Doner kebab and Pope Pius X: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 09:01, 11 June 2007

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{{Infobox pope|

{{merge|Gyros}}

English name=Pius X|

{{merge|Shawarma}}

image=[[Image:Döner kebabpope-pius-x-03.jpg|thumb|200px|Döner kebab sandwich served in a thick pita.]]|

birth_name=Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto|

'''Döner kebab''' (as '''döner kebap''' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and often simply '''döner''', '''doner''', '''donner''', or '''donair'''), which literally means "'''rotating roast meat'''" is the name given to a [[Cuisine of Turkey|Turkish]] dish made with [[mutton]]. A version developed to suit [[Germany|German]] tastes by Turkish immigrants in [[Berlin]] has become one of the world's most popular [[fast food]] dishes.

term_start=[[August 4]], [[1903]]|

term_end=[[August 20]], [[1914]]|

predecessor=[[Pope Leo XIII | Leo XIII]]|

successor=[[Pope Benedict XV | Benedict XV]]|

birth_date=[[June 2]], [[1835]]|

birthplace=[[Riese]], [[Italy]]|

dead=dead|death_date=[[August 20]], [[1914]], age 79|

deathplace=[[Apostolic Palace]], [[Rome, Italy]]|

other=Pius}}

'''Pope St. Pius X''' ([[Ecclesiastical Latin | Latin]]: ''Pius PP. X'') ([[June 2]], [[1835]]—[[August 20]], [[1914]]), born '''Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto''', was the 257th [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], reigning from [[1903]] to [[1914]], succeeding [[Pope Leo XIII]] ([[1878]]–1903). He was the first Pope since the [[Counter-Reformation]] of [[Pope Pius V]] ([[1566]]–[[1572|72]]) to be [[Canonization|canonized]].

== HistoryEarly life and ministry ==

Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born [[June 2]], [[1835]] in [[Riese]], [[province of Treviso]] ([[Veneto]]), [[Italy]]. He was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto ([[1792]]–[[1852]]) and Margarita Sanson ([[1813]]–[[1894]]). He was baptized [[June 3]] [[1835]]. Giuseppe's childhood was one of poverty, being the son of the village postman. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked 6 kilometers to school each day.

In travelogues from the [[18th century]], ''döner kebab'' is described as a dish from [[Asia Minor]], consisting of mutton grilled on horizontal rotating skewers. Traditionally, it was served on a plate with rice and a hot sauce with melted butter and ground paprika.

[[Image:Giuseppe-sarto-01.jpg|thumb|140px|left|A young Giuseppe Sarto]]

The original form of today's ''döner kebab'' is ''Oltu kebab''. Oltu is a small town near [[Erzurum]], Turkey. The original form is grilled horizontally and the slices are cut thicker, after inserting a special '''L''' shaped ''Oltu shish'' along the surface. In the [[19th century]], the modern form was invented in [[Bursa]]. The original form is still served in many cities of Turkey.

At a young age, Giuseppe studied [[Latin language | Latin]] with his village priest, and went on to study at the [[gymnasium (school) | gymnasium]] of [[Castelfranco Veneto]]. "In [[1850]] he received the [[tonsure]] from the Bishop of Treviso, and was given a scholarship [from] the Diocese of Treviso" to attend the Seminary of [[Padua]] "where he finished his classical, philosophical, and theological studies with distinction" [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12137a.htm].

Today, ''döner kebab'' is typically served as a kind of [[sandwich]] in [[pita]] (flat bread). This type of ''döner kebab'' has been available in [[Istanbul]] since about [[1960]]. The ''döner kebab'' with salad and sauce served in [[pita]], which is predominant in [[Germany]] and the rest of the world, was invented in [[Kreuzberg|Berlin-Kreuzberg]] in [[1971]], because the original preparation was not appealing enough to the German taste. Therefore, as the "modern" döner is very dissimilar to the traditional dish except by name, it can be argued that the döner as most people know it is a "traditional" ''German'' dish. The döner has been the most popular fast food dish in Germany since the [[1980s]].

On September 18, [[1858]], Giuseppe Sarto was ordained a priest, and became chaplain at [[Tombolo]]. While there, Father Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both [[Saint Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Canon law (Catholic Church) | Canon law]], while carrying out most of the functions of the [[parish]] pastor, who was quite ill. In [[1867]], he was named Arch-Priest of [[Salzano]]. Here he restored the Church and expanded the hospital, the funds coming from his own begging, wealth and labor. He became popular with the people when he worked to assist the sick during the [[cholera]] plague that swept into northern Italy in the early [[1870s]].

== Preparation of meat for döner kebabs ==

[[Image:Döner_kebab_slicing.jpg|thumb|The döner meat is being sliced from a rotating spit. Note the electric grill behind the spit, which is used to cook the meat.]]

