Royal assent and Indiana Jones (character): Difference between pages

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{{Indiana Jones character|

The granting of '''Royal Assent''' is the formal method by which a [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarch]] completes the legislative process of [[lawmaking]] by formally assenting to an [[Act of Parliament]]. While the power to withhold Royal Assent was once exercised often, it is almost never exercised under modern constitutional conventions. The power remains as one of the [[reserve power]]s of the monarch.

image= [[Image:IndianaTempleDoom.jpg|Indiana Jones as portrayed by Harrison Ford|250px]]|

caption = [[Harrison Ford]] as Indiana Jones|

name=Henry "Indiana" Jones Jr.|

gender=[[Male]]|

birth= [[July 1]], [[1899]]|

birthplace= [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]|

occupation= [[Professor]] of [[Archaeology]]|

family = [[Henry Jones Sr.]] (Father)<br /> [[Anna Jones (Indiana Jones Character)|Anna Jones]] (Mother, deceased)|

actor=[[Harrison Ford]]<br/>[[River Phoenix]]<br/>[[Sean Patrick Flanery]]<br/>[[Corey Carrier]]<br/>[[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]]<br/>[[Doug Lee (voice actor)|Doug Lee]]|

first=''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''|

}}

'''Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr.''' (also known as '''Indy'''), is a [[fictional]] [[professor]], [[archaeologist]], and [[adventurer]] - the main protagonist of the [[1981 in film|1981]] [[adventure film]] ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (later retitled ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''), its prequel ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', and sequel, ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''. Jones is notable for his trademark [[bullwhip]], [[fedora (hat)|fedora]], [[leather jacket]], and [[ophidiophobia|fear of snakes]].

The character is most famously played by [[Harrison Ford]]; however, he has also been portrayed by [[River Phoenix]] (as the young Indiana in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''), [[Corey Carrier]], [[Sean Patrick Flanery]], and [[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]] (''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'').

The granting of the Royal Assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the Sovereign appoints [[Lords Commissioners]] who in turn announce that Royal Assent has been granted at a ceremony at the [[Palace of Westminster]], [[Buckingham Palace]] or another royal residence. In other nations, such as [[Australia]] and [[Canada]], the [[Governor-General]] merely signs the bill. In each case, the Parliament must be apprised of the granting of Assent. Two methods are available: the Lords Commissioners or the Sovereign's representatives may grant Assent in the presence of both Houses of Parliament; alternatively, each House may be notified separately, usually by the presiding officer.

In addition to his film and television appearances, the character has been featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. A [[Indiana Jones 4|fourth film]] (once again starring Ford) is currently in production; filming is scheduled to take place throughout 2007, with the film planned to be released worldwide on Thursday, May 22nd, 2008.

==United Kingdom==

In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Royal Assent is granted by the [[British monarchy|Sovereign]] (currently [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]). Once a bill is presented to the Sovereign or the Sovereign's representative, he or she has three formal options. Firstly, the Sovereign may ''grant'' the Royal Assent, thereby making the bill an Act of Parliament. Secondly, the Sovereign may ''withhold'' the Royal Assent, thereby vetoing the bill. Finally, the Sovereign may ''reserve'' the Royal Assent, that is to say, defer a decision on the bill until a later time.

==Production==

Under modern constitutional conventions, the Sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of Parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the Sovereign to withhold Assent. Hence, in modern practice, the Royal Assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would only be appropriate in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.

Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée [[serial]]s and [[pulp magazine]]s that [[George Lucas]] and [[Steven Spielberg]] enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the [[Republic Pictures]] [[serial]]s, and the [[Doc Savage]] series). The two friends first discussed the project in [[Hawaii]] during the time of release of the first ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' film.<ref name="makingraiders">"[http://www.indianajones.com/raiders/bts/news/news20030923.html Making ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'']." September 23, 2003. [http://www.indianajones.com/ IndianaJones.com]</ref> Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted to direct a [[James Bond]] film - Lucas responded that he "had something better than that".<ref name="makingraiders" />

The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an [[Alaskan malamute]] Lucas owned in the 1970s; however Spielberg disliked the name "Smith", and Lucas casually suggested "Jones" as an alternative.<ref name="makingraiders" />

===Historical development===

Originally, legislative power was held by the Sovereign, acting on the advice of the ''[[Curia Regis]]'', or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated, and which evolved into Parliament. The so-called "Model Parliament" was called, irregularly and without any royal authorisation, by [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]] in [[1265]]; it included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, two knights from each [[shire]] and two burgesses from each [[borough]]. The scheme was officially adopted in [[1295]], when [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] called a Parliament. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls and barons formed the [[House of Lords]], and the shire and borough representatives formed the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]. The King would seek the advice and consent of both Houses before making any law. Under [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] in the fifteenth century, it became regular practice for the two Houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which did not become law unless the Sovereign's Assent was obtained, as the Sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all Acts include the clause: "Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the [[Lord Spiritual|Lords Spiritual]] and [[Peerage|Temporal]], and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The [[Parliament Act]] gives a second potential preamble if the House of Lords is excluded from the process.

===Costume and equipment===

The power of Parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] dissolved Parliament in [[1629]] after it passed bills seeking to restrict, and motions critical of, his arbitrary exercise of power; during the "Eleven Years of Tyranny" that followed, he performed legally dubious actions such as legislating raising taxes without Parliament's approval. After the [[English Civil War]], it was accepted that Parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse the Royal Assent to bills. For instance, in [[1678]], [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] withheld his Assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he&mdash;not Parliament&mdash;should control the [[militia]]. The last Stuart monarch, [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]], similarly withheld, on the advice of her ministers, her Assent from a bill "for the settling of Militia in [[Scotland]]" on [[March 11]], [[1708]], but no monarch since has withheld the Royal Assent.

The general appearance for the character of Indiana Jones was chosen before anyone was even cast. He was envisioned as an amalgam of several characters - most notably treasure hunter Fred C. Dobbs (as played by [[Humphrey Bogart]] in ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]''), and adventurer Harry Steele (as played by [[Charlton Heston]] in ''[[Secret of the Incas]]''[http://www.spookybug.com/origins/general.html]).

Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed [[Fedora (hat)|fedora]], the [[Herbert Johnson]] Poet. Although other hats were also used throughout the movies, the general style and profile remained the same. Other elements of the outfit include:

During the rule of the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian dynasty]], which succeeded Stuarts, power was gradually transferred from the Sovereign to Parliament and the Government. For instance, the first Hanoverian monarch, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], who spoke no English and preferred to concentrate on his German possessions, relied on his ministers more than previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation. [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] and [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] both openly opposed [[Catholic Emancipation]] (the attempt to abolish religious restrictions that prevented Roman Catholics from serving in certain public posts). Both asserted that to grant Assent to a Catholic Emancipation bill would be to violate the [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation oath]], which required the Sovereign to preserve the established [[Church of England]]. George IV, however, reluctantly granted his Assent upon the advice of his ministers.

* The leather jacket - a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the [[A-2 jacket]], made by Wested Leather Co.

Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold the Royal Assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the Commonwealth Realms. As noted above, Assent is, in practice, always granted.

* The bag - a modified Mark VII British gas mask bag.

* The whip - a 10ft Bullwhip crafted by David Morgan (although different lengths were used in specific stunts)

* The revolver - usually a [[World War I]] era revolver. Examples include the [[Webley Revolver|Webley Mk VI]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''), or a .45 ACP [[Smith & Wesson]] Hand Ejector 2nd model revolver (''Raiders of the Lost Ark''). He has also been seen using a [[M1917 revolver]], and a 9mm [[Browning Hi-Power]].<ref>http://www.indygear.com/gear/guns.shtml</ref>

Jones's Fedora and Leather Jacket (as used in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'') are on display at the [[Smithsonian]]'s American History Museum in [[Washington DC]][http://smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm?ID=125]. The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for aficionados of the franchise.<ref>http://www.indygear.com/</ref>

There is a situation, however, in which a more direct monarchical assent is required for a bill. This is not Royal Assent, but is termed Queen's Consent. In order for any bill affecting, directly or by implication, the [[Royal Prerogative|prerogative]], hereditary revenues ([[ultimus haeres]], [[treasure trove]], [[bona vacantia]]) or the personal property or interests of the Crown to be heard in Parliament, the monarch must first consent to its hearing. On rare occasions, such as for the [[House of Lords Act 1999]], the consent of the [[Prince of Wales]], as Prince and Steward of Scotland, or as [[Duke of Cornwall]], must also be obtained where a Bill affects his interests.

===Casting===

In 1999, Queen Elizabeth II, acting on the advice of the government, refused to signify her consent to the [[Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill]], which sought to transfer from the monarch to Parliament the power to authorize military strikes against Iraq. Due to the [[The Crown|Crown]]'s refusal to consent to the bill's hearing, it was automatically dropped. However, because the Bill had been introduced under the [[Ten Minute Rule]], it never stood any chance of being fully debated by Parliament, and it does not represent a test of what would happen if a future government introduced other legislation affecting the reserve powers of the Crown.

Originally, Spielberg suggested [[Harrison Ford]]; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in three of his movies ([[American Graffiti]] and the first two installments of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' series), and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby DeNiro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director [[Martin Scorsese]] regularly cast [[Robert DeNiro]] in his films).<ref name="makingraiders" /> During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast then little-known actor [[Tom Selleck]] as Indiana Jones, and [[pre-production]] began in earnest on ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.<ref name="makingraiders" />

However, [[CBS]] refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to [[Magnum, P.I.]] (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.<ref name="makingraiders" /> After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas finally capitulated, and he was cast in the role - less than 3 weeks before [[principal photography]] began.<ref name="makingraiders" /> If for whatever reason Ford had not landed the role, a possible third choice for the movie was thought to have been [[Dirk Benedict]], star of the [[Battlestar Galactica]] sc-fi TV series, though this was never offcially confirmed.

===Ceremony===

In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for Royal Assent after having been passed by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Alternatively, under the [[Parliament Act]]s of [[1911]] and [[1949]], the House of Commons may under certain circumstances direct that a bill be presented for Assent despite non-passage in the House of Lords. In either case, the Sovereign does not actually analyze the bill and make a decision on whether or not to grant Assent. In practice, the granting of Assent is purely ceremonial. Officially, Assent is granted by the Sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by [[letters patent]]. It may be granted in Parliament or outside Parliament; in the latter case, each House must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.

===Models===

The Clerk of the Parliaments, an official of the House of Lords, traditionally states an [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] formula indicating the Sovereign's decision. The granting of the Royal Assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words ''La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult'' (the Queen thanks her good subjects, accepts their benevolence, and wills it so). For other public or private bills, the formula is simply ''La Reyne le veult'' (the Queen wills it). For personal bills, the phrase was ''Soit fait comme il est désiré'' (so be it as it is desired). The appropriate formula for withholding Assent is the euphemistic ''La Reyne s'avisera'' (the Queen will consider it). When the Sovereign is male, ''Le Roy'' (the King) is substituted for ''La Reyne'' (the Queen). The spelling of the words in the formulæ has varied over the years; for example, in former times, ''s'uvisera'' and ''s'advisera'' were used instead of ''s'avisera'', and ''Raine'' was used instead of ''Reyne''.

Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character - although it should be noted that none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. In alphabetical order by last name:

*[[Paleontologist]] [[Roy Chapman Andrews]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History|first=Douglas J.|last=Preston|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1993|id=ISBN 0-312-10456-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0312104561&id=CaBxisxbAfwC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&sig=v0aO-D_rCrUl-IRZHI0RoexkydQ pp. 97&ndash;98], "Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after... crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place."</ref>

Formerly, the Sovereign always granted his or her Assent in person. The Sovereign, wearing the [[Imperial State Crown]], would be seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber, surrounded by [[herald]]s and members of the Royal Court (nowadays, the scene is repeated only at the annual [[State Opening of Parliament]]). The Commons, led by their [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker]], would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the Chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting Assent to the Sovereign, save that [[supply]] bills were traditionally brought up by the Speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the Sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the Sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.

*Italian [[archaeologist]] and circus [[strongperson (strength athlete)|strongman]] [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni]] (1778&ndash;1823).<ref>http://www.filmsite.org/raid.html Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)</ref>

* [[Yale University]] professor, historian, and explorer [[Hiram Bingham III]], who rediscovered and excavated the [[lost city]] of [[Machu Picchu]],<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-09-22-peru_x.htm The trail less trampled on] in [[USA Today]] by Gene Sloan, September 23, 2005: "The iconic mountaintop citadel, discovered less than a century ago by American explorer Hiram Bingham, the inspiration for Indiana Jones, is a thrilling reward after days of exertion."</ref> and chronicled his find in the bestselling book ''The Lost City of the Incas'' in 1948.<ref>''[http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/LostCity.htm Lost City of the Incas]'' biographical profile from the United States Senate website</ref>

*The [[University of Chicago]] archaeologist [[Robert Braidwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maroon.uchicago.edu/news/articles/2003/01/21/obituary_robert_and_.php|title=Obituary: Robert and Linda Braidwood|author=Molly Schranz|publisher=[[Chicago Maroon]]|date=January 21, 2003|accessdate=2006-09-21}}: "Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones."</ref> <!-- This is questionable; if anything, "Professor BraidWOOD" sounds more like "Professor RavenWOOD". Also unable to find other sources saying he served "as inspiration for". -->

<!--Removed, as not cited as inspiration for. *Adventurer and [[King Kong]] creator [[Merian C. Cooper]] has been called a real-life Indiana Jones.{{fact}}-->

<!-- Temporarily removed; seems to be promotional fluff*Adventurer and anthropologist [[Schuyler Jones]]. "Dr. [Schuyler] Jones refers to the international belief that he is the 'original' upon whom the 'Indiana Jones' films are based 'as just a rumor'. [http://www.harrisliterary.com/jones.html] -->

