Tofu and Indiana Jones (character): Difference between pages

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Revision as of 21:55, 13 June 2007

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{{Indiana Jones character|

{{dablink|TOFU can also be a military slang acronym, see [[foobar]]}}

image= [[Image:IndianaTempleDoom.jpg|Indiana Jones as portrayed by Harrison Ford|250px]]|

caption = [[Harrison Ford]] as Indiana Jones|

name=Henry "Indiana" Jones Jr.|

gender=[[Male]]|

birth= [[July 1]], [[1899]]|

birthplace= [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]|

occupation= [[Professor]] of [[Archaeology]]|

family = [[Henry Jones Sr.]] (Father)<br /> [[Anna Jones (Indiana Jones Character)|Anna Jones]] (Mother, deceased)|

actor=[[Harrison Ford]]<br/>[[River Phoenix]]<br/>[[Sean Patrick Flanery]]<br/>[[Corey Carrier]]<br/>[[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]]<br/>[[Doug Lee (voice actor)|Doug Lee]]|

first=''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''|

}}

'''Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr.''' (also known as '''Indy'''), is a [[fictional]] [[professor]], [[archaeologist]], and [[adventurer]] - the main protagonist of the [[1981 in film|1981]] [[adventure film]] ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (later retitled ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''), its prequel ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', and sequel, ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''. Jones is notable for his trademark [[bullwhip]], [[fedora (hat)|fedora]], [[leather jacket]], and [[ophidiophobia|fear of snakes]].

The character is most famously played by [[Harrison Ford]]; however, he has also been portrayed by [[River Phoenix]] (as the young Indiana in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''), [[Corey Carrier]], [[Sean Patrick Flanery]], and [[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]] (''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'').

{| border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:10px;"

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | '''Tofu'''

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:Tofu-beijingchina.jpg|240px]] <br>Seasoned tofu cubes in a Chinese dish

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Burmese language|Burmese]] name'''

|-

|

| [[Image:Bscript_pebya.png]] (pebya/péprā:) or [[Image:Bscript_topu.png]] (tofu/tiuphü:)

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Khmer language|Cambodian]] name'''

|-

|

| to hu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Chinese language|Chinese]] name'''

|-

|[[Chinese characters]]

| 豆腐 or 荳腐

|-

| [[Hanyu Pinyin]]

| dòufu

|-

| width="150" | [[Wade-Giles]]

| width="150" | tou-fu

|-

|[[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]

| dau-fu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Tagalog|Filipino]] name'''

|-

|

| tokwa

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] name'''

|-

|

| tahu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Japanese language|Japanese]] name'''

|-

| [[Kanji]]

| 豆腐

|-

| [[Romaji]]

| tōfu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Korean language|Korean]] name'''

|-

| [[Hangul]]

| 두부 (tubu)

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] name'''

|-

|

| tauhu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]] name'''

|-

|

| tahu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Thai language|Thai]] name'''

|-

|

| tauhu

|-

! colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] name'''

|-

| [[Quoc Ngu|Quốc Ngữ]]

| đậu hũ

|}

In addition to his film and television appearances, the character has been featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. A [[Indiana Jones 4|fourth film]] (once again starring Ford) is currently in production; filming is scheduled to take place throughout 2007, with the film planned to be released worldwide on Thursday, May 22nd, 2008.

'''Tofu''', sometimes also called '''bean curd''' or '''doufu''' (nearly always in the context of Chinese recipes), is a [[food]] made by [[coagulation|coagulating]] [[soy milk]], and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. The making of tofu from [[soy milk]] is similar to the technique of making [[cheese]] from milk. [[Wheat gluten (food)|Wheat gluten]], or seitan, in its steamed and fried forms, is often mistakenly called "tofu" in Asian or vegetarian dishes.

==Production==

Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée [[serial]]s and [[pulp magazine]]s that [[George Lucas]] and [[Steven Spielberg]] enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the [[Republic Pictures]] [[serial]]s, and the [[Doc Savage]] series). The two friends first discussed the project in [[Hawaii]] during the time of release of the first ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' film.<ref name="makingraiders">"[http://www.indianajones.com/raiders/bts/news/news20030923.html Making ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'']." September 23, 2003. [http://www.indianajones.com/ IndianaJones.com]</ref> Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted to direct a [[James Bond]] film - Lucas responded that he "had something better than that".<ref name="makingraiders" />

Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, most tofu producers begin with their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling, and straining dried (or, more rarely, fresh) [[soybeans]].

The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an [[Alaskan malamute]] Lucas owned in the 1970s; however Spielberg disliked the name "Smith", and Lucas casually suggested "Jones" as an alternative.<ref name="makingraiders" />

Coagulation of the protein-oil phase <!--this techno-speak just added doesn't make sense to a lay reader without explanation-->in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. Two types of coagulants are used commercially and a third type of coagulant has potential for producing both firm and "silken" tofu:

===Costume and equipment===

1) Salt coagulants

The general appearance for the character of Indiana Jones was chosen before anyone was even cast. He was envisioned as an amalgam of several characters - most notably treasure hunter Fred C. Dobbs (as played by [[Humphrey Bogart]] in ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''), and adventurer Harry Steele (as played by [[Charlton Heston]] in ''[[Secret of the Incas]]''[http://www.spookybug.com/origins/general.html]).

Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed [[Fedora (hat)|fedora]], the [[Herbert Johnson]] Poet. Although other hats were also used throughout the movies, the general style and profile remained the same. Other elements of the outfit include:

*'''[[Calcium sulfate]]''' ([[gypsum]]) : The traditional, and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium, an important mineral for treating and preventing [[osteoporosis]]. As such, many tofu manufacturers choose to use this coagulant to be able to market their tofu as a good source of calcium.

*'''[[Magnesium chloride]]''' and [[Calcium chloride]]: The coagulant used to make Japanese style tofu with smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called ''nigari'', which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the [[sodium chloride]] is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, ''nigari'' may also contain small quantities of [[magnesium sulfate]] (epsom), [[potassium chloride]], [[calcium chloride]], and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term ''nigari'' is derived from ''nigai'', the Japanese word for "bitter", neither ''nigari'' nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu.

* The leather jacket - a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the [[A-2 jacket]], made by Wested Leather Co.

2) Acid coagulants

* The bag - a modified Mark VII British gas mask bag.

*'''[[Glucono delta-lactone]]''' (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers a very slightly sour taste to the finished product.

* The whip - a 10ft Bullwhip crafted by David Morgan (although different lengths were used in specific stunts)

* The revolver - usually a [[World War I]] era revolver. Examples include the [[Webley Revolver|Webley Mk VI]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''), or a .45 ACP [[Smith & Wesson]] Hand Ejector 2nd model revolver (''Raiders of the Lost Ark''). He has also been seen using a [[M1917 revolver]], and a 9mm [[Browning Hi-Power]].<ref>http://www.indygear.com/gear/guns.shtml</ref>

Jones's Fedora and Leather Jacket (as used in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'') are on display at the [[Smithsonian]]'s American History Museum in [[Washington DC]][http://smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm?ID=125]. The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for aficionados of the franchise.<ref>http://www.indygear.com/</ref>

3) Enzyme coagulants

===Casting===

Among [[enzymes]] that have been shown to produce tofu are [[papain]], and alkaline and neutral proteinases from microorganisms.<!--doesn't make sense; shown by who? why are they not used by any companies for tofu production if they work?-->

Originally, Spielberg suggested [[Harrison Ford]]; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in three of his movies ([[American Graffiti]] and the first two installments of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' series), and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby DeNiro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director [[Martin Scorsese]] regularly cast [[Robert DeNiro]] in his films).<ref name="makingraiders" /> During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast then little-known actor [[Tom Selleck]] as Indiana Jones, and [[pre-production]] began in earnest on ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.<ref name="makingraiders" />

However, [[CBS]] refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to [[Magnum, P.I.]] (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.<ref name="makingraiders" /> After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas finally capitulated, and he was cast in the role - less than 3 weeks before [[principal photography]] began.<ref name="makingraiders" /> If for whatever reason Ford had not landed the role, a possible third choice for the movie was thought to have been [[Dirk Benedict]], star of the [[Battlestar Galactica]] sc-fi TV series, though this was never offcially confirmed.

Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu. This results from differences in pore sizes and other microsopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft gel.

===Models===

The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (嫩豆腐) or tofu flower (豆花, ''dòuhuā'') the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using [[cheese cloth]] or [[muslin]] and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (荳乾) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavoured or further processed.

Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character - although it should be noted that none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. In alphabetical order by last name:

*[[Paleontologist]] [[Roy Chapman Andrews]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History|first=Douglas J.|last=Preston|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1993|id=ISBN 0-312-10456-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0312104561&id=CaBxisxbAfwC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=v0aO-D_rCrUl-IRZHI0RoexkydQ pp. 97&ndash;98], "Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after... crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place."</ref>

Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavouring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavour or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.

*Italian [[archaeologist]] and circus [[strongperson (strength athlete)|strongman]] [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] (1778&ndash;1823).<ref>http://www.filmsite.org/raid.html Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)</ref>

* [[Yale University]] professor, historian, and explorer [[Hiram Bingham III]], who rediscovered and excavated the [[lost city]] of [[Machu Picchu]],<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-09-22-peru_x.htm The trail less trampled on] in [[USA Today]] by Gene Sloan, September 23, 2005: "The iconic mountaintop citadel, discovered less than a century ago by American explorer Hiram Bingham, the inspiration for Indiana Jones, is a thrilling reward after days of exertion."</ref> and chronicled his find in the bestselling book ''The Lost City of the Incas'' in 1948.<ref>''[http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/LostCity.htm Lost City of the Incas]'' biographical profile from the United States Senate website</ref>

*The [[University of Chicago]] archaeologist [[Robert Braidwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maroon.uchicago.edu/news/articles/2003/01/21/obituary_robert_and_.php|title=Obituary: Robert and Linda Braidwood|author=Molly Schranz|publisher=[[Chicago Maroon]]|date=January 21, 2003|accessdate=2006-09-21}}: "Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones."</ref> <!-- This is questionable; if anything, "Professor BraidWOOD" sounds more like "Professor RavenWOOD". Also unable to find other sources saying he served "as inspiration for". -->

<!--Removed, as not cited as inspiration for. *Adventurer and [[King Kong]] creator [[Merian C. Cooper]] has been called a real-life Indiana Jones.{{fact}}-->

<!-- Temporarily removed; seems to be promotional fluff*Adventurer and anthropologist [[Schuyler Jones]]. "Dr. [Schuyler] Jones refers to the international belief that he is the 'original' upon whom the 'Indiana Jones' films are based 'as just a rumor'. [http://www.harrisliterary.com/jones.html] -->

*Colonel [[Percy Harrison Fawcett]] (1867 – 1925?), perhaps the most quoted source of inspiration to the character of Indiana Jones, was a British archaeologist who disappeared in the Amazon jungle in [[1925]] while searching for a lost city.<ref>[http://home.earthlink.net/~larryorcutt/fawcett.html "Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett" by Larry Orcutt]</ref>

*Religious archaeologist [[Vendyl Jones|Vendyl "Texas" Jones]] once claimed that he was the inspiration, citing his names (he notes that his first name trimmed becomes Endy &mdash; very similar to Indy), but this claim has reportedly been denied by Spielberg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchman.org/reltop/filmdig.htm|title=Film Claims Disputed; Dig Shut Down: Vendyl Jones' Claims Challenged|author=James Walker|publisher=The Watchman Expositor|date=2005|accessdate=2006-09-21}}: citing [[Texas Monthly]], "Lucas and Spielberg say they've never heard of Vendyl Jones" and the original 1973 script by Lucas predates Vendyl Jones archaeological claims that are the supposed inspiration.</ref>

* [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] (nicknamed "India") (1746 – 1794), who was an English philologist, judge, and founder of the Royal Asiatic Society.

*Mayan archaeologist and U.S. spy [[Sylvanus Morley]].

<!-- Temporarily removed;*The fictional character [[Allan Quatermain]].{{fact}} -->

<!-- Removed. According to the reference, he's been "compared to Indiana Jones", but the reference doesn't say he "served as the inspiration for Jones." *Explorer [[Gene Savoy]] [http://umanitoba.fitdv.com/new/articles/article.html?artid=383]-->

* [[Germany|German]] [[philologist]] and archaeologist [[Otto Rahn]] (1904-1939) [http://books.google.com/books?id=oB7pBZ3s6dIC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=rahn+indiana&source=web&ots=XTezsjEyZ1&sig=qfT4iK63XCML1hYvVoaRiG4qeEw#PPA159,M1], whose (reluctant) membership in the [[SS]] stands in somewhat [[ironic]] contrast to the [[Americanization]] of the Indiana Jones character.

* [[Harvard]] professor [[Langdon Warner]] (1881-1955).

==VarietiesAppearances==

{{Main|List of Indiana Jones appearances}}

There is a wide variety of tofu available in the both western and eastern markets. Despite the daunting variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories: ''fresh tofu'', which is produced directly from soy milk, and ''processed tofu'', which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.

Since his introduction in [[1981]]'s ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' (later retitled on VHS and DVD box covers as ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''), he has made appearances in two more feature films, a three-season TV series, dozens of novels, [[Indiana jones comics|comic books]], video games, [[Indiana Jones (role-playing game)|role-playing games]], and even his own [[Indiana Jones Adventure|amusement park rides]].

[[Image:IndianaJ.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Harrison Ford and Sean Connery on the set of [[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]].]]

===FreshOn tofuFilm===

The initial trilogy of theatrical films (starring Harrison Ford) comprised of:

Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties.

*''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) - set in [[1936]]

[[Image:TofuWithSoySauceAndCarrot.jpg|thumb|280px|Silken tofu with soy sauce and a decorative carrot slice]]

*''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984) - set in [[1935]]

* '''Soft/silken tofu''' (嫩豆腐 or 滑豆腐, ''nèn doù fǔ'' or ''huá doù fǔ'', in Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu"; 絹漉し豆腐, ''kinugoshi tōfu'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], lit. silk-filtered tofu): This undrained tofu contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus. Its texture can be described as similar to that of very fine [[custard]]. ''Tofu flower'' (豆花, ''doù huā'' in Chinese) or ''Tofu brain'' (豆腐腦, ''doù fǔ naǒ'' in Chinese), often eaten as a dessert, is another type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content. Because it is nearly impossible to pick up this type of tofu with [[chopsticks]], it is generally eaten with a spoon.

