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[[Image:Marcharmenians.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Armenian civilians, being cleansed from their homeland during the [[Armenian Genocide]].]]
'''Ethnic cleansing''' refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an [[ethnic group]] from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically "pure" society. The term entered English and international usage in the early 1990s to describe certain events in the former [[ex-Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Its typical usage was developed in the Balkans, to be a less objectionable code-word meaning “[[genocide]]”, but its intent was to best avoid the obvious pitfalls of longstanding international treaty laws prohibiting war-crimes. This Orwellian term has since become still more Orwellian, because it is occasionally used as a claim of war-crimes, when no war-crimes actually exist. For example, “Ethnic Cleansing” has become improperly used to describe a situation wherein poorer ethnic groups are being displaced economically, by other, generally more affluent ethnic groups.
Synonyms include ''sectarian revenge''{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and ''ethnic purification'' and (in the French versions of some UN documents) ''nettoyage ethnique'' and ''épuration ethnique''.<ref>Drazen Petrovic, [http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol5/No3/art3.html "Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology"], ''European Journal of International Law'', Vol. No. 3. Retrieved 20 May 2006.</ref>
==Definitions==
The term ethnic cleansing has been variously defined. In the many words of Andrew Bell-Fialkoff:
:[E]thnic cleansing [...] defies easy definition. At one end it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population exchange while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of an "undesirable" population from a given territory due to religious or ethnic discrimination, political, strategic or ideological considerations, or a combination of these.<ref>Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, "[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5199/andrew-bell-fialkoff/a-brief-history-of-ethnic-cleansing.html A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing]", Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 110, Summer 1993. Retrieved 20 May 2006.</ref>
Drazen Petrovic has distinguished between broad and narrow definitions. Broader definitions focus on the fact of expulsion based on ethnic criteria, while narrower definitions include additional criteria: for example, that expulsions are systematic, illegal, involve gross human-rights abuses, or are connected with an ongoing internal or international war. According to Petrovic:
:[E]thnic cleansing is a well-defined policy of a particular group of persons to systematically eliminate another group from a given territory on the basis of religious, ethnic or national origin. Such a policy involves violence and is very often connected with military operations. It is to be achieved by all possible means, from discrimination to extermination, and entails violations of human rights and international humanitarian law."<ref>Petrovic, [http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol5/No3/art3.html "Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology"], ''op. cit.''</ref>
==Origins of the term==
The term "ethnic cleansing" entered the English lexicon as a [[loan translation]] of the [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]/[[Serbian language|Serbian]]/[[Croatian language|Croatian]] phrase ''etničko čišćenje'' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/etnitʃko tʃiʃtʃʲeɲe/}}). {{Dubious}}
During the [[1990s]] it was used extensively by the media in the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in relation to the [[Yugoslav wars]], and appears to have been popularised by the international media some time around [[1992]]. The term may have originated some time before the [[1990s]] in the military doctrine of the former [[Yugoslav People's Army]], which spoke of "cleansing the field" (''čišćenje terena'', [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/tʃiʃtʃʲeɲe terena/}}) of enemies to take total control of a conquered area. The origins of this doctrine are unclear, but may have been a legacy of the [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Partizan]] era.
This originally applied purely to military enemies, but came to be applied to ethnic groups as well. It was used in this context in Yugoslavia as early as [[1982]], in relation to the policies of the [[Kosovo]] Albanian administration creating an "ethnically clean" territory (i.e. "cleanly" Albanian) in the province.<ref>Marvine Howe in the New York Times (July 12, 1982), quoting an Albanian official in Kosovo</ref> However, this usage had antecedents.