*Colonel [[Percy Harrison Fawcett]] (1867 – 1925?), perhaps the most quoted source of inspiration to the character of Indiana Jones, was a British archaeologist who disappeared in the Amazon jungle in [[1925]] while searching for a lost city.<ref>[http://home.earthlink.net/~larryorcutt/fawcett.html "Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett" by Larry Orcutt]</ref>

*Religious archaeologist [[Vendyl Jones|Vendyl "Texas" Jones]] once claimed that he was the inspiration, citing his names (he notes that his first name trimmed becomes Endy &mdash; very similar to Indy), but this claim has reportedly been denied by Spielberg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.watchman.org/reltop/filmdig.htm|title=Film Claims Disputed; Dig Shut Down: Vendyl Jones' Claims Challenged|author=James Walker|publisher=The Watchman Expositor|date=2005|accessdate=2006-09-21}}: citing [[Texas Monthly]], "Lucas and Spielberg say they've never heard of Vendyl Jones" and the original 1973 script by Lucas predates Vendyl Jones archaeological claims that are the supposed inspiration.</ref>

* [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] (nicknamed "India") (1746 – 1794), who was an English philologist, judge, and founder of the Royal Asiatic Society.

*Mayan archaeologist and U.S. spy [[Sylvanus Morley]].

<!-- Temporarily removed;*The fictional character [[Allan Quatermain]].{{fact}} -->

<!-- Removed. According to the reference, he's been "compared to Indiana Jones", but the reference doesn't say he "served as the inspiration for Jones." *Explorer [[Gene Savoy]] [http://umanitoba.fitdv.com/new/articles/article.html?artid=383]-->

* [[Germany|German]] [[philologist]] and archaeologist [[Otto Rahn]] (1904-1939) [http://books.google.com/books?id=oB7pBZ3s6dIC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=rahn+indiana&source=web&ots=XTezsjEyZ1&sig=qfT4iK63XCML1hYvVoaRiG4qeEw#PPA159,M1], whose (reluctant) membership in the [[SS]] stands in somewhat [[ironic]] contrast to the [[Americanization]] of the Indiana Jones character.

* [[Harvard]] professor [[Langdon Warner]] (1881-1955).

==Appearances==

[[Image:Henry8.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Henry VIII introduced a new method of granting the Royal Assent.]]

{{Main|List of Indiana Jones appearances}}

Since his introduction in [[1981]]'s ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' (later retitled on VHS and DVD box covers as ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark''), he has made appearances in two more feature films, a three-season TV series, dozens of novels, [[Indiana jones comics|comic books]], video games, [[Indiana Jones (role-playing game)|role-playing games]], and even his own [[Indiana Jones Adventure|amusement park rides]].

[[Image:IndianaJ.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Harrison Ford and Sean Connery on the set of [[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]].]]

===On Film===

A new device for granting Assent was created during the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. In [[1542]], Henry decided to execute his fifth wife, [[Catherine Howard]], whom he accused of committing [[adultery]]; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a [[bill of attainder]], to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in his presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom." Therefore, Parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that Assent granted by Commissioners "is and ever was and ever shall be, as good" as Assent granted by the Sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the sixteenth century, but more often during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] became the last Sovereign to personally grant Assent in [[1854]]. When granting Assent by Commission, the Sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) Lords who are [[Privy Council|Privy Counsellors]] to grant Assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the Sovereign's representatives are known, wear scarlet Parliamentary Robes and sit on a bench between the Throne and the [[Woolsack]], with the Speaker and the Commons attending at the Bar of the Lords. The Lords Reading Clerk read the Commission aloud; the senior Commissioner (usually the [[Lord Chancellor]]), then states, "My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned." Thereafter, the Clerk of the Crown states the title, with the Clerk of the Parliaments responding with the appropriate Norman French formula.

The initial trilogy of theatrical films (starring Harrison Ford) comprised of:

*''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) - set in [[1936]]

*''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984) - set in [[1935]]

*''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989) - set in [[1938]]

In 1992, a [[television]] series named ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'' was first produced; the series aired from 1992 to 1996, and featured a 17-year-old Jones ([[Sean Patrick Flanery]]), a 93-year-old Jones ([[George Hall (actor)|George Hall]]), and a 10-year-old Jones ([[Corey Carrier]]). The show chronicled Jones's early life, beginning with his childhood travels with his father and carrying through to the solo journeys of his youth, his activities during World War I, and beyond. ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' was originally conceived by Lucas as [[edutainment]], a vehicle to educate children about key historical events and important individuals. To this end each episode features an appearance by an important historical figure of the time integrated into the story. In one of the later shows, Harrison Ford (while filming ''[[The Fugitive (1993 film)|The Fugitive]]'') briefly reprized the role of Jones in a [[cameo]] appearance.

During the [[1960s]], the ceremony of assenting by Commission was discontinued. In [[1960]], the Gentleman Usher of the [[Black Rod]] arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate; several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in [[1965]]; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the [[Royal Assent Act 1967]] was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of the Royal Assent.

The upcoming [[Indiana Jones 4|fourth Indiana Jones movie]] is in an advanced stage of pre-production, and is scheduled to be filmed in [[June 2007]] for a [[May 22]], [[2008]] release.<ref>[http://www.cinemafusion.com/index.php?/weblog/comments/official_indy_4_release_date_may_22_2008/ Cinema Fusion]</ref>

Thus, the granting of Assent by the monarch in person, or Commission is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.

===Video Games===

Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, Royal Assent can be granted by the Sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each House of Parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the House, acquainting each House that the Royal Assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of Royal Assent by the Sovereign in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both Houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of Royal Assent. The standard text of the Letters Patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992 [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1992/Uksi_19921730_en_1.htm], with minor amendments in 2000.

The character has appeared in several officially licensed video games, beginning with adaptations of [[Raiders of the Lost Ark (Atari 2600)|''Raiders of the lost Ark'' for the Atari 2600]], ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', and two adaptations of ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure|Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' - one action oriented, one with a more overt adventure bias.

Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with ''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'', and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]''. Development was headed up by [[Hal Barwood]], and each game starred [[Doug Lee (voice actor)|Doug Lee]] as the voice of Indiana Jones.

No law has been assented to by the monarch in person since the reign of Queen Victoria. However, formally, this still remains the standard method, a fact that is revealled by the wording of the Letters Patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners, and by the wording of the Letters Patent for the granting of the Royal Assent in writing under the 1967 Act. (''"... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent..."'').

A [[Indiana Jones 2007|new ''Indiana Jones'' video game]] is in development by [[LucasArts]], and is expected to coincide with the release of the upcoming fourth film.[http://lucasarts.com/games/indianajones/]

The traditional ceremony whereby the Lords Commissioners declare Assent in the presence of both Houses is still followed once at the end of each Parliamentary session. The procedure adopted in 1967 is followed in most cases.

