, leaving the Bishopric of [[Treviso]] vacant. Following Zanelli's death, the canons of cathedral chapters (of which Monsignor Sarto was one) inherited the episcopal jurisdiction as corporate body, and were chiefly responsible for the election of a Vicar-Capitular who would take over the responsibilities of Treviso until a new [[bishop]] was named. In [[1879]], Sarto was elected to the position, which he served in from December of that year to June of [[1880]].
After 1880, Sarto taught [[dogmatic theology]] and [[moral theology]] at the [[seminary]] in Treviso.
== Bishop of Mantua ==
[[Image:Bishop-sarto-of-mantua-01.jpg|140px|thumb|Bishop Sarto]]
Six years after being elected to the position of Vicar-Capitular of Treviso, and four after leaving that post, Giuseppe Sarto was, on [[November 10]] [[1884]], raised to the [[episcopate]] as Bishop of [[Mantua]].
Sarto was motivated to Improve the seminary at Mantua, particularly in bringing it more in line with the doctrines and methods of [[Thomas Aquinas]]. He also promoted the use of [[Gregorian Chant]]. He is noted to have provided free copies of ''[[Summa Theologiae]]'' to the poorer students at the seminary. On [[June 19]] [[1891]], he began serving as assistant at the Pontifical Throne.
== Cardinal and Patriarch ==
[[Image:Kardinál Sarto.jpg|thumb|140px|left|Cardinal Sarto]]
[[Pope Leo XIII]] made him a [[cardinal (Catholicism) | cardinal]] in a secret [[consistory]] on [[June 12]] [[1893]]. He was named Cardinal-Priest of [[Saint Bernardo alle Terme]]. Three days after this, Cardinal Sarto was publicly named [[Patriarch of Venice]]. This caused difficulty, however, as the government of the reunified [[Italy]] claimed the right to nominate the Patriarch based on its previous alleged exercise by the [[Emperor of Austria]]. The poor relations between the Roman [[Curia]] and the Italian civil government since the annexation of the [[Papal States]] in [[1870]] placed additional strain on the appointment. The number of vacant [[Episcopal See|sees]] soon grew to thirty. Sarto was finally permitted to assume the position of Patriarch in [[1894]].
As Cardinal and Patriarch, Sarto steered clear of political involvement, allocating his time for social works and strengthening parochial banks. However, in his first [[pastoral letter]] to the Venetians, Cardinal Sarto argued that in matters pertaining to the Pope, "There should be no questions, no subtleties, no opposing of personal rights to his rights, but only obedience."
== Papal Election ==
{{main|Papal conclave, 1903}}
[[Image:PopePiusX.JPG|thumb|Pope Pius X wearing the Papal Tiara of Gregory XVI]]
On [[July 20]] [[1903]], Leo XIII died, and at the end of that month the [[Papal Election | conclave]] convened to elect his successor. According to historians, the favorite was the late Pope's secretary of state, [[Mariano Rampolla | Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro]]. On the first ballot, Cardinal Rampolla received 24 votes, Cardinal Gotti had 17 votes, and Cardinal Sarto 5 votes. On the second ballot, Rampolla had gained 5 votes, as did Sarto. The next day, it seemed that Rampolla would be elected. However, the [[veto]] against Rampolla's nomination, by Polish Cardinal [[Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko | Jan Puzyna]] from Cracow in the name of Emperor [[Francis Joseph]] (1848–1916) of [[Austria-Hungary]], was proclaimed. Many among the conclave, including Rampolla, protested the veto, and it was even suggested that he be elected Pope despite the veto.
However, the third vote had already begun, and thus the conclave had to continue with the voting, which resulted in no clear winner, though it did indicate that many of the conclave wished to turn their support to Sarto, who had 21 votes upon counting. The fourth vote showed Rampolla with 30 votes and Sarto with 24. It seemed clear that the cardinals were moving toward Cardinal Sarto.
