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'''Minicomputer''' (colloquially, '''mini''') is a largely obsolete term for a class of multi-user [[computer]]s which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest [[multi-user systems]] (traditionally, [[mainframe computer]]s) and the smallest single-user systems ([[microcomputer]]s or [[personal computers]]). More modern terms for such machines include [[IBM midrange computer|midrange systems]] (common in [[IBM]] parlance), [[computer workstation|workstation]]s (common in [[Sun Microsystems]] and general [[Unix|UNIX]]/[[Linux]] parlance), and [[Server (computing)|server]]s.
{{infobox University
|name= The University of Michigan
|image_name= Umichigan color seal.gif
|motto= ''Artes, Scientia, Veritas''<br />([[Latin language|Latin]] for "arts, science, truth")
|endowment= [[United States dollar|$]]5.65 billion
|budget (2007)= [[United States dollar|$]]4.9 billion
|president= [[Mary Sue Coleman|Mary Sue Coleman]]
|established= 1817
|type= [[Public university|Public]]<br />[[Sea Grant Colleges|Sea-grant]]<br />[[Space grant colleges|Space-grant]]
|staff=
|faculty= 6,238
|students= 40,025
|undergrad= 25,555
|postgrad= 14,470
|colors= Maize and Blue
<span style="background-color:#FFD700;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000"> </span> <span style="background-color:#000080;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000"> </span>
|city= [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
|country= [[United States of America|USA]]
|campus= 3,176 [[acre]]s (12.86 [[kilometre|km²]])<br>[[Summation|Total]]: 20,965 acres (84.84 km²), including arboretum
|free_label= Sports
|free= [[Michigan Wolverines|Wolverines]]
|website= [http://www.umich.edu www.umich.edu]
|logo= [[Image:Michigan_BlockM.jpg|100px|University of Michigan "Block M"]]
}}
The '''University of Michigan, Ann Arbor''' ('''UM''', '''U of M''' or '''U-M''') is a [[coeducation]]al [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]. Founded in 1817 about 20 years before the territory of Michigan officially became a state, the university moved to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] in 1837. Today, it is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan system.
==History==
In its 2007 edition, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked the undergraduate division 24th in the U.S., and in its last published survey in 1995 the [[United States National Research Council Rankings|The National Research Council]] ranked UM third in the U.S. in a study that spanned 41 graduate disciplines as to aggregate quality of graduate programs. The university has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university and one of the largest number of living alumni at 420,000.<ref name=alumni>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/index.php | title=About the Association | publisher=University of Michigan Alumni Association | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> UM also owns one of the most well-regarded academic medical centers in the United States, the [[University of Michigan Health System]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/honorroll.htm | title=America's Best Hospitals 2006: Honor Roll | year=2007 | publisher=US News and World Reports | accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> The university is also recognized for its history of [[student activism]] and its athletic teams, notably in [[American football|football]], [[men's basketball]] and [[ice hockey]].
===1960s: Origin; 1970s: Market entrenchment===
The term “minicomputer” evolved in the [[1960s]] to describe the “small” third generation computers that became possible with the use of [[transistor]] and [[core memory]] technologies. The term came in fashion about the same time as the [[miniskirt]] and [[mini]] cars. They usually took up one or a few cabinets the size of a large refrigerator or two, compared with [[mainframe computer|mainframes]] that would usually fill a room. The first successful minicomputer was [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]’s 12-bit [[PDP-8]], which cost from [[United States dollar|US$]]16,000 upwards when launched in [[1964]]. The important precursors of the PDP-8 include the PDP-5, [[LINC]], the [[TX-0]], the [[TX-2]], and the [[PDP-1]].
The [[7400 series]] of [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] [[integrated circuit]]s started appearing in minicomputers in the late [[1960]]s. The 74181 [[arithmetic-logic unit]] (ALU) was commonly used in the [[central processing unit|CPU]] data paths. Each 74181 had a bus width of four bits, hence the popularity of ''bit-slice'' architecture. The 7400 series offered data-selectors, [[multiplexer]]s, three-state buffers, memories, etc. in [[dual in-line package]]s with one-tenth inch spacing, making major system components and architecture evident to the naked eye. (Starting in the [[1980]]s, many minicomputers used [[VLSI]] circuits (Very Large Scale Integration), often making the hardware organization much less apparent.)