==Fictional character biography==

When the Act is assented by the Sovereign in person, or by Royal Commissioners empowered by him, Royal Assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both Houses jointly assembled. When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act, 1967 is followed, Assent is considered granted after the presiding officers of both Houses, having received the Letters Patent from the monarch signifying the Assent, notify their respective House of the grant of Royal Assent. Thus, if each presiding officer makes the announcement at a different time (for instance because one House is not sitting on a certain date), assent is regarded as granted when the second announcement is made. This is relevant because, under British Law, unless there is any provision to the contrary, an Act takes effect on the date in which it receives Royal Assent, and that date is not regarded as being the date when the Letters Patent are signed, or when they are delivered to the presiding officers of each House, but the date in which both Houses have been formally acquainted of the conferral of Assent to the Act.

Indiana Jones is an [[archaeologist]] who divides his time between teaching at prestigious [[colleges]] and [[universities]], and field work - generally involving the "obtaining of rare [[Artifact (archaeology)|antiquities]]". Jones's activities often involve some personal risk, in some cases originating from rivals attempting to secure the same item. Advocating that "X never marks the spot", Jones is a strong believer in the value of painstaking research; however, he is also well known for occasionally taking shortcuts where necessary.

While his main area of expertise is archaeology, his secondary specialization is [[linguistics]]. He speaks a total of 27 languages to greater or lesser degrees, including [[Ancient Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[American Sign Language]].{{fact|date=May 2007}}

Independently of the method used to signify the Royal Assent, it is always the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once it has been duly notified to both Houses, not only to endorse the Act with the formal Norman French formula, but also to certify that the Assent has been granted, signing one authentic copy of the Bill that has just become an Act, and inserting in this copy, between the text of the enacting clause and the first section of the Act, the date when the Royal Assent was notified to both Houses.

Jones believes that archaeology is the "search for fact - not truth" - as opposed to [[philosophy]].

When the Act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula (should the endorsement have been made in writing), but the date inserted by him as being the date when Royal Assent notified is printed in brackets.

''(Note : - the events in this timeline are drawn only from officially licensed media released or developed directly by [[LucasFilm]] or [[LucasArts]]. Novels, comics, and other ''[[expanded universe]]'' materials are not included, unless officially accepted as canon. Unless otherwise noted, events are sourced from The [[Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]])''<ref>{{cite news | title = Official Indiana Jones character timeline | publisher = Lucasfilm | date = 2007-01-23 | url = http://www.indianajones.com/marshall/character/indianajones/ | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Unofficial Indiana Jones character timeline, including [[Expanded Universe]] | publisher = www.theraider.net| date = 2007-01-23 | url = http://www.theraider.net/information/timeline/index.php | accessdate = 2007-01-23}}</ref>

===Scotland===

Royal Assent is the final stage in the legislative process for Acts of the [[Scottish Parliament]]. The process is governed by sections 28, 32 and 33 of the [[Scotland Act 1998]]. After a Bill has been passed, the [[Presiding Officer]] submits it to Her Majesty for Royal Assent, but only after a four-week period during which the [[Advocate General for Scotland]], the [[Lord Advocate]] or the [[Attorney General]] may refer the Bill to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] for review of its legality.

===''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles''===

Royal Assent is signified by Letters Patent under the [[Great Seal of Scotland]], the form of which has been specified in [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/19990737.htm The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999]. Notice is published in the London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes.

Indiana Jones was born Henry Jones Jr. to [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born [[professor]] of [[Medieval literature]] Dr. [[Henry Jones Sr.]] and his wife Anna Lauren Jones on [[July 1]] [[1899]], in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. His birth certificate shows the address of 10 Creighton Avenue, Princeton, NJ. Although his father calls him "Junior," Henry Jr. adopts the name of his beloved [[malamute]] [[dog]] "Indiana", insisting he be referred to as "''Indiana'' Jones" ("Indy" for short). It is unclear exactly when this decision is made - however, he was already being referred to as ''Indy'' by his peers at the age of 13.[http://www.theraider.net/information/timeline/childhood.php]

[[Image:Corey Carrier.jpg|left|thumb|Corey Carrier as 9 year old Indiana Jones.]]

==Commonwealth==

In [[1908]], Henry Jones Sr. embarks on a lecture tour around the world together with his wife and then 9 year old son. Numerous adventures ensue for the young Indiana Jones, including following an underground railroad in the Carolinas, meeting [[T.E. Lawrence]] in [[Cairo]], archaeologist [[Howard Carter]] in the [[Valley of Kings]], [[Princess Sophie von Hohenberg|Princess Sophie]] (daughter of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]) in [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] in [[Russia]], and visiting [[Nairobi]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Paris]], and [[Florence]].

In Commonwealth Realms besides the UK, the Royal Assent is granted or withheld by the Governor-General, the representative of the Sovereign. Similarly, in these Realms' states, provinces or territories, Assent is granted or withheld by the [[Governor]] or [[Lieutenant Governor]]. In [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] the Governor or Lieutenant Governor grants the Royal Assent. The Sovereign's representative may ''reserve'' a bill for the Sovereign's pleasure, that is to say, allow the Sovereign to make a personal decision on the bill. A Governor or Lieutenant Governor of a subnational entity may similarly defer to the Governor-General (who may in turn defer to the Sovereign). The Sovereign has the power to ''disallow'' a bill (usually within a specific time limit) that has received the Royal Assent from one of his or her representatives.

[[Image:Indiana Jones and the Cross of Coronado.jpg|right|thumb|A 13 year old Jones played by [[River Phoenix]] holding the [[Cross of Coronado]].]] In 1912, Jones is a [[Life Scout]] with the [[Boy Scouts of America]] in [[Utah]]. In April of that year, Indiana's mother Anna Jones contracts [[Scarlet fever]] and dies. Shortly after her death, Jones (whilst on a Boy Scout trip) attempts to secure the [[Cross of Coronado]] from thieves (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''). This incident forms the 'origin' of many of Jones's personal trademarks; one of the villains can clearly be seen as the inspiration for later costume choices, Indy first attempts the use of the [[bullwhip]] (receiving a small scar on the chin that would stay with him to adulthood), and he is given his first [[Fedora (hat)|fedora]]. It is also during this incident that he first develops a strong fear of snakes. Three years later, Jones (at the urging of his father) enrolls at [[Princeton University]]. During a [[spring break]] trip to [[Mexico]], he is kidnapped by Mexican revolutionaries and reluctantly plays a part in the [[Mexican Revolution]], under [[Pancho Villa]]. When he leaves Mexico, he travels to [[Ireland]], then England, and finally [[Belgium]] where he joins the [[Belgian Army]].

The Lieutenant Governors of [[Crown dependency|Crown dependencies]] do not grant the Royal Assent. Instead, the Sovereign directly grants the Royal Assent with Orders-in-Council (i.e., orders made during sessions of the [[Privy Council]]). The [[Isle of Man]] is an exception; the Lieutenant Governor grants the Royal Assent to most bills, but some important bills are approved by the Sovereign directly.

