History of ancient Israel and Judah and Panzer Dragoon (R-Zone): Difference between pages

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{{Mergeto|Panzer Dragoon (series)|date=June 2007}}

In compiling the '''[[history]] of ancient [[Kingdom of Israel|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]''', there are many available sources. These include texts such as the [[Jew|Jewish]] [[Tanakh]] (the [[Christian]] [[Old Testament]]), the [[Talmud]], the [[Ethiopia|Ethiopian]] ''[[Kebra Nagast]]'', the writings of [[Nicolaus of Damascus]], [[Artapanas]], [[Philo of Alexandria]] and [[Josephus]], and other minor authors and citations. Also there is [[archeology|archaeological]] evidence including [[Egypt|Egyptian]], [[Moabite]], [[Assyria|Assyrian]] and [[Babylon|Babylonian]] inscriptions.

'''''Panzer Dragoon R-zone''''' was a Tiger R-zone game for the short lived system. It was one of the few launch titles made by Sega. It had the no plot, simply a nameless character in an armored dragon attempting to keep a dark dragon from reaching a tower while shooting and dodging robots.[http://pc.ign.com/objects/008/008779.html]

{{Panzer Dragoon series}}

{{Jew}}

{{stub}}

==Introduction==

Some writers see these sources as being in conflict. See [[The Bible and history]] for several views as to how the sources may be reconciled. This is a controversial subject, with implications in the fields of [[religion]], [[politics]] and [[diplomacy]].

This article attempts to give a scholarly view which would currently be supported by most historians. The precise dates and the precision by which they may be stated are subject to continuing discussion and challenge. There are no biblical events whose precise year can be validated by external sources before the early 9th century BCE (The rise of [[Omri]], King of Israel). Therefore all earlier dates are [[extrapolation]]s. Further, the Bible does not render itself very easily to these calculations: mostly it does not state any time period longer than a single life time and a historical line must be reconstructed by adding discrete quantities, a process that naturally introduces [[rounding error]]s. The accuracy in which dates are represented here reflects a [[The Bible and history#Biblical maximalism|maximalist]] view, namely one that believes in the historical accuracy of the core stories of the Bible.

Others, known as ''[[Biblical minimalism|minimalists]]'' dispute that many of the events happened at all, making the dating of them moot: if the very existence of the united kingdom is in doubt, it is pointless to claim that it disintegrated in 922 BCE. However, many of the events from the 9th century onward do have corroborations; see for example [[Mesha Stele]].

==Early history==

The [[Mousterian]] [[Neanderthal]]s were the earliest inhabitants of the area known to archaeologists, and have been estimated to date to c. 200,000 BCE. The first anatomically modern humans to live in the area were the [[Kebaran]]s (conventionally c. 18,000 - 10,500 BCE, but recent paleoanthropological evidence suggests that Kebarans may have arrived as early as 75,000 BCE and shared the region with the [[Neanderthal]]s for millennia before the latter died out). They were followed by the [[Natufian]] culture (c. 10,500 BCE - 8500 BCE), the [[Yarmukian]]s (c. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and the [[Ghassulians]] (carbon dated c. 4300 - 3300 BCE). (None of these names appears in any classical sources; all were devised as conventions in recent times by archaeologists to refer to the lowest strata of remains.)

The [[Semitic]] culture followed on from the Ghassulians. People became [[urbanization|urbanized]] and lived in [[city-state]]s, one of which was [[Jericho]]. The area's ___location at the center of routes linking three continents made it the meeting place for religious and cultural influences from [[Egypt]], [[Syria]], [[Mesopotamia]], and [[Asia Minor]]. It was also the natural battleground for the great powers of the region and subject to domination by adjacent [[empire]]s, beginning with Egypt in the late [[3rd millennium BCE]]. Traditions regarding the early history found in later works such as the the [[Book of Jubilees]], the ''[[Kebra Nagast]]'' and commentaries of [[Rashi]], [[Philo]] and the ''Sepher Hayashar'' of [[Ibn Ezra]] refer to the early inhabitants as the sons of [[Shem]] and also speak of an invasion by the people known as [[Canaan]]ites descended from [[Ham, son of Noah|Ham]].