Despite being a public institution, the University of Michigan is known for its high student fees; tuition for out-of-state students is currently the most expensive in the country.<ref>{{cite web | author=Sahadi, Jeanne | date=October 28, 2005 | url=http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/27/pf/college/priciest_colleges/index.htm | title=The 10 most expensive colleges | publisher=CNN/Money | date=October 28, 2005 | accessdate=2005-02-21}}</ref> Also, though the university successfully affirmed before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] that consideration of [[race]] as a factor in admissions to universities was [[constitutionality|constitutional]] in 2003,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/affirm.html | title=University of Michigan Affirmative Action Lawsuit | date=February 12, 2003 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2006-12-29}}</ref> Michigan voters [[Michigan Civil Rights Initiative|approved restrictions]] on [[affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] in public universities and governmental hiring in November 2006. This forced UM to cease using race and gender as criteria for admissions.<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html | title=University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref>
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==History==
{{main|History of the University of Michigan}}
The University of Michigan was established in 1817 by the [[Michigan Territory]] legislature in [[Detroit]], on 1,920 acres (7.76 km²) ceded through the [[Treaty of Fort Meigs]] by the [[Chippewa]], [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]], and [[Potawatomi]] peoples. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it offered this land to the university when [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] was chosen as the state capital. The land in Detroit was sold, and the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. The original 40 acres became part of the current Central Campus.
As microcomputers developed in the [[1970s]] and [[1980s|80s]], minicomputers filled the mid-range area between low powered microcomputers and high capacity mainframes. At the time microcomputers were single-user, relatively simple machines running simple program-launcher operating systems like [[CPM operating system|CP/M]] or [[MS-DOS]], while minis were much more powerful systems that ran full multi-user, multitasking operating systems like [[OpenVMS|VMS]] and [[Unix]], often with [[time-sharing|timesharing]] versions of [[BASIC]] for application development ([[MAI Basic 4]] systems being very popular in that regard). The classical mini was a [[16-bit]] computer, while the emerging higher performance [[32-bit]] minis were often referred to as [[supermini]]s.
The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were [[American Civil War|Civil War]] veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870, making UM the first major university to do so (and the third college overall, after [[Oberlin College]] in 1833 and [[Lawrence University]] in 1847). James B. Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded UM's curriculum to include professional studies in [[dentistry]], [[architecture]], [[engineering]], [[government]], and [[medicine]]. UM also became the first American university to use the [[seminar]] method of study.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brubacher, John Seiler |title=Higher Education in Transition | year=July 1, 1997 | publisher=Transaction Publishers | pages=187|id=ISBN 1-56000-917-9}}</ref>
===Mid-1980s, 1990s: The minis give way to the micros===
[[Image:MichiganCentralCampusDiag.jpg|thumb|The Central Campus Diag, viewed from the Graduate Library, looking North.]]
The decline of the minis happened due to the lower cost of microprocessor based [[computer hardware|hardware]], the emergence of inexpensive and easily deployable [[local area network]] systems, and the desire of end-users to be less reliant on inflexible minicomputer manufacturers and IT departments/“data centers”—with the result that minicomputers and [[dumb terminal]]s were replaced by networked [[workstation]]s and [[IBM PC compatible|PC]]s in the latter half of the [[1980s]].
From 1900 to 1920 many new facilities were constructed on campus, including facilities for the dental and pharmacy programs, a chemistry building, a building for the natural sciences, [[Hill Auditorium]], large hospital and library complexes, and two residential halls. The university fortified its reputation for research in 1920 by reorganizing the College of Engineering and forming an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. During [[World War II]], UM's research grew to include [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] projects such as [[proximity fuze]]s, [[PT boat]]s, and [[radar jamming]]. By 1950, enrollment had reached 21,000, of whom 7,700 were veterans supported by the [[G.I. Bill]]. As the [[Cold War]] and the [[Space Race]] took hold, UM became a major recipient of government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for [[nuclear energy]]. At present, much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mmpei.umich.edu/about/ | title=MMPEI | year=2007 | publisher=Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>
During the [[1990s]] the change from minicomputers to inexpensive PC networks was cemented by the development of several versions of [[Unix]] to run on the [[Intel]] [[x86]] microprocessor [[computer architecture|architecture]], including [[Solaris Operating Environment|Solaris]], [[Linux]], [[FreeBSD]], [[NetBSD]] and [[OpenBSD]]. Also, the Microsoft Windows series of operating systems now includes server versions that support preemptive multitasking and other features required for servers, beginning with [[Windows NT]].
