Faster-than-light and Indiana Jones (character): Difference between pages

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{{Indiana Jones character|

{{unsourced}}

image= [[Image:IndianaTempleDoom.jpg|Indiana Jones as portrayed by Harrison Ford|250px]]|

caption = [[Harrison Ford]] as Indiana Jones|

name=Henry "Indiana" Jones Jr.|

gender=[[Male]]|

birth= [[July 1]], [[1899]]|

birthplace= [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]|

occupation= [[Professor]] of [[Archaeology]]|

family = [[Henry Jones Sr.]] (Father)<br /> [[Anna Jones (Indiana Jones Character)|Anna Jones]] (Mother, deceased)|

actor=[[Harrison Ford]]<br/>[[River Phoenix]]<br/>[[Sean Patrick Flanery]]<br/>[[Corey Carrier]]<br/>[[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]]<br/>[[Doug Lee (voice actor)|Doug Lee]]|

first=''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''|

}}

'''Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr.''' (also known as '''Indy'''), is a [[fictional]] [[professor]], [[archaeologist]], and [[adventurer]] - the main protagonist of the [[1981 in film|1981]] [[adventure film]] ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (later retitled ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''), its prequel ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', and sequel, ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''. Jones is notable for his trademark [[bullwhip]], [[fedora (hat)|fedora]], [[leather jacket]], and [[ophidiophobia|fear of snakes]].

The character is most famously played by [[Harrison Ford]]; however, he has also been portrayed by [[River Phoenix]] (as the young Indiana in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''), [[Corey Carrier]], [[Sean Patrick Flanery]], and [[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]] (''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'').

'''Faster-than-light''' (also '''superluminal''' or '''FTL''') [[Superluminal communication|communications]] and [[interstellar travel|travel]] refer to the propagation of [[information]] or [[matter]] faster than the [[speed of light]]. This concept is a staple of the [[science fiction]] genre, and is also the subject of ongoing scientific study.

In addition to his film and television appearances, the character has been featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. A [[Indiana Jones 4|fourth film]] (once again starring Ford) is currently in production; filming is scheduled to take place throughout 2007, with the film planned to be released worldwide on Thursday, May 22nd, 2008.

== Terminology ==

==Production==

In the context of this article, FTL actually refers to the transmission of information or matter faster than ''c'', a constant equal to the [[speed of light]] in a vacuum, roughly 300 million metres per second. This is not quite the same as travelling faster than light, since:

Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée [[serial]]s and [[pulp magazine]]s that [[George Lucas]] and [[Steven Spielberg]] enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the [[Republic Pictures]] [[serial]]s, and the [[Doc Savage]] series). The two friends first discussed the project in [[Hawaii]] during the time of release of the first ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' film.<ref name="makingraiders">"[http://www.indianajones.com/raiders/bts/news/news20030923.html Making ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'']." September 23, 2003. [http://www.indianajones.com/ IndianaJones.com]</ref> Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted to direct a [[James Bond]] film - Lucas responded that he "had something better than that".<ref name="makingraiders" />

* There are some processes which do propagate faster than ''c'', but which can't actually carry information (See the [[#Apparent FTL|Apparent FTL]] section in this article).

* Light itself will travel slower than ''c'' when not in a vacuum (causing [[refraction]]), and in certain materials other particles can travel faster than it (but still slower than ''c''), leading to [[Cherenkov radiation]].

Neither of these phenomena violate special relativity or create problems with causality, and thus do not qualify as ''FTL'' as described here.

The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an [[Alaskan malamute]] Lucas owned in the 1970s; however Spielberg disliked the name "Smith", and Lucas casually suggested "Jones" as an alternative.<ref name="makingraiders" />

== Possibility of FTL ==

===Costume and equipment===

Faster-Than-Light travel or communication is problematic in a universe that is consistent with Einstein's [[Theory of Relativity]]. In a hypothetical universe where [[Newton's laws of motion]] and the [[Galilean_transformation|Galilean transformations]] are exact, rather than approximate, the following would be true:

The general appearance for the character of Indiana Jones was chosen before anyone was even cast. He was envisioned as an amalgam of several characters - most notably treasure hunter Fred C. Dobbs (as played by [[Humphrey Bogart]] in ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''), and adventurer Harry Steele (as played by [[Charlton Heston]] in ''[[Secret of the Incas]]''[http://www.spookybug.com/origins/general.html]).

* Space and time measurements always give the same results in every '[[frame of reference]]'

* Velocities add linearly

* There is nothing fundamental about the [[wave velocity]] of light

* [[Absolute simultaneity|Simultaneity]] is a well-defined concept

Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed [[Fedora (hat)|fedora]], the [[Herbert Johnson]] Poet. Although other hats were also used throughout the movies, the general style and profile remained the same. Other elements of the outfit include:

However, according to Einstein's theory of [[Special Relativity]], what we measure as the [[speed of light]] in a vacuum is actually the fundamental physical constant ''c''. This means that all observers, regardless of their [[acceleration]] or relative [[velocity]], will always measure zero-mass particles (e.g., [[graviton]]s as well as [[photon]]s) naturally traveling at ''c''. This result means that measurements of space, time, and velocity are ''not'' consistent between different reference frames, but are instead related by the [[Lorentz transformations]]. These transformations have important implications:

* The leather jacket - a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the [[A-2 jacket]], made by Wested Leather Co.

* To accelerate an object of non-zero [[rest mass]] to ''c'' would require infinite time with any finite acceleration, or infinite acceleration for a finite amount of time

* The bag - a modified Mark VII British gas mask bag.

* The whip - a 10ft Bullwhip crafted by David Morgan (although different lengths were used in specific stunts)

* The revolver - usually a [[World War I]] era revolver. Examples include the [[Webley Revolver|Webley Mk VI]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''), or a .45 ACP [[Smith & Wesson]] Hand Ejector 2nd model revolver (''Raiders of the Lost Ark''). He has also been seen using a [[M1917 revolver]], and a 9mm [[Browning Hi-Power]].<ref>http://www.indygear.com/gear/guns.shtml</ref>

Jones's Fedora and Leather Jacket (as used in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'') are on display at the [[Smithsonian]]'s American History Museum in [[Washington DC]][http://smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm?ID=125]. The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for aficionados of the franchise.<ref>http://www.indygear.com/</ref>

* Equivalently, such acceleration requires infinite energy. Going beyond the speed of light in a homogeneous space would hence require more than infinite energy, which is not a sensible notion.

