|
'''''Salammbô''''' is an [[opera]] in four acts composed by [[Ernest Reyer]] to a [[French language|French]] [[libretto]] by [[Camille du Locle]]. It is based on the novel ''[[Salammbô (novel)|Salammbô]]'' by [[Gustave Flaubert]]. The opera was first performed at the [[La Monnaie|Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie]] in [[Brussels]] on [[February 10]] [[1890]]. It debuted at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in [[New York City]] on [[March 20]], [[1901]].
{{mergeto|Latin grammar}}
==Characters==
[[fr:Déclinaisons latines]] [[la:declinatio]]
*Salammbô (Soprano), Hamilcar's daughter
[[Latin]] is an [[Inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender.
*Shahabarim (Tenor), High Priest of Tanit
*Narr'Havas (Basse chantante), King of Numidia
*Giscon (Bass), Carthaginian general
*Mathô (Tenor), Lybian mercenary
*Hamilcar (Baritone), Carthaginian Suffete
*Spendius (Baritone), Greek slave
*Autharite (Bass), Gaulish mercenary
*Taanach (Mezzo-soprano), Salammbo's servant
==Setting==
==Grammatical cases==
*Place: [[Carthage]]
A complete declension consists of seven grammatical cases:
*Time: 240 BC
*The [[nominative case]], which is used to express the subject of a statement. It is also used with copulative verbs.
*The [[vocative case]], which is used to address someone or something in direct speech.
*The [[genitive case]], which expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English, the preposition [[of]] is used to denote this case.
*The [[dative case]], which expresses the recipient of an action, the indirect object of a verb. In English, the prepositions [[to]] and [[for]] most commonly denote this case.
*The [[accusative case]], which expresses the direct object of a verb.
*The [[ablative case]], which expresses separation, indirection, or the means by which an action is performed. In English, the prepositions [[by]], [[with]], and [[from]] most commonly denote this case.
*The [[locative case]], which is used to express the place in or on which, or the time at which, an action is performed. The locative case is extremely marginal in Latin, applying only to the names of cities and small islands and to a few other isolated words, and is identical to the genitive case (in the singular of the first and second declension) and the ablative case otherwise.
==Other opera adaptations==
Note: the sequence of cases above is standard in North America, and in fact goes back to Byzantine grammarians originally writing about Greek. But the presentation NOM-VOC-ACC-GEN-DAT-ABL has been normal in the UK and many European and [[Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth]] countries since the publication of [[Benjamin_Hall_Kennedy|Kennedy]]'s Latin Primer (1866). This revised ordering is argued to more closely reflect the tendencies of different cases to share similar endings.
In [[1863]], [[Modest Mussorgsky]] also started writing text and music for an opera based on Flaubert's novel, but he never managed to complete the work.
For the film score of [[Orson Welles]]' ''[[Citizen Kane]]'', [[Bernard Herrmann]] wrote an aria for the fictional opera ''Salammbô'' performed by Kane's wife.
==Syncretic trends==
Syncretism, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of
another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism:
Contemporary French composer [[Philippe Fénélon]]'s ''Salammbô'' was first performed in the [[Opéra Bastille]] in [[1998]].
*The accusative is always identical to the nominative in the neuter (both singular and plural, across all declensions). In addition, the accusative is the same as the nominative in the plural of the third, fourth and fifth declensions (but note the alternative –īs accusative plural ending for i-stem nominals, different from nominative –ēs).
*The vocative is always identical to the nominative in the plural, and also in the singular except in the second declension and a few Greek nouns. For example, the vocative of Aeneās is Aenea, although Aeneās is first declension.
*The dative is always the same as the ablative in the plural, and in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full i-stems i.e. neuter i-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters.
*The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-declension, and fourth declension nouns that are not neuter.
*The dative singular is the same as the genitive singular in first- and fifth-declension nouns.
*Plural neuter nominative/accusative always ends in -a (with a few exceptions: demonstrative <em>hic</em> and related <em>istic</em> and <em>illic</em>, relative/interrogative <em>quī</em> and friends; in all of them, the neuter plural takes the same form as feminine singular nominative).
*The accusative singular ends in short vowel plus -m, except for a few neuters with unusual base forms.
*The accusative plural (assuming not neuter) ends in a long vowel plus -s; so does the nominative plural of the third, fourth and fifth declensions (again assuming not neuter).
[[Category:Operas by Ernest Reyer]]
== Noun declensions ==
[[Category:French-language operas]]
[[Category:1901 operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
{{opera-stub}}
There are five declensions of nouns in Latin.