The meat used for making döner kebabs may be [[lamb]], [[beef]] or [[chicken]], but never [[pork]]. After the [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|BSE]] crisis (mad cow disease), even [[fish]] was used. Generally a döner kebab sandwich is served with a salad made from shredded lettuce. Usually there is a choice between a hot sauce, a [[yoghurt]] sauce containing [[garlic]] and a yoghurt sauce containing [[herbs]]. Sometimes sheep's cheese (Turkish: ''beyaz peynir'', or "white cheese") can be added.

In [[1875]] he was made [[canon (priest) | Canon]] (or Chancellor) of the Cathedral and Diocese of Treviso, holding offices such as spiritual director, [[rector]] of the Treviso seminary, and examiner of the clergy. As Chancellor he made it possible for [[public school]] students to receive religious instruction.

There are two basic ways of preparing meat for döner kebabs:

* The most common and authentic method is to stack seasoned slices of lean meat onto a vertical skewer in the shape of a [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]]. The stack is cooked by radiant heat from electric elements or gas fired infrared burners. Often fatty meat, [[tomato]]es, and [[onion]]s are placed at the top of the stack to drip juices over the meat keeping it moist.

* Some cheaper shops serve a combination of seasoned sliced and ground meat cooked on a grilltop as ''döner kebab''. In Germany the amount of ground meat is not allowed to surpass 60% (''Hackfleischverordnung'').

In [[1878]] Bishop Zanelli died, leaving the Bishopric of [[Treviso]] vacant. Following Zanelli's death, the canons of cathedral chapters (of which Monsignor Sarto was one) inherited the episcopal jurisdiction as corporate body, and were chiefly responsible for the election of a Vicar-Capitular who would take over the responsibilities of Treviso until a new [[bishop]] was named. In [[1879]], Sarto was elected to the position, which he served in from December of that year to June of [[1880]].

There are two ways of cutting meat from the cone:

* by using a long and very sharp knife.

* by using an electric knife with a rotating disc blade which produces thinner pieces of meat and thus increases the number of portions obtained from a stack.

After 1880, Sarto taught [[dogmatic theology]] and [[moral theology]] at the [[seminary]] in Treviso.

== Döner kebab around the world ==

Döner kebab is probably the first kind of true "[[eurofood]]", euro-Turks and other euro-ethnicities have succsfully created a new variant upon kebab and it's availabe virtually all over Europe.

== Bishop of Mantua ==

===Germany===

In Germany, ''döner kebab'' is far more popular than [[hamburger]]s or [[sausage]]s. Statistically, the Germans consume 200 to 300 metric tons of ''döner kebab'' per day. In [[1998]], they spent about €1.5 billion on ''döner kebab''. Germany's large Turkish minority is probably the biggest reason for the widespread sale of ''döner kebab'' sandwiches there: After [[World War II]], large numbers of Turks were invited to come to Germany as "guest workers" (''Gastarbeiter''), to help with the German reconstruction effort and fill an acute labor shortage caused by the loss of [[manpower]] in WWII. A certain share of these Turkish workers eventually stayed in Germany and opening small food shops and takeaways was an excellent option in terms of progressing from more menial jobs.

[[Image:Bishop-sarto-of-mantua-01.jpg|140px|thumb|Bishop Sarto]]

[[Image:tavuk doner.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A Dönerci sells chicken döner (tavuk döner) in an open-air stand in downtown Ankara]]

===Turkey===

In [[Turkey]], the "German" döner was generally frowned upon. However, in the southern coastal areas where tourism is a major economic factor, it turned out that from the early 1990s on, German and other European tourists were demanding what they considered "real" döner, that is, the Germanized variety. Nowadays, in tourist areas, the salad-sauce-sandwich type of döner is becoming more and more widespread or even dominant. The traditional method of preparation (no minced meat, marination before grilling) and serving (as a main course with sliced pita, [[pilaf]] (of [[bulgur]] or [[rice]]), and melted [[butter]]) is still most accepted at restaurants. However, the prevailing variant sold as fast-food is known as ''döner sandviç'' or ''ekmek arası'', a sandwich prepared with döner, a half a loaf of bread (not pita) and a salad (with [[tomato]]es, [[onion]]s, [[lettuce]], and [[pickle]]s) but no dressing.

[[Image:Doner kebab, partitioned tray, uk.JPG|thumb|200px|Doner Kebab served in a partitioned tray. A common style in the UK]]

Six years after being elected to the position of Vicar-Capitular of Treviso, and four after leaving that post, Giuseppe Sarto was, on [[November 10]] [[1884]], raised to the [[episcopate]] as Bishop of [[Mantua]].