One of the earliest usages of the term ''cleansing'' can be found on [[May 16]], [[1941]], during the [[World War II|Second World War]], by one [[Viktor Gutic|Viktor Gutić]], a commander in the [[Croatia]]n fascist faction, the [[Ustase|Ustaše]]: ''Every Croat who today solicits for our enemies not only is not a good Croat, but also an opponent and disrupter of the prearranged, well-calculated plan for cleansing ''[čišćenje]'' our [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] of unwanted elements [...].''<ref>[http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/ndhnews/ndhn0004.html Pavelicpapers.com]</ref> The Ustaše did carry out large-scale ethnic cleansing and [[genocide]] of [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs in Croatia]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and sometimes used the term "cleansing" to describe it.<ref>[http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/ndh/ndh002.html Pavelicpapers.com]</ref>
Some time later, on [[30 June]], [[1941]], the lawyer [[Stevan Moljević]] from [[Banja Luka]], the main ideologue of the [[Serbia]]n nationalist organization, the [[Chetnik]]s, and [[Draža Mihailović|Mihailović]]’s most trusted confidant, published a booklet with the title ''On Our State and Its Borders''. Moljević assessed the circumstances in the following manner: ''One must take the opportunity of the war conditions and at a suitable moment take hold of the territory marked on the map, cleanse ''[očistiti]'' it before anybody notices and with strong battalions occupy the key places (...) and the territory surrounding these cities, freed of non-[[Serbs|Serb]] elements. The guilty must be promptly punished and the others deported - the [[Croats]] to [[Croatia]], the [[Muslims]] to [[Turkey]] or perhaps [[Albania]] - while the vacated territory is settled with Serb refugees now located in Serbia.''<ref>[http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=3025&reportid=169 The Moljevic Memorandum]</ref>
The term "cleansing" ("cleansing of borders", очистка границ) was used in Soviet documents of early 1930s in reference to the resettlement of [[Poles]] from the 22-km border zone in [[Byelorussian SSR]] and [[Ukrainian SSR]]. The process was repeated on a larger and wider scale in 1939-1941, see [[Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union]] and [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]].
A similar term with the same intent was used by the [[Nazism|Nazi]] administration in [[Germany]] under [[Adolf Hitler]]. When an area under Nazi control had its entire [[Jew]]ish population removed, whether by driving the population out, by deportation to [[Concentration Camp]]s, and/or [[murder]], the area was declared ''[[judenrein]]'', (lit. "Jew Clean"): "cleansed of Jews".(cf. [[racial hygiene]]). (refer to Robert Brinkman aka b dub's novel "ethnic cleansing"
==Ethnic cleansing as a military and political tactic==
[[image:Soloviev-009.jpg|200px|thumb|Ethnic Georgian civilian killed during the [[Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia|ethnic-cleansing]] of Georgians in Abkhazia, 1993]]
The purpose of ethnic cleansing is to remove the conditions for potential and actual opposition, whether political, terrorist, guerrilla or military, by physically removing any potentially or actually hostile ethnic communities. Although it has sometimes been motivated by a doctrine that claim an ethnic group is literally "unclean" (as in the case of the Jews of medieval Europe), more usually it has been a rational (if brutal) way of ensuring that total control can be asserted over an area. The campaign in Bosnia in early 1992 was a case in point. The tactic was used by Bosnian Croat, Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Serb forces. Ethnic cleansing is often also accompanied by efforts to eradicate all physical traces of the expelled ethnic group, such as by the destruction of cultural artifacts, religious sites and physical records.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
In 1993, during the [[War in Abkhazia|Georgian-Abkhaz conflict]], armed Abkhaz separatist insurgency confronted with large population of ethnic [[Georgians]] implemented the tactic of [[Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia|ethnic cleansing]] directed against ethnic Georgians (which made the majority of the population) of [[Abkhazia]]. <ref>US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, Abkhazia case </ref> As the results, more than 250,000 ethnic Georgians were forced to flee and approximately 30,000 people were killed during separate incidents involving massacres and expulsion. (see [[Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia]]) <ref> Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. ''Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow.'' Gothic Image Publications, 1994. </ref> <ref> ''S State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, Chapter 17. </ref>
As a tactic, ethnic cleansing has a number of significant advantages and disadvantages. It enables a force to eliminate civilian support for resistance by eliminating the civilians — recognizing [[Mao Zedong]]'s dictum that guerrillas among a civilian population are fish in water, it disables the fish by draining the water. When enforced as part of a political settlement, as happened with the forced resettlement of ethnic Germans to Germany after [[1945]], it can contribute to long-term stability{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Some individuals of the large German population in [[Czechoslovakia]] and prewar [[Poland]] had been sources of friction before the Second World War, but this was forcibly resolved{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. It thus establishes "facts on the ground" - radical demographic changes which can be very hard to reverse{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. But this does not concern the treatment of the inhabitants of [[Historical Eastern Germany]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
On the other hand, ethnic cleansing is such a brutal tactic and so often accompanied by large-scale bloodshed that it is widely reviled. It is generally regarded as lying somewhere between [[population transfer]]s and [[genocide]] on a scale of odiousness, and is treated by international law as a [[war crime]].