The Book of Jubilees states that the land was originally allotted to Shem and [[Arphaxad]] (ancestor of the Hebrews) when it was still vacant, but was wrongfully occupied by Canaan and his son [[Sidon]]. The ''Kebra Nagast'' speaks of the Canaanites invading existing cities of Shem and [[Ibn Ezra]], similarly notes that they had seized land from earlier inhabitants. [[Rashi]] mentions that the Canaanites were seizing land from the sons of Shem in the days of Abraham. The [[Tanakh]] does not directly mention Shemite presence in the land before the Canaanites although late Canaanite arrival is implied in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:6 where the expression "the Canaanite were then in the land" carries the connotation of ''then but not before'' as opposed to ''then but not now'' as Canaanites were present up and until the second Temple period by which time Genesis had certainly been written.

==The patriarchal period==

The patriarchal period begins with [[Abraham]]. Most Bible commentaries place the events surrounding Abraham (originally known as Abram) circa [[18th century BCE|1800 BCE]], give or take 100 years. The account of his life is found in the Book of [[Genesis]], beginning in Chapter {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|11|HE}}, at the close of a [[genealogy]] of the sons of [[Shem]] (which includes among its members [[Eber]], the [[eponym]] of the [[Hebrews]]).

His father [[Terah]] came from [[Ur Kasdim]]. His father moved his family, including his son Abram, from Ur Kasdim to the city of [[Haran]].

According to Genesis, God called Abram to faith and obedience. Abram married his half-sister [[Sarah|Sarai]]. He and his extended clan then moved to the land of [[Canaan]]. The Bible goes on to say that [[God]] called Abram to go to "the land I will show you", and promised to bless him and make him (though hitherto childless) a great nation. Trusting this promise, Abram journeyed down to [[Shechem]], then to a spot between [[Bethel]] and [[Ai (biblical)|Ai]]. He then moved to the oaks of [[Mamre]] in [[Hebron]].

The name ''Abraham'' was given to Abram (and the name [[Sarah]] to Sarai) at the same time as the covenant of [[circumcision]] (chapter {{bibleverse-nb||Gen|17|HE}}), see also [[History of male circumcision]] and [[Circumcision in the Bible]], which is practiced in [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]] to this day, see also [[Abrahamic religion]]. At this time Abraham was promised not only many descendants, but descendants through Sarah specifically, as well as the land where he was living, which was to belong to his descendants. The covenant was to be fulfilled through [[Isaac]], though God promised that [[Ishmael]] would become a great nation as well.

Some modern historians dispute the historical accuracy of the patriarchal narratives in the Bible, and hold these events to be largely, or perhaps entirely, mythical. Others consider them to be largely historical, and presented in terms reflecting the understanding of the times.{{fact}}

Abraham's grandson [[Jacob]] was later renamed Israel, and according to the Biblical account, his twelve sons became the fathers of the [[Israelites|twelve tribes of Israel]][http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/hebpat.html][http://www.theology.edu/otha01.htm]

==Egyptian domination==

The narrative behind how the Israelite slavery began in Egypt is still unclear in many sources. A few historians believe that this may have been due to the changing political conditions within Egypt. In [[1600s BCE|1650 BCE]], Egypt was conquered by tribes, apparently Semitic, known as the [[Hyksos]] by the Egyptians. The Hyksos were later driven out by [[Ahmose I]], the first king of the eighteenth dynasty. [[Ahmose I]] reigned approximately [[1550s BCE|1550]] - [[1520s BCE|1525 BCE]], founded the [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th Egyptian dynasty]], and a new age for Egypt, the [[New Kingdom]]. [[Thutmose III]] established Egypt's empire in the western Near East. From then on, the chronology can only roughly be given in approximate dates for most events, until about the 7th century BCE.

*[[1440s BCE|1440 BCE]] The Egyptian reign of [[Amenhotep II]], during which the first mention of the [[Habiru]] (possibly the Hebrews) is found in Egyptian texts [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/hebrews.html]. Recently discovered evidence (see [[Tikunani Prism]]) indicates that many Habiru spoke [[Hurrian]], the language of the [[Hurrians]]. The habiru were probably a social caste rather than an ethnic group (Finkelstein 2001, Van de Mieroop 2003), yet even so they may have been incorporated into early Israelite tribal groups.

*c.[[1400]] First mention of the [[Shasu]] in Egyptian records, located just south of the Dead Sea. The Shasu contain a group with a [[Yahwistic]] name.