*''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989) - set in [[1938]]

* '''Asian firm tofu''' (豆腐 in Chinese; 木綿豆腐, ''momendōfu'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], lit. "cotton tofu"): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. Can be picked up easily with [[chopsticks]].

* '''Western firm/dried tofu''' (豆乾, ''doù gān'' in Chinese, ''lit.'' "dry tofu"): An extra firm variety of tofu with the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofus. Has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western tofu firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu pressed especially flat and is sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2mm×2mm. This shredded dried tofu (荳乾絲, ''doù gān sī'' in Chinese) is usually served cold like [[noodle]]s, similar to Japanese ''[[aburage]]''.

In 1992, a [[television]] series named ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'' was first produced; the series aired from 1992 to 1996, and featured a 17-year-old Jones ([[Sean Patrick Flanery]]), a 93-year-old Jones ([[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]]), and a 10-year-old Jones ([[Corey Carrier]]). The show chronicled Jones's early life, beginning with his childhood travels with his father and carrying through to the solo journeys of his youth, his activities during World War I, and beyond. ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' was originally conceived by Lucas as [[edutainment]], a vehicle to educate children about key historical events and important individuals. To this end each episode features an appearance by an important historical figure of the time integrated into the story. In one of the later shows, Harrison Ford (while filming ''[[The Fugitive (1993 film)|The Fugitive]]'') briefly reprized the role of Jones in a [[cameo]] appearance.

Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.

The upcoming [[Indiana Jones 4|fourth Indiana Jones movie]] is in an advanced stage of pre-production, and is scheduled to be filmed in [[June 2007]] for a [[May 22]], [[2008]] release.<ref>[http://www.cinemafusion.com/index.php?/weblog/comments/official_indy_4_release_date_may_22_2008/ Cinema Fusion]</ref>

===Processed tofu===

Many forms of processed tofus exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used. Some of these techniques likely originate from the need to preserve tofu before the days of refrigeration, or to increase its shelf life and longevity. Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavours.

====Fermented=Video Games===

The character has appeared in several officially licensed video games, beginning with adaptations of [[Raiders of the Lost Ark (Atari 2600)|''Raiders of the lost Ark'' for the Atari 2600]], ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', and two adaptations of ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure|Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' - one action oriented, one with a more overt adventure bias.

*'''[[Pickled tofu]]''' (豆腐乳 in Chinese, [[pinyin]]: ''dòufu rǔ'', lit. "tofu dairy"; ''chao'' in Vietnamese): Cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria. The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced [[chile pepper|chiles]], or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufu rǔ), pulverized red dates ([[jujube]]) or fermented red rice are added for color. Pickled tofu has a special mouth feel similar to certain dairy products due to the breakdown of its proteins which takes place during the air drying and fermentation. Since it does not have a strong odor by itself, pickled tofu takes on the smells and taste of its soaking liquid. The texture of pickled tofu resembles a firm, smooth paste not unlike cold [[cream cheese]]. (Indeed, this kind of tofu is sometimes called "Chinese cheese" in English). Pickled tofu is generally sold in small glass jars. When refrigerated, it can keep for several years, during which time its flavor is believed to improve.

*'''[[Stinky tofu]]''' (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: ''chòu dòufu''): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine. The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal. Despite its strong odour, the flavour and mouth-feel of stinky tofu is reported to be delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu that it is made from. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce and hot sauce.

Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with ''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'', and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]''. Development was headed up by [[Hal Barwood]], and each game starred [[Doug Lee (voice actor)|Doug Lee]] as the voice of Indiana Jones.

====Flavoured====

Flavourants can be mixed directly into curdling soy milk while the tofu is being produced.

*'''Sweet''': Common sweet dessert tofus include peanut tofu (落花生豆腐 in Chinese and ''jimami-dōfu'' in Japanese), almond tofu (杏仁豆腐, xìng rén doù fǔ; {{nihongo|annindōfu|杏仁豆腐|}}), mango tofu, and coconut tofu. In order to produce these forms of tofu, sugar, fruit acids, and flavourants are mixed into soy milk prior to curdling. Most sweet tofus have the texture of silken tofu and are served cold.

** Products called "almond tofu" in some cases are actually not made from tofu but are instead gelatinous desserts made from [[agar]] or [[gelatin]] and whitened with [[milk]] or [[coconut milk]]. In Japan these are canned with syrup and sold as a sweet dessert.

*'''Savory''': Egg tofu (蛋豆腐; dàn doù fǔ, in Chinese) (玉子豆腐; yù zǐ doù fǔ;''lit.'' jade tofu, in Chinese) is the main type of savory flavoured tofu. Whole beaten eggs are filtered and incorporated into the soy milk before the coagulant is added. The mixture is filled into tube shaped plastic bags and allowed to curdle. The tofu is then cooked in its packaging and sold. Egg tofu has a pale golden colour that can be attibuted to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food colouring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavour then silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein.

A [[Indiana Jones 2007|new ''Indiana Jones'' video game]] is in development by [[LucasArts]], and is expected to coincide with the release of the upcoming fourth film.[http://lucasarts.com/games/indianajones/]

====Fried====

*With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. Thin and soft varieties of tofu are deep fried in oil until they are light and airy in their core (豆泡 in Chinese, ''dòupou'', lit. "bean soak", describing the way the tofu absorbs liquid).

*Tofus such as firm Asian and dry tofu, with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, ''jadòufu'', lit. "fried tofu"). These may be eaten by themselves or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called ''lo han jai''.

==Fictional character biography==

====Frozen====

Indiana Jones is an [[archaeologist]] who divides his time between teaching at prestigious [[colleges]] and [[universities]], and field work - generally involving the "obtaining of rare [[Artifact (archaeology)|antiquities]]". Jones's activities often involve some personal risk, in some cases originating from rivals attempting to secure the same item. Advocating that "X never marks the spot", Jones is a strong believer in the value of painstaking research; however, he is also well known for occasionally taking shortcuts where necessary.

*'''Thousand layer tofu''' (千葉豆腐 or 冰豆腐 in Chinese, lit. "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu results in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered. The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a regional specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted and squeezed of moisture prior to use.

While his main area of expertise is archaeology, his secondary specialization is [[linguistics]]. He speaks a total of 27 languages to greater or lesser degrees, including [[Ancient Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[American Sign Language]].{{fact|date=May 2007}}

*'''Japanese [[freeze-dried]] tofu''' (''kōyadōfu'', 高野豆腐 in Japanese, lit. "high wilderness tofu"): The name comes from [[Mount Koya]], a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its ''shōjin ryōri'', or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is excellent for camping, in that it is very light, may be sold flattened, and makes a very filling nutritious meal on the road. Like many freeze-dried foods, it is soaked in hot water or broth before eating, taking on a spongy texture when reconstituted. Freeze-dried tofu is also found in instant soups (such as [[miso soup]]), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.

Jones believes that archaeology is the "search for fact - not truth" - as opposed to [[philosophy]].

===Byproducts of tofu production===

Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," that forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk is called ''okara''.