===United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland===

The döner kebab (usually ''doner kebab''; sometimes ''donner kebab''; the Arabic name "shawarma" is also commonly used) with salad and sauce is also a very popular dish in both the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland]]. The typical kebab supplier (known as "kebab shops") in the UK will offer hot [[hot sauce|chilli]] sauce, a barbecue sauce, and garlic yoghurt-style sauce (the most common), though a mint sauce similar to [[raita]] is also common. Usually, a customer can ask for a mild, a medium or a hot sauce, but it is not made clear what the ingredients are. Kebabs are often eaten as take-away food on the way home after a night out. They are very much part of the Friday and Saturday night [[culture]] rather than, say, lunchtime food. There are several common ways in which döner kebabs are served in the UK:

Sarto was motivated to Improve the seminary at Mantua, particularly in bringing it more in line with the doctrines and methods of [[Thomas Aquinas]]. He also promoted the use of [[Gregorian Chant]]. He is noted to have provided free copies of ''[[Summa Theologiae]]'' to the poorer students at the seminary. On [[June 19]] [[1891]], he began serving as assistant at the Pontifical Throne.

* Wrapped in [[pita]] bread;

* On [[naan]] bread (popular in the [[East Midlands]]);

* Served in a partitioned tray with separate areas for salad and meat;

* Served as a dish of "doner meat and [[French fries|chips]]", typically inclusing neither bread nor salad.

== Cardinal and Patriarch ==

UK ''doner kebab'' often uses a different mixture of spices, because immigrants from [[Cyprus]] operate a major proportion of the takeaways. Menus typically offer Doner, shish (lamb and chicken) and kofte kebabs, with a 'special' including portions of each with bread and [[French fried|chips]]. "Doner meat" is often also offered as a [[pizza]] or burger topping in such establishments.

[[Image:Kardinál Sarto.jpg|thumb|140px|left|Cardinal Sarto]]

In Dublin, Ireland, increasing numbers of Turkish and other immigrants from Asia Minor have led to something of an explosion in the number of late-night kebab eateries, hugely popular with party-goers and evening revellers in the vibrant city centre. Although the kebabs are eaten en masse, consumption is generally between midnight and 6 a.m. thus giving them a bad social image, as this associates them with the heavy drinking culture of the city. Kebab shops are often the scene of angry confrontations and drink-fuelled [[skirmishes]], and accordingly are staffed by burly security staff and doormen.

[[Pope Leo XIII]] made him a [[cardinal (Catholicism) | cardinal]] in a secret [[consistory]] on [[June 12]] [[1893]]. He was named Cardinal-Priest of [[Saint Bernardo alle Terme]]. Three days after this, Cardinal Sarto was publicly named [[Patriarch of Venice]]. This caused difficulty, however, as the government of the reunified [[Italy]] claimed the right to nominate the Patriarch based on its previous alleged exercise by the [[Emperor of Austria]]. The poor relations between the Roman [[Curia]] and the Italian civil government since the annexation of the [[Papal States]] in [[1870]] placed additional strain on the appointment. The number of vacant [[Episcopal See|sees]] soon grew to thirty. Sarto was finally permitted to assume the position of Patriarch in [[1894]].

===Australia===

In [[Australia]], kebabs are also very popular and are percived as a healthier alternative to [[McDonald's]] or [[KFC]], due to immigration from [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], former [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Lebanon]]. Kebabs are usually served in pita bread, rather than in a sandwich. Australian States with a larger Greek population than Middle Eastern refer to kebabs variously as [[souvlaki]], [[gyros]] or yiros. Kebabs often include a fried egg in [[Western Australia]].

Meat (beef or lamb) and chicken kebabs can be easily found in [[Sydney]] where most suburbs have take-out shops that offer them. They are commonly served with cheese and a salad consisting of lettuce, tomato, onion, and [[tabouli]] on pita bread (also known locally as 'Lebanese bread'). The most commonly used sauces are tomato sauce (ketchup), barbeque (BBQ) sauce, [[hummus]] (made with chickpeas), garlic sauce and chilli or sweet chilli sauce. Doner kebabs in Sydney can be served with all the ingredients placed onto or next to the pita bread on a plate, or more commonly, with the ingredients rolled into the pita bread in the form of a 'wrap'. There are two primary ways to serve the wrapped version, it can be toasted once it's been wrapped, which has the effect of melting the cheese (if any) and baking the bread so that it hardens and becomes crisp, the alternative is just serving it without toasting. Both versions are then wrapped in paper to stop the filling from falling out and usually placed in a foil/paper sleeve. In Brisbane Kebabs are influenced most strongly by the Lebanese variation.

As Cardinal and Patriarch, Sarto steered clear of political involvement, allocating his time for social works and strengthening parochial banks. However, in his first [[pastoral letter]] to the Venetians, Cardinal Sarto argued that in matters pertaining to the Pope, "There should be no questions, no subtleties, no opposing of personal rights to his rights, but only obedience."

Shops or vans selling kebabs are colloqually referred to as "Kebaberies" in Australia.

== Papal Election ==

===Finland===

In [[Finland]], kebabs have gained a lot of popularity since [[Turkey|Turkish]] immigrants have opened restaurants and therefore bringing their traditional food. The kebab foods are generally regarded as a fast-food, often served in late-night restaurants also serving pizza.