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Pope-pius-x-01.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Pope Pius X prayer card]] -->
On the following morning, the fifth vote of the conclave was taken, and the count had Rampolla with 10 votes, Gotti with 2 votes, and Sarto with 50 votes [Source]. Thus, on 4 August 1903, Cardinal Sarto was elected to the 257th Pontificate. This marked the last time a [[veto]] would be exercised by a Catholic monarch in the proceedings of the conclave.
At first, it is reported, Sarto declined the nomination, feeling unworthy. Additionally, he had been deeply saddened by the use of the Austro-Hungarian [[veto]] and vowed to rescind these powers and [[excommunicate]] anyone who leaked information during a conclave. With the cardinals asking him to reconsider, it is further reported, he went into solitude, and took the position after deep prayer and the urging of his fellow cardinals.
In accepting the Papacy, Sarto took as his Papal name Pius X, out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly [[Pope Pius IX]] (1846–78), who had fought against theological liberals and for papal supremacy. Pius X's traditional [[papal coronation | coronation]] took place on the following Sunday, [[9 August]] [[1903]].
== Pius X's pontificate ==
{{infobox popestyles|
papal name=Pope Pius X|
dipstyle=His Holiness|
offstyle=Your Holiness|
relstyle=Holy Father|
deathstyle=[[Saint]]|}}
The pontificate of Pius X was noted for its conservative theology and reforms in liturgy and church law. In what became his motto, the Pope stated in 1903 that his papacy will undertake ''Instaurare Omnia in Christo'', or "to restore all things in [[Christ]]." In his first encyclical (''E Supremi Apostolatus'', [[October 4]], [[1903]]), he stated that his overriding policy as follows: "We champion the authority of [[God]]. His authority and Commandments should be recognized, deferred to, and respected."
=== The ''Tra le sollicitudine'' of 1903 and the Restoration of Gregorian Chant ===
Within three months of his coronation, Pius X published his ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''[[Tra le sollicitudine]]'' (possibly co-written by his friend [[Don Lorenzo Perosi|Lorenzo Perosi]]). [[European classical music | Classical]] and [[Baroque music | Baroque]] compositions had long been favoured over [[Gregorian Chant]] in ecclesiastical music. The Pope announced a return to earlier musical styles, championed by [[Don Lorenzo Perosi|Don Perosi]]. Since 1898, Perosi had been Director of the [[Sistine Chapel Choir]], a title which Pius X upgraded to "Perpetual Director." The Pope's choice of Joseph Pothier to supervise the new editions of chant led to the official adoption of the [[Solesmes Abbey|Solesmes]] edition of Gregorian chant.
=== Church Administration ===
Pius X reformed the [[Roman curia]] with the constitution ''Sapienti Consilio'', and specified new rules enforcing a bishop's oversight of seminaries in the encyclical ''Pieni L'Animo''. He established regional seminaries (closing some smaller ones), and promulgated a new plan of seminary study. He also barred clergy from administering social organizations.
Pius X reversed the accommodating approach of Leo XIII towards secular governments, appointing [[Rafael Merry del Val|Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val]] as Secretary of State. When the [[President of France | President]] of [[France]] [[Émile Loubet]] visited [[King of Italy | Italian monarch]] [[Victor Emmanuel III]] (1900–46), Pius X, still refusing to accept the annexation of the Papal territories by Italy, reproached the French president for this visit and refused to meet him. This led to a diplomatic break with France, and in [[1905]] France issued a [[Laïcité | Law of Separation]], which [[Separation of church and state|separated church and state]], and which the Pope denounced. The effect of this separation was the Church’s loss of its government funding in France. Eventually, France expelled the [[Jesuits]] and broke off diplomatic relations with the Vatican.
The Pope adopted a similar position toward secular governments in other parts of the world: in [[Portugal]], [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Ethiopia]], and a number of other states with large Catholic populations. His actions and statements against international relations with Italy angered the secular powers of these countries, as well as a few others, like [[England]] and [[Russia]].