===Casting===

Because of this, there appear to be only four ways to justify Faster-Than-Light behavior:

Originally, Spielberg suggested [[Harrison Ford]]; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in three of his movies ([[American Graffiti]] and the first two installments of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' series), and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby DeNiro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director [[Martin Scorsese]] regularly cast [[Robert DeNiro]] in his films).<ref name="makingraiders" /> During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast then little-known actor [[Tom Selleck]] as Indiana Jones, and [[pre-production]] began in earnest on ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.<ref name="makingraiders" />

However, [[CBS]] refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to [[Magnum, P.I.]] (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.<ref name="makingraiders" /> After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas finally capitulated, and he was cast in the role - less than 3 weeks before [[principal photography]] began.<ref name="makingraiders" /> If for whatever reason Ford had not landed the role, a possible third choice for the movie was thought to have been [[Dirk Benedict]], star of the [[Battlestar Galactica]] sc-fi TV series, though this was never offcially confirmed.

=== Option A: Ignore special relativity. ===

===Models===

This is the simplest solution, and is particularly popular in [[science fiction]]. Empirical evidence unanimously affirms that the universe obeys Einstein's laws rather than Newton's where they disagree. And while physicists consider [[General Relativity]] only an approximation (due to its incompatibility with [[quantum mechanics]]), virtually all consider special relativity exact, and there appear to be no serious theoretical challenges to its supremacy.

Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character - although it should be noted that none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. In alphabetical order by last name:

*[[Paleontologist]] [[Roy Chapman Andrews]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History|first=Douglas J.|last=Preston|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1993|id=ISBN 0-312-10456-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0312104561&id=CaBxisxbAfwC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=v0aO-D_rCrUl-IRZHI0RoexkydQ pp. 97&ndash;98], "Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after... crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place."</ref>

=== Option B: Get light to go faster. ===

*Italian [[archaeologist]] and circus [[strongperson (strength athlete)|strongman]] [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] (1778&ndash;1823).<ref>http://www.filmsite.org/raid.html Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)</ref>

* [[Yale University]] professor, historian, and explorer [[Hiram Bingham III]], who rediscovered and excavated the [[lost city]] of [[Machu Picchu]],<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-09-22-peru_x.htm The trail less trampled on] in [[USA Today]] by Gene Sloan, September 23, 2005: "The iconic mountaintop citadel, discovered less than a century ago by American explorer Hiram Bingham, the inspiration for Indiana Jones, is a thrilling reward after days of exertion."</ref> and chronicled his find in the bestselling book ''The Lost City of the Incas'' in 1948.<ref>''[http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/LostCity.htm Lost City of the Incas]'' biographical profile from the United States Senate website</ref>

*The [[University of Chicago]] archaeologist [[Robert Braidwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maroon.uchicago.edu/news/articles/2003/01/21/obituary_robert_and_.php|title=Obituary: Robert and Linda Braidwood|author=Molly Schranz|publisher=[[Chicago Maroon]]|date=January 21, 2003|accessdate=2006-09-21}}: "Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones."</ref> <!-- This is questionable; if anything, "Professor BraidWOOD" sounds more like "Professor RavenWOOD". Also unable to find other sources saying he served "as inspiration for". -->

<!--Removed, as not cited as inspiration for. *Adventurer and [[King Kong]] creator [[Merian C. Cooper]] has been called a real-life Indiana Jones.{{fact}}-->

<!-- Temporarily removed; seems to be promotional fluff*Adventurer and anthropologist [[Schuyler Jones]]. "Dr. [Schuyler] Jones refers to the international belief that he is the 'original' upon whom the 'Indiana Jones' films are based 'as just a rumor'. [http://www.harrisliterary.com/jones.html] -->

*Colonel [[Percy Harrison Fawcett]] (1867 – 1925?), perhaps the most quoted source of inspiration to the character of Indiana Jones, was a British archaeologist who disappeared in the Amazon jungle in [[1925]] while searching for a lost city.<ref>[http://home.earthlink.net/~larryorcutt/fawcett.html "Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett" by Larry Orcutt]</ref>

*Religious archaeologist [[Vendyl Jones|Vendyl "Texas" Jones]] once claimed that he was the inspiration, citing his names (he notes that his first name trimmed becomes Endy &mdash; very similar to Indy), but this claim has reportedly been denied by Spielberg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchman.org/reltop/filmdig.htm|title=Film Claims Disputed; Dig Shut Down: Vendyl Jones' Claims Challenged|author=James Walker|publisher=The Watchman Expositor|date=2005|accessdate=2006-09-21}}: citing [[Texas Monthly]], "Lucas and Spielberg say they've never heard of Vendyl Jones" and the original 1973 script by Lucas predates Vendyl Jones archaeological claims that are the supposed inspiration.</ref>

* [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] (nicknamed "India") (1746 – 1794), who was an English philologist, judge, and founder of the Royal Asiatic Society.

*Mayan archaeologist and U.S. spy [[Sylvanus Morley]].

<!-- Temporarily removed;*The fictional character [[Allan Quatermain]].{{fact}} -->

<!-- Removed. According to the reference, he's been "compared to Indiana Jones", but the reference doesn't say he "served as the inspiration for Jones." *Explorer [[Gene Savoy]] [http://umanitoba.fitdv.com/new/articles/article.html?artid=383]-->

* [[Germany|German]] [[philologist]] and archaeologist [[Otto Rahn]] (1904-1939) [http://books.google.com/books?id=oB7pBZ3s6dIC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=rahn+indiana&source=web&ots=XTezsjEyZ1&sig=qfT4iK63XCML1hYvVoaRiG4qeEw#PPA159,M1], whose (reluctant) membership in the [[SS]] stands in somewhat [[ironic]] contrast to the [[Americanization]] of the Indiana Jones character.

* [[Harvard]] professor [[Langdon Warner]] (1881-1955).

==Appearances==

Einstein's equations of special relativity posit that the speed of

{{Main|List of Indiana Jones appearances}}

light is invariant in inertial frames. That is, it will be the same from

Since his introduction in [[1981]]'s ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' (later retitled on VHS and DVD box covers as ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''), he has made appearances in two more feature films, a three-season TV series, dozens of novels, [[Indiana jones comics|comic books]], video games, [[Indiana Jones (role-playing game)|role-playing games]], and even his own [[Indiana Jones Adventure|amusement park rides]].

any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations do not

[[Image:IndianaJ.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Harrison Ford and Sean Connery on the set of [[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]].]]

specify any particular value for the speed of the light itself. That is

an experimentally determined quantity.

===On Film===

The experimental determination has been made in vacuum. However the

The initial trilogy of theatrical films (starring Harrison Ford) comprised of:

vacuum we know is not the only possible vacuum which can exist. The

*''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) - set in [[1936]]

vacuum has energy associated with it, called the [[vacuum energy]]. This

*''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984) - set in [[1935]]

vacuum energy can be changed in certain cases. When vacuum energy is

*''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989) - set in [[1938]]

lowered, light itself can go faster than the standard value 'c'. Such

a vacuum can be produced by bringing two perfectly smooth metal plates

together at near atomic diameter spacing. It is called a [[Casimir vacuum]].

Calculations show light will go faster in such a vacuum. However,

there has been no experimental verification, since the technology to

detect the change isn't yet available.