Popular dishes include:

=====Roll kebab=====

("''Rullakebab")

usually made up from döner kebab, with [[salad]], [[mayonnaise]], [[tomato]]es, [[cucumber]] and [[tomato sauce]] wrapped in [[pita]] bread to a roll.

=====(Pita) kebab=====

(Simply referred to as "''kebab''", or "''pitakebab''")

=====Kebab with [[French fries]]=====

("''Kebab ranskalaisilla")

döner kebab served with [[French fries]] and usually with some type of [[dressing]].

{{main|Papal conclave, 1903}}

<!-- Please, improve this (Finland) subsection! -->

[[Image:PopePiusX.JPG|thumb|Pope Pius X wearing the Papal Tiara of Gregory XVI]]

===Japan===

Döner kebabs are also starting to be seen in [[Japan]], where they are known as ''doneru kebabu''. In some cities they may be sold from vans similar to [[ice cream van]]s.

On [[July 20]] [[1903]], Leo XIII died, and at the end of that month the [[Papal Election | conclave]] convened to elect his successor. According to historians, the favorite was the late Pope's secretary of state, [[Mariano Rampolla | Cardinal Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro]]. On the first ballot, Cardinal Rampolla received 24 votes, Cardinal Gotti had 17 votes, and Cardinal Sarto 5 votes. On the second ballot, Rampolla had gained 5 votes, as did Sarto. The next day, it seemed that Rampolla would be elected. However, the [[veto]] against Rampolla's nomination, by Polish Cardinal [[Jan Maurycy Paweł Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko | Jan Puzyna]] from Cracow in the name of Emperor [[Francis Joseph]] (1848–1916) of [[Austria-Hungary]], was proclaimed. Many among the conclave, including Rampolla, protested the veto, and it was even suggested that he be elected Pope despite the veto.

===Other===

In Western countries, döner kebabs are a very popular late-night dish as their stores tend to open late and cater for people who are going out.

However, the third vote had already begun, and thus the conclave had to continue with the voting, which resulted in no clear winner, though it did indicate that many of the conclave wished to turn their support to Sarto, who had 21 votes upon counting. The fourth vote showed Rampolla with 30 votes and Sarto with 24. It seemed clear that the cardinals were moving toward Cardinal Sarto.

===Variations===

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Pope-pius-x-01.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Pope Pius X prayer card]] -->

A variation on the döner kebab known as a ''Donair'' was introduced in [[Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] in the early 1970s. A restaurant called [[King of Donair]] claims to have been the first to serve this version in 1973. The meat in this version is sliced from a loaf cooked on a vertical spit, made from a combination of [[ground beef]], [[flour]] or [[bread crumbs]], and various [[spices]], while the sauce is made from [[evaporated milk]], [[sugar]], [[vinegar]], and sometimes [[garlic]]. The meat and sauce are served rolled in pita bread with diced [[tomato]] and [[onion]]. This version of the donair is very popular across Canada, with many fast food [[pizza]] restaurants also featuring donairs on the menu. Many of them also offer a donair pizza featuring all of the donair ingredients served on a pizza crust. Donair [[Submarine sandwich|subs]] are also not uncommon. Halifax, in particular, seems to take a certain pride in the donair as its own defining junk food. There are long lines to buy them at 3 A.M., after the bars close. The donair sauce on its own is often provided free with garlic bread or as a pizza topping (''e.g.,'' Barbecue chicken pizza with donair sauce) by Halifax pizza restaurants &mdash; even local franchises of chains not based in Halifax.

On the following morning, the fifth vote of the conclave was taken, and the count had Rampolla with 10 votes, Gotti with 2 votes, and Sarto with 50 votes [Source]. Thus, on 4 August 1903, Cardinal Sarto was elected to the 257th Pontificate. This marked the last time a [[veto]] would be exercised by a Catholic monarch in the proceedings of the conclave.

==See also==

* [[Kebab]] for other kinds of kebab

* [[Gyros]], a similar [[Cuisine of Greece|Greek]] dish made from flattened strips of spiced ground lamb.

* [[Iskender kebap]], döner served with tomato sauce and yogurt.

* [[Shawarma]], the Arabic term for an identical dish.

* [[Taco al pastor]], a similar dish from [[Cuisine of Mexico|Mexico]], made from spiced pork and served in a tortilla.

At first, it is reported, Sarto declined the nomination, feeling unworthy. Additionally, he had been deeply saddened by the use of the Austro-Hungarian [[veto]] and vowed to rescind these powers and [[excommunicate]] anyone who leaked information during a conclave. With the cardinals asking him to reconsider, it is further reported, he went into solitude, and took the position after deep prayer and the urging of his fellow cardinals.

==External link==

*[http://www.livejournal.com/community/kebabjournal Kebab Journal blog community] - reviews of (mostly British) kebab shops.