He joins the [[Western Front (WWI)|Western Front]], participating in the [[Battle of the Somme]]. During a [[Germany|German]] attack, he is taken prisoner. With the assistance of [[Charles de Gaulle]], he manages to escape and is assigned to the [[France|French]] army as a courier. He is sent to [[Africa]] and [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a [[lieutenant]]. His inability to read a [[map]] causes him to lose his intended unit, and he instead joins the historic [[25th Royal Fusiliers]] of the [[British Army]], commanded by [[Frederick Selous]] - a team collectively known as "The Old and the Bold". Amongst other missions, the team destroys a German train-mounted cannon, and briefly kidnap the German military genius [[Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck]]. During his stay in Africa, Jones becomes ill, and is treated by [[Albert Schweitzer]] (in the process meeting [[Barthélémy Bouganda]]). Shortly after his recovery, he is transferred back to the [[French Army]] and assigned a position as an [[spy|intelligence officer]]. Jones worked for [[French Intelligence]] for the remainder of the [[First World War]], going on undercover intelligence missions to [[Austria]], [[Barcelona]], [[Russia]], [[Prague]], [[Turkey]], [[Romania]], [[Italy]], and [[Istanbul]].

As in the United Kingdom, Royal Assent is by convention never withheld, both in the independent Commonwealth Realms and in British Crown colonies and dependencies. In some cases, when a royal visit to a Commonwealth Realm is pending, Assent may be reserved so that the Sovereign may grant it in person.

[[Image:YoungIndianaJones.jpg|thumb|right|Sean Patrick Flanery as young Indiana Jones.]]

===Historical development===

Shortly after the end of the war (in [[1919]]), Jones embarks on an expedition to retrieve the [[Eye Of The Peacock]], a large [[diamond]] once owned by [[Alexander The Great]], traveling through [[Alexandria]] and [[Java]], eventually arriving in the [[South China Seas]]. Unable to recover the diamond, he returns to France and takes a position as a [[translator]] at the [[Paris Peace Conference]], becoming involved in the production of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], once again meeting [[T.E. Lawrence]]. He then returns to [[Chicago]], where he earns an [[undergraduate degree]] in archaeology, takes up the [[soprano saxophone]], and briefly works as a stuntman on an early [[John Ford]] [[Western (genre)|western]].

While the Royal Assent has not been withheld in Great Britain (and in the United Kingdom) since [[1708]], it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by Governors acting on royal instructions. In the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] ([[1776]]), colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] were granted [[responsible government]], the British Government continued to advise Governors-General on the granting of Assent. Assent was sometimes reserved in order to allow the British Government to examine a bill before advising the Governor-General.

After completing his studies, he enrolls in a [[linguistics]] graduate program at the [[Sorbonne]] where first meets [[France|French]] archaeologist [[Rene Belloq]], a student studying for his [[Master's degree]] in archaeology. Belloq manages to win the Archaeological Society Prize with a paper on [[stratigraphy]], the majority of which was plagiarized from Jones' work. After completing his graduate program, Jones is hired for his first [[professor]]ial post at [[London University]]. The head of the university's archaeology department, Joanna Campbell, invites Jones to a dig in [[Whithorn]], [[Scotland]], on an expedition to investigate the legend of [[Merlin]]. There meets his future wife, Campbell's daughter Dierdre. Their marriage was cut short when she was killed in a plane crash during an expedition to [[Brazil]] in April of 1926.

Since the [[1920s]], Governors-General have acted solely on the advice of the local ministers, rather than on that of the British Government. As in the United Kingdom, the ministers generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills; therefore, they are unlikely to advise the Sovereign's representative to withhold Assent.

Jones begins studying post-graduate [[archaeology]] at the [[University of Chicago]] under Professor Abner Ravenwood, also entering into a romantic relationship with the Professor's young daughter [[Marion Ravenwood|Marion]]. For reasons which are not documented, Jones leaves the Ravenwoods in approximately 1926, leading to a rift with Marion and his former mentor. After completing his [[Ph.D.]] in archaeology, Jones begins operating under the [[patron]]age of [[Marcus Brody]] (a friend of Jones's father who, in conjunction with prestigious [[museums]], funds archaeological expeditions and digs), and begins a regular post teaching [[Archaeology]] at Marshall College in [[Connecticut]]. (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

The power to withhold the Royal Assent was notably exercised by [[Alberta]]'s Lieutenant Governor, [[John C. Bowen]], in [[1937]], in respect of three bills passed under [[William Aberhart]]'s [[Social Credit]] Government. Two bills sought to put [[bank]]s under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] and by the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]].

[[Image:Indiana Jones 2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Harrison Ford as Jones in his Professorial role.]]

A technical issue arose with the Royal Assent in Australia in 1976 and 2001. In 1976 a bill originated in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] which had not been passed by both Houses was mistakenly forwarded to the Governor-General and assented to. There was confusion because two bills of the same title had originated in the House. When the error was discovered the Governor-General revoked the purported assent and assented to the bill which had actually passed. A similar procedure was followed to correct an error in a House bill in 2001.

In [[1935]], Jones journeys to Ceylon (now known as [[Sri Lanka]]) to retrieve the idol of Kouru Watu, in the process meeting [[Nazi]] Albrecht Von Beck for the first time. Following his return to America, he is retained by the [[Chinese government]] to recover a mystical gem named [[The Heart of the Dragon]] from the ancient tomb of a Chinese emperor. (''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'')

Scholars have discussed circumstances under which the use of the power would be justified, for example in the context of [[Quebec Sovereignism]]. Some legal scholars have suggested that the Lieutenant Governor of [[Quebec]] would be justified in withholding Assent from a bill that would separate the province from the remainder of Canada.

===CeremonyFeature films===

Immediately following these events, Jones travels to [[Shanghai]], where he is hired by the gangster [[Lao Che (character)|Lao Che]] to retrieve an artifact: an urn containing the remains of the emperor [[Nurhaci]]. Jones agrees to locate and recover the urn, in return for the Eye Of The Peacock, which has somehow come into Che's possession. He manages to retrieve the remains, and meets Che in a Shanghai club to perform the exchange. However, he is [[double cross]]ed and barely escapes with nightclub singer [[Willie Scott]] and his accomplice, a local boy named [[Short Round]]. Fleeing Lao Che, the group arrive in [[India]], where a group of villagers gets him to recover the [[Sankara Stones]] from the [[Thuggee]] (followers of the [[cult]] of [[Kali]]) (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'').

In Commonwealth Realms, Assent may be granted by the Sovereign in person, by the Governor-General in person, or by a deputy acting for the Governor-General. In all of the Realms, however, Assent is more often granted or signified outside the legislature, with each House being notified separately.

In [[1936]], he travels to [[Peru]], to retrieve a golden [[Hovito Idol]] - however he is thwarted by his long time nemesis, archaeologist [[Rene Belloq]]. Upon his return to Marshall College, he is contracted by the [[United States]] [[government]] to retrieve the [[Ark of the Covenant]] before the [[Nazi]]s, who are at this time rising in power in [[Germany]]. Jones travels to [[Nepal]] to retrieve the Headpiece to the Staff of Ra - an artifact said to be capable of showing the final resting place of the Ark. In Nepal he once again meets [[Marion Ravenwood]], who is running a bar named ''The Raven''. After Marion's bar is destroyed by a team of [[Nazi]]s, the duo enter into a partnership to retrieve the Ark before the Nazis. (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

In [[Australia]], the formal ceremony of granting Assent in Parliament has not been regularly used since the early twentieth century. Now, the bill is sent to the Governor-General's residence by the House in which it originated. The Governor-General then signs the bill, sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who notify their respective Houses of the Governor-General's action. A similar practice is followed in [[New Zealand]], where the Governor-General has not personally granted the Royal Assent in Parliament since [[1875]].