==Ethnic cleansing as a crime under international law==
There is no formal legal definition of ethnic cleansing.<ref> Ward Ferdinandusse, [http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol15/No5/9.pdf The Interaction of National and
International Approaches in the Repression of International Crimes], The European Journal of International Law Vol. 15 no.5 (2004), p. 1042, note 7.</ref> However, ethnic cleansing in the broad sense - the forcible deportation of a population - is defined as a crime against humanity under the statutes of both [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) and the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY).<ref>[http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/99_corr/2.htm ''Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court''], Article 7; [http://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc-e/index.htm ''Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia''], Article 5.</ref> The gross human-rights violations integral to stricter definitions of ethnic cleansing are treated as separate crimes falling under the definitions for genocide or crimes against humanity of the statutes.<ref>Daphna Shraga and Ralph Zacklin [http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol5/No3/art4-01.html "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia"], The European Journal of International Law Vol. 15 no.3 (2004).</ref>
The UN Commission of Experts (established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780) held that the practices associated with ethnic cleansing "constitute crimes against humanity and can be assimilated to specific war crimes. Furthermore ... such acts could also fall within the meaning of the Genocide Convention." The UN General Assembly condemned "ethnic cleansing" and racial hatred in a [[1992]] resolution.<ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r080.htm A/RES/47/80] ""Ethnic cleansing" and racial hatred" United Nations. 12/16/1992. Retrieved on [[2006]], [[July 3|09-03]]</ref>
There are however situations, such as the [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]], where ethnic cleansing has taken place without legal redress. [[Timothy V. Waters]] argues that if similar circumstances arise in the future, this precedent would allow the ethnic cleansing of other populations under international law.<ref>[http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4600&context=expresso Timothy V. Waters, ''On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing''], Paper 951, 2006, [[University of Mississippi]] School of Law. Retrieved on [[2006]], [[December 13|12-13]]</ref>
<!--The emergence of ethnic cleansing as a distinct category of war crime has been a somewhat complex process. Each individual element of a programme of ethnic cleansing could be considered as an individual violation of humanitarian law - a killing here, a house-burning there - thus missing the systematic way in which such violations were perpetrated with a single aim in mind. International courts therefore consider individual incidents in the light of a possible pattern of ethnic cleansing. In the Yugoslav case, for instance, the ICTY considers the widespread massacres and abuses of human rights in Bosnia and Kosovo as part of an overall "joint criminal enterprise" to carve out ethnically pure states in the region.
However, many alleged "ethnic cleansings" in the past do not fit the modern definition of "crimes against humanity." For example, the post-WW2 [[German expulsions]] were sanctioned by the international agreement at [[Potsdam conference]], requiring that the actions proceed humanely.-->
==Silent ethnic cleansing==
{{Disputed}}
'''Silent ethnic cleansing''' is a term coined in the mid-[[1990s]] by some observers of the [[Yugoslav wars]]. Apparently concerned with Western-media representations of atrocities committed in the conflict — which generally focused on those perpetrated by the [[Serbs]] — atrocities committed against Serbs were dubbed "silent", on the grounds that they were not receiving adequate coverage. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Since that time, the term has been used by other ethnically oriented groups for situations that they perceive to be similar — examples include both sides in [[Northern Ireland]]'s continuing [[The Troubles|troubles]], and those who object to the expulsion of [[Volksdeutsche|ethnic Germans]] from former German territories during and after [[World War II]].