*[http://www.kebab365.com A search engine for doner kebab] (international coverage, but still focus on German kebabs)

*[http://www.kebab365.com/style/pictures.php?skip=0&lang=en&was=13 Collection of Döner Kebab paper bags]

*[http://maindish.allrecipes.com/az/55855.asp recipe for a Halifax-style donair]

*[http://www.videosofturkey.com/video_details.asp?id=117 Video : Preparation of Döner Kebab]

In accepting the Papacy, Sarto took as his Papal name Pius X, out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly [[Pope Pius IX]] (1846–78), who had fought against theological liberals and for papal supremacy. Pius X's traditional [[papal coronation | coronation]] took place on the following Sunday, [[9 August]] [[1903]].

== Pius X's pontificate ==

[[Category:Fast food]]

{{infobox popestyles|

[[Category:Turkish cuisine]]

papal name=Pope Pius X|

[[Category:Sandwiches]]

dipstyle=His Holiness|

[[Category:Meat]]

offstyle=Your Holiness|

[[Category:German cuisine]]

relstyle=Holy Father|

[[Category:Bosnian cuisine]]

deathstyle=[[Saint]]|}}

The pontificate of Pius X was noted for its conservative theology and reforms in liturgy and church law. In what became his motto, the Pope stated in 1903 that his papacy will undertake ''Instaurare Omnia in Christo'', or "to restore all things in [[Christ]]." In his first encyclical (''E Supremi Apostolatus'', [[October 4]], [[1903]]), he stated that his overriding policy as follows: "We champion the authority of [[God]]. His authority and Commandments should be recognized, deferred to, and respected."

=== The ''Tra le sollicitudine'' of 1903 and the Restoration of Gregorian Chant ===

[[de:Döner]]

Within three months of his coronation, Pius X published his ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''[[Tra le sollicitudine]]'' (possibly co-written by his friend [[Don Lorenzo Perosi|Lorenzo Perosi]]). [[European classical music | Classical]] and [[Baroque music | Baroque]] compositions had long been favoured over [[Gregorian Chant]] in ecclesiastical music. The Pope announced a return to earlier musical styles, championed by [[Don Lorenzo Perosi|Don Perosi]]. Since 1898, Perosi had been Director of the [[Sistine Chapel Choir]], a title which Pius X upgraded to "Perpetual Director." The Pope's choice of Joseph Pothier to supervise the new editions of chant led to the official adoption of the [[Solesmes Abbey|Solesmes]] edition of Gregorian chant.

[[fr:Kebab]]

[[it:Kebap]]

=== Church Administration ===

[[he:קבב]]

Pius X reformed the [[Roman curia]] with the constitution ''Sapienti Consilio'', and specified new rules enforcing a bishop's oversight of seminaries in the encyclical ''Pieni L'Animo''. He established regional seminaries (closing some smaller ones), and promulgated a new plan of seminary study. He also barred clergy from administering social organizations.

[[ja:ケバブ]]

[[nl:Döner kebab]]

Pius X reversed the accommodating approach of Leo XIII towards secular governments, appointing [[Rafael Merry del Val|Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val]] as Secretary of State. When the [[President of France | President]] of [[France]] [[Émile Loubet]] visited [[King of Italy | Italian monarch]] [[Victor Emmanuel III]] (1900–46), Pius X, still refusing to accept the annexation of the Papal territories by Italy, reproached the French president for this visit and refused to meet him. This led to a diplomatic break with France, and in [[1905]] France issued a [[Laïcité | Law of Separation]], which [[Separation of church and state|separated church and state]], and which the Pope denounced. The effect of this separation was the Church’s loss of its government funding in France. Eventually, France expelled the [[Jesuits]] and broke off diplomatic relations with the Vatican.

[[no:Kebab]]

[[nn:Kebab]]

The Pope adopted a similar position toward secular governments in other parts of the world: in [[Portugal]], [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Ethiopia]], and a number of other states with large Catholic populations. His actions and statements against international relations with Italy angered the secular powers of these countries, as well as a few others, like [[England]] and [[Russia]].

[[fi:Kebab]]

[[sv:Kebab]]

In [[1908]] the papal decree [[Ne Temere]] came into effect which complicated [[interreligious marriage|mixed marriages]]. Marriages not performed by a Roman Catholic priest were declared legal but religiously invalid, worrying some Protestants that the Church would counsel separation for couples married in a Protestant church or by civil service.[http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1981/Moir.html] Priests were given discretion to refuse to perform mixed marriages or lay conditions upon them, commonly including a requirement that the children be raised Roman Catholic. The decree proved particularly divisive in [[Ireland]], which has a large [[Protestant]] minority, and contributed indirectly to the subsequent political conflict there.