===First declension (a)===
Nouns of this declension usually end in –a and are typically feminine. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''a''.
Note that Latin does not have articles and as such there is no grammatical distinction between ''a girl'' and ''the girl''; the same word, puella, represents both.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+puella (feminine), ''girl''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–a
|puella
|(a, the) girl
|-
|Vocative
|–a
|Puella!
|Girl!
|-
|Genitive
|–ae
|puellæ
|of (a, the) girl
|-
|Dative
|–ae
|puellæ
|to, for (a, the) girl
|-
|Accusative
|–am
|puellam
|(a, the) girl
|-
|Ablative
|–ā
|puellā
|by, with, from (a, the) girl
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–ae
|puellæ
|(the) girls
|-
|Vocative
|–ae
|Puellæ!
|Girls!
|-
|Genitive
|–ārum
|puellārum
|of (the) girls
|-
|Dative
|–īs
|puellīs
|to, for (the) girls
|-
|Accusative
|–ās
|puellās
|(the) girls
|-
|Ablative
|–īs
|puellīs
|by, with, from (the) girls
|}
===Second declension (o)===
Nouns of this declension usually end in –us, –um, or –r and are typically masculine or neuter. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''o''.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+hortus (masculine), ''garden''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–us
|hortus
|(a, the) garden
|-
|Vocative
|–e
|Horte!
|(The) Garden!
|-
|Genitive
|–ī
|hortī
|of (a, the) garden
|-
|Dative
|–ō
|hortō
|to, for (a, the) garden
|-
|Accusative
|–um
|hortum
|(a, the) garden
|-
|Ablative
|–ō
|hortō
|by, with, from (a, the) garden
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–ī
|hortī
|(the) gardens
|-
|Vocative
|–ī
|Hortī!
|(The) Gardens!
|-
|Genitive
|–ōrum
|hortōrum
|of (the) gardens
|-
|Dative
|–īs
|hortīs
|to, for (the) gardens
|-
|Accusative
|–ōs
|hortōs
|(the) gardens
|-
|Ablative
|–īs
|hortīs
|by, with, from (the) gardens
|-
|}
<br>
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+verbum (neuter), ''word''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–um
|verbum
|(a, the) word
|-
|Vocative
|–um
|Verbum!
|(The) Word!
|-
|Genitive
|–ī
|verbī
|of (a, the) word
|-
|Dative
|–ō
|verbō
|to, for (a, the) word
|-
|Accusative
|–um
|verbum
|(a, the) word
|-
|Ablative
|–ō
|verbō
|by, with, from (a, the) word
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–a
|verba
|(the) words
|-
|Vocative
|–a
|Verba!
|(The) Words!
|-
|Genitive
|–ōrum
|verbōrum
|of (the) words
|-
|Dative
|–īs
|verbīs
|to, for (the) words
|-
|Accusative
|–a
|verba
|(the) words
|-
|Ablative
|–īs
|verbīs
|by, with, from (the) words
|}
<br>
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+ager (m.), ''field''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–
|ager{{ref 1}}
|(a, the) field
|-
|Vocative
|–
|Ager!
|(The) Field!
|-
|Genitive
|–ī
|agrī
|of (a, the) field
|-
|Dative
|–ō
|agrō
|to, for (a, the) field
|-
|Accusative
|–um
|agrum
|(a, the) field
|-
|Ablative
|–ō
|agrō
|by, with, for (a, the) field
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–ī
|agrī
|(the) fields
|-
|Vocative
|–ī
|Agrī!
|(The) Fields!
|-
|Genitive
|–ōrum
|agrōrum
|of (the) fields
|-
|Dative
|–īs
|agrīs
|to, for (the) fields
|-
|Accusative
|–ōs
|agrōs
|(the) fields
|-
|Ablative
|–īs
|agrīs
|by, with, from (the) fields
|}
<small>{{ref 1}}—Note that the ''e'' in the nominative singular form was inserted to ease pronunciation and is omitted in the other cases. There are some words for which the ''e'' is part of the stem proper; for these words, the letter cannot be omitted. These include gener (m.), ''son-in-law''; socer (m), ''father-in-law''; puer (m.), ''boy''; vesper (m.), ''evening''; and līberī (m. pl.), ''children''.</small>
===Third declension (mixed)===
Nouns of this declension end in a consonant; there are feminine, masculine, and neuter nouns.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+rēx (m.), ''king''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–
|rēx
|(a, the) king
|-
|Vocative
|–
|Rēx!