In [[1908]] the papal decree [[Ne Temere]] came into effect which complicated [[interreligious marriage|mixed marriages]]. Marriages not performed by a Roman Catholic priest were declared legal but religiously invalid, worrying some Protestants that the Church would counsel separation for couples married in a Protestant church or by civil service.[http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1981/Moir.html] Priests were given discretion to refuse to perform mixed marriages or lay conditions upon them, commonly including a requirement that the children be raised Roman Catholic. The decree proved particularly divisive in [[Ireland]], which has a large [[Protestant]] minority, and contributed indirectly to the subsequent political conflict there.
As secular authority challenged that of the papacy, Pius X became more aggressive. He suspended the ''[[Opera dei Congressi]]'', which coordinated the work of Catholic associations in Italy, as well as condemned ''[[Le Sillon]]'', a French social movement that tried to reconcile the Church with [[liberalism | liberal]] political views. He also opposed [[trade union]]s that were not exclusively Catholic.
Pius X partially lifted decrees forbiding Italian Catholics from voting; however, he never recognized Italy.
===Relations with the [[Kingdom of Italy]]===
Initally Pius maintained his [[prisoner in the Vatican]] stance but with the rise of [[socialism]] he began to allow the ''[[non expedit]]'' to be relaxed. In [[1905]] in his [[encyclical]] ''[[Il Fermo Proposito]]'' he allowed Catholics to vote when they were ‘''help[ing] the maintenance of social order''’ by voting for deputies who were not socialist.
=== Liturgical Changes ===
In his papacy, Pius X worked to increase devotion in the lives of the [[clergy]] and [[laity]], particularly in the [[Liturgy of the Hours]] (which he reformed considerably - see [[Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X]]) and the [[Mass (liturgy)|Holy Mass]].
In addition to restoring to prominence the Gregorian Chant, he placed a renewed [[liturgy | liturgical]] emphasis on the [[Eucharist]], saying, "Holy Communion is the shortest and safest way to Heaven." To this end, he encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion. This extended to children, who had reached the "age of discretion" (about seven years old), as well, though he did not permit a return to the older practice of [[Infant Communion | infant communion]]. In conjunction, he also emphasized frequent recourse to the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] in order that Holy Communion would be received worthily. Pius X's devotion to the Eucharist would eventually earn him the honorific of "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament," by which he is still known among his devotees.
=== Anti-Modernism ===
Pius X's papacy featured vigorous condemnation of what he termed '[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism) | modernists]]' and '[[Relativism | relativists]]' who endangered the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic faith]] (see for example his [[Oath Against Modernism]]). This is perhaps the most controversial aspect of his papacy.
[[Image:PiusXCOA.jpg|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of Pope Pius X]]
Modernism and relativism, in terms of their presence in the Church, were theological trends that tried to assimilate modern philosophers like [[Immanuel Kant | Kant]] into church theology, in much the same way [[Aristotle | Aristotelian philosophy]] was united with theology by the [[scholasticism | scholastics]]. Modernists justified this change with the idea that beliefs of the Church have evolved throughout its history and continue to evolve. Anti-modernists viewed these notions as contrary to the dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church.
In a decree, entitled [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10lamen.htm ''Lamentabili sane exitu'' (or "A Lamentable Departure Indeed")], issued [[3 July]] [[1907]], Pius X formally condemned sixty-five modernist or relativist propositions concerning the nature of the Church, [[revelation]], [[biblical exegesis]], the [[sacraments]], and the divinity of [[Christ]]. This was followed by the encyclical ''Pascendi Dominici gregis'' (or "Feeding the Lord's Flock"), which characterized Modernism as the "synthesis of all [[heresy | heresies]]." Following these, Pius X ordered that all clerics take the [[Anti-Modernist oath | ''Sacrorum antistitum'']], an oath against Modernism. He also encouraged the formation and efforts of ''Sodalitium Pianum'' (or League of Pius V), an anti-Modernist network of informants.