In 1992, a [[television]] series named ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'' was first produced; the series aired from 1992 to 1996, and featured a 17-year-old Jones ([[Sean Patrick Flanery]]), a 93-year-old Jones ([[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]]), and a 10-year-old Jones ([[Corey Carrier]]). The show chronicled Jones's early life, beginning with his childhood travels with his father and carrying through to the solo journeys of his youth, his activities during World War I, and beyond. ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' was originally conceived by Lucas as [[edutainment]], a vehicle to educate children about key historical events and important individuals. To this end each episode features an appearance by an important historical figure of the time integrated into the story. In one of the later shows, Harrison Ford (while filming ''[[The Fugitive (1993 film)|The Fugitive]]'') briefly reprized the role of Jones in a [[cameo]] appearance.

Einstein's equations of special relativity have an implicit assumption

of homogeneity. Space is assumed to be the same everywhere. In the case

of the Casimir vacuum, this assumption is clearly violated. Inside the

Casimir vacuum, we have homogenous space, and outside it, we have

homogenous space as well. Inside the Casimir vacuum, the equations of

special relativity will apply with the increased value of the speed of

light. Outside it, the equations of special relativity will apply with

the normal 'c'. However, when considering two frames of reference, one

inside the vacuum, and one outside, the equations of special relativity

can no longer be applied, since the assumption of homogeneity has been

broken. In other words, the [[Casimir effect]] breaks up space into distinct

homogenous regions, each of which obey the special relativity laws

separately.

The upcoming [[Indiana Jones 4|fourth Indiana Jones movie]] is in an advanced stage of pre-production, and is scheduled to be filmed in [[June 2007]] for a [[May 22]], [[2008]] release.<ref>[http://www.cinemafusion.com/index.php?/weblog/comments/official_indy_4_release_date_may_22_2008/ Cinema Fusion]</ref>

=== Option C: Give up causality. ===

===Video Games===

The other approach is to accept special relativity, but to posit that mechanisms allowed by General Relativity (e.g., [[wormholes]]) will allow traveling between two points without going through the intervening space. While this gets around the infinite acceleration problem, it still would lead to [[closed timelike curve]]s (i.e., time travel) and causality violations. Causality is not required by special or general relativity, but is nonetheless considered a basic property of the universe that should not be abandoned. Because of this, most physicists expect (or perhaps hope) that [[quantum gravity]] effects will preclude this option. An alternative is to conjecture that, while time travel is possible, it somehow never leads to paradoxes; this is the [[Novikov self-consistency principle]].

The character has appeared in several officially licensed video games, beginning with adaptations of [[Raiders of the Lost Ark (Atari 2600)|''Raiders of the lost Ark'' for the Atari 2600]], ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', and two adaptations of ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure|Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' - one action oriented, one with a more overt adventure bias.

Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with ''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'', and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]''. Development was headed up by [[Hal Barwood]], and each game starred [[Doug Lee (voice actor)|Doug Lee]] as the voice of Indiana Jones.

Note that causality is often misunderstood in this context. Just seeing

time in another frame pass in reverse does not violate causality. In a

sense, this is equivalent to recording an event and playing it in

reverse. It is the ability to send a signal back to the past that violates

causality. Moving faster than the speed of light will enable a person

to view events in another frame in reverse time. But just motion faster

than light alone does not allow the sending of signals back into the

past of the other frame. Many cases of faster than light travel do allow

such signalling, and hence are considered unviable. But it is not a

must that causality violation result from faster than light travel.

A [[Indiana Jones 2007|new ''Indiana Jones'' video game]] is in development by [[LucasArts]], and is expected to coincide with the release of the upcoming fourth film.[http://lucasarts.com/games/indianajones/]

=== Option D: Give up (absolute) relativity. ===

==Fictional character biography==

Due to the strong empirical support for special relativity, any modifications to it must necessarily be quite subtle and difficult to measure. The most well-known attempt is ''double relativity'', which posits that the [[Planck length]] is also the same in all reference frames, and is associated with the work of [[Giovanni Amelino-Camelia]] and [[João Magueijo]]. One consequence of this theory is a [[variable speed of light]], where photon speed would vary with energy, and some zero-mass particles might possibly travel faster than ''c''. While recent evidence casts doubt on this theory, some physicists still consider it viable. However, even if this theory is true, it is still very unclear that it would allow information to be communicated, and appears not in any case to allow massive particles to exceed ''c''.

Indiana Jones is an [[archaeologist]] who divides his time between teaching at prestigious [[colleges]] and [[universities]], and field work - generally involving the "obtaining of rare [[Artifact (archaeology)|antiquities]]". Jones's activities often involve some personal risk, in some cases originating from rivals attempting to secure the same item. Advocating that "X never marks the spot", Jones is a strong believer in the value of painstaking research; however, he is also well known for occasionally taking shortcuts where necessary.

While his main area of expertise is archaeology, his secondary specialization is [[linguistics]]. He speaks a total of 27 languages to greater or lesser degrees, including [[Ancient Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[American Sign Language]].{{fact|date=May 2007}}

There are speculative theories that claim inertia is produced by the combined mass of the universe (e.g., [[Mach%27s principle]]), which implies that the rest frame of the universe might be ''preferred'' by conventional measurements of natural law. If confirmed, this would imply special relativity is an approximation to a more general theory, but since the relevant comparison would (by definition) be outside the observable universe, it is difficult to imagine (much less construct) experiments to test this hypothesis.

Jones believes that archaeology is the "search for fact - not truth" - as opposed to [[philosophy]].

== Tachyons ==

''(Note : - the events in this timeline are drawn only from officially licensed media released or developed directly by [[LucasFilm]] or [[LucasArts]]. Novels, comics, and other ''[[expanded universe]]'' materials are not included, unless officially accepted as canon. Unless otherwise noted, events are sourced from The [[Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]])''<ref>{{cite news | title = Official Indiana Jones character timeline | publisher = Lucasfilm | date = 2007-01-23 | url = http://www.indianajones.com/marshall/character/indianajones/ | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Unofficial Indiana Jones character timeline, including [[Expanded Universe]] | publisher = www.theraider.net| date = 2007-01-23 | url = http://www.theraider.net/information/timeline/index.php | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref>

In special relativity, while it is impossible to accelerate an object ''to'' the speed of light, or for a massive object to move ''at'' the speed of light, it is not impossible for an object to exist which always moves faster than light. The hypothetical [[elementary particle]]s that have this property are called [[tachyon]]s. Their existence has neither been proven nor disproven.