*[[1300s BCE|1300 BCE]] Some Bible commentaries place the birth of Moses around this time. [http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/history/body1.htm] [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/moses.html]

*[[1290s BCE|1295 BCE]] Egypt's 19th dynasty began with the reign of [[Ramesses I]]. [[Ramesses II]] ([[1270s BCE|1279]]-[[1210s BCE|1213 BCE]]) filled the land with enormous monuments, and signed a treaty with the [[Hittites]] after losing the northern Levant to the Hittite Empire.

The [[Exodus]] of the [[Israelites]] from [[Egypt]] and its [[chronology]] are much-debated. It has long been believed that the Exodus took place in the reign of [[Ramesses II]], but this is speculative- the cities named in Exodus as those built by the Israelites- [[Pithom]] and [[Piramesse|Rameses]]- were built during his reign, and documents from his reign referring to [[habiru]] being used in the building of these cities provide circumstantial evidence in favor of this view, although the Exodus may have happened over a long period of time. Evidence for an Israelite presence in Egypt has been found from about a century after the reign of Rameses II, suggesting the process was much more complex than the picture given in the Bible. ([http://www.institutoestudiosantiguoegipto.com/bietak_I.htm Bietak 2001]) Research into settlement patterns suggest that the ethnogenesis of Israel as a people was a complex process involving mainly native pastoralist groups in Canaan (including habiru and shasu), with some infiltration from outside groups, such as [[Hittites]] and [[Arameans]] from the north as well as southern shasu groups such as the [[Kenites]]- some of whom may have been enslaved in Egypt. (Dever 2001, 2003, Mazar 1990)

==Wandering Years and Conquest==

Exodus goes on to say that after leaving Egypt and wandering in the desert for a generation, the Israelites invaded the land of [[Canaan]], destroying major Canaanite cities such as [[Jericho]] and [[Hazor]]. The paradigm that has Ramses II as Exodus Pharaoh also has the conquest of Canaan and the destruction of Jericho and other Canaanite cities around [[1200 BCE]]. [[Jericho]] and [[Ai]] were unsettled at this time, suggesting the accounts of their destructions were etiological (the name "Ai" means "ruin," and the site would have been a prominent ruin during the [[Iron Age]], naturally giving rise to a tale about its destruction); other sites mentioned were destroyed at this time, and the Israelites ''may'' have played a role in the destruction of some- [[Hazor]] is often cited as a possibility, although this is uncertain. Many other groups are known to have played a role in the destruction during this period, such as the invading [[Sea Peoples]], among whom the Philistines were one, and the Egyptians themselves. Feuds between neighboring city-states may have played a role as well. (Dever 2004, Finkelstein 2001, LaRue 1968)

==[[Book of Judges|Period of the Judges]]==

[[Image:1759_map_Holy_Land_and_12_Tribes.jpg|thumb|1759 map of the tribal allotments of Israel]]

The [[Hebrews]] migrated into [[Canaan]] circa [[1200s BCE|1200 BCE]], a time when the great powers of the region were neutralized by troubles of various kinds. In their initial attacks under [[Joshua]], the [[Hebrews]] occupied most of Canaan, which they settled according to traditional family lines derived from the sons of Jacob and Joseph (the "tribes" of Israel). No formal government existed and the people were led by ad hoc leaders (the "judges" of the biblical [[Book of Judges]]) in times of crisis. Around this time, the name "Israel" is first mentioned in a contemporary archaeological source, the [[Merneptah Stele]].

[[1200s BCE|1200 BCE]]. The Hittite empire of Anatolia was conquered by allied tribes from the west. The northern, coastal Canaanites (called the [[Phoenicia]]ns by the Greeks) may have been temporarily displaced, but returned when the invading tribes showed no inclination to settle. [http://www.escape.com/~farras/ugarit.htm]

Circa [[1180s BCE|1185 BCE]] the [[Sea People]], as they were called by the Egyptians, swept across [[Asia Minor]] and the Mediterranean. They invaded [[Egypt]] in [[Ramesses III]]'s reign, but were repelled. Amongst them were a group called the ''P-r-s-t'' (first recorded by the ancient Egyptians as ''P-r/l-s-t'') generally identified with the Philistines. They appear in the [[Medinet Habu]] inscription of [[Ramses III]][http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/mhabtext.html], where he describes his victory against the [[Sea Peoples]]. [[Nineteenth-century]] Bible scholars identified the land of the Philistines (''Philistia'' or ''Peleshet'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] meaning "invaders") with ''Palastu'' and ''Pilista'' in [[Assyria]]n inscriptions, according to ''Easton's Bible Dictionary'' (1897).