In [[1938]], Jones manages to recover the [[Cross of Coronado]] during a field trip to the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coast - upon his return donating the artifact to [[Marcus Brody]] for museum display. Shortly after these events, he is contacted by [[Walter Donovan]] regarding the abduction of Jones' father by the [[Nazi]]s. Working with [[Austria]]n [[historian]] Dr. [[Elsa Schneider]], Jones manages to rescue his father from custody, and (together with [[Marcus Brody]]) they attempt to retrieve the [[Holy Grail]] before Donovan, Schneider and an [[SS]] officer named [[Colonel Vogel]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'').

[[Image:Canada senate chairs.jpg|thumb|250px|In Canada, the Royal Assent was until recently always granted in the Senate Chamber.]]

In [[Canada]], the traditional ceremony for granting Assent in Parliament was regularly used until the twenty-first century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth Realms. Under the [[Royal Assent Act]] ([[2002]]), however, the alternative practice of granting Assent in writing, with each House being notified separately, was introduced. As the Act provides, the Royal Assent is signified in the [[Canadian Senate|Senate]] Chamber at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for the first non-appropriation measure passed. (But the Act provides that a grant of Royal Assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.) Assent may be granted in the Senate Chamber by the Governor General, or, more often, by a Deputy (usually a Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]]). Where the Governor General is present during a Royal Assent ceremony, he or she occupies the Throne, with his or her spouse on the side. A Deputy, however, does not occupy the Throne, instead employing the chair in front, which is normally used by the Speaker of the Senate (''see adjacent image'').

In May of [[1939]], Jones, following a visit by agents of the [[Third Reich]], discovers that the [[Nazi]]s plan to harness the power of [[Orichalcum]]. He collaborates with former pupil [[Sophia Hapgood]] in a quest to disrupt the [[Fuhrer]]'s plans, in the process locating the lost [[continent]] of [[Atlantis]] (''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'').

In the Isle of Man, a British Crown dependency, the Lieutenant Governor regularly grants the Royal Assent to bills passed by the [[Tynwald]] (the Manx legislature) without any special ceremony. Even after being granted the Royal Assent, however, the bill ceases to have effect within eighteen months of passage unless promulgated. A special promulgation ceremony is held each year on [[Tynwald Day]] ([[July 5]]). Members of the Tynwald assemble for a religious service at the Royal Chapel, and then proceed to Tynwald Hill, where the Acts are officially promulgated by two Deemsters (or judges), who read aloud the titles of the Acts in both [[Manx language|Manx]] and [[English language|English]]. The Tynwald then reconvenes in the Royal Chapel, where the promulgation is certified.

[[Image:Mo 37.jpeg|thumb|right|199px|Harrison Ford, in a cameo for an episode of ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'', set in 1951.]]

====New Zealand====

In New Zealand section 16 of the [[Constitution Act 1986 (NZ)|Constitution Act 1986]] states how royal assent is given: "A Bill passed by the House of Representatives shall become law when the Sovereign or the Governor-General assents to it and signs it in token of such assent". This act also states in section 3 that royal assent can be given by the Queen in person or the Governor General on behalf of the Queen.

In [[1947]], while on an archaeological dig in [[Utah]], he is retained by the recently formed [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to investigate unusual activity in [[Kazakhstan]]. Jones discovers that rogue agents of the [[Soviet Union]], led by [[physicist]] [[Gennadi Volodnikov]], are searching for ancient [[relic]]s that form the mechanism of the [[Babylon]]ian Infernal Machine - originally housed in the [[biblical]] [[Tower of Babel]]. Jones, aided once more by [[Sophia Hapgood]], attempts to recover the artifacts before the Soviets (''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'').

''See also'': [[New Zealand constitution|Constitution of New Zealand]]

==Other countriesArtifacts==

* Idol of Kouru Watu (''[[Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb]]'')

Other nations usually have a process whereby laws are [[promulgation|promulgated]]. In [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] states that are not Realms, the phrase "Assent" is usually employed. As in the United Kingdom, the grant of Assent by the head of state is usually a ceremonial procedure. In the [[United States]] and most other [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]s, the President "signs bills into law"; the power may trace its roots to the British concept of the Royal Assent, but is substantive rather than ceremonial, as the president also has the option to [[Veto#United States|veto]] bills. In most other nations, the head of state "sanctions" or "promulgates" the law.

* [[The Heart of the Dragon]] (''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'')

* [[Nurhaci]]'s Ashes (''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'')

* [[Sankara Stones]] (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'')

* [[Hovito Idol]] (''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'')

* [[Ark of the Covenant]] (''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')

* Cross of Coronado (''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'')

* [[Holy Grail]] (''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'')

* [[Atlantis]] (''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'')

* Infernal Machine (''[[Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine]]'')

==Unclear canonicity==

In many monarchies, such as [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Japan]], the monarch is responsible for promulgating laws. In other monarchies, such as the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], the Government officially promulgates laws. In both cases, however, the process is usually ceremonial, whether by constitutional convention or by an explicit provision of the Constitution.

As seen in the original versions of 'The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles', Jones (in [[1993]], at the age of 94) lives in [[New York City]], and has a daughter and several grandchildren. The exact age of the daughter is not explicitly mentioned; however given her appearance it seems reasonable to place her between 30 and 40 years old. For a [[1999]] video release, George Lucas opted to completely remove George Hall's bookend sections from 'The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles', and consequently their [[canon (fiction)|canon]]icity (and that of Jones' daughter and grandchildren) has become unclear.

As is often the case with expanded franchises, many of Indiana Jones's adventures within his ''[[expanded universe]]'' contradict the LucasFilm/LucasArts canon. The novel ''Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs'' states that Jones meets the smuggler Wu Han in 1933 - however it is later established in the videogame ''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'' that he meets the character in 1935.

In Belgium the '''''sanction royale''''' has the same legal effect as Royal Assent. The government is responsible if the King refuses the royal sanction. The King promulgates the law. This means the King formally publishes the law and orders that it be executed. In 1990, when King [[Baudouin of Belgium|Baudouin]] advised the government he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalizing [[abortion]], the [[Council of Ministers]] declared him incapable of exercising his powers at his own request. The bill was then assented to by all members of the council on the King's behalf. Both houses of Parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.

== Influence on popular culture ==

The only European monarchy that actually allows the monarch to withhold Royal Assent of his or her own will is [[Liechtenstein]]. When [[Prince Hans Adam II]], in an unprecedented move for the constitutional monarchy, refused to give Royal Assent to a bill legalising abortion, he pushed for a bill to give him sweeping powers in the government beyond only ceremonial matters, including the power to appoint judges. Though in a moment of pique, he had once quipped that he would sell the country to [[Bill Gates]] and rename it ''[[Microsoft]]'', he did seriously threaten to move to [[Austria]] with the Royal Family. The bill did pass, and the Prince now has many additional powers, including the power to withhold Royal Assent on his own accord.