===''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles''===

Tachyons are not structurally stable. The equations of relativity do allow

Indiana Jones was born Henry Jones Jr. to [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[professor]] of [[Medieval literature]] Dr. [[Henry Jones Sr.]] and his wife Anna Lauren Jones on [[July 1]] [[1899]], in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. His birth certificate shows the address of 10 Creighton Avenue, Princeton, NJ. Although his father calls him "Junior," Henry Jr. adopts the name of his beloved [[malamute]] [[dog]] "Indiana", insisting he be referred to as "''Indiana'' Jones" ("Indy" for short). It is unclear exactly when this decision is made - however, he was already being referred to as ''Indy'' by his peers at the age of 13.[http://www.theraider.net/information/timeline/childhood.php]

faster than light travel, since the equations are symmetric about the

velocity 'c', the speed of light. However, any particle which is moving

faster and faster, at velocities less than 'c', ends up with more and

more kinetic energy. This is true even in the classical model, but with

special relativity, as the velocity approaches 'c', the energy goes to

infinity.

[[Image:Corey Carrier.jpg|left|thumb|Corey Carrier as 9 year old Indiana Jones.]]

Once the velocity crosses 'c', the energy has no place to go but down. In

In [[1908]], Henry Jones Sr. embarks on a lecture tour around the world together with his wife and then 9 year old son. Numerous adventures ensue for the young Indiana Jones, including following an underground railroad in the Carolinas, meeting [[T.E. Lawrence]] in [[Cairo]], archaeologist [[Howard Carter]] in the [[Valley of Kings]], [[Princess Sophie von Hohenberg|Princess Sophie]] (daughter of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]) in [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] in [[Russia]], and visiting [[Nairobi]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Paris]], and [[Florence]].

other words, a particle with mass moving at any speed above 'c' will lose

energy when its velocity goes up even further. Put another way, such a

particle will speed up when it loses energy.

[[Image:Indiana Jones and the Cross of Coronado.jpg|right|thumb|A 13 year old Jones played by [[River Phoenix]] holding the [[Cross of Coronado]].]] In 1912, Jones is a [[Life Scout]] with the [[Boy Scouts of America]] in [[Utah]]. In April of that year, Indiana's mother Anna Jones contracts [[Scarlet fever]] and dies. Shortly after her death, Jones (whilst on a Boy Scout trip) attempts to secure the [[Cross of Coronado]] from thieves (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''). This incident forms the 'origin' of many of Jones's personal trademarks; one of the villains can clearly be seen as the inspiration for later costume choices, Indy first attempts the use of the [[bullwhip]] (receiving a small scar on the chin that would stay with him to adulthood), and he is given his first [[Fedora (hat)|fedora]]. It is also during this incident that he first develops a strong fear of snakes. Three years later, Jones (at the urging of his father) enrolls at [[Princeton University]]. During a [[spring break]] trip to [[Mexico]], he is kidnapped by Mexican revolutionaries and reluctantly plays a part in the [[Mexican Revolution]], under [[Pancho Villa]]. When he leaves Mexico, he travels to [[Ireland]], then England, and finally [[Belgium]] where he joins the [[Belgian Army]].

Everything that moves causes a change in the structure of the fabric of

space. This change in the structure of the fabric of space causes the

formation of gravitational ripples (waves), which carry away energy. In

most cases, the change is negligible. However, for

a particle with mass moving above 'c', even a tiny loss of energy is

troublesome. As mentioned above, it actually increases the velocity,

causing more energy loss, which increases the velocity further. This

positive feedback loop causes the particle to soon reach infinite

velocity. In effect, the particle vanishes.

He joins the [[Western Front (WWI)|Western Front]], participating in the [[Battle of the Somme]]. During a [[Germany|German]] attack, he is taken prisoner. With the assistance of [[Charles de Gaulle]], he manages to escape and is assigned to the [[France|French]] army as a courier. He is sent to [[Africa]] and [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a [[lieutenant]]. His inability to read a [[map]] causes him to lose his intended unit, and he instead joins the historic [[25th Royal Fusiliers]] of the [[British Army]], commanded by [[Frederick Selous]] - a team collectively known as "The Old and the Bold". Amongst other missions, the team destroys a German train-mounted cannon, and briefly kidnap the German military genius [[Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck]]. During his stay in Africa, Jones becomes ill, and is treated by [[Albert Schweitzer]] (in the process meeting [[Barthélémy Bouganda]]). Shortly after his recovery, he is transferred back to the [[French Army]] and assigned a position as an [[spy|intelligence officer]]. Jones worked for [[French Intelligence]] for the remainder of the [[First World War]], going on undercover intelligence missions to [[Austria]], [[Barcelona]], [[Russia]], [[Prague]], [[Turkey]], [[Romania]], [[Italy]], and [[Istanbul]].

This structural instability of tachyons is a significant limitation to

their practical value, if they do indeed exist.

[[Image:YoungIndianaJones.jpg|thumb|right|Sean Patrick Flanery as young Indiana Jones.]]

== General relativity ==

Shortly after the end of the war (in [[1919]]), Jones embarks on an expedition to retrieve the [[Eye Of The Peacock]], a large [[diamond]] once owned by [[Alexander The Great]], traveling through [[Alexandria]] and [[Java]], eventually arriving in the [[South China Seas]]. Unable to recover the diamond, he returns to France and takes a position as a [[translator]] at the [[Paris Peace Conference]], becoming involved in the production of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], once again meeting [[T.E. Lawrence]]. He then returns to [[Chicago]], where he earns an [[undergraduate degree]] in archaeology, takes up the [[soprano saxophone]], and briefly works as a stuntman on an early [[John Ford]] [[Western (genre)|western]].

After completing his studies, he enrolls in a [[linguistics]] graduate program at the [[Sorbonne]] where first meets [[France|French]] archaeologist [[Rene Belloq]], a student studying for his [[Master's degree]] in archaeology. Belloq manages to win the Archaeological Society Prize with a paper on [[stratigraphy]], the majority of which was plagiarized from Jones' work. After completing his graduate program, Jones is hired for his first [[professor]]ial post at [[London University]]. The head of the university's archaeology department, Joanna Campbell, invites Jones to a dig in [[Whithorn]], [[Scotland]], on an expedition to investigate the legend of [[Merlin]]. There meets his future wife, Campbell's daughter Dierdre. Their marriage was cut short when she was killed in a plane crash during an expedition to [[Brazil]] in April of 1926.

[[General relativity]] was developed after special relativity, to include concepts like [[gravity]]. It maintains the principle that no object can accelerate to the

speed of light in its own reference frame. However, it permits distortions in [[spacetime]] that allow an object to move faster than light from the point of view of a distant observer, even though it always moved slower than light in its own reference frame. One such distortion is the [[Alcubierre drive]], which can be thought of as producing a ripple in spacetime that carries an object along with it. Another possible system is the [[wormhole]], which connects two distant locations as though by a shortcut. To date there is no feasible way to construct any such special distortion; they all require unknown [[exotic matter]], enormous (though finite) amounts of energy, or both.