|(The) King!
|-
|Genitive
|–is
|rēgis
|of (a, the) king
|-
|Dative
|–ī
|rēgī
|to, for (a, the) king
|-
|Accusative
|–em
|rēgem
|(a, the) king
|-
|Ablative
|–e
|rēge
|by, with, from (a, the) king
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–ēs
|rēgēs
|(the) kings
|-
|Vocative
|–ēs
|Rēgēs!
|(The) Kings!
|-
|Genitive
|–um
|rēgum
|of (the) kings
|-
|Dative
|–ibus
|rēgibus
|to, for (the) kings
|-
|Accusative
|–ēs
|regēs
|(the) kings
|-
|Ablative
|–ibus
|rēgibus
|by, with, from (the) kings
|-
|}
<br>
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+nōmen (neuter), ''name''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–
|nōmen
|(a, the) name
|-
|Vocative
|–
|Nōmen!
|(The) Name!
|-
|Genitive
|–is
|nōminis
|of (a, the) name
|-
|Dative
|–ī
|nōminī
|to, for (a, the) name
|-
|Accusative
|–
|nōmen
|(a, the) name
|-
|Ablative
|–e
|nōmine
|by, with, from (a, the) name
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–a
|nōmina
|(the) names
|-
|Vocative
|–a
|Nōmina!
|(The) Names!
|-
|Genitive
|–um
|nōminum
|of (the) names
|-
|Dative
|–ibus
|nōminibus
|to, for (the) names
|-
|Accusative
|–a
|nōmina
|(the) names
|-
|Ablative
|–ibus
|nōminibus
|by, with, from (the) names
|-
|}
<br>
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|+hostis (m.), ''enemy''
|-
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Case
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Ending
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|Declined Form
!bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="left"|English
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Singular
|-
|Nominative
|–is
|hostis
|(an, the) enemy
|-
|Vocative
|–is
|Hostis!
|(The) Enemy!
|-
|Genitive
|–is
|hostis
|of (an, the) enemy
|-
|Dative
|–ī
|hostī
|to, for (an, the) enemy
|-
|Accusative
|–em{{ref 1}}
|hostem
|(an, the) enemy
|-
|Ablative
|–e{{ref 2}}
|hoste
|by, with, from (an, the) enemy
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor="aliceblue"|Plural
|-
|Nominative
|–ēs
|hostēs
|(the) enemies
|-
|Vocative
|–ēs
|Hostēs!
|(The) Enemies!
|-
|Genitive
|–ium
|hostium
|of (the) enemies
|-
|Dative
|–ibus
|hostibus
|to, for (the) enemies
|-
|Accusative
|–ēs{{ref 3}}
|hostēs
|(the) enemies
|-
|Ablative
|–ibus
|hostibus
|by, with, from (the) enemies
|-
|}
<p style="font-size: smaller">The following alternate endings are also possible:</p>
<ol style="font-size: smaller">
<li>Accusative singular, –im, declined hostim</li>
<li>Ablative singular, –ī, declined hostī</li>
<li>Accusative plural, –īs, declined hostīs</li>
</ol>
===Fourth declension (u)===
Nouns of this declension end in (nominative ending) –us, which are usually masculine, or –ū, which are always neuter. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is ''u''.
<p> Example I, nouns ending in <em>-us</em>(paradigma <em>lacus</em> -<em>lake</em>)</p>
<table rules=all cellpadding=2 cellSpacing=0 border=1 width="350">
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Latin Noun Case: Fourth Declension Masculine<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>us<td>-<td>lacus<td>the lake<tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>us<td>-<td>lacus!<td>lake!<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>ūs<td>-of<td>lacūs<td>of the lake<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>uī<td>-to, -for<td>lacuī<td>to the lake<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>um<td>-<td>lacum<td>the lake<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ū<td>-with, -by<td>lacū<td>with the lake<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ūs<td>-<td>lacūs<td>the lakes</tr><tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ūs<td>-<td>lacūs<td>lakes!</tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>uum<td>-of<td>lacuum<td>of the lakes</tr><tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>ibus<td>-to, -for<td>lacibus<td>to the lakes</tr><tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>ūs<td>-<td>lacūs<td>the lakes</tr><tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ibus<td>-with, -by<td>lacibus<td>with the lakes</tr><tr>
</table>
<p> Example II, neuter nouns ending in <em>-ū</em> (paradigma <em>cornū</em> - <em>horn</em>)</p>
<table rules=all cellpadding=2 cellSpacing=0 border=1 width="350">
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Latin Noun Case: Fourth Declension Neuter<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ū<td>-<td>cornū<td>the horn<tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ū<td>-<td>cornū!<td>horn!<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>ūs<td>-of<td>cornūs<td>of the horn<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>ū<td>-to, -for<td>cornū<td>to the horn<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>ū<td>-<td>cornū<td>the horn<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ū<td>-with, -by<td>cornū<td>with the horn<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ua<td>-<td>cornua<td>the horns</tr><tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ua<td>-<td>cornua<td>horns!</tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>uum<td>-of<td>cornuum<td>of the horns</tr><tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>ibus<td>-to, -for<td>cornibus<td>to the horns</tr><tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>ua<td>-<td>cornua<td>the horns</tr><tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ibus<td>-with, -by<td>cornibus<td>with the horns</tr><tr>
</table>
===Fifth declension (e)===
Nouns of this declension end in –ēs and are almost always feminine. The most notable exception is diēs, which is masculine.