''(Note : - the events in this timeline are drawn only from officially licensed media released or developed directly by [[LucasFilm]] or [[LucasArts]]. Novels, comics, and other ''[[expanded universe]]'' materials are not included, unless officially accepted as canon. Unless otherwise noted, events are sourced from The [[Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]])''<ref>{{cite news | title = Official Indiana Jones character timeline | publisher = Lucasfilm | date = 2007-01-23 | url = http://www.indianajones.com/marshall/character/indianajones/ | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Unofficial Indiana Jones character timeline, including [[Expanded Universe]] | publisher = www.theraider.net| date = 2007-01-23 | url = http://www.theraider.net/information/timeline/index.php | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref>

====Tofu skin (yuba)====

During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan , a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex forms on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as '''[[yuba (food)|tofu skin]]''' or '''soy milk skin''' (腐皮, ''fǔ pí'' in Chinese; ''yuba'' in Japanese; ''yubu'' in Korean). Its approximate composition is : 50-55% protein, 24-26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.

===''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles''===

The tofu skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, ''fǔ zhú'' in Chinese; ''kusatake'', Japanese), or a myriad of other forms. Since tofu skin has a rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegetarian cuisine.

Indiana Jones was born Henry Jones Jr. to [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[professor]] of [[Medieval literature]] Dr. [[Henry Jones Sr.]] and his wife Anna Lauren Jones on [[July 1]] [[1899]], in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. His birth certificate shows the address of 10 Creighton Avenue, Princeton, NJ. Although his father calls him "Junior," Henry Jr. adopts the name of his beloved [[malamute]] [[dog]] "Indiana", insisting he be referred to as "''Indiana'' Jones" ("Indy" for short). It is unclear exactly when this decision is made - however, he was already being referred to as ''Indy'' by his peers at the age of 13.[http://www.theraider.net/information/timeline/childhood.php]

[[Image:Corey Carrier.jpg|left|thumb|Corey Carrier as 9 year old Indiana Jones.]]

Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.

In [[1908]], Henry Jones Sr. embarks on a lecture tour around the world together with his wife and then 9 year old son. Numerous adventures ensue for the young Indiana Jones, including following an underground railroad in the Carolinas, meeting [[T.E. Lawrence]] in [[Cairo]], archaeologist [[Howard Carter]] in the [[Valley of Kings]], [[Princess Sophie von Hohenberg|Princess Sophie]] (daughter of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]) in [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] in [[Russia]], and visiting [[Nairobi]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Paris]], and [[Florence]].

[[Image:Indiana Jones and the Cross of Coronado.jpg|right|thumb|A 13 year old Jones played by [[River Phoenix]] holding the [[Cross of Coronado]].]] In 1912, Jones is a [[Life Scout]] with the [[Boy Scouts of America]] in [[Utah]]. In April of that year, Indiana's mother Anna Jones contracts [[Scarlet fever]] and dies. Shortly after her death, Jones (whilst on a Boy Scout trip) attempts to secure the [[Cross of Coronado]] from thieves (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''). This incident forms the 'origin' of many of Jones's personal trademarks; one of the villains can clearly be seen as the inspiration for later costume choices, Indy first attempts the use of the [[bullwhip]] (receiving a small scar on the chin that would stay with him to adulthood), and he is given his first [[Fedora (hat)|fedora]]. It is also during this incident that he first develops a strong fear of snakes. Three years later, Jones (at the urging of his father) enrolls at [[Princeton University]]. During a [[spring break]] trip to [[Mexico]], he is kidnapped by Mexican revolutionaries and reluctantly plays a part in the [[Mexican Revolution]], under [[Pancho Villa]]. When he leaves Mexico, he travels to [[Ireland]], then England, and finally [[Belgium]] where he joins the [[Belgian Army]].

====Okara====

[[Okara]] (雪花菜, ''xuě huā caì'', ''lit.'' snow flake vegetable; 豆腐渣, ''doù fǔ zhā'', ''lit.'' tofu sediment/residue), sometimes known in the west as ''soy pulp'', is the fibre, protein and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans. Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines. It is also an ingredient for [[Veggie burger|vegetarian burgers]] produced in many western nations. Okara is rarely seen or used in Chinese cuisine.

He joins the [[Western Front (WWI)|Western Front]], participating in the [[Battle of the Somme]]. During a [[Germany|German]] attack, he is taken prisoner. With the assistance of [[Charles de Gaulle]], he manages to escape and is assigned to the [[France|French]] army as a courier. He is sent to [[Africa]] and [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a [[lieutenant]]. His inability to read a [[map]] causes him to lose his intended unit, and he instead joins the historic [[25th Royal Fusiliers]] of the [[British Army]], commanded by [[Frederick Selous]] - a team collectively known as "The Old and the Bold". Amongst other missions, the team destroys a German train-mounted cannon, and briefly kidnap the German military genius [[Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck]]. During his stay in Africa, Jones becomes ill, and is treated by [[Albert Schweitzer]] (in the process meeting [[Barthélémy Bouganda]]). Shortly after his recovery, he is transferred back to the [[French Army]] and assigned a position as an [[spy|intelligence officer]]. Jones worked for [[French Intelligence]] for the remainder of the [[First World War]], going on undercover intelligence missions to [[Austria]], [[Barcelona]], [[Russia]], [[Prague]], [[Turkey]], [[Romania]], [[Italy]], and [[Istanbul]].

===Tofu made from other legumes===

* '''Black bean tofu''': A type of tofu made from [[black bean]]s and soybeans, which is usually made into tofu flower rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slighty more gelatinous than regular tofu flower and the colour is greyish in tone.

* '''Burmese tofu''': A type of tofu made from [[lentil]]s instead of soybeans. The product is yellow in color and is generally found only in [[Myanmar|Burma]], though it is also available in some overseas restaurants serving [[Cuisine of Myanmar|Burmese cuisine]].

[[Image:YoungIndianaJones.jpg|thumb|right|Sean Patrick Flanery as young Indiana Jones.]]

==Preparation==

Shortly after the end of the war (in [[1919]]), Jones embarks on an expedition to retrieve the [[Eye Of The Peacock]], a large [[diamond]] once owned by [[Alexander The Great]], traveling through [[Alexandria]] and [[Java]], eventually arriving in the [[South China Seas]]. Unable to recover the diamond, he returns to France and takes a position as a [[translator]] at the [[Paris Peace Conference]], becoming involved in the production of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], once again meeting [[T.E. Lawrence]]. He then returns to [[Chicago]], where he earns an [[undergraduate degree]] in archaeology, takes up the [[soprano saxophone]], and briefly works as a stuntman on an early [[John Ford]] [[Western (genre)|western]].

Tofu has very little flavour or smell on its own. As such, tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a canvas for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used.

After completing his studies, he enrolls in a [[linguistics]] graduate program at the [[Sorbonne]] where first meets [[France|French]] archaeologist [[Rene Belloq]], a student studying for his [[Master's degree]] in archaeology. Belloq manages to win the Archaeological Society Prize with a paper on [[stratigraphy]], the majority of which was plagiarized from Jones' work. After completing his graduate program, Jones is hired for his first [[professor]]ial post at [[London University]]. The head of the university's archaeology department, Joanna Campbell, invites Jones to a dig in [[Whithorn]], [[Scotland]], on an expedition to investigate the legend of [[Merlin]]. There meets his future wife, Campbell's daughter Dierdre. Their marriage was cut short when she was killed in a plane crash during an expedition to [[Brazil]] in April of 1926.

===Western methods===

Generally, the firmer styles of tofu is used for [[kebab]]s, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer style can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.