Jones begins studying post-graduate [[archaeology]] at the [[University of Chicago]] under Professor Abner Ravenwood, also entering into a romantic relationship with the Professor's young daughter [[Marion Ravenwood|Marion]]. For reasons which are not documented, Jones leaves the Ravenwoods in approximately 1926, leading to a rift with Marion and his former mentor. After completing his [[Ph.D.]] in archaeology, Jones begins operating under the [[patron]]age of [[Marcus Brody]] (a friend of Jones's father who, in conjunction with prestigious [[museums]], funds archaeological expeditions and digs), and begins a regular post teaching [[Archaeology]] at Marshall College in [[Connecticut]]. (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

General relativity also agrees that any technique for faster than light travel could also be used for [[time travel]]. This raises problems with [[causality]]. Many physicists believe that the above phenomena are in fact impossible, and that future theories of [[gravity]] will prohibit them. One theory states that stable wormholes are possible, but that any attempt to use a network of wormholes to violate causality would result in their decay.

[[Image:Indiana Jones 2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Harrison Ford as Jones in his Professorial role.]]

== Apparent FTL ==

In [[1935]], Jones journeys to Ceylon (now known as [[Sri Lanka]]) to retrieve the idol of Kouru Watu, in the process meeting [[Nazi]] Albrecht Von Beck for the first time. Following his return to America, he is retained by the [[Chinese government]] to recover a mystical gem named [[The Heart of the Dragon]] from the ancient tomb of a Chinese emperor. (''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'')

=== Moving spot of light ===

===Feature films===

Processes which do not transmit information may move faster than light. A good example is a beam of light projected onto a distant surface, such as the Moon. The spot which the beam strikes is not a physical object, just a point of light. Moving it (by reorienting the beam) does not carry information between locations on the surface. To put it another way, the beam can be considered as a stream of photons; where each photon strikes the surface is determined only by the orientation of the beam (assuming that the surface is stationary). If the distance between the beam projector and the surface is sufficiently far, a small change of angle could cause successive photons to strike at widely separated locations, and the spot would appear to move faster than light. If the surface is at the distance of the moon, a light source mounted on a [[phonograph]] is changing angle rapidly enough to create this effect.

Immediately following these events, Jones travels to [[Shanghai]], where he is hired by the gangster [[Lao Che (character)|Lao Che]] to retrieve an artifact: an urn containing the remains of the emperor [[Nurhaci]]. Jones agrees to locate and recover the urn, in return for the Eye Of The Peacock, which has somehow come into Che's possession. He manages to retrieve the remains, and meets Che in a Shanghai club to perform the exchange. However, he is [[double cross]]ed and barely escapes with nightclub singer [[Willie Scott]] and his accomplice, a local boy named [[Short Round]]. Fleeing Lao Che, the group arrive in [[India]], where a group of villagers gets him to recover the [[Sankara Stones]] from the [[Thuggee]] (followers of the [[cult]] of [[Kali]]) (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'').

This effect is believed to be responsible for [[supernova]] ejecta appearing to move faster than light as observed from [[Earth]].

In [[1936]], he travels to [[Peru]], to retrieve a golden [[Hovito Idol]] - however he is thwarted by his long time nemesis, archaeologist [[Rene Belloq]]. Upon his return to Marshall College, he is contracted by the [[United States]] [[government]] to retrieve the [[Ark of the Covenant]] before the [[Nazi]]s, who are at this time rising in power in [[Germany]]. Jones travels to [[Nepal]] to retrieve the Headpiece to the Staff of Ra - an artifact said to be capable of showing the final resting place of the Ark. In Nepal he once again meets [[Marion Ravenwood]], who is running a bar named ''The Raven''. After Marion's bar is destroyed by a team of [[Nazi]]s, the duo enter into a partnership to retrieve the Ark before the Nazis. (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

=== Relative motion ===

In [[1938]], Jones manages to recover the [[Cross of Coronado]] during a field trip to the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coast - upon his return donating the artifact to [[Marcus Brody]] for museum display. Shortly after these events, he is contacted by [[Walter Donovan]] regarding the abduction of Jones' father by the [[Nazi]]s. Working with [[Austria]]n [[historian]] Dr. [[Elsa Schneider]], Jones manages to rescue his father from custody, and (together with [[Marcus Brody]]) they attempt to retrieve the [[Holy Grail]] before Donovan, Schneider and an [[SS]] officer named [[Colonel Vogel]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'').

It is also possible for two objects to move faster than light relative to each other, but only from the point of view of an observer in a third frame of reference, who naively [[addition of velocities formula|adds velocities]] according to [[Galilean relativity]]. An observer on either object will see the other object moving slower than light.

In May of [[1939]], Jones, following a visit by agents of the [[Third Reich]], discovers that the [[Nazi]]s plan to harness the power of [[Orichalcum]]. He collaborates with former pupil [[Sophia Hapgood]] in a quest to disrupt the [[Fuhrer]]'s plans, in the process locating the lost [[continent]] of [[Atlantis]] (''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'').

For example, fast-moving particles on opposite sides of a circular [[particle accelerator]] will appear to be moving at slightly less than twice the speed of light, relative to each other, from the point of view of an observer standing at rest relative to the accelerator, and who naively adds velocities according to [[Galilean relativity]]. However, if the observer has a good intuition of special relativity, and makes a [[Addition of Velocities Formula|correct calculation]], and the two particles are moving, for example, at velocities <math>\beta</math> and <math>-\beta</math>

[[Image:Mo 37.jpeg|thumb|right|199px|Harrison Ford, in a cameo for an episode of ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'', set in 1951.]]

In [[1947]], while on an archaeological dig in [[Utah]], he is retained by the recently formed [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to investigate unusual activity in [[Kazakhstan]]. Jones discovers that rogue agents of the [[Soviet Union]], led by [[physicist]] [[Gennadi Volodnikov]], are searching for ancient [[relic]]s that form the mechanism of the [[Babylon]]ian Infernal Machine - originally housed in the [[biblical]] [[Tower of Babel]]. Jones, aided once more by [[Sophia Hapgood]], attempts to recover the artifacts before the Soviets (''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'').

:<math>\beta = v/c \,\!</math>

and

:<math>-\beta = -v/c \,\!</math>,

then from the observer's point of view, the relative velocity &Delta;&beta; (again in units of the speed of light ''c'') is

:<math>\Delta\beta = { \beta - -\beta \over 1 + \beta ^2 } = { 2\beta \over 1 + \beta^2 }</math>,

which is less than the speed of light.

==Artifacts==

=== Phase velocities above c ===

* Idol of Kouru Watu (''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'')

* [[The Heart of the Dragon]] (''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'')

* [[Nurhaci]]'s Ashes (''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'')

* [[Sankara Stones]] (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'')

* [[Hovito Idol]] (''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'')

* [[Ark of the Covenant]] (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

* Cross of Coronado (''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'')

* [[Holy Grail]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'')

* [[Atlantis]] (''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'')

* Infernal Machine (''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'')

==Unclear canonicity==

The [[phase velocity]] of a [[wave]] can easily exceed c, the vacuum velocity of light. In principle, this can occur even for simple mechanical waves, even without any object moving with velocities close to or above c. However, this does not imply the propagation of [[signals]] with a velocity above c.