<p> Example I (paradigma <em>rēs</em> - <em>thing</em>)</p>
<table rules=all cellpadding=2 cellSpacing=0 border=1 width="350">
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Latin Noun Case: Fifth Declension Feminine<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>rēs<td>the thing<tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>rēs!<td>thing!<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>eī<td>-of<td>reī<td>of the thing<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>eī<td>-to, -for<td>reī<td>to the thing<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>em<td>-<td>rem<td>the thing<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ē<td>-with, -by<td>rē<td>with the thing<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>rēs<td>the things</tr><tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>rēs<td>things!</tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>ērum<td>-of<td>rērum<td>of the things</tr><tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>ēbus<td>-to, -for<td>rēbus<td>to the things</tr><tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>rēs<td>the things</tr><tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ēbus<td>-with, -by<td>rēbus<td>with the things</tr><tr>
</table>
<p> Example II (paradigma <em>diēs</em> - <em>
day </em>)</p>
<table rules=all cellpadding=2 cellSpacing=0 border=1 width="350">
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Latin Noun Case: Fifth Declension Masculine<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.
<th>Sample<th>Translation</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>diēs<td>the day<tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>diēs!<td>day!<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>ēī<td>-of<td>diēī<td>of the day<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>ēī<td>-to, -for<td>diēī<td>to the day<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>em<td>-<td>diem<td>the day<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ē<td>-with, -by<td>diē<td>with the day<tr>
<th COLSPAN=5 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
<tr>
<th>Case<th>Suffix<th>English prep.<th>Sample<th>Translation
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>diēs<td>the days</tr><tr>
<td>[[Vocative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>diēs<td>days!</tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>ērum<td>-of<td>diērum<td>of the days</tr><tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>ēbus<td>-to, -for<td>diēbus<td>to the days</tr><tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>ēs<td>-<td>diēs<td>the days</tr><tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>ēbus<td>-with, -by<td>diēbus<td>with the days</tr><tr>
</table>
Note that nouns ending in ''iēs'' have long ''ēī'' in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + ''ēs'' have short ''eī'' in these cases.
This declension class is the last to develop in Latin; the only nouns that have the full declension are ''diēs'' and ''fidēs''.
From ''rēs'' we get ''rēs pūblica'', or republic: thing of the people.
== Adjective declensions ==
Adjectives are divided into two declension classes. The first (called the "first and second declension") combines the ''a'' and ''o'' declensions of nouns, with the ''a'' endings added when the adjective is feminine, and the ''o'' forms for masculines. Neuter adjectives of this class follow the pattern for ''o'' class neuter nouns.
The other class for adjectives (called the "third declension") is similar to the third class for nouns, with the important difference that nearly all these adjectives form the ablative singular in -ī, not in -e. The nominative singular of these adjectives is also often marked for gender in various ways.
A small class of adjectives follows the "pronominal declension", described below.
== Pronoun declensions ==
Relative and demonstrative pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences:
* the nominatives are often irregular
* the dative singular ends in -ī: rather than -ae or -ō.
* the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī.
These differences identify the "pronominal" declension, and a few adjectives also follow this pattern.