Pius X's aggressive stance against modernism caused some disruption within the Church. Although only about forty clerics refused to take the oath, Catholic scholarship with modernistic tendencies was substantially discouraged. [[Theology | Theologians]] who wished to pursue lines of inquiry in line with secularism, modernism, or relativism had to stop, or face conflict with the papacy, and possibly even [[excommunication]].
=== Other Activities ===
In addition to the political defense of the Church, liturgical changes, and anti-modernism, the papacy of Pius X saw the both the codification of the [[Canon law (Catholic Church) | Canon law]] and the reorganization of the Roman [[Curia]]. Seminaries and their curricula were reformed.
Pius X [[Beatification | beatified]] ten individuals and [[Canonization | canonized]] four. Those beatified during his pontificate, were: [[Blessed Marie Genevieve Meunier]] (1906), [[Blessed Rose Chretien]] (1906), [[Saint Valentin Faustino Berri Ochoa]] (1906), [[Blessed Clarus]] (1907), [[Blessed Zedislava Berka]] (1907), [[Saint John Bosco]] (1907), [[Blessed John van Ruysbroeck]] ([[1908]]), [[Blessed Andrew Nam Thung]] ([[1909]]), [[Saint Agatha Lin]] (1909), [[Saint Agnes De]] (1909), [[Saint Joan of Arc]] (1909), [[Saint John Eudes]] (1909). Those canonized by him were [[Saint Alexander Sauli]] ([[1904]]), [[Saint Gerard Majella]] (1904), [[Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer]] (1909), and [[Saint Joseph Oriol]] (1909).
Pius X published sixteen encyclicals; among them was [[Vehementer nos]] on [[February 11]], [[1906]], which condemned the [[1905 French law on the separation of the State and the Church]]. Pius X also confirmed the existence of [[Limbo]] in Roman Catholic theology in his [[1905]] [[Catechism#Catholic catechisms|Catechism]], saying that the unbaptized "do not have the joy of God but neither do they suffer... they do not deserve Paradise, but neither do they deserve Hell or [[Purgatory]]."[http://www.religioustolerance.org/limbo2.htm]
In the [[Prophecy of the Popes | Prophecy of St. Malachy]], the collection of 112 prophecies about the Popes, Pius X appears as ''Ignis Ardens'' or "Burning Fire."
== Death and Burial ==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Pope-pius-x-tomb-01.jpg|thumb|Pope Pius X's tomb]] -->
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[[Image:piusxtomb.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Pope Pius X]]
In [[1913]] Pius X suffered a heart attack, and subsequently lived in the shadow of poor health. In [[1914]], the Pope fell ill on the Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]] ([[15 August]]), an illness from which he would not recover. His condition was worsened by the events leading to the outbreak of [[World War I]] (1914–18), which reportedly sent the 79 year-old Pope into a state of horror and melancholy. He died on [[20 August]], [[1914]], only a few hours after the death of [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus | Jesuit leader]] [[Franz Xavier Wernz]].
Following his death, Pius X was buried in a simple and unadorned tomb in the crypt below [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. Papal doctors had been in the habit of removing organs to aid the embalming process. Pius X expressly prohibited this, however, and none of his successors have allowed the practice to be reinstituted.
== Canonization ==
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Although Pius X's elevation to [[sainthood]] took place in [[1954]], the events leading up to it began immediately with his death. A letter of [[24 September]] [[1916]] by Monsignor Leo, Bishop of Nicotera and Tropea, referred to Pius X as "a great Saint and a great Pope." To accommodate the large number of [[pilgrim]]s seeking access to his tomb, in excess of what the crypt would hold, "a small metal cross was set into the floor of the basilica," which read ''Pius Papa X'', "so that the faithful might kneel down directly above the tomb" [http://www.angelusonline.org/Article304-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml]. Masses were held near his tomb until [[1930]].