Whilst himself arguably a [[pastiche]] of various prior [[adventurers]], the character can also be seen as a forerunner to (or in some cases direct influence on) other more recent fictional adventurers of a similar nature. These include:

* [[Lara Croft]], the self-styled [[Tomb Raider]] of the eponymous franchise

* Jack Colton, a [[mercenary]] and treasure-hunter seen in ''[[Romancing The Stone]]''

* Ben Gates, a [[cryptologist]] featured in the 2004 film ''[[National Treasure (film)|National Treasure]]''

* [[Symbology]] professor [[Robert Langdon]], protagonist of the novel and film ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''

* [[Rick O'Connell]], an adventurer and treasure-hunter seen in the 1999 film ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''.

* The latter-day adventures of [[Dirk Pitt]], Special Projects Director of NUMA (the [[National Underwater and Marine Agency]])

* Sydney Fox, a female archaeologist and [[martial arts]] expert, star of the television series ''[[Relic Hunter]]''

* Johnny Thunder, an adventurer and archaeologist from the [[Lego Adventurers]] building toy theme.

* The "Cliffhangers" series of stories in the online comic strip ''[[Irregular Webcomic!]]''. This includes a spoof of Indiana Jones, (Montana Jones, North Dakota Jones, and Minnesota Jones )

The character of Indiana Jones has been directly referenced by several video game characters , such as : -

* Alabama Smith, protagonist of the ''[[Paganitzu]]'' computer game series

* [[Rick Dangerous]], as featured in the eponymous video game by [[Core Design]]

Various Indiana Jones references have found their way into popular culture:

* Numerous references in ''[[The Simpsons]]''; most notably in the episode "[[Bart's Friend Falls in Love]]", in which Bart recreates the opening sequence of ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', with Homer doubling as both the angry Hovitos and the huge boulder.<ref name="SimpsonsParody">"[http://www.theindyexperience.com/zip_file_archive/simpsons_chase_video.zip] [[Simpsons]] parody of ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', featuring [[Bart Simpson]] as Indiana Jones." January 23, 2007.</ref>

*In the Simpsons episode ''[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]'', in which the Nuclear plant is outsourced to [[India]], [[Mr Burns]] refers to a dinner engagement, where the main meal is 'scooped out monkey head' (a reference to ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'').

* A short parody near the beginning of ''[[The Rugrats Movie]]'', featuring a rolling boulder and the iconic theme. [[Tommy Pickles|Tommy]] calls himself 'Okey Dokey Jones', and carries a bullwhip (although [[Chuckie]] is dressed more like Jones with a Fedora hat, brown leather jacket, brown shoes, and bag)

* Another parody character was ''Mississippi Smith'', who had a cameo role in ''[[Aaahh!!! Real Monsters]]''

* In the opening sequence to the film ''[[UHF (film)|UHF]]'', [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] parodies the opening scene from the first movie

* In an episode of the [[NBC]] television show ''[[Friends]]'' ("[[The One with the Cooking Class]]"), [[Ross Geller]], a [[paleontologist]], is compared to Indiana Jones by a potential girlfriend - much to his delight: '''''Katie:''' A paleontologist who works out... you're like Indiana Jones.'' '''''Ross:''' ...I '''am''' like Indiana Jones!''

* In the popular online game ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' (during the [[Instance (World of Warcraft)|instance]] known as ''Uldaman'') the player encounters a quest for a staff and an amulet, which must be combined and placed within a miniature city (echoing the scene from ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'')[http://www.eeggs.com/items/47546.html].

* In the 2006 movie ''[[Pirates of the Carribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'', [[Captain Jack Sparrow]] (in a homage to a similar scene in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' involving Jones's Revolver) is shown trying to draw his [[sword]], pausing for a moment as he realizes it is not there, then grinning sheepishly before the action continues. Also, on Cannibal Island in Dead Man's Chest, Captain Jack Sparrow running down the beach away from the Pelegostos giving chase appears to be an homage to Indy running from the Hovitos in Raiders of the Lost Ark, including a shot where for one moment the crowd appears closer to him than shown in the rest of the chase.

* Indiana Jones makes an appearance in the [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] movie ''[[Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny]]'', where he trips a [[zombie]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] with his bullwhip, and attempts to shoot [[Godzilla]] (only to realize, in a tribute to ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', that his revolver is missing). He is later defeated by a kick to the [[groin]], delivered by [[Chuck Norris]].

*The TV series [[Family Guy]] has several scenes in several episodes parodying or paying homage to Indiana Jones. One is a parody of the Raiders scene where Indy is attempting to remove an idol and replace it with a bag of sand, and whilst preparing, Ralph Kramden shouts, " WILL YOU JUST PICK IT UP ALREADY?! ". Also, in order to find his black book, Peter goes into the attic and uses a stick and an amulet to focus sun beams at the ___location of the book. In the famous Peter vs. Chicken fight in the episode '[[Da Boom]]', the eponymous chicken is eventually killed in a manner identical to (even mimicking the sequence shot for shot) the German in ''Raiders'': minced by a flying wing propeller. Also, in an episode in which Peter and his son Stewie go to a Disney Park, they steal disguises from the Indiana Jones ride, Peter dressed as Indy and Stewie as Short Round from The Temple of Doom. Stewie also portrays Short Round in one of the "quick-cut" scenes in which he accidentally triggers a trap and then remarks; "Lady only here cause she doing director."

*In another episode of [[The Simpsons]], the character 'Snake' appears wearing a similar outfit to Jones (complete with hat, jacket, and bag full of gold coins) stating that he is an archaeologist.

* Chip from the 1989 Disney cartoon series [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]], appears wearing a fedora as part of his costume, the rest of his outfit resembles Jones's, but only in color as the jacket appears to be sheepskin, not leather.

* [[Kevin Smith]] has referenced Indiana Jones several times in his films, most memorably in ''[[Dogma]]'' where [[Silent Bob]] hurls antagonists Bartleby and Loki from a moving train, only to turn to the other passengers and 'explain' "No ticket!", a homage to the sequence in ''The Last Crusade'' where Indy throws Colonel Vogel from the Zeppelin's window with the same 'explanation' to the Zeppelin's passengers. Smith has also included minor references, such as [[Randal Graves]]'s "No time for love, Dr. Jones!", a quote from ''Temple Of Doom''.

* [[Muppet Babies]] made reference to Indiana Jones, namely when Baby Kermit would imagine himself as "Indiana Frog" with the same fedora, leather jacket and whip. One particular episode had the Muppet Babies searching for Baby Animal and overcoming their fear of the basement, believing it to be the Temple of Doom, in which they were trapped by Mola Ram and saved by Indiana Frog. Live action footage of the film combined with their adventures, namely the mine car chase scenes.