[[zh:羊肉串]]

As secular authority challenged that of the papacy, Pius X became more aggressive. He suspended the ''[[Opera dei Congressi]]'', which coordinated the work of Catholic associations in Italy, as well as condemned ''[[Le Sillon]]'', a French social movement that tried to reconcile the Church with [[liberalism | liberal]] political views. He also opposed [[trade union]]s that were not exclusively Catholic.

Pius X partially lifted decrees forbiding Italian Catholics from voting; however, he never recognized Italy.

===Relations with the [[Kingdom of Italy]]===

Initally Pius maintained his [[prisoner in the Vatican]] stance but with the rise of [[socialism]] he began to allow the ''[[non expedit]]'' to be relaxed. In [[1905]] in his [[encyclical]] ''[[Il Fermo Proposito]]'' he allowed Catholics to vote when they were ‘''help[ing] the maintenance of social order''’ by voting for deputies who were not socialist.

=== Liturgical Changes ===

In his papacy, Pius X worked to increase devotion in the lives of the [[clergy]] and [[laity]], particularly in the [[Liturgy of the Hours]] (which he reformed considerably - see [[Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X]]) and the [[Mass (liturgy)|Holy Mass]].

In addition to restoring to prominence the Gregorian Chant, he placed a renewed [[liturgy | liturgical]] emphasis on the [[Eucharist]], saying, "Holy Communion is the shortest and safest way to Heaven." To this end, he encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion. This extended to children, who had reached the "age of discretion" (about seven years old), as well, though he did not permit a return to the older practice of [[Infant Communion | infant communion]]. In conjunction, he also emphasized frequent recourse to the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] in order that Holy Communion would be received worthily. Pius X's devotion to the Eucharist would eventually earn him the honorific of "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament," by which he is still known among his devotees.

=== Anti-Modernism ===

Pius X's papacy featured vigorous condemnation of what he termed '[[Modernism (Roman Catholicism) | modernists]]' and '[[Relativism | relativists]]' who endangered the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic faith]] (see for example his [[Oath Against Modernism]]). This is perhaps the most controversial aspect of his papacy.

[[Image:PiusXCOA.jpg|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of Pope Pius X]]

Modernism and relativism, in terms of their presence in the Church, were theological trends that tried to assimilate modern philosophers like [[Immanuel Kant | Kant]] into church theology, in much the same way [[Aristotle | Aristotelian philosophy]] was united with theology by the [[scholasticism | scholastics]]. Modernists justified this change with the idea that beliefs of the Church have evolved throughout its history and continue to evolve. Anti-modernists viewed these notions as contrary to the dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church.

In a decree, entitled [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10lamen.htm ''Lamentabili sane exitu'' (or "A Lamentable Departure Indeed")], issued [[3 July]] [[1907]], Pius X formally condemned sixty-five modernist or relativist propositions concerning the nature of the Church, [[revelation]], [[biblical exegesis]], the [[sacraments]], and the divinity of [[Christ]]. This was followed by the encyclical ''Pascendi Dominici gregis'' (or "Feeding the Lord's Flock"), which characterized Modernism as the "synthesis of all [[heresy | heresies]]." Following these, Pius X ordered that all clerics take the [[Anti-Modernist oath | ''Sacrorum antistitum'']], an oath against Modernism. He also encouraged the formation and efforts of ''Sodalitium Pianum'' (or League of Pius V), an anti-Modernist network of informants.

Pius X's aggressive stance against modernism caused some disruption within the Church. Although only about forty clerics refused to take the oath, Catholic scholarship with modernistic tendencies was substantially discouraged. [[Theology | Theologians]] who wished to pursue lines of inquiry in line with secularism, modernism, or relativism had to stop, or face conflict with the papacy, and possibly even [[excommunication]].

=== Other Activities ===

In addition to the political defense of the Church, liturgical changes, and anti-modernism, the papacy of Pius X saw the both the codification of the [[Canon law (Catholic Church) | Canon law]] and the reorganization of the Roman [[Curia]]. Seminaries and their curricula were reformed.

Pius X [[Beatification | beatified]] ten individuals and [[Canonization | canonized]] four. Those beatified during his pontificate, were: [[Blessed Marie Genevieve Meunier]] (1906), [[Blessed Rose Chretien]] (1906), [[Saint Valentin Faustino Berri Ochoa]] (1906), [[Blessed Clarus]] (1907), [[Blessed Zedislava Berka]] (1907), [[Saint John Bosco]] (1907), [[Blessed John van Ruysbroeck]] ([[1908]]), [[Blessed Andrew Nam Thung]] ([[1909]]), [[Saint Agatha Lin]] (1909), [[Saint Agnes De]] (1909), [[Saint Joan of Arc]] (1909), [[Saint John Eudes]] (1909). Those canonized by him were [[Saint Alexander Sauli]] ([[1904]]), [[Saint Gerard Majella]] (1904), [[Saint Clement Mary Hofbauer]] (1909), and [[Saint Joseph Oriol]] (1909).