The name is used in the Bible to denote the coastal region inhabited by the Philistines. The five principal Philistine cities were [[Gaza]], [[Ashdod]], [[Ekron]], [[Gath (city)|Gath]], and [[Ashkelon]]. Modern archaeology has suggested early cultural links with the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenean]] world in mainland Greece. Though the Philistines adopted local Canaanite culture and language before leaving any written texts, an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] origin has been suggested for a handful of known Philistine words.

[[1140s BCE|1140 BCE]] the Canaanite tribes tried to destroy the Israelite tribes of northern and central Canaan. According to the Bible, the Israelite response was led by [[Barak]], and the Hebrew [[prophetess]] [[Deborah]]. The Canaanites were defeated. {{bibleverse||Judges|4-5|HE}}

==Origins of the United Monarchy==

According to the Biblical account, Israel is descended from Hebrew slaves who left the [[Land of Goshen]], [[Egypt]] during the [[Exodus]] at an uncertain date, often considered to be in the late [[13th century BCE]]. Prior to the establishment of the kingdom, the [[Hebrew people]], (the Israelites) were led by the [[patriarchs]] and later by Judges. The notion of kingship was for a long time [[anathema|anathemetised]], as it was seen as one man being put in a position of reverence and power that in their faith was reserved for the one true [[God]]. According to the Bible, it was [[Samuel]], one of the last of the judges, to whom the nation appealed for a king, as his sons, who had been appointed judges over Israel, misused the office. Although he tried to dissuade them, they were resolute and Samuel anointed [[Saul the King|Saul ben Kish]] from the tribe of [[Benjamin]] as king.

Other Biblical references seem more amicable to the regal structure, accepting the eventual reality and putting restrictions on his behaviour in Deuteronomy 17:14.

==United Monarchy==

{{main|United Monarchy}}

Increasing pressure from the [[Philistines]] and other neighboring tribes forced the [[Israelites]] to unite under one king in c. [[1050 BCE]]. This united kingdom lasted until c. [[920 BCE]] when it split into the Kingdom of Israel in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the South.

==Divided Monarchy==

[[Image:Levant 830.png|thumb|272px|Map of the southern [[Levant]], c.[[830 BCE]].]]

===Kingdom of Israel===

{{main|Kingdom of Israel}}

Around [[920 BCE]], [[Jeroboam]] led the revolt of the northern tribes, and established the Kingdom of Israel ({{bibleverse|1|Kings|11-14|HE}}). Israel fell to the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]] in [[720s BCE|721 BCE]] and was taken into captivity. {{bibleverse|2|Kings|17:3-6|HE}}

===Kingdom of Judah===

{{main|Kingdom of Judah}}

In [[920s BCE|922 BCE]], the [[Kingdom of Israel]] was divided. [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], the southern Kingdom, had Jerusalem as its capital and was led by [[Rehoboam]]. Judah fell to the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] in [[580s BCE|587 BCE]] and was taken into captivity.

==Captivity==

===Assyrian Captivity of the Israelites===

In [[720s BCE|722 BCE]], the Assyrians, under [[Shalmaneser III|Shalmaneser]], and then under [[Sargon II|Sargon]], conquered Israel (the northern Kingdom), destroyed its capital Samaria, and sent many of the Israelites into exile and captivity. The ruling class of the northern kingdom (perhaps a small portion of the overall population) were deported to other lands in the Assyrian empire and a new nobility was imported by the Assyrians.

===Babylonian Captivity of the Judaeans===

{{main|Babylonian Captivity}}

*[[580s BCE|586 BCE]]. Conquest of Judah (Southern Kingdom) by Babylon. Part of Judah's population, primarily the nobility, was exiled to [[Babylonian captivity of Judah|Babylon]].

*[[720s BCE|722]] & [[580s BCE|586 BCE]]. The First Dispersion, or [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]]. Jews were either taken as slaves in what is commonly referred to as the [[Babylonian captivity of Judah]], or they fled to Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, or Persia. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Exile.html]

*587 BCE [[Lachish]] letters, ostraca, classical Hebrew on 21 potsherds

*[[550s BCE|559 BCE]]. [[Cyrus the Great]] became King of [[Achaemenid dynasty|Persia]]. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Persians.html]

*[[530s BCE|539 BCE]]. The [[Babylonian Empire]] fell to Persia under Cyrus.