As seen in the original versions of 'The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles', Jones (in [[1993]], at the age of 94) lives in [[New York City]], and has a daughter and several grandchildren. The exact age of the daughter is not explicitly mentioned; however given her appearance it seems reasonable to place her between 30 and 40 years old. For a [[1999]] video release, George Lucas opted to completely remove George Hall's bookend sections from 'The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles', and consequently their [[canon (fiction)|canon]]icity (and that of Jones' daughter and grandchildren) has become unclear.

As is often the case with expanded franchises, many of Indiana Jones's adventures within his ''[[expanded universe]]'' contradict the LucasFilm/LucasArts canon. The novel ''Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs'' states that Jones meets the smuggler Wu Han in 1933 - however it is later established in the videogame ''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'' that he meets the character in 1935.

=== Group velocities above ''c'' ===

== Influence on popular culture ==

Under certain circumstances, even the [[group velocity]] of a wave (e.g. a light beam) can exceed ''c''. In such cases, which typically at the same time involve rapid attenuation of the intensity, the maximum of a pulse may travel with a velocity above ''c''. However, even this situation does not imply the propagation of [[signals]] with a velocity above ''c'', even though one may be tempted to associate pulse maxima with signals. The latter association has been shown to be misleading, basically because the information on the arrival of a pulse can be obtained before the pulse maximum arrives. For example, if some mechanism allows the full transmission of the leading part of a pulse while strongly attenuating the pulse maximum and everything behind, the pulse maximum is effectively shifted forward in time, while the information on the pulse does not come faster than without this effect.

Whilst himself arguably a [[pastiche]] of various prior [[adventurers]], the character can also be seen as a forerunner to (or in some cases direct influence on) other more recent fictional adventurers of a similar nature. These include:

* [[Lara Croft]], the self-styled [[Tomb Raider]] of the eponymous franchise

* Jack Colton, a [[mercenary]] and treasure-hunter seen in ''[[Romancing The Stone]]''

* Ben Gates, a [[cryptologist]] featured in the 2004 film ''[[National Treasure (film)|National Treasure]]''

* [[Symbology]] professor [[Robert Langdon]], protagonist of the novel and film ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''

* [[Rick O'Connell]], an adventurer and treasure-hunter seen in the 1999 film ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''.

* The latter-day adventures of [[Dirk Pitt]], Special Projects Director of NUMA (the [[National Underwater and Marine Agency]])

* Sydney Fox, a female archaeologist and [[martial arts]] expert, star of the television series ''[[Relic Hunter]]''

* Johnny Thunder, an adventurer and archaeologist from the [[Lego Adventurers]] building toy theme.

* The "Cliffhangers" series of stories in the online comic strip ''[[Irregular Webcomic!]]''. This includes a spoof of Indiana Jones, (Montana Jones, North Dakota Jones, and Minnesota Jones )

The character of Indiana Jones has been directly referenced by several video game characters , such as : -

=== Universal expansion ===

* Alabama Smith, protagonist of the ''[[Paganitzu]]'' computer game series

* [[Rick Dangerous]], as featured in the eponymous video game by [[Core Design]]

Various Indiana Jones references have found their way into popular culture:

The expansion of the [[universe]] causes distant galaxies to recede from us faster than the speed of light, if [[comoving coordinates|comoving distance]] and cosmological time are used to calculate the speeds of these galaxies. However, in [[general relativity]], velocity is a local notion, so velocity calculated using comoving coordinates does not have any simple relation to velocity calculated locally.

* Numerous references in ''[[The Simpsons]]''; most notably in the episode "[[Bart's Friend Falls in Love]]", in which Bart recreates the opening sequence of ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', with Homer doubling as both the angry Hovitos and the huge boulder.<ref name="SimpsonsParody">"[http://www.theindyexperience.com/zip_file_archive/simpsons_chase_video.zip] [[Simpsons]] parody of ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', featuring [[Bart Simpson]] as Indiana Jones." January 23, 2007.</ref>

*In the Simpsons episode ''[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]'', in which the Nuclear plant is outsourced to [[India]], [[Mr Burns]] refers to a dinner engagement, where the main meal is 'scooped out monkey head' (a reference to ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'').

* A short parody near the beginning of ''[[The Rugrats Movie]]'', featuring a rolling boulder and the iconic theme. [[Tommy Pickles|Tommy]] calls himself 'Okey Dokey Jones', and carries a bullwhip (although [[Chuckie]] is dressed more like Jones with a Fedora hat, brown leather jacket, brown shoes, and bag)

* Another parody character was ''Mississippi Smith'', who had a cameo role in ''[[Aaahh!!! Real Monsters]]''

* In the opening sequence to the film ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'', [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] parodies the opening scene from the first movie

* In an episode of the [[NBC]] television show ''[[Friends]]'' ("[[The One with the Cooking Class]]"), [[Ross Geller]], a [[paleontologist]], is compared to Indiana Jones by a potential girlfriend - much to his delight: '''''Katie:''' A paleontologist who works out... you're like Indiana Jones.'' '''''Ross:''' ...I '''am''' like Indiana Jones!''

* In the popular online game ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' (during the [[Instance (World of Warcraft)|instance]] known as ''Uldaman'') the player encounters a quest for a staff and an amulet, which must be combined and placed within a miniature city (echoing the scene from ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')[http://www.eeggs.com/items/47546.html].

* In the 2006 movie ''[[Pirates of the Carribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'', [[Captain Jack Sparrow]] (in a homage to a similar scene in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' involving Jones's Revolver) is shown trying to draw his [[sword]], pausing for a moment as he realizes it is not there, then grinning sheepishly before the action continues. Also, on Cannibal Island in Dead Man's Chest, Captain Jack Sparrow running down the beach away from the Pelegostos giving chase appears to be an homage to Indy running from the Hovitos in Raiders of the Lost Ark, including a shot where for one moment the crowd appears closer to him than shown in the rest of the chase.

* Indiana Jones makes an appearance in the [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] movie ''[[Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny]]'', where he trips a [[zombie]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] with his bullwhip, and attempts to shoot [[Godzilla]] (only to realize, in a tribute to ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', that his revolver is missing). He is later defeated by a kick to the [[groin]], delivered by [[Chuck Norris]].

*The TV series [[Family Guy]] has several scenes in several episodes parodying or paying homage to Indiana Jones. One is a parody of the Raiders scene where Indy is attempting to remove an idol and replace it with a bag of sand, and whilst preparing, Ralph Kramden shouts, " WILL YOU JUST PICK IT UP ALREADY?! ". Also, in order to find his black book, Peter goes into the attic and uses a stick and an amulet to focus sun beams at the ___location of the book. In the famous Peter vs. Chicken fight in the episode '[[Da Boom]]', the eponymous chicken is eventually killed in a manner identical to (even mimicking the sequence shot for shot) the German in ''Raiders'': minced by a flying wing propeller. Also, in an episode in which Peter and his son Stewie go to a Disney Park, they steal disguises from the Indiana Jones ride, Peter dressed as Indy and Stewie as Short Round from The Temple of Doom. Stewie also portrays Short Round in one of the "quick-cut" scenes in which he accidentally triggers a trap and then remarks; "Lady only here cause she doing director."