Pius X published sixteen encyclicals; among them was [[Vehementer nos]] on [[February 11]], [[1906]], which condemned the [[1905 French law on the separation of the State and the Church]]. Pius X also confirmed the existence of [[Limbo]] in Roman Catholic theology in his [[1905]] [[Catechism#Catholic catechisms|Catechism]], saying that the unbaptized "do not have the joy of God but neither do they suffer... they do not deserve Paradise, but neither do they deserve Hell or [[Purgatory]]."[http://www.religioustolerance.org/limbo2.htm]

In the [[Prophecy of the Popes | Prophecy of St. Malachy]], the collection of 112 prophecies about the Popes, Pius X appears as ''Ignis Ardens'' or "Burning Fire."

== Death and Burial ==

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[[Image:piusxtomb.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Pope Pius X]]

In [[1913]] Pius X suffered a heart attack, and subsequently lived in the shadow of poor health. In [[1914]], the Pope fell ill on the Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]] ([[15 August]]), an illness from which he would not recover. His condition was worsened by the events leading to the outbreak of [[World War I]] (1914–18), which reportedly sent the 79 year-old Pope into a state of horror and melancholy. He died on [[20 August]], [[1914]], only a few hours after the death of [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus | Jesuit leader]] [[Franz Xavier Wernz]].

Following his death, Pius X was buried in a simple and unadorned tomb in the crypt below [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. Papal doctors had been in the habit of removing organs to aid the embalming process. Pius X expressly prohibited this, however, and none of his successors have allowed the practice to be reinstituted.

== Canonization ==

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Although Pius X's elevation to [[sainthood]] took place in [[1954]], the events leading up to it began immediately with his death. A letter of [[24 September]] [[1916]] by Monsignor Leo, Bishop of Nicotera and Tropea, referred to Pius X as "a great Saint and a great Pope." To accommodate the large number of [[pilgrim]]s seeking access to his tomb, in excess of what the crypt would hold, "a small metal cross was set into the floor of the basilica," which read ''Pius Papa X'', "so that the faithful might kneel down directly above the tomb" [http://www.angelusonline.org/Article304-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml]. Masses were held near his tomb until [[1930]].

Devotion to Pius X between the two [[world war]]s remained high. On [[14 February]] [[1923]], in honor of the 20th anniversary of his accession to the papacy, the first moves toward his [[canonization]] began with the formal appointment of those who would carry out his cause. The event was marked by the erecting of a monument in his memory in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. On [[19 August]] [[1939]], [[Pope Pius XII]] (1939–58) delivered a tribute to Pius X at [[Castel Gandolfo]]. On [[12 February]] [[1943]], a further development of Pius X's cause was achieved, when he was declared to have displayed heroic virtues, gaining therefore the title "Venerable".

On [[19 May]] [[1944]], Pius X's coffin was exhumed and was taken to the Chapel of the Holy Crucifix in St. Peter's Basilica for the canonical examination. Upon opening the coffin, it is claimed that the examiners found the body of Pius X preserved, despite the fact that he had died 30 years before and had made wishes not to be embalmed. According to [[Jerome Dai-Gal]], "all of the body" of Pius X "was in an excellent state of conservation" [http://www.angelusonline.org/Article304-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml]. After the examination and the end of the apostolic process towards Pius X's cause, Pius XII bestowed the title of [[Venerable]] Servant of God upon Pius X. His body was exposed for 45 days, before being placed back in his tomb.

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Following this, the process towards [[beatification]] began, and thus investigations by the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints|Sacred Congregation of Rites]] (S.C.R.) into [[miracle]]s performed by intercessory work of Pius X subsequently took place. The S.C.R. would eventually recognize two miracles. The first involved [[Sr. Marie-Frangoise Deperras]], a nun who had [[bone cancer]] and was cured on [[7 December]] [[1928]] during a [[novena]] in which a relic of Pius X was placed on her chest. The second involved [[Sr. Benedetta De Maria]], who had [[cancer]], and in a novena started in [[1938]], she eventually touched a relic and was immediately cured.

[[Pope Pius XII]] officially approved the two miracles on [[11 February]] [[1951]]; and on [[4 March]], Pius XII, in his ''De Tuto'', declared that the Church could proceed in the beatification of the Venerable Pope Pius X. His beatification took place on [[3 June]] [[1951]] at St. Peter's before 23 cardinals, hundreds of bishops and archbishops, and a crowd of 100,000 faithful. During his beatification decree, Pius XII referred to Pius X as "Pope of the Eucharist", in honor of Pius X's expansion of the rite to children. The Blessed Pius X's feast day was established as [[3 September]].

Following his beatification, on [[17 February]] [[1952]], Pius X's body was transferred from its tomb to the Vatican basilica and placed under the altar of the chapel of the Presentation. The pontiff's body lies within a glass and bronze-work sarcophagus for the faithful to see.