*[[550s BCE|550]]-[[330s BCE|333 BCE]]. The Persian Empire ruled over much of Western Asia, including Israel.

[[Image:CyrusCylinder.jpg|thumb|[[Cyrus Cylinder]] ([[British Museum]])]]

In one of the earliest known [[human rights]] reforms, King Cyrus allowed citizens of the empire to practice their religion freely and abolished slavery. These reforms are reflected in the famous [[Cyrus Cylinder]] and [[Hebrew Bible|Biblical]] books of [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] and [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]], which state that Cyrus released the Israelites from slavery and granted them permission to return to the [[Land of Israel]].

==Second Temple==

{{main|Second Temple}}

===Rebuilding the Temple===

*[[530s BCE|537 BCE]]. Cyrus allowed Sheshbazzar, a prince from the tribe of Judah, and [[Zerubbabel]], to bring the Jews from Babylon back to Jerusalem. Jews were allowed to return with the Temple vessels that the Babylonians had taken. Construction of the [[Second Temple]] began.[http://jeru.huji.ac.il/ec1.htm][http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/return.html] See also {{bibleverse||Ezra|1|HE}} in [[Biblical Hebrew]], {{bibleverse||Ezra|6:3|HE}} in [[Biblical Aramaic]], {{bibleverse||Isa|44:24-45:4|HE}}.

*[[520s BCE|520]]-[[510s BCE|515 BCE]]. Under the spiritual leadership of the Prophets [[Haggai]] and [[Zechariah]], the Second Temple was completed. At this time the Holy Land is a subdistrict of a Persian ''satrapy'' (province).

*c. 450 BCE [[Elephantine papyri]] of Jewish military colony in Egypt

*[[440s BCE|444 BCE]]. The reformation of Israel was led by the Jewish scribes [[Nehemiah]] ({{bibleverse||Neh|1-6|HE}}) and [[Ezra]] ({{bibleverse||Neh|8|HE}}). Ezra instituted [[synagogue]] and prayer services, and canonized the [[Torah]] by reading it publicly to the Great Assembly that he set up in Jerusalem. Ezra and Nehemiah flourished around this era. [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gerald_larue/otll/chap25.html][http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/faq-doc-8.html] (This was the Classical period of [[Ancient Greece]])

*428 BCE [[Samaritans]] build their temple on [[Mount Gerizim]]

===The legacy of Alexander the Great===

{{main|Alexander the Great|Seleucid Empire|Ptolemaic Egypt}}

*[[331 BCE]]. The [[Persian Empire]] was defeated by Alexander the Great. The Empire of Alexander the Great included Israel.[http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/09alexander.html] However, it is said that he did not attack Jerusalem directly, after a delegation of Jews met him and assured him of their loyalty by showing him certain prophecies contained in their writings.

*[[323 BCE]]. [[Alexander the Great]] died. In the power struggle after Alexander's death, the part of his empire that included Israel changed hands at least five times in just over twenty years. [[Babylonia]] and [[Syria]] were ruled by the [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucids]], and [[Egypt]] by the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]].

*281-246 BCE [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]]: also ruled Israel, [[Septuagint]] translation begun in [[Alexandria]], beginning of the [[Pharisees]] party, and other Jewish Second Temple sects such as the [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]]. [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/The_Temple.html]

===Hasmonean Kingdom===

{{main|Hasmonean}}

*[[180 BCE|180]]-[[142 BCE]]. The [[Maccabees|Maccabee]] Rebellion, [[Hanukkah]] and the [[Hasmonean]] Kingdom (164-63) [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/Maccabees.html]

*[[160 BCE|160]]-[[60 BCE]] Somewhere around this time, the community at [[Qumran]] began, from whom came the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]].

*134-104 BCE [[John Hyrcanus]], Ethnarch & High Priest of Jerusalem, "Age of Expansion", annexed Trans-Jordan, Samaria, Galilee, Idumea. Forced Idumeans to convert to Judaism, hired non-Jewish mercenaries, etc.