* Indiana Jones also appeared in posters promoting the [[public library]]. In one particular poster he is using his bullwhip to snag on to a branch in order to avoid a poisonous snake, and he is firmly holding library books in the other hand. The poster tells children the importance of bringing back their library books on time, with the words "Return the Adventure!" written in same style lettering on the film posters.

* [[ALF Tales]] spoofed "The Last Crusade" in an episode parodying the tale of [[King Midas]]. ALF is dressed as Indiana Jones, who is hired by King Midas (who has transformed his family into gold) to find the Holy Grail as it has the power to return them to normal. ALF is assisted by his girlfriend Rhonda who is an expert on the Grail. Several scenes are referenced, such as Indy's fear of snakes, which Rhonda tells him not to imagine them as snakes (ALF succeeds at somehow having them transform into cows, which Rhonda claims she is terrified of), or having to select the true Grail from a selection of several. (In this case, the True Grail is a coffee mug which reads "Bud's Donuts").

* [[Malcolm in the Middle]] spoofed Indiana Jones running from the boulder in the Season 4 Episode 13 "Stereo Store". Hal has a choice to stay and help close up the store with the boss or go party with his much younger, slacker co-workers. When he chooses to go party his boss hits the button that makes the metal security gate begin to close. Hal sees the security gate begin to drop and tries to beat it. While making a run for the door a cup of pencils gets knocked over into the fan making them projectiles that just narrowly miss Hal, much like darts when Indiana Jones is escaping the room with the golden idol. The door continues to close and a beach ball starts rolling after Hal. He looks back at it, screams and begins to run faster. He narrowly slides under the gate and reaches back under the gate at the last minute to grab his keys, similar to when Indy rolls under the door and reaches back to grab his whip. All the while the "Raiders March" music plays in the background.

* In the game [[Discworld (video game)|Discworld]], the main character [[Rincewind]] parodies the sand bag change from Raiders of the Lost Ark in a puzzle, he is then chased out of the cave by a boulder which eventually turns out to be a tiny pebble that was zoomed upon.

* At one point in [[Matthew Reilly]]'s [[Seven Deadly Wonders]], the characters are at the bottom of a ramp with a pipe at the top (inside a booby-trapped temple). When a rumbling comes from the pipe, one of them remarks, "Let me guess. A boulder is going to roll out of there and chase us down, just like in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''."

* Sometimes, in the video game [[Lego Star Wars II]], if the character of Wedge Antilles had had his blaster holstered for a while, when you tried to draw it, you would draw nothing but air, then he would check his other hip, find it there, and finally draw it, a possible homage to the scene from ''Temple of Doom''.

* In Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls there is a shot similar to the escape by Indiana from the Hovitos, where Ace is running across a grass plain with the Wachutu Tribe following behind him.

* In the video game [[GTA: Vice City]], in the mission Dildo DoDo you have to fly a water plane used in an "old Indy movie". This is referring to the water plane used in the first of the Indiana Jones movies, Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark.

* The video game [[Quackshot]], starring [[Donald Duck]] has several references to Indiana Jones, including the logo, clothing and scenes from the movie.

== DVD release ==

=== The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ===

As detailed in the revised and updated edition of the book ''George Lucas: The Creative Impulse'' (by [[Charles Champlin]]), Lucas has been working for some time on drastically re-editing and restructuring the show for a [[DVD]] release. According to a statement by series producer [[Rick McCallum]] of [[Lucasfilm]], this work has been 'ramped up' in order for a boxset release to tie in with the theatrical debut of the as-yet-untitled fourth movie. Amongst other extras, the discs will include approximately 100 new historical featurettes, now in production. Major structural changes are alleged to have been made to the show, including the complete removal of the 93 year old Jones 'bookend' sections, extensive re-shoots, and removal of complete episodes for better historical continuity.

=== Feature films ===

[[Image:IndyDVD's.jpg|thumb|right|The 2003 DVD release of the feature films.]]

Chapters 23&ndash;25 of the Indiana Jones series (''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', ''Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark'' and ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', respectively) were released on DVD as a boxed set of all three films (complete with a fourth disc of bonus materials) in 2003.

'''Features'''

* Available Subtitles (US edition): English, Spanish, French

* Available Audio Tracks (US edition): English (Dolby Digital 5.1), Spanish (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround), French (Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround)

* Contains all three films in their original format (2.35:1 anamorphic widescreen aspect ratio or in Pan and Scan format), restored and digitally remastered by [[Lowry Digital Images]]

'''Bonus disc features'''

* A new, feature-length documentary of the making of the trilogy

* From the Lucasfilm Archives:

** ''The Stunts of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Sound of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Music of Indiana Jones''

** ''The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones''

* Original trailers

* A behind-the-scenes look at Harrison Ford getting into character, both mentally and physically

* Weblink to exclusive content including dozens of behind-the-scenes photos, an animatic sequence and a PC game preview

==References==

{{reflist}}

*"Act of Parliament." (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

* Fleurier, Nicolas, ''James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures'', Histoire & Collections, 2006.

*[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/lareyne.pdf Bond, M. F. (1956). "La Reyne le Veult: The making and keeping of Acts at Westminster." In ''History Today.'' (Vol. 6, pp. 756&ndash;773).]

*[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/compso.htm Davies, M. (2003). ''Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords,'' 19th ed.]

== Cultural References ==

*[http://home.freeuk.com/don-aitken/EMaycontents.html Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron. (1896). ''The Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third 1760&ndash;1860,'' 11th ed. (Vol. 1). London: Longmans, Green and Co.]

* Satirical piece from McSweeney's Internet Tendency: "Back From Yet Another Globetrotting Adventure, Indiana Jones Checks His Mail and Discovers That His Bid for Tenure Has Been Denied." [http://www.mcsweeneys.net/2006/10/10bryan.html]

*[http://www.tynwald.org.im/tynwald/tynwald-at-st-johns.shtml The High Court of Tynwald. (2004). "Tynwald at St John's."]

*[http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/lt-gov/bowen.htm Legislative Assembly of Alberta. (2004). The Honourable John C. Bowen, 1937&ndash;50."]

==External links==

*"Parliament." (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

{{Wikiquote}}

*[http://www.parl.gc.ca/common/Bills_ls.asp?Parl=37&Ses=1&ls=S13 Robertson, J. R. (2001). "Bill S-13: The Royal Assent Act."]

* [http://www.indianajones.com IndianaJones.com] &mdash; the official Indiana Jones site

*[http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/R-8.6/99248.html Royal Assent Act. (2002, c. 15). Ottawa: The Queen's Printer.]

* [http://www.theraider.net TheRaider.net] &mdash; a major fan site of the series

*[http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/pubs/odgers/chap1224.htm Australian Senate Practice]

* [http://indianajones.wikicities.com The Indiana Jones Wiki]

* [http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/chronology_central/indiana_jones.cfm?wpid=183410 Chronology Central's Indiana Jones page] &mdash; site contains a chronological reading/viewing order listing for all of the Indiana Jones films, episodes, novels, comic books and video games in the Indiana Jones continuity.

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