Some observers, however, assert that the term should only be used to denote population changes that do not occur as the result of overt violent action, or at least not from more or less organized aggression - the absence of such stressors being the very factor that makes it "silent" (although some form of coercion must logically exist).
==Instances of ethnic cleansing ==
This section lists incidents that have been termed "ethnic cleansing" by some academic or legal experts. Not all experts agree on every case; nor do all the claims necessarily follow definitions given in this article. Where claims of ethnic cleansing originate from non-experts (e.g., journalists or politicians) this is noted.
===Early instances===
*[[St. Brice's Day massacre]] of 1002. The [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] King [[Ethelred the Unready]] ordered the death of all the [[Danish people|Danes]] living in the [[Kingdom of England]].<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/making_history_winter2002.shtml</ref>
*Spain's large [[Islam|Muslim]] and [[Judaism|Jewish]] minorities, inherited from that country's former Islamic kingdoms, were expelled in [[1502]], while converts to Christianity, called [[Morisco]]s or [[Marrano]]s, were expelled between [[1609]] and [[1614]].<ref> Rezun, Miron, "Europe's Nightmare: The Struggle for Kosovo", (p. 6), Praeger/Greenwood (2001) ISBN 0-275-97072-8; Parker, Geoffrey, "Europe in Crisis", (p. 18), Blackwell Publishing (1979, 2000) ISBN 0-631-22028-3; Gadalla, Moustafa, "Egyptian Romany: The Essence of Hispania" (pp. 28-9), Tehuti Research Foundation (2004) ISBN 1-931446-19-9 </ref>
===Colonial period===
* In the United States in the 19th century there were numerous instances of relocation of Native American peoples from their traditional areas to often remote reservations elsewhere in the country, particularly in the [[Indian Removal]] policy of the 1830s. The [[Trail of Tears]], which led to the deaths of about 2,000 to 8,000 [[Cherokees]] from disease, and the [[Long Walk of the Navajo]] are well-known examples.<ref>Perdue, Theda, ''Cherokee Women and the Trail of Tears'' in ''American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500-1850'', p. 526, (Routledge (UK), 2000)</ref><ref>Committee on Indian Affairs, US Senate, ''Cherokee Settlement and Accommodation Agreements Concerning the Navajo and Hopi Land Dispute'', (US General Printing Office, 1996)</ref>{{Request quote|date=February 2007}}
* Expulsion of Turkish, Muslim, and Jewish populations from [[Balkan]]s following the independence of Balkan countries (e.g., [[Serbia]], [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]]) from [[Ottoman Empire]] from early 1800s to early 1900.<ref>Justin McCarthy, ''Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922'', (Princeton, N.J: Darwin Press, c1995</ref>
*Expulsion of Muslim populations in [[Northern Caucasus]] by imperial [[Russia]] throughout 19th century. Particularly, expulsion of [[Adyghe people|Circassians]] to [[Anatolia]] in [[1864]].<ref>McCarthy, ''ibid.''</ref> (see [[Muhajir (Caucasus)]] for more details)
===20th century===
* The ethnic cleansing of the [[The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913|Thracian Bulgarians]] by the [[Young Turks]] in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] portion of [[Thrace]] in 1913.
* The [[Armenian Genocide]], [[Assyrian Genocide]], and [[Pontian Greek Genocide]] perpetrated by the [[Young Turks]] during [[1914]]–[[1922]].<ref>Norman M. Naimark. ''Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.'' Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN. See also [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=84591082031333 review] by Nick Baron, H-Genocide, March 2004.</ref>
* The ethnic cleansing of Greeks from Turkey and of Turks from Greece during the [[Greco-Turkish war]] of 1919-1922 and the sack of [[İzmir|Smyrna]] by Turkish troops and as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] in 1923.
* [[Polish minority in the Soviet Union|Deportation of Poles]] by [[Soviet Union]] from [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]] and European Russia to [[Kazakhstan]] in 1934-1938.