Jones begins studying post-graduate [[archaeology]] at the [[University of Chicago]] under Professor Abner Ravenwood, also entering into a romantic relationship with the Professor's young daughter [[Marion Ravenwood|Marion]]. For reasons which are not documented, Jones leaves the Ravenwoods in approximately 1926, leading to a rift with Marion and his former mentor. After completing his [[Ph.D.]] in archaeology, Jones begins operating under the [[patron]]age of [[Marcus Brody]] (a friend of Jones's father who, in conjunction with prestigious [[museums]], funds archaeological expeditions and digs), and begins a regular post teaching [[Archaeology]] at Marshall College in [[Connecticut]]. (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu. Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjuction with [[Textured vegetable protein|TVP]] as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy free or low calorie filler.

[[Image:Indiana Jones 2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Harrison Ford as Jones in his Professorial role.]]

The versatitily of tofu and soy protein can be industrially processed to match the textures and flavoured to the likes of [[cheese]], [[pudding]], [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[bacon]], etc. Tofu's texture can also be altered by [[freezing]], [[puree]]ing, and [[cooking]]. In [[the Americas]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], tofu is frequently associated with [[vegetarianism]] and [[vegan]]ism as it is a source of high quality non-animal protein.

In [[1935]], Jones journeys to Ceylon (now known as [[Sri Lanka]]) to retrieve the idol of Kouru Watu, in the process meeting [[Nazi]] Albrecht Von Beck for the first time. Following his return to America, he is retained by the [[Chinese government]] to recover a mystical gem named [[The Heart of the Dragon]] from the ancient tomb of a Chinese emperor. (''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'')

===Eastern methods===

In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in a myriad of ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The light greenish "bean" smell of tofu is much enjoyed in East Asian cuisines and fresh tofu is often eaten plain or simply flavored. In Japan, a common lunch in the summer months is ''[[hiyayakko]]'', silken or firm Asian tofu served with freshly grated [[ginger]], scallions, and [[soy sauce]]. In many parts of China, fresh tofu is similarly eaten with soy sauce or further flavoured with ''[[katsuobushi]]'' shavings, [[century egg]]s (皮蛋), and [[sesame seed]] oil. A rather famous hot [[Szechuan cuisine|Sichuan]] preparation using firm Asian tofu is ''[[mapo tofu|mapo dòufu]]'' (麻婆豆腐); in the [[Shanghai]] region it is called ''mala dòufu'' (麻辣豆腐). In [[Taiwan]], ''dòufuhua'' (豆腐花) is served with toppings like boiled [[peanut]]s, [[azuki bean]]s, cooked [[oatmeal]], [[tapioca]], [[mung bean]]s and a syrup flavored with [[ginger]] or [[almond]]. During the summer, ''dòuhuā'' is served with crushed ice; in the winter, it is served warm.

[[Image:Dofuhua-lamma.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''Dòufuhuā'' (豆腐花), is a soft tofu dish. The fresh tofu is served warm and here dressed with sweet syrup. Lamma Island, Hong Kong.]]

===Feature films===

A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in [[vegetable oil]], [[sunflower]] oil and [[canola]] oil to varied results. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a plain [[doughnut]]. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with [[surimi|fish paste]] or cooked in soups. In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a [[kombu]] [[dashi]]-based sauce are called ''[[Agedashi tofu|agedashi-dofu]]''. Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as ''aburage'' in Japan, is commonly [[blanching|blanched]], seasoned with [[soy sauce]] and [[mirin]] and served in dishes such as ''[[kitsune]] [[udon]]''. ''Aburage'' is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with [[sushi]] rice; this dish is called ''inarizushi'' (稲荷寿司) .

Immediately following these events, Jones travels to [[Shanghai]], where he is hired by the gangster [[Lao Che (character)|Lao Che]] to retrieve an artifact: an urn containing the remains of the emperor [[Nurhaci]]. Jones agrees to locate and recover the urn, in return for the Eye Of The Peacock, which has somehow come into Che's possession. He manages to retrieve the remains, and meets Che in a Shanghai club to perform the exchange. However, he is [[double cross]]ed and barely escapes with nightclub singer [[Willie Scott]] and his accomplice, a local boy named [[Short Round]]. Fleeing Lao Che, the group arrive in [[India]], where a group of villagers gets him to recover the [[Sankara Stones]] from the [[Thuggee]] (followers of the [[cult]] of [[Kali]]) (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'').

In [[1936]], he travels to [[Peru]], to retrieve a golden [[Hovito Idol]] - however he is thwarted by his long time nemesis, archaeologist [[Rene Belloq]]. Upon his return to Marshall College, he is contracted by the [[United States]] [[government]] to retrieve the [[Ark of the Covenant]] before the [[Nazi]]s, who are at this time rising in power in [[Germany]]. Jones travels to [[Nepal]] to retrieve the Headpiece to the Staff of Ra - an artifact said to be capable of showing the final resting place of the Ark. In Nepal he once again meets [[Marion Ravenwood]], who is running a bar named ''The Raven''. After Marion's bar is destroyed by a team of [[Nazi]]s, the duo enter into a partnership to retrieve the Ark before the Nazis. (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

Soft tofu can can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese ''ganmodoki'' is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed [[meatloaf]] or [[meatball]] dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for [[paneer]] providing the same texture with similar taste.

In [[1938]], Jones manages to recover the [[Cross of Coronado]] during a field trip to the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coast - upon his return donating the artifact to [[Marcus Brody]] for museum display. Shortly after these events, he is contacted by [[Walter Donovan]] regarding the abduction of Jones' father by the [[Nazi]]s. Working with [[Austria]]n [[historian]] Dr. [[Elsa Schneider]], Jones manages to rescue his father from custody, and (together with [[Marcus Brody]]) they attempt to retrieve the [[Holy Grail]] before Donovan, Schneider and an [[SS]] officer named [[Colonel Vogel]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'').

Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices. Depending on the seasoning used in this cooking method, the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (五香豆腐) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (鹵水豆腐). It is served thinly sliced with chopped [[Scallion|green onions]]. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.

In May of [[1939]], Jones, following a visit by agents of the [[Third Reich]], discovers that the [[Nazi]]s plan to harness the power of [[Orichalcum]]. He collaborates with former pupil [[Sophia Hapgood]] in a quest to disrupt the [[Fuhrer]]'s plans, in the process locating the lost [[continent]] of [[Atlantis]] (''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'').

Pickled tofu is commonly used in small amounts together with its soaking liquid to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like [[Ipomoea aquatica|water spinach]]). It is often eaten directly as a condiment with rice or [[congee]].

[[Image:Mo 37.jpeg|thumb|right|199px|Harrison Ford, in a cameo for an episode of ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'', set in 1951.]]

In [[1947]], while on an archaeological dig in [[Utah]], he is retained by the recently formed [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to investigate unusual activity in [[Kazakhstan]]. Jones discovers that rogue agents of the [[Soviet Union]], led by [[physicist]] [[Gennadi Volodnikov]], are searching for ancient [[relic]]s that form the mechanism of the [[Babylon]]ian Infernal Machine - originally housed in the [[biblical]] [[Tower of Babel]]. Jones, aided once more by [[Sophia Hapgood]], attempts to recover the artifacts before the Soviets (''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'').

Tofu bamboos are often used in [[lamb]] stew or in a [[dessert]] [[soup]]. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in [[dim sum]]. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu is rehydrated enjoyed in savory soups. These products are often taken along on camping trips since a small bag of these dried tofu can provide protein for many days.