===Roman occupation===

[[Image:First century palestine.gif|thumb|250px|right|Iudaea and surrounding area in the 1st century]]

{{main|Iudaea Province}}

* 63 BCE [[Pompey]] conquered Jerusalem and the region and made it a client kingdom of Rome

* 57-55 BCE [[Aulus Gabinius]], proconsul of [[Syria (Roman province)#Syria in antiquity|Syria]], split [[Hasmonean]] Kingdom into Galilee, Samaria & Judea with 5 districts of [[sanhedrin]] (councils of law)<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146;query=whiston%20chapter%3D%23182;layout=;loc=14.54 Antiquities of the Jews 14.5.4]: "And when he had ordained five councils (συνέδρια), he distributed the nation into the same number of parts. So these councils governed the people; the first was at [[Jerusalem]], the second at Gadara, the third at Amathus, the fourth at [[Jericho]], and the fifth at [[Tzippori|Sepphoris]] in Galilee." [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S&search=Gabinius Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin]: "Josephus uses συνέδριον for the first time in connection with the decree of the Roman governor of Syria, Gabinius (57 B.C.), who abolished the constitution and the then existing form of government of Palestine and divided the country into five provinces, at the head of each of which a sanhedrin was placed ("Ant." xiv. 5, § 4)."</ref>

* 40-39 BCE [[Herod the Great]] elected [[King of the Jews]] by the [[Roman Senate]]<ref>[http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war1.html Jewish War 1].14.4: [[Mark Antony]] " ...then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the [[Parthia|Parthian]] war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and [[Augustus|Caesar]] went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, in order to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign." See also [http://www.ctsfw.edu/events/symposia/papers/sym2006steinmann.pdf]{{pdf}}</ref>

* 4 BCE-39 CE [[Herod Antipas]], [[tetrarch]] of Galilee & Perea

* 4 BCE-4 CE [[Jesus]] and his relative [[John the Baptist]] are born

* 6 CE [[Herod Archelaus]], [[ethnarch]] of Judea, deposed by [[Augustus]]; [[Samaria]], [[Judea]] and [[Idumea]] annexed as [[Iudaea Province]] under direct Roman administration, capital at [[Caesarea Palaestina|Caesarea]], [[Quirinius]] became [[Legatus|Legate]] (Governor) of [[Syria (Roman province)#Syria in antiquity|Syria]], conducted first Roman tax census of Iudaea, opposed by [[Zealots]]<ref>[http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html Antiquities 18]</ref>

* 9 CE [[Pharisee]] leader [[Hillel the Elder]] dies, temporary rise of [[Shammai]]

* 18-36 CE [[Caiaphas]], appointed [[List of High Priests of Israel|High Priest]] of [[Herod's Temple]] by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate [[Vitellius]]

* 26-36 CE [[Pontius Pilate]], governor of the Roman province of [[Iudaea Province|Iudaea]]

* 41-44 CE [[Agrippa I|Herod Agrippa I]] appointed "King of the Jews" by [[Claudius]]

* 48-100 CE [[Agrippa II|Herod Agrippa II]] appointed "King of the Jews" by [[Claudius]], seventh and last of the [[Herodians]]

==Jewish-Roman Wars==

{{main|Jewish-Roman Wars}}

In [[66]], the [[First Jewish-Roman War]] broke out, lasting until [[73]]. In [[67]], Vespasian and his forces landed in the north of Israel, where they received the submission of Jews from Ptolemais to Sepphoris. The Jewish garrison at Yodfat (Jodeptah) was massacred after a two month siege. By the end of this year, Jewish resistance in the north had been crushed.

In [[69]], [[Vespasian]] seized the throne after a civil war. By [[70]], the Romans had occupied Jerusalem. [[Titus]], son of the Roman Emperor, destroyed the Second Temple on the 9th of ''Av'', ie. ''Tisha B'Av'' (656 years to the day after the destruction of the First Temple in 587 BCE). Over 100,000 Jews died during the siege, and nearly 100,000 were taken to Rome as slaves. Many Jews fled to Mesopotamia (Iraq), and to other countries around the Mediterranean. In [[73]] the last Jewish resistance was crushed by Rome at the mountain fortress of [[Masada]]; the last 900 defenders committed suicide rather than be captured and sold into slavery.