* [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|Deportation of Koreans]] by [[Soviet Union]] from [[Russian Far East]] to [[Soviet Central Asia]] from September to October of 1937. More than 172,000 Koreans were deported.
* The persecutions and expulsions of over seven million [[Jews]] in [[Germany]], [[Austria]] and other [[Nazi]]-controlled areas prior to the initiation of [[the Holocaust|mass genocide]] in 1941.<ref>Naimark, ''op. cit.''</ref>
* During the [[Finland|Finnish]] occupation of [[East Karelia]] during [[World War Two]] the Russian speaking population of the city of [[Petrozavodsk]] was held in an [[concentration camp]].
* [[Expulsion of Poles by Germany]]. During World War II, Nazis planned to ethnicly cleanse the whole Polish population. Eventually during Nazi occupation up to 1.6 to 2 million Poles were expelled, not counting milions of slave labourers deported from Poland[http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php?menu=/export/home/www/doc_root/education/foreducators/include/menu.txt&bgcolor=CD9544].
* Deportation of [[Volga German]]s by [[Soviet Union]] to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Altai Krai]], [[Siberia]], and other remote areas, in 1941-1942.
* [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Deportation]] of [[Crimean Tatars]], [[Kalmykia|Kalmyks]], [[Chechnya|Chechens]], [[Ingushetia|Ingush]], [[Balkars]], [[Karachay-Cherkessia|Karachay]]s, and [[Meskhetian Turks]] by [[Soviet Union]] to [[Central Asia]] and [[Siberia]], 1943-1944.
* [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]. Between 13.5 and 16.5 million Germans were expelled between 1946-1948. Estimated number of killed in the process is being debated by historians and estimated between 500,000 and 3,000,000.<ref>''[http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War]'', European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, Edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees pp. 4</ref>
* The mass deportation of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] speaking ethnic minorities from the territory of [[Poland]] after [[World War II]], culminating in [[1947]] with the start of [[Operation Wisla]].
* Mass expulsions of [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s from [[Pakistan]] to [[India]], and of [[Muslims]] from India to Pakistan. The controversy surrounding this move resulted in the killings of [[Hindu]]s, [[Muslims]]s and [[Sikh]]s in riots. This was known as the [[partition of India|partition of British India]] in [[1947]].<ref> Talbot, Ian: "India and Pakistan", (pp. 198-99), Oxford University Press (2000) ISBN 0-340-70632-5 </ref> Well over 10 million people were violently displaced, making it the ''largest single instance of ethnic cleansing in recorded history''.
* The [[Nakba]] or [[Palestinian exodus]], in which the substantial majority of Arab [[Palestinians]] (approximately 700,000) in the areas of [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]] that became part of [[Israel]] fled or were deported by Israeli forces following the Arab invasion igniting the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref> [[Benny Morris]], The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. (2004) ISBN 0-521-00967-7 </ref><ref>Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem. Sussex Academic Press. (2005) ISBN 1-84519-075-0 </ref><ref> [[Ilan Pappe]], Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld. (2006) ISBN 1-85168-467-0 </ref>
* [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]], in which 99 percent of [[Jews]] (approximately 800,000) from Arab countries were deported by Arab governments, or fled oppression and discrimination, between the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] and the [[Six Day War]] in 1967. The major populations affected were in [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Morocco]].<ref> Itamar Levin, Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries. Praeger/Greenwood. (2001) ISBN 0-275-97134-1 </ref><ref> Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries. (1977) ASIN B0006EGL5I</ref><ref> Malka Hillel Schulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands. London. (2001) ISBN 0-8264-4764-3</ref>