[[Image:Stpiusx.jpg|thumb|left|The [[canonisation]] of Pope Pius X in [[1954]]<br><small>The body of Pope Pius X, which though not [[embalming | embalmed]] in 1914, was displayed in a glass [[coffin]] in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] for the ceremony</small>]]

[[Image:Pope-pius-x-prayer-card2.jpg|thumb|150px|Prayer card of Pope St. Pius X]]

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On [[29 May]] [[1954]], less than three years after his beatification, Pius X was canonized, following the S.C.R.'s recognition of two more miracles. The first involved [[Francesco Belsami]], an attorney from [[Naples]] who had a fatal [[pulmonary]] [[abscess]], who was cured upon placing a picture of the Blessed Pope Pius X upon his chest. The second miracle involved Sister [[Maria Ludovica Scorcia]], a nun who was afflicted with a serious [[Nervous system|neurotropic]] [[virus]], and who, upon several novenas, was entirely cured. The Canonization mass was presided over by Pius XII at Saint Peter's Basillica before a crowd of about 800,000 [http://www.museosanpiox.it/international+eng+engpio_x8.html] of the faithful and church officials at St. Peter's Basilica. Pius X became the first Pope to be canonized since the [[17th century]].

Prayer cards often depict the sanctified Pontiff with instruments of communion. This can be seen in the ''Prayer to Saint Pius X''.

In addition to being celebrated as the "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament," St. Pius X is also the patron saint of the emigrant from Treviso, and of [[Esperantists]]. He is honored at numerous parishes in Italy, [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]].

Pius X's feast day was changed from [[3 September]] to [[21 August]] on [[14 February]] [[1969]] by [[Pope Paul VI]] (1963–78) as an obligatory memorial to the sanctity of Pius X in the universal calendar.

== Papal Coat of Arms ==

The [[Papal Coat of Arms | papal arms]] of Pius X are composed of the traditional elements of all papal [[heraldry]] prior to [[Pope Benedict XVI]]: the [[Escutcheon | shield]], the [[papal tiara]], and the [[Papal regalia and insignia | keys]]. The tiara and keys are typical symbols used in the [[coats of arms]] of pontiffs, which symbolize their authority.

The shield of Pius X's coat of arms is charged in two basic parts, as it is ''per fess''. In chief (the top part of the shield) shows the arms of the Patriarch of Venice, which Pius X was from [[1893]]–[[1903]]. It consists of the lion of [[St. Mark]] proper and haloed in silver upon a silver-white background, displaying a book with the inscription of PAX TIBI MARCE, which refers to the motto of Venice ''Pax tibi Marce, Evangelista meus'', which is Latin for ''Peace to you, Mark my evangelist''. This motto refers to Venice as the final resting place of Saint Mark. Renditions of this part of Pius X's arms depict the lion either with or without a sword, and sometimes only one side of the book is written on.

The remainder of the shield displays the arms Pius X took as Bishop of Mantua: an anchor proper cast into a stormy sea (the blue and silver wavy lines), lit up by a single six-pointed star of gold. These were inspired by ''[[Book of Hebrews | Hebrews]]'' 6:19, which states that the hope we have is the sure and steadfast anchor of the soul. Pius X, then Bishop Sarto, stated that "hope is the sole companion of my life, the greatest support in uncertainty, the strongest power in situations of weakness."

Although not present upon his arms, the only motto attributed to Pope Pius X is the one for which he is best remembered: ''instaurare omnia in Christo'' (Latin for "To restore all things in Christ"). These words were the last he spoke before he died.

== See also ==

* [[Society of St. Pius X]]

* [[List of Encyclicals of Pope Pius X]]

<br clear=all>

{{start box}}

{{succession box | before=[[Domenico Cardinal Agostini]] | title=[[Patriarch of Venice]] | years=1893–1903 | after=[[Aristide Cardinal Cavallari]]}}

{{succession box | before=[[Pope Leo XIII | Leo XIII]] | title=[[Pope]] | years=1903–14 | after=[[Pope Benedict XV | Benedict XV]]}}

{{end box}}

{{Popes}}

==References==

* Forbes, F.A. ''Pope St. Pius X''. 1918. Revised, 1954. London: Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.

* Smit, Jan Olav and G. Dal Gal. ''Beato Pio X''. 1951. Amsterdam: N.V. Drukkerij De Tijd.

* Smit, Jan Olav. Translated by James H. Van Der Veldt. ''St. Pius X Pope''. 1965. Paulist Press.

* Bavoux, Gerard Arthur. ''Le porteur de lumière''. Paris, 1996, Pygmalion.

== External links ==

{{wikisource author}}

{{commons|Pius X|Pope Pius X}}

* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_x/index.htm Full text of official documents including encyclicals at the Holy See]

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12137a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Pius X]

* [http://www.museosanpiox.it/international/eng/ Informations about Pius X life at Museo San Pio X]

[[Category:1835 births|Pius 10]]

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