Devotion to Pius X between the two [[world war]]s remained high. On [[14 February]] [[1923]], in honor of the 20th anniversary of his accession to the papacy, the first moves toward his [[canonization]] began with the formal appointment of those who would carry out his cause. The event was marked by the erecting of a monument in his memory in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. On [[19 August]] [[1939]], [[Pope Pius XII]] (1939–58) delivered a tribute to Pius X at [[Castel Gandolfo]]. On [[12 February]] [[1943]], a further development of Pius X's cause was achieved, when he was declared to have displayed heroic virtues, gaining therefore the title "Venerable".
On [[19 May]] [[1944]], Pius X's coffin was exhumed and was taken to the Chapel of the Holy Crucifix in St. Peter's Basilica for the canonical examination. Upon opening the coffin, it is claimed that the examiners found the body of Pius X preserved, despite the fact that he had died 30 years before and had made wishes not to be embalmed. According to [[Jerome Dai-Gal]], "all of the body" of Pius X "was in an excellent state of conservation" [http://www.angelusonline.org/Article304-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml]. After the examination and the end of the apostolic process towards Pius X's cause, Pius XII bestowed the title of [[Venerable]] Servant of God upon Pius X. His body was exposed for 45 days, before being placed back in his tomb.
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Following this, the process towards [[beatification]] began, and thus investigations by the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Sacred Congregation of Rites]] (S.C.R.) into [[miracle]]s performed by intercessory work of Pius X subsequently took place. The S.C.R. would eventually recognize two miracles. The first involved [[Sr. Marie-Frangoise Deperras]], a nun who had [[bone cancer]] and was cured on [[7 December]] [[1928]] during a [[novena]] in which a relic of Pius X was placed on her chest. The second involved [[Sr. Benedetta De Maria]], who had [[cancer]], and in a novena started in [[1938]], she eventually touched a relic and was immediately cured.
[[Pope Pius XII]] officially approved the two miracles on [[11 February]] [[1951]]; and on [[4 March]], Pius XII, in his ''De Tuto'', declared that the Church could proceed in the beatification of the Venerable Pope Pius X. His beatification took place on [[3 June]] [[1951]] at St. Peter's before 23 cardinals, hundreds of bishops and archbishops, and a crowd of 100,000 faithful. During his beatification decree, Pius XII referred to Pius X as "Pope of the Eucharist", in honor of Pius X's expansion of the rite to children. The Blessed Pius X's feast day was established as [[3 September]].
Following his beatification, on [[17 February]] [[1952]], Pius X's body was transferred from its tomb to the Vatican basilica and placed under the altar of the chapel of the Presentation. The pontiff's body lies within a glass and bronze-work sarcophagus for the faithful to see.
[[Image:Stpiusx.jpg|thumb|left|The [[canonisation]] of Pope Pius X in [[1954]]<br><small>The body of Pope Pius X, which though not [[embalming | embalmed]] in 1914, was displayed in a glass [[coffin]] in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] for the ceremony</small>]]
[[Image:Pope-pius-x-prayer-card2.jpg|thumb|150px|Prayer card of Pope St. Pius X]]
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On [[29 May]] [[1954]], less than three years after his beatification, Pius X was canonized, following the S.C.R.'s recognition of two more miracles. The first involved [[Francesco Belsami]], an attorney from [[Naples]] who had a fatal [[pulmonary]] [[abscess]], who was cured upon placing a picture of the Blessed Pope Pius X upon his chest. The second miracle involved Sister [[Maria Ludovica Scorcia]], a nun who was afflicted with a serious [[Nervous system|neurotropic]] [[virus]], and who, upon several novenas, was entirely cured. The Canonization mass was presided over by Pius XII at Saint Peter's Basillica before a crowd of about 800,000 [http://www.museosanpiox.it/international+eng+engpio_x8.html] of the faithful and church officials at St. Peter's Basilica. Pius X became the first Pope to be canonized since the [[17th century]].
Prayer cards often depict the sanctified Pontiff with instruments of communion. This can be seen in the ''Prayer to Saint Pius X''.