==Artifacts==

In [[Korean cuisine]], soft tofu (''sundubu'' in Korean) is used to make a thick soup called ''sundubu jjigae''. ''Tubu chorim'' consists of cubes of firm tofu that are pan fried and seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese ''[[hiyayakko]]'' (described earlier) are also enjoyed.

* Idol of Kouru Watu (''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'')

* [[The Heart of the Dragon]] (''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'')

* [[Nurhaci]]'s Ashes (''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'')

* [[Sankara Stones]] (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'')

* [[Hovito Idol]] (''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'')

* [[Ark of the Covenant]] (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

* Cross of Coronado (''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'')

* [[Holy Grail]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'')

* [[Atlantis]] (''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'')

* Infernal Machine (''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'')

==Unclear canonicity==

==History==

As seen in the original versions of 'The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles', Jones (in [[1993]], at the age of 94) lives in [[New York City]], and has a daughter and several grandchildren. The exact age of the daughter is not explicitly mentioned; however given her appearance it seems reasonable to place her between 30 and 40 years old. For a [[1999]] video release, George Lucas opted to completely remove George Hall's bookend sections from 'The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles', and consequently their [[canon (fiction)|canon]]icity (and that of Jones' daughter and grandchildren) has become unclear.

Very little is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and its method of production. While there are many theories regarding tofu's origins, historical information is scarce enough as to relegate the status of most theories to either speculation or legend. Like the origins of cheese and butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven.

As is often the case with expanded franchises, many of Indiana Jones's adventures within his ''[[expanded universe]]'' contradict the LucasFilm/LucasArts canon. The novel ''Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs'' states that Jones meets the smuggler Wu Han in 1933 - however it is later established in the videogame ''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'' that he meets the character in 1935.

What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of Asia.

== Influence on popular culture ==

===Three theories of origin===

Whilst himself arguably a [[pastiche]] of various prior [[adventurers]], the character can also be seen as a forerunner to (or in some cases direct influence on) other more recent fictional adventurers of a similar nature. These include:

The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in Northern China around [[164 BC]] by Lord [[Liu An]], a prince during the [[Han Dynasty]]. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether or not Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time.

* [[Lara Croft]], the self-styled [[Tomb Raider]] of the eponymous franchise

* Jack Colton, a [[mercenary]] and treasure-hunter seen in ''[[Romancing The Stone]]''

* Ben Gates, a [[cryptologist]] featured in the 2004 film ''[[National Treasure (film)|National Treasure]]''

* [[Symbology]] professor [[Robert Langdon]], protagonist of the novel and film ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''

* [[Rick O'Connell]], an adventurer and treasure-hunter seen in the 1999 film ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''.

* The latter-day adventures of [[Dirk Pitt]], Special Projects Director of NUMA (the [[National Underwater and Marine Agency]])

* Sydney Fox, a female archaeologist and [[martial arts]] expert, star of the television series ''[[Relic Hunter]]''

* Johnny Thunder, an adventurer and archaeologist from the [[Lego Adventurers]] building toy theme.

* The "Cliffhangers" series of stories in the online comic strip ''[[Irregular Webcomic!]]''. This includes a spoof of Indiana Jones, (Montana Jones, North Dakota Jones, and Minnesota Jones )

The character of Indiana Jones has been directly referenced by several video game characters , such as : -

Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would likely have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel.{{ref|autonumber}} This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Despite its technical plausibility, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.

* Alabama Smith, protagonist of the ''[[Paganitzu]]'' computer game series

* [[Rick Dangerous]], as featured in the eponymous video game by [[Core Design]]

Various Indiana Jones references have found their way into popular culture:

The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the [[Mongolian]]s or [[East Indian]]s. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (''rufu'', which literally means "milk spoiled") and the term ''doufu'' or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.

* Numerous references in ''[[The Simpsons]]''; most notably in the episode "[[Bart's Friend Falls in Love]]", in which Bart recreates the opening sequence of ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', with Homer doubling as both the angry Hovitos and the huge boulder.<ref name="SimpsonsParody">"[http://www.theindyexperience.com/zip_file_archive/simpsons_chase_video.zip] [[Simpsons]] parody of ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', featuring [[Bart Simpson]] as Indiana Jones." January 23, 2007.</ref>

*In the Simpsons episode ''[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]'', in which the Nuclear plant is outsourced to [[India]], [[Mr Burns]] refers to a dinner engagement, where the main meal is 'scooped out monkey head' (a reference to ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'').

* A short parody near the beginning of ''[[The Rugrats Movie]]'', featuring a rolling boulder and the iconic theme. [[Tommy Pickles|Tommy]] calls himself 'Okey Dokey Jones', and carries a bullwhip (although [[Chuckie]] is dressed more like Jones with a Fedora hat, brown leather jacket, brown shoes, and bag)

* Another parody character was ''Mississippi Smith'', who had a cameo role in ''[[Aaahh!!! Real Monsters]]''

* In the opening sequence to the film ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'', [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] parodies the opening scene from the first movie

* In an episode of the [[NBC]] television show ''[[Friends]]'' ("[[The One with the Cooking Class]]"), [[Ross Geller]], a [[paleontologist]], is compared to Indiana Jones by a potential girlfriend - much to his delight: '''''Katie:''' A paleontologist who works out... you're like Indiana Jones.'' '''''Ross:''' ...I '''am''' like Indiana Jones!''

* In the popular online game ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' (during the [[Instance (World of Warcraft)|instance]] known as ''Uldaman'') the player encounters a quest for a staff and an amulet, which must be combined and placed within a miniature city (echoing the scene from ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')[http://www.eeggs.com/items/47546.html].

* In the 2006 movie ''[[Pirates of the Carribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'', [[Captain Jack Sparrow]] (in a homage to a similar scene in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' involving Jones's Revolver) is shown trying to draw his [[sword]], pausing for a moment as he realizes it is not there, then grinning sheepishly before the action continues. Also, on Cannibal Island in Dead Man's Chest, Captain Jack Sparrow running down the beach away from the Pelegostos giving chase appears to be an homage to Indy running from the Hovitos in Raiders of the Lost Ark, including a shot where for one moment the crowd appears closer to him than shown in the rest of the chase.

* Indiana Jones makes an appearance in the [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] movie ''[[Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny]]'', where he trips a [[zombie]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] with his bullwhip, and attempts to shoot [[Godzilla]] (only to realize, in a tribute to ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', that his revolver is missing). He is later defeated by a kick to the [[groin]], delivered by [[Chuck Norris]].

*The TV series [[Family Guy]] has several scenes in several episodes parodying or paying homage to Indiana Jones. One is a parody of the Raiders scene where Indy is attempting to remove an idol and replace it with a bag of sand, and whilst preparing, Ralph Kramden shouts, " WILL YOU JUST PICK IT UP ALREADY?! ". Also, in order to find his black book, Peter goes into the attic and uses a stick and an amulet to focus sun beams at the ___location of the book. In the famous Peter vs. Chicken fight in the episode '[[Da Boom]]', the eponymous chicken is eventually killed in a manner identical to (even mimicking the sequence shot for shot) the German in ''Raiders'': minced by a flying wing propeller. Also, in an episode in which Peter and his son Stewie go to a Disney Park, they steal disguises from the Indiana Jones ride, Peter dressed as Indy and Stewie as Short Round from The Temple of Doom. Stewie also portrays Short Round in one of the "quick-cut" scenes in which he accidentally triggers a trap and then remarks; "Lady only here cause she doing director."