=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===
<table rules=all cellSpacing=0 border=1>
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=7 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Demonstrative Pronoun: '''is/ea/id'''
</tr>
<tr>
<th>'''Case'''<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
</tr>
<tr>
<th><th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter
<th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>is<td>ea<td>id<td>eī<td>eae<td>ea
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>eius<td>eius<td>eius<td>eōrum<td>eārum<td>eōrum
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>eī<td>eī<td>eī<td>eīs<td>eīs<td>eīs
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>eum<td>eam<td>id<td>eōs<td>eās<td>ea
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>eō<td>eā<td>eō<td>eīs<td>eīs<td>eīs
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table rules=all cellSpacing=0 border=1>
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=7 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Demonstrative Pronoun: '''ille/illa/illud'''
</tr>
<tr>
<th>'''Case'''<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
</tr>
<tr>
<th><th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter
<th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>ille<td>illa<td>illud<td>illī<td>illae<td>illa
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>illīus<td>illīus<td>illīus<td>illōrum<td>illārum<td>illōrum
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>illī<td>illī<td>illī<td>illīs<td>illīs<td>illīs
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>illum<td>illam<td>illud<td>illōs<td>illās<td>illa
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>illō<td>illā<td>illō<td>illīs<td>illīs<td>illīs
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table rules=all cellSpacing=0 border=1>
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=7 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Demonstrative Pronoun: '''hic/haec/hoc'''
</tr>
<tr>
<th>'''Case'''<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
</tr>
<tr>
<th><th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter
<th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>hic<td>haec<td>hoc<td>hī<td>hae<td>haec
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>huius<td>huius<td>huius<td>hōrum<td>hārum<td>hōrum
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>huic<td>huic<td>huic<td>hīs<td>hīs<td>hīs
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>hunc<td>hanc<td>hoc<td>hōs<td>hās<td>haec
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>hōc<td>hāc<td>hōc<td>hīs<td>hīs<td>hīs
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table rules=all cellSpacing=0 border=1>
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=7 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">Relative Pronoun: '''qui/quae/quod'''
</tr>
<tr>
<th>'''Case'''<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular<th COLSPAN=3 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
</tr>
<tr>
<th><th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter
<th>Masculine<th>Feminine<th>Neuter</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>quī<td>quae<td>quod<td>quī<td>quae<td>quae
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>cuius<td>cuius<td>cuius<td>quōrum<td>quārum<td>quōrum
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>cui<td>cui<td>cui<td>quibus<td>quibus<td>quibus
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>quem<td>quam<td>quod<td>quōs<td>quās<td>quae
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>quō<td>quā<td>quō<td>quibus<td>quibus<td>quibus
</tr>
</table>
<br>
=== Personal Pronouns ===
<table rules=all cellpadding=2 cellSpacing=0 border=1 width="333">
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=4 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">1st Personal Pronoun Declension<tr>
<th COLSPAN=4 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular
<tr>
<th>Case<th>English prep.
<th>Sample<th>Translation</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>-<td>ego<td>I<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>-of<td>meī<td>my<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>-to, -for<td>mihi<td>to me<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>-<td>mē<td>me<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>-with, -by<td>mē<td>with me<tr>
<th COLSPAN=4 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
<tr>
<th>Case<th>English prep.
<th>Sample<th>Translation
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>-<td>nōs<td>we</tr><tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>-of<td>nostrī/um<td>our</tr><tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>-to, -for<td>nōbīs<td>to us</tr><tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>-<td>nōs<td>us</tr><tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>-with, -by<td>nōbīs<td>with us</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table rules=all cellpadding=2 cellSpacing=0 border=1 width="333">
<tr>
<th COLSPAN=4 BGCOLOR="#99CCFF">2nd Personal Pronoun Declension<tr>
<th COLSPAN=4 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Singular
<tr>
<th>Case<th>English prep.
<th>Sample<th>Translation</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>-<td>tū<td>you<tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>-of<td>tuī<td>your<tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>-to, -for<td>tibi<td>to you<tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>-<td>tē<td>you<tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>-with, -by<td>tē<td>with you<tr>
<th COLSPAN=4 BGCOLOR="#DBDBDB">Plural
<tr>
<th>Case<th>English prep.
<th>Sample<th>Translation
<tr>
<td>[[Nominative]]<td>-<td>vōs<td>you</tr><tr>
<td>[[Genitive]]<td>-of<td>vestrī/um<td>your</tr><tr>
<td>[[Dative]]<td>-to, -for<td>vōbīs<td>to you</tr><tr>
<td>[[Accusative case|Accusative]]<td>-<td>vōs<td>you</tr><tr>
<td>[[Ablative]]<td>-with, -by<td>vōbīs<td>with you</tr>
</table>
<br>
== See also ==
* [[Latin conjugation]]
[[Category:Latin language]]
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