In addition to being celebrated as the "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament," St. Pius X is also the patron saint of the emigrant from Treviso, and of [[Esperantists]]. He is honored at numerous parishes in Italy, [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]].
Pius X's feast day was changed from [[3 September]] to [[21 August]] on [[14 February]] [[1969]] by [[Pope Paul VI]] (1963–78) as an obligatory memorial to the sanctity of Pius X in the universal calendar.
== Papal Coat of Arms ==
The [[Papal Coat of Arms | papal arms]] of Pius X are composed of the traditional elements of all papal [[heraldry]] prior to [[Pope Benedict XVI]]: the [[Escutcheon | shield]], the [[papal tiara]], and the [[Papal regalia and insignia | keys]]. The tiara and keys are typical symbols used in the [[coats of arms]] of pontiffs, which symbolize their authority.
The shield of Pius X's coat of arms is charged in two basic parts, as it is ''per fess''. In chief (the top part of the shield) shows the arms of the Patriarch of Venice, which Pius X was from [[1893]]–[[1903]]. It consists of the lion of [[St. Mark]] proper and haloed in silver upon a silver-white background, displaying a book with the inscription of PAX TIBI MARCE, which refers to the motto of Venice ''Pax tibi Marce, Evangelista meus'', which is Latin for ''Peace to you, Mark my evangelist''. This motto refers to Venice as the final resting place of Saint Mark. Renditions of this part of Pius X's arms depict the lion either with or without a sword, and sometimes only one side of the book is written on.
The remainder of the shield displays the arms Pius X took as Bishop of Mantua: an anchor proper cast into a stormy sea (the blue and silver wavy lines), lit up by a single six-pointed star of gold. These were inspired by ''[[Book of Hebrews | Hebrews]]'' 6:19, which states that the hope we have is the sure and steadfast anchor of the soul. Pius X, then Bishop Sarto, stated that "hope is the sole companion of my life, the greatest support in uncertainty, the strongest power in situations of weakness."
Although not present upon his arms, the only motto attributed to Pope Pius X is the one for which he is best remembered: ''instaurare omnia in Christo'' (Latin for "To restore all things in Christ"). These words were the last he spoke before he died.
== See also ==
* [[Society of St. Pius X]]
* [[List of Encyclicals of Pope Pius X]]
<br clear=all>
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[Domenico Cardinal Agostini]] | title=[[Patriarch of Venice]] | years=1893–1903 | after=[[Aristide Cardinal Cavallari]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Pope Leo XIII | Leo XIII]] | title=[[Pope]] | years=1903–14 | after=[[Pope Benedict XV | Benedict XV]]}}
{{end box}}
{{Popes}}
==References==
* Forbes, F.A. ''Pope St. Pius X''. 1918. Revised, 1954. London: Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.
* Smit, Jan Olav and G. Dal Gal. ''Beato Pio X''. 1951. Amsterdam: N.V. Drukkerij De Tijd.
* Smit, Jan Olav. Translated by James H. Van Der Veldt. ''St. Pius X Pope''. 1965. Paulist Press.
* Bavoux, Gerard Arthur. ''Le porteur de lumière''. Paris, 1996, Pygmalion.
== External links ==
{{wikisource author}}
{{commons|Pius X|Pope Pius X}}
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/index.htm Full text of official documents including encyclicals at the Holy See]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12137a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Pius X]
* [http://www.museosanpiox.it/international/eng/ Informations about Pius X life at Museo San Pio X]
[[Category:1835 births|Pius 10]]
[[Category:1914 deaths|Pius 10]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Treviso|Pius 10]]
[[Category:Italian popes|Pius 10]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Venice|Pius 10]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic saints|Pius 10]]
[[Category:Papal conclaves|Pius 10]]
[[Category:The Modernist Heresy]]
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[[fi:Pius X]]
[[sv:Pius X]]
[[th:สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาปิอุสที่ 10]]
[[uk:Пій X (папа римський)]]
[[war:Papa Pío X]]
[[zh:庇護十世]]
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