*In another episode of [[The Simpsons]], the character 'Snake' appears wearing a similar outfit to Jones (complete with hat, jacket, and bag full of gold coins) stating that he is an archaeologist.

* Chip from the 1989 Disney cartoon series [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]], appears wearing a fedora as part of his costume, the rest of his outfit resembles Jones's, but only in color as the jacket appears to be sheepskin, not leather.

* [[Kevin Smith]] has referenced Indiana Jones several times in his films, most memorably in ''[[Dogma]]'' where [[Silent Bob]] hurls antagonists Bartleby and Loki from a moving train, only to turn to the other passengers and 'explain' "No ticket!", a homage to the sequence in ''The Last Crusade'' where Indy throws Colonel Vogel from the Zeppelin's window with the same 'explanation' to the Zeppelin's passengers. Smith has also included minor references, such as [[Randal Graves]]'s "No time for love, Dr. Jones!", a quote from ''Temple Of Doom''.

* [[Muppet Babies]] made reference to Indiana Jones, namely when Baby Kermit would imagine himself as "Indiana Frog" with the same fedora, leather jacket and whip. One particular episode had the Muppet Babies searching for Baby Animal and overcoming their fear of the basement, believing it to be the Temple of Doom, in which they were trapped by Mola Ram and saved by Indiana Frog. Live action footage of the film combined with their adventures, namely the mine car chase scenes.

* Indiana Jones also appeared in posters promoting the [[public library]]. In one particular poster he is using his bullwhip to snag on to a branch in order to avoid a poisonous snake, and he is firmly holding library books in the other hand. The poster tells children the importance of bringing back their library books on time, with the words "Return the Adventure!" written in same style lettering on the film posters.

* [[ALF Tales]] spoofed "The Last Crusade" in an episode parodying the tale of [[King Midas]]. ALF is dressed as Indiana Jones, who is hired by King Midas (who has transformed his family into gold) to find the Holy Grail as it has the power to return them to normal. ALF is assisted by his girlfriend Rhonda who is an expert on the Grail. Several scenes are referenced, such as Indy's fear of snakes, which Rhonda tells him not to imagine them as snakes (ALF succeeds at somehow having them transform into cows, which Rhonda claims she is terrified of), or having to select the true Grail from a selection of several. (In this case, the True Grail is a coffee mug which reads "Bud's Donuts").

* [[Malcolm in the Middle]] spoofed Indiana Jones running from the boulder in the Season 4 Episode 13 "Stereo Store". Hal has a choice to stay and help close up the store with the boss or go party with his much younger, slacker co-workers. When he chooses to go party his boss hits the button that makes the metal security gate begin to close. Hal sees the security gate begin to drop and tries to beat it. While making a run for the door a cup of pencils gets knocked over into the fan making them projectiles that just narrowly miss Hal, much like darts when Indiana Jones is escaping the room with the golden idol. The door continues to close and a beach ball starts rolling after Hal. He looks back at it, screams and begins to run faster. He narrowly slides under the gate and reaches back under the gate at the last minute to grab his keys, similar to when Indy rolls under the door and reaches back to grab his whip. All the while the "Raiders March" music plays in the background.

* In the game [[Discworld (video game)|Discworld]], the main character [[Rincewind]] parodies the sand bag change from Raiders of the Lost Ark in a puzzle, he is then chased out of the cave by a boulder which eventually turns out to be a tiny pebble that was zoomed upon.

* At one point in [[Matthew Reilly]]'s [[Seven Deadly Wonders]], the characters are at the bottom of a ramp with a pipe at the top (inside a booby-trapped temple). When a rumbling comes from the pipe, one of them remarks, "Let me guess. A boulder is going to roll out of there and chase us down, just like in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''."

* Sometimes, in the video game [[Lego Star Wars II]], if the character of Wedge Antilles had had his blaster holstered for a while, when you tried to draw it, you would draw nothing but air, then he would check his other hip, find it there, and finally draw it, a possible homage to the scene from ''Temple of Doom''.

* In Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls there is a shot similar to the escape by Indiana from the Hovitos, where Ace is running across a grass plain with the Wachutu Tribe following behind him.

* In the video game [[GTA: Vice City]], in the mission Dildo DoDo you have to fly a water plane used in an "old Indy movie". This is referring to the water plane used in the first of the Indiana Jones movies, Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark.

* The video game [[Quackshot]], starring [[Donald Duck]] has several references to Indiana Jones, including the logo, clothing and scenes from the movie.

== DVD release ==

===Established history of tofu===

=== The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ===

Although its development likely preceded Liu An, tofu is known to have been a commonly produced and consumed food item in [[China]] by the [[2nd century BC]]. Although the varieties of tofu produced in ancient times may not have been identical to those of today, descriptions from writings and poetry of the [[Song Dynasty| Song]] and [[Yuan Dynasty]] show that the production technique for tofu had already been standardized by then, to the extent that they would be similar to tofu of contemporary times.

As detailed in the revised and updated edition of the book ''George Lucas: The Creative Impulse'' (by [[Charles Champlin]]), Lucas has been working for some time on drastically re-editing and restructuring the show for a [[DVD]] release. According to a statement by series producer [[Rick McCallum]] of [[Lucasfilm]], this work has been 'ramped up' in order for a boxset release to tie in with the theatrical debut of the as-yet-untitled fourth movie. Amongst other extras, the discs will include approximately 100 new historical featurettes, now in production. Major structural changes are alleged to have been made to the show, including the complete removal of the 93 year old Jones 'bookend' sections, extensive re-shoots, and removal of complete episodes for better historical continuity.

=== Feature films ===

Tofu and its production technique were subsequently introduced into [[Japan]] in the [[Nara period]] (late [[eighth century]]) as well as other parts of [[East Asia]]. This spread likely coincided with the spread of [[Buddhism]] as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a [[Staple food|staple]] in many countries, including [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]], and [[Korea]], with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavour, and usage.

[[Image:IndyDVD's.jpg|thumb|right|The 2003 DVD release of the feature films.]]

Chapters 23&ndash;25 of the Indiana Jones series (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark'' and ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', respectively) were released on DVD as a boxed set of all three films (complete with a fourth disc of bonus materials) in 2003.

'''Features'''

Tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the [[20th century]]. However, with increased cultural contact and an interest in [[vegetarianism]], tofu has become a more familiar product to Westerners.

* Available Subtitles (US edition): English, Spanish, French

* Available Audio Tracks (US edition): English (Dolby Digital 5.1), Spanish (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround), French (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround)

* Contains all three films in their original format (2.35:1 anamorphic widescreen aspect ratio or in Pan and Scan format), restored and digitally remastered by [[Lowry Digital Images]]

'''Bonus disc features'''

== Nutritional information ==

* A new, feature-length documentary of the making of the trilogy

Tofu is low in calories, contains beneficial amounts of [[iron]] (especially important for women of child bearing age) and [[isoflavones]] (important in preventing cancer), and has no [[cholesterol]] (a risk factor for heart disease). Depending on the coagulant used in manufacturing, the tofu may also be high in [[calcium]] (important for bone development and maintanence) and [[magnesium]] (especially important for athletes).