[[Rabbi]] [[Yochanan ben Zakai]] escaped from Jerusalem. He obtained permission from the Roman general to establish a center of Jewish learning and the seat of the [[Sanhedrin]] in the outlying town of Yavneh (see [[Council of Jamnia]]). This is generally considered the beginning of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], the period when the [[Halakha]] became formalized. Some believe that the Jewish canon was determined during this time period, but this theory has been largely discredited, see also [[Biblical canon]]. Judaism survived the destruction of Jerusalem through this new center. The [[Sanhedrin]] became the supreme religious, political and judicial body for Jews worldwide until [[425]], when it was forcibly disbanded by the Roman government, by then officially dominated by the [[Christian Church]]. [http://www.shamash.org/jb/bk950804/comm2.htm]

In [[132]] the [[Bar Kokhba's Revolt]] began led by [[Simon bar Kokhba]] and an independent state in Israel was declared. By [[135]] this revolt was crushed by Rome. The Romans, seeking to suppress the names "Judaea" and "Jerusalem", reorganized it as part of the province of [[Syria-Palestine]]. In order to worsen the humiliation of the defeated Jews, the Latin name ''Palaestina'' was chosen for the area, after the [[Philistines]], whom the Romans identified as the worst enemies of the Jews in history. {{fact}} From then on the region was known as Palestine.

==See also==

===Notable people===

*[[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], [[Jacob]], [[Joseph (dreamer)|Joseph]], [[Benjamin]], [[Moses]], [[Joshua]], [[Leah]]

===Old Testament genealogy===

The following chart shows the genealogy of Israel in relation to the peoples of the world:

[[Image:Oldtestamentgenealogy.gif]]

===Partial list of kings of Israel===

*[[Saul the King|Saul]] [[1020s BCE|1020]]&ndash;[[1000s BCE|1005 BCE]]

*[[David]] [[1000s BCE|1005]]&ndash;[[960s BCE|965 BCE]]

*[[Solomon]] [[960s BCE|965]]&ndash;[[920s BCE|926 BCE]]

*[[Jeroboam]] [[920s BCE|926]]&ndash;[[900s BCE|909 BCE]]

*[[Omri]]

*[[Ahab]] [[870s BCE|875 BCE]]

*[[Jehoash]]

*[[Jeroboam II]] [[820s BCE|825]]&ndash;[[780s BCE|784 BCE]]

**************************

Archealogist Finkelstein in The Bible Unearthed pg. 20 has differing years:

David 1005-970 BCE

Solomon 970-931 BCE

Jeroboam 1st 931-909 BCE

Omri 884-873 BCE

Ahab 873-852BCE

Joash above as Jeohash 800-784 BCE

Jeroboam 2nd 788-747 BCE

See above listing for further dating and lineage.

===Partial list of kings of Judah===

*[[Rehoboam]] [[920s BCE|926 BCE]]&ndash;

*[[Abijah]] Abijam

*[[Amaziah]] 5 Kings before Amaziah

*[[Uzziah]]

*[[Jehoshaphat]]

*[[Hezekiah]] Three above not listed on archaelogial lists of Kings of Judah

*[[Josiah]] 9 Kings from Amaziah to Josiah

===Notable places===

*[[Bethlehem]], [[Chaldea]], [[Galilee]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Nazareth]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Sidon]], [[Tyre]]

*[[Tutimaios]] is found in the ancient Egyptian chronicler [[Manetho]], whose works are preserved in fragments in [[Josephus]], [[Africanus]] and [[Eusebius]].

===Religious places and objects===

*The [[Temple in Jerusalem]], the [[Ark of the covenant]]

==See also==

*[[Bible]]

*[[Biblical archaeology]]

*[[Documentary hypothesis]] (a discussion of how modern critics view Bible studies.)

*[[Hebrew Bible]]

*[[History of Israel]]

*[[History of Levant]]

*[[Israelite]]

*[[Old Testament]]

*[[Tanakh]]

*[[Torah]]

*[[Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar]], calendar showing dating details

*[[Timeline of Christianity]]

==References==

<references />

*''[[Ancient Judaism (book)|Ancient Judaism]]'', [[Max Weber]], Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0-02-934130-2

*David M. Rohl, Pharaohs and Kings, ISBN 0-609-80230-9

*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia]

==External links==

*[http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryID=411&rsid=478 Biblical History] The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08344a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)]

[[Category:Ancient Israel and Judah]]

[[Category:History of the Middle East]]

[[Category:Old Testament topics]]

[[es:Historia del antiguo reino de Israel]]

[[fr:Philistins (Bible)]]

[[fj:Na Veitarataravi ni Veigauna vaka i Isireli kei Jiuta]]

[[ja:古代イスラエル]]

[[no:Oldtidens Israel]]

[[pl:Starożytny Izrael]]