* The mass deportation of ethnic minorities from their homelands, including [[East Timor]] and [[Western New Guinea|Papua]], by the [[Indonesia]]n government, beginning with Indonesian independence in [[1949]] (and subsequent occupation and annexation of Papua until the present day and of East Timor until 1999).<ref>http://www.etan.org/et99b/september/19-25/23unrigh.htm</ref><ref>http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/timor/etimor1202bg.htm</ref>
* Displacement of [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Hindus]] living in [[Kashmir]] due to the ongoing and anti-[[Republic of India|Indian]] insurgency. Some 300,000 Hindus have been internally displaced from Kashmir due to the violence.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html India], ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 20 May 2006.</ref>
* Displacement of Palestinians (Jordanian citizens) from areas captured by Israel after the [[Six Day War]] in 1967, particularly from East Jerusalem.<ref> Nur Masalha, Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion, pp. 224-25, Pluto Press (2000) ISBN 0-7453-1615-8 </ref><ref> Yahni, Sergio: “The Struggle Against Ethnic Cleansing in the South Hebron Region,” ''News from Within'', Feb. 2002, pp. 24-8. </ref><sup>[better citation needed]</sup>
* [[Apartheid#Forced removals|Forced removals]] of non-white populations in South Africa under [[Apartheid]].<ref> Bell, Terry: "Unfinished Business: South Africa, Apartheid and Truth", (pp. 63-4), Verso, (2001, 2003) ISBN 1-85984-545-2 </ref><ref> Valentino, Benjamin A., "Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century", (p. 189), Cornell University Press, (2004) ISBN 0-8014-3965-5. </ref>
* The widespread ethnic cleansing accompanying the [[Yugoslav wars]] from [[1991]] to [[1999]], of which the most significant examples occurred in eastern [[ethnic cleansing in Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Krajina]] ([[1991]]-[[1995]]), in most of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] ([[1992]]-[[1995]]), and in the [[Albanians|Albanian]]-dominated breakaway [[Kosovo]] province (of [[Serbia]]) ([[1999]]). Large numbers of [[Serbs]], [[Croats]], [[Bosniaks]] and [[Albanians]] were forced to flee their homes and expelled.<ref>Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Bosnia-Hercegovina'', (US General Printing Office, 1992)</ref>
* The forced displacement and [[Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia|ethnic-cleansing]] of more than 250,000 [[Georgians]] and other non-[[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] from [[Abkhazia]] during the conflict and after in [[1993]] and [[1998]].<ref> Bookman, Milica Zarkovic, "The Demographic Struggle for Power", (p. 131), Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. (UK), (1997) ISBN 0-7146-4732-2 </ref>
* The [[1994]] massacres of nearly one million [[Tutsis]] by [[Hutus]], known as the [[Rwandan Genocide]]<ref> Leeder, Elaine J., "The Family in Global Perspective: A Gendered Journey", (p. 164-65), Sage Publications, (2004) ISBN 0-7619-2837-5 </ref><sup>[better citation needed]</sup>
* The mass expulsion of southern [[Lhotshampa]]s (Bhutanese of Nepalese origin) by the northern [[Druk]] majority of [[Bhutan]] in [[1990]].<ref> [http://www.voanews.com/uspolicy/2006-10-19-voa1.cfm Voice of America (18 October 2006)] </ref> The number of refugees is approximately 103,000.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.htm?tbl=PUBL&id=4444d3c93e UNHCR Publication (State of the world refugees)]</ref>
===21st century===
* Attacks by the [[Janjaweed]] [[Arabs]], [[Muslim]] militias of [[Sudan]] on the non-[[Arab]] [[African]] population of [[Darfur]], a region of western Sudan.<ref> Collins, Robert O., "Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur, 1962-2004
", (p. 156), Tsehai Publishers (US), (2005) ISBN 0-9748198-7-5 .</ref><ref>Power, Samantha "Dying in Darfur:
Can the ethnic cleansing in Sudan be stopped?"[http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040830fa_fact1], ''The New Yorker'', [[30 August]] [[2004]].
Human Rights Watch, [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/05/05/darfur8536.htm "Q & A: Crisis in Darfur"] (web site, retrieved [[24 May]] [[2006]]).