*In another episode of [[The Simpsons]], the character 'Snake' appears wearing a similar outfit to Jones (complete with hat, jacket, and bag full of gold coins) stating that he is an archaeologist.

* Chip from the 1989 Disney cartoon series [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]], appears wearing a fedora as part of his costume, the rest of his outfit resembles Jones's, but only in color as the jacket appears to be sheepskin, not leather.

* [[Kevin Smith]] has referenced Indiana Jones several times in his films, most memorably in ''[[Dogma]]'' where [[Silent Bob]] hurls antagonists Bartleby and Loki from a moving train, only to turn to the other passengers and 'explain' "No ticket!", a homage to the sequence in ''The Last Crusade'' where Indy throws Colonel Vogel from the Zeppelin's window with the same 'explanation' to the Zeppelin's passengers. Smith has also included minor references, such as [[Randal Graves]]'s "No time for love, Dr. Jones!", a quote from ''Temple Of Doom''.

* [[Muppet Babies]] made reference to Indiana Jones, namely when Baby Kermit would imagine himself as "Indiana Frog" with the same fedora, leather jacket and whip. One particular episode had the Muppet Babies searching for Baby Animal and overcoming their fear of the basement, believing it to be the Temple of Doom, in which they were trapped by Mola Ram and saved by Indiana Frog. Live action footage of the film combined with their adventures, namely the mine car chase scenes.

* Indiana Jones also appeared in posters promoting the [[public library]]. In one particular poster he is using his bullwhip to snag on to a branch in order to avoid a poisonous snake, and he is firmly holding library books in the other hand. The poster tells children the importance of bringing back their library books on time, with the words "Return the Adventure!" written in same style lettering on the film posters.

* [[ALF Tales]] spoofed "The Last Crusade" in an episode parodying the tale of [[King Midas]]. ALF is dressed as Indiana Jones, who is hired by King Midas (who has transformed his family into gold) to find the Holy Grail as it has the power to return them to normal. ALF is assisted by his girlfriend Rhonda who is an expert on the Grail. Several scenes are referenced, such as Indy's fear of snakes, which Rhonda tells him not to imagine them as snakes (ALF succeeds at somehow having them transform into cows, which Rhonda claims she is terrified of), or having to select the true Grail from a selection of several. (In this case, the True Grail is a coffee mug which reads "Bud's Donuts").

* [[Malcolm in the Middle]] spoofed Indiana Jones running from the boulder in the Season 4 Episode 13 "Stereo Store". Hal has a choice to stay and help close up the store with the boss or go party with his much younger, slacker co-workers. When he chooses to go party his boss hits the button that makes the metal security gate begin to close. Hal sees the security gate begin to drop and tries to beat it. While making a run for the door a cup of pencils gets knocked over into the fan making them projectiles that just narrowly miss Hal, much like darts when Indiana Jones is escaping the room with the golden idol. The door continues to close and a beach ball starts rolling after Hal. He looks back at it, screams and begins to run faster. He narrowly slides under the gate and reaches back under the gate at the last minute to grab his keys, similar to when Indy rolls under the door and reaches back to grab his whip. All the while the "Raiders March" music plays in the background.

* In the game [[Discworld (video game)|Discworld]], the main character [[Rincewind]] parodies the sand bag change from Raiders of the Lost Ark in a puzzle, he is then chased out of the cave by a boulder which eventually turns out to be a tiny pebble that was zoomed upon.

* At one point in [[Matthew Reilly]]'s [[Seven Deadly Wonders]], the characters are at the bottom of a ramp with a pipe at the top (inside a booby-trapped temple). When a rumbling comes from the pipe, one of them remarks, "Let me guess. A boulder is going to roll out of there and chase us down, just like in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''."

* Sometimes, in the video game [[Lego Star Wars II]], if the character of Wedge Antilles had had his blaster holstered for a while, when you tried to draw it, you would draw nothing but air, then he would check his other hip, find it there, and finally draw it, a possible homage to the scene from ''Temple of Doom''.

* In Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls there is a shot similar to the escape by Indiana from the Hovitos, where Ace is running across a grass plain with the Wachutu Tribe following behind him.

* In the video game [[GTA: Vice City]], in the mission Dildo DoDo you have to fly a water plane used in an "old Indy movie". This is referring to the water plane used in the first of the Indiana Jones movies, Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark.

* The video game [[Quackshot]], starring [[Donald Duck]] has several references to Indiana Jones, including the logo, clothing and scenes from the movie.

=== AstronomicalDVD observationsrelease ===

=== The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ===

As detailed in the revised and updated edition of the book ''George Lucas: The Creative Impulse'' (by [[Charles Champlin]]), Lucas has been working for some time on drastically re-editing and restructuring the show for a [[DVD]] release. According to a statement by series producer [[Rick McCallum]] of [[Lucasfilm]], this work has been 'ramped up' in order for a boxset release to tie in with the theatrical debut of the as-yet-untitled fourth movie. Amongst other extras, the discs will include approximately 100 new historical featurettes, now in production. Major structural changes are alleged to have been made to the show, including the complete removal of the 93 year old Jones 'bookend' sections, extensive re-shoots, and removal of complete episodes for better historical continuity.

=== Feature films ===

Apparent [[superluminal motion]] is observed in many [[radio galaxy|radio galaxies]], [[blazar]]s, [[quasar]]s and recently also in [[microquasar]]s. The effect was predicted before it was observed, and can be explained as an [[optical illusion]] caused by the object moving in the direction of the observer, when the speed calculations assume it does not. The phenomenon does not contradict the theory of special relativity.

[[Image:IndyDVD's.jpg|thumb|right|The 2003 DVD release of the feature films.]]

Interestingly, corrected calculations show these object have velocities close to the speed of light (relative to our reference frame). They are the first examples of large amounts of mass moving at close to the speed of light. In Earth-bound laboratories, we've been able to accelerate just elemental particles to such speeds.

Chapters 23&ndash;25 of the Indiana Jones series (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark'' and ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', respectively) were released on DVD as a boxed set of all three films (complete with a fourth disc of bonus materials) in 2003.