* From the Lucasfilm Archives:

** ''The Stunts of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Sound of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Music of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones''

* Original trailers

* A behind-the-scenes look at Harrison Ford getting into character, both mentally and physically

* Weblink to exclusive content including dozens of behind-the-scenes photos, an animatic sequence and a PC game preview

==References==

Tofu is relatively high in [[protein]], about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu; with about 2% and 1% fat respectively. Reference: Asian Foods: Science & Technology.1999.Edited by C.Y.W. Ang,K. Liu, Y. Huang.Technomic Publishing Co.,Lancaster,PA.

{{reflist}}

* Fleurier, Nicolas, ''James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures'', Histoire & Collections, 2006.

== Cultural References ==

==Sales and distribution==

* Satirical piece from McSweeney's Internet Tendency: "Back From Yet Another Globetrotting Adventure, Indiana Jones Checks His Mail and Discovers That His Bid for Tenure Has Been Denied." [http://www.mcsweeneys.net/2006/10/10bryan.html]

In the West, tofu can be obtained in [[Asia]]n markets, farmers' markets, and [[health food]] stores. Depending on its local popularity, many grocery stores also stock tofu. The largest provider of tofu products in the [[United States]] is [[Hong Kong]]-based [[Vitasoy]], which also manufactures the brands Nasoya and Azumaya. Another major brand is Mori-Nu (Morinaga Nutritional Foods), a subsidiary of Morinaga Milk Company of Japan, which pioneered the sale of shelf-stable, [[Tetra Pak|aseptically packaged]] tofu.

In the East, tofu may be produced locally by relatively small vendors or distributed widely by large national brands. Fresh tofu is usually bought from local vendors and is sold directly from large bins or pots at [[open air market]]s. Asian firm tofu and "tofu flower" are commonly sold in this manner and are usually no more than a few hours old. Tofu that is sold by large manufacturers often comes packaged in sealed plastic cartons or tubes, and may be at most two weeks old. Most silken and flavoured tofus are produced by large factories. This is due to the fact that such factories have the facilities to meet the required sanitary conditions for production of these forms of tofu on a large scale. In Chinese [[supermarket]]s, tofu can be found in many different flavours and grades of consistency.

==Etymology==

The English word "tofu" comes from the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''tōfu'' (豆腐){{mn|AmericanHeritageDictionary|1}}, which itself derives from the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''dòufu'' (豆腐 or 荳腐). Although in both languages the characters together translate as "bean curd", the literal meaning of the individual characters is "bean" (豆) and "rotten" (腐).

==Miscellaneous==

* The book ''Tofu Hyakuchin'' (豆腐百珍), published in the [[Edo period]], lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.

* Tofu can be easily spoiled if not refrigerated properly during [[transport]]ation; any trace of sour odor or taste is a tell-tale sign of staleness or spoilage.

* Once purchased, unpackaged tofu should be kept in the [[refrigerator]]. The water in which the tofu is kept should be changed on a daily basis and the tofu should be consumed or cooked within several days. Tofu in sealed packages can be kept from one to several weeks in the refrigerator. Tofu packaged in aseptic [[Tetra Brik]] containers has a shelf life of one year if unopened.

*Smaller [[supermarket]]s tend to sell sour tofu because some do not use refrigerated trucks for delivery.

*In Chinese, the term "to eat tofu" (吃豆腐) is a commonly used euphemism for implying the unsolicited groping of a woman's breast or other body parts.

*Also in [[Cantonese]] Chinese language, the term "mash tofu" is slang term for calling [[lesbian]] sex.

*In Chinese culture, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat.

*Buddhist monks use tofu as a substitute for meat, since tofu can be made to resemble the texture of meat if cooked properly. In [[Chinese cuisine]] there are numerous tofu dishes cooked to imitate the texture and flavours of meat.

*In the popular Japanese [[boyracer]] [[anime]] [[Initial D]], the lead character, Takumi (a late night tofu delivery driver) learns, over a period of years, how to drive very fast in his car on a winding mountainous road without spoiling and destroying his father's tofu.

==Notes==

# {{note|autonumber}} Korean ''sundubu'' (soft tofu) is still produced in a similar manner, traditionally using seawater as a coagulant.

==References==

{{mnb|AmericanHeritageDictionary|1}}{{Book reference | First= | Last= | Year=1982 | Title= American Heritage Dictionary | Chapter= | Editor= | Others= | Pages= | Publisher= | ID= | URL= | Authorlink= }}

# Berk, Zeki. (1992). [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0532e/t0532e10.htm#9.5 "Tofu"]. Chapter 9.5. ''Technology of Production of Edible Flours and Protein Products from Soybeans.''. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No.97. ISBN 92-5-103118-5

# Guo S.-T. and Ono T. (2005). The Role of Composition and Content of Protein Particles in Soymilk on Tofu Curding Glucono-d-lactone or Calcium Sulfate. ''Journal of Food Science'' 70 (4): 258-262.

# William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi. (2004). [http://www.thesoydailyclub.com/SFC/NFsoyfoods361.asp History of Tofu]. ''A Special Report on The History of Traditional Non-Fermented Soyfoods'' (unpublished manuscript) [http://www.thesoydailyclub.com Soyfoods Center website].

# William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi. (2004). [http://www.thesoydailyclub.com/SFC/Fsoyfoods441.asp History of Fermented Tofu] ''A Special Report on The History of Traditional Non-Fermented Soyfoods'' (unpublished manuscript) [http://www.thesoydailyclub.com Soyfoods Center website].

# William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi. (2000). Tofu & Soymilk Production: The Book of Tofu Vol.II, 3rd edition. ''Soyfoods Center''. ISBN 1-928914-05-5

# 夏威廉 and 青柳昭子. (2005). 豆腐之書. ''柿子文化''. ISBN 986813191X

# 森井源一 and 一志治夫. (2004). 豆腐道:嵯峨豆腐「森嘉」五代目. ''新潮社''. ISBN 4104719013

#Liu, KeShun. ''[http://www.chipsbooks.com/soybeans.htm ''Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization]''.

#Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang, eds. (1999). ''[http://www.chipsbooks.com/asianfd.htm Asian Foods: Science & Technology]''. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Co.

==External links==

{{CookbookWikiquote}}

* [http://www.indianajones.com IndianaJones.com] &mdash; the official Indiana Jones site

*[http://www.abc.net.au/centralwest/stories/s398519.htm Interview regarding tofu itself and some related health benefits]

* [http://www.veg-worldtheraider.com/articles/tofunet TheRaider.htmnet] What&mdash; thea heckmajor isfan tofusite anyway?]of the series

* [http://indianajones.wikicities.com The Indiana Jones Wiki]

*[http://www.mediterrasian.com/delicious_recipes_tofu_chowmein.htm Tofu chow mein recipe]

* [http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/chronology_central/indiana_jones.cfm?wpid=183410 Chronology Central's Indiana Jones page] &mdash; site contains a chronological reading/viewing order listing for all of the Indiana Jones films, episodes, novels, comic books and video games in the Indiana Jones continuity.

*[http://soenyun.com/imagewindow.php?se=Engineered%20Food%20Series&im=12 Yosemite Valley crafted by James Soe Nyun from tofu and Spam]

{{Indiana Jones}}

==See also==

{{Indiana Jones games}}

* [[Buddhist cuisine]]

* [[Chinese cuisine]]

* [[Japanese cuisine]]

* [[Korean cuisine]]

* [[Cuisine of Vietnam]]

* [[Vegetarian cuisine]]

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