Hilary Andersson, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3752871.stm "Ethnic cleansing blights Sudan"], ''BBC News'', 27 May 2004.</ref>
* The removal of around 8,500 Jews (including the forced removal of about half of them)<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4159958.stm 'Israel evicts Gaza Strip settlers'], BBC News Online, [[17 August]], 2005.</ref> from the [[Gaza Strip]], and around 660 from four small settlements in the [[West Bank]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4172694.stm 'Settlers and army clash in W Bank'], BBC News Online, [[22 August]], 2005.</ref> in 2005 through the implementation of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]].<ref>Robinson, Eugene. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/18/AR2005081801642.html "Betrayed in Gaza"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', August 19, 2005.</ref><ref>Klein, Morton A. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=11876 "Gaza Withdrawal Rewards Terrorism"], ''[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles]]'' February 27, 2004.</ref><ref>[[Jeff Jacoby|Jacoby, Jeff]]. [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/jeff/jacoby_2005_04_01.php3 "Sharon's retreat is a victory for terrorists"], ''Jewish World Review'', April 1, 2005.</ref><ref>Gross, Tom. [http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/ExodusFromGaza.html Exodus From Gaza] Tom Gross Mid-East Media Analysis. Retrieved November 4, 2006.</ref>
* The [[Expulsion of Tamils from Colombo|removal of 376 minority Tamils]] from the capital [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] into buses, most of them headed towards the northern district of Vavuniya, which is the front line of the renewed civil war without proof of wrong doing. <ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/COL267809.htm, Reuters questioning Ethnic Cleansing, [[7 June]], 2007.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6729555.stm]</ref>.<ref name=AFP>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070607/wl_sthasia_afp/srilankapoliticsunrestrights_070607124831| title= Sri Lanka police evict ethnic Tamils from capital | date= [[2007-06-07]] | publisher = [[AFP]] | first = Jayasinghe | last = Amal | accessdate = 2007-06-07 }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Genocide|GenocidePortalLogo(ESR)2.JPG}}
* [[Ethnocide]]
* [[Population transfer]]
* [[Civilian casualties]], civilian, non-combatant persons killed or injured by direct military action
* [[Command responsibility]]
* [[Crime against humanity]]
* [[Ethnic Cleansing (computer game)|Ethnic Cleansing]], a computer game.
* [[Persecution of Hindus]]
==Notes==
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<references />
</div>
==References ==
* {{cite journal | author=Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew | title=A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing | journal=Foreign Affairs | volume=72 | issue=3 | year=1993 | pages=110}} [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19930601faessay5199/andrew-bell-fialkoff/a-brief-history-of-ethnic-cleansing.html]
* {{cite journal | author=Petrovic, Drazen | title=Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology | journal=European Journal of International Law | volume=5 | issue=1 | year=1994 | pages=359}} [http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol5/No3/art3.pdf]
== External links ==
* [http://www.warcrimes.info/ Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide]
* [http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Photojournalist's Account] - Images of ethnic cleansing in Sudan
* [http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4600&context=expresso Timothy V. Waters, ''On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing''], Paper 951, 2006, [[University of Mississippi]] School of Law (PDF)
* [http://learning.lib.vt.edu/slav/genocide.html Genocides and Ethnic Cleansings of Central and East Europe, the Former USSR, the Caucasus and Adjacent Middle East -- 1890 - 2007]
*[http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/070525_ethnic-cleansing.htm ''Dump the “ethnic cleansing” jargon, group implores''] May 31, 2007, World Science
[[Category:
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[[Category:Human rights abuses]]
[[Category:Persecution]]
[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
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[[de:Ethnische Säuberung]]
[[et:Etniline puhastus]]
[[es:Limpieza étnica]]
[[fr:Nettoyage ethnique]]
[[ko:민족청소]]
[[it:Pulizia etnica]]
[[he:טיהור אתני]]
[[nl:Etnische zuivering]]
[[ja:民族浄化]]
[[no:Etnisk rensning]]
[[pl:Czystka etniczna]]
[[ru:Этнические чистки]]
[[sr:Етничко чишћење]]
[[fi:Etninen puhdistus]]
[[sv:Etnisk rensning]]
[[tr:Etnik temizlik]]
[[uk:Етнічна чистка]]
[[zh:种族清洗]]
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