'''Features'''

=== Quantum mechanics ===

* Available Subtitles (US edition): English, Spanish, French

* Available Audio Tracks (US edition): English (Dolby Digital 5.1), Spanish (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround), French (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround)

* Contains all three films in their original format (2.35:1 anamorphic widescreen aspect ratio or in Pan and Scan format), restored and digitally remastered by [[Lowry Digital Images]]

'''Bonus disc features'''

Certain phenomena in [[quantum mechanics]], such as [[quantum entanglement]], appear to transmit information faster than light. These phenomena do not allow true communication; they only let two observers in different locations see the same event simultaneously, without any way of controlling what either sees. The fact that the laws of physics seem to conspire to prevent superluminal communications via quantum mechanics is very interesting and somewhat poorly understood.

* A new, feature-length documentary of the making of the trilogy

* From the Lucasfilm Archives:

** ''The Stunts of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Sound of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Music of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones''

* Original trailers

* A behind-the-scenes look at Harrison Ford getting into character, both mentally and physically

* Weblink to exclusive content including dozens of behind-the-scenes photos, an animatic sequence and a PC game preview

==References==

The speed of light can have any value within the limits of the [[uncertainty principle]] as demonstrated in any [[Feynman diagram]] that draws a photon at any angle other than 45 degrees. To quote [[Richard Feynman]], "...there is also an amplitude for light to go faster (or slower) than the conventional speed of light. You found out in the last lecture that light doesn't go only in straight lines; now, you find out that it doesn't go only at the speed of light! It may surprise you that there is an amplitude for a photon to go at speeds faster or slower than the conventional speed, ''c''" (Chapter 3, page 89 of Feynman's book ''QED''). However, this does not imply the possibility of superluminal information transmission, as no photon can have an average speed in excess of the speed of light.

{{reflist}}

* Fleurier, Nicolas, ''James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures'', Histoire & Collections, 2006.

== Cultural References ==

There have been various experimentally based reports of faster-than-light transmission in optics&mdash;most often in the context of a kind of [[quantum tunneling]] phenomenon. Usually, such reports deal with a [[phase velocity]] or [[group velocity]] above the vacuum velocity of light, but not with faster-than-light transmission of information, although there has sometimes been a degree of confusion concerning the latter point.

* Satirical piece from McSweeney's Internet Tendency: "Back From Yet Another Globetrotting Adventure, Indiana Jones Checks His Mail and Discovers That His Bid for Tenure Has Been Denied." [http://www.mcsweeneys.net/2006/10/10bryan.html]

As it is currently understood, quantum mechanics is completely consistent with special relativity, and doesn't allow for faster-than-light communication.

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}

*[http://www.wbabin.net/sfarti/sfarti10.pdf Debunking Supraluminal Effects] A simple explanation within the framework of special relativity

* [http://www.indianajones.com IndianaJones.com] &mdash; the official Indiana Jones site

*[http://www.rp-photonics.com/superluminal_transmission.html Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology on "superluminal transmission"], with more details on phase and group velocity, and on causality

* [http://www.theraider.net TheRaider.net] &mdash; a major fan site of the series

*[http://dustbunny.physics.indiana.edu/~dzierba/HonorsF97/Week1/NYTJuly22.html July 22, 1997, The New York Times Company: Signal Travels Farther and Faster Than Light] Quote: "..."We find," [http://physics.berkeley.edu/research/faculty/Chiao.html Chiao] said, "that a barrier placed in the path of a tunneling particle does not slow it down. In fact, we detect particles on the other side of the barrier that have made the trip in less time than it would take the particle to traverse an equal distance without a barrier -- in other words, the tunneling speed apparently greatly exceeds the speed of light. Moreover, if you increase the thickness of the barrier the tunneling speed increases, as high as you please..."

* [http://indianajones.wikicities.com The Indiana Jones Wiki]

*[http://www.aei-potsdam.mpg.de/~mpoessel/Physik/FTL/tunnelingftl.html Markus Pössel: Faster-than-light (FTL) speeds in tunneling experiments: an annotated bibliography] Quote: "...An experiment of theirs, where a single [[photon]] tunnelled through a barrier and its tunneling speed (not a signal speed!) was 1.7 times light speed, is described in Steinberg, A.M., Kwiat, P.G. & R.Y. Chiao 1993: "Measurement of the Single-Photon Tunneling Time" in Physical Review Letter 71, S. 708--711..."

* [http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/chronology_central/indiana_jones.cfm?wpid=183410 Chronology Central's Indiana Jones page] &mdash; site contains a chronological reading/viewing order listing for all of the Indiana Jones films, episodes, novels, comic books and video games in the Indiana Jones continuity.

*[http://www.physicsguy.com/ftl/ Relativity and FTL (=Superluminal motion) Travel Homepage]

*[http://www.yellowknife.com/warp/ The Warp Drive: Hyper-Fast Travel Within General Relativity, Miguel Alcubierre Class. Quantum Grav. 11 (1994), L73-L77] Quote: "...It is shown how, within the framework of general relativity and without the introduction of [[wormhole]]s, it is possible to modify a [[spacetime]] in a way that allows a spaceship to travel with an arbitrarily large speed..."

{{Indiana Jones}}

*[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/research/warp/warpstat.html NASA: Status of "Warp Drive" Maturity - speculation]

{{Indiana Jones games}}

*[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html Usenet Physics FAQ: is FTL travel or communication Possible?]

*[http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~streater/GS.html Critique of Geometro-Stochastic Theory]

*[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Superluminal.html Superluminal]

*[http://www.cem.msu.edu/~cem181h/projects/98/lightspeed/group.htm The Speed of Light: How Fast Can We Go?]

*[http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/physics.htm Smarandache Hypothesis] that there is no speed barrier and one can construct arbitrary speeds

*[http://www.autodynamics.org/light_speed.html Light Speed]

*[http://www.theculture.org/rich/sharpblue/archives/000089.html Relativity, FTL and causality]

*[http://www.safalra.com/science/relativity/tachyons.html Tachyon Theory] - the mathematics of tachyon theory. Quote: "To send a message faster than light using tachyons, we would have to encode the message on a localised tachyon field, and then send it off at superluminal speed. But this is impossible as local tachyon disturbances are subluminal, and superluminal tachyon disturbances cannot be localised."

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Indiana}}

[[Category:Science fiction themes]]

[[Category:RelativityFictional archaeologists|Jones, Indiana]]

[[Category:WarpFictional driveprofessors|Jones, theoryIndiana]]

[[Category:PhysicsFictional inmilitary fictionpersonnel|Jones, Indiana]]

[[Category:Indiana Jones characters]]

[[Category:Fictional Americans|Jones, Indiana]]

[[Category:Fictional Scottish-Americans|Jones, Indiana]]<!--father is Scottish-->

[[Category:Pulp heroes and villains]]

[[Category:Sequel films]]

[[csca:FTLIndiana Jones]]

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[[jaet:超光速航法Indiana Jones]]

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[[ko:인디애나 존스]]

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[[he:אינדיאנה ג'ונס]]

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[[ja:インディ・ジョーンズ]]

[[no:Indiana Jones]]

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[[ru:Индиана Джонс]]

[[sq:Indiana Jones]]

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[[zh:印第安那·琼斯]]