In the [[1960s]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] proposed the concept of what became the [[Peace Corps]] on the steps of Michigan Union. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s speech outlining his [[Great Society]] program also occurred at UM. Also during the 1960s, UM saw many protests by student groups. On [[March 24]], [[1964]], a group of UM faculty members and 2,500 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia. In response to a series of [[sit-in]]s in 1966 by ''Voice''–the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society–UM's administration banned sit-ins. This stimulated 1,500 students to conduct a further one-hour sit-in in the administration building.
As [[microprocessor]]s have become more powerful, [[central processing unit|CPUs]] built up from multiple components—once the distinguishing feature differentiating mainframes and midrange systems from microcomputers—have become increasingly obsolete, even in the largest [[mainframe computer]]s.
During the [[1970s]], severe budget constraints challenged the university's physical development; however, the [[1980s]] saw a surge in funds devoted to research in the social and physical sciences. Meanwhile, the university's involvement in the anti-missile [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] and investments in [[South Africa]] caused controversy on campus. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus.
[[Digital Equipment Corporation]] was the leading minicomputer manufacturer, at one time the 2nd largest computer company after [[IBM]]. But as the minicomputer declined in the face of generic UNIX servers and Intel based PCs, not only DEC, but almost every other minicomputer company including [[Data General]], [[Prime Computer|Prime]], [[Computervision]], [[Honeywell]] and [[Wang Computer]], many based in [[New England]] also collapsed. DEC was sold to Compaq in 1998.
In the early 2000s, UM also faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping [[tuition]] costs affordable. There were also disputes between UM's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.
===The minicomputer’s industrial impact and heritage===
In 2003, two lawsuits involving UM's [[affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] admissions policy reached the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] (''[[Grutter v. Bollinger]]'' and ''[[Gratz v. Bollinger]]''). President [[George W. Bush]] took the unusual step of publicly opposing the policy before the court issued a ruling. The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding. However, a point system was ruled as being unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the [[University of Michigan Law School|Law School]] admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy. The debate still continues, however, because in November of 2006 Michigan voters passed [[MCRI|proposal 2]], banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law race, gender, and national origin can no longer be consided in admissions.<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref> UM and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the passed proposal soon after that election, and this has allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the election results. The university has stated it plans to continue to challenge the ruling; in the meantime, the admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref>
Several pioneering computer companies first built minicomputers, such as DEC, [[Data General]], and [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard (HP)]] (who now refers to its HP3000 minicomputers as “servers” rather than “minicomputers”). And although today’s PCs and servers are clearly microcomputers physically, architecturally their CPUs and operating systems have evolved largely by integrating features from minicomputers.
In the software context, the relatively simple OSs for early minicomputers were usually inspired by minicomputer OSs (such as CP/M by RSTS) and multiuser OSs of today are often either inspired by or directly descended from minicomputer OSs (UNIX was originally a minicomputer OS)
The [[August 1]], [[2006]], publication of ''[[The Advocate]] College Guide for LGBT Students'' highlighted the University of Michigan as one of the 20 best campuses for [[LGBT]] students.<ref>{{cite web | author=Bruce C. Steele and Neal Broverman | url=http://www.advocate.com/currentstory1_w.asp?id=35308 | title=College Made Easy | publisher=The Advocate | year=August 29, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The guide acknowledged colleges and universities across the United States for making strides toward the advancement and integration of the LGBT community via a wide variety of student support groups, resources, events, policies, and other efforts to create an overall exceptional educational climate for these individuals.
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==Academic profile==
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[[Image:UMAngellHall.jpg|thumb|Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the major buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.]]
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The university has 25,555 [[undergraduate]] and 14,470 [[graduate student]]s in 600 academic programs, and each year about 5,400 new students are enrolled. Students come from all 50 [[U.S. state]]s and more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://admissions.umich.edu/prospective/index.html | title=Undergraduate Admissions - Prospective Students | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Admissions | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> 98% of the university's incoming class of 2006 earned a high school GPA of 3.0 and higher, while the middle 50% of the incoming class earned a high school GPA of 3.60 to 3.90.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_freshprof.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Freshman Class Profile | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=January 17, 2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_cds2005.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Common Data Set 2004-2005 (Page 11) | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=August 16, 2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The middle 50% of applicants reported an [[SAT]] score of about 1900-2160 and an [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] score of 27-31, with [[Advanced Placement Program|AP]] credit granted to over 3000 freshmen students.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://admissions.umich.edu/fastfacts.html | title=Undergraduate Admissions - Fast Facts | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Admissions | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> About 22% of newly-enrolled undergraduates and 25% of all undergraduates are members of ethnic [[minorities|minority groups]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_cds2005.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Common Data Set 2004-2005 (Page 11) | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=August 16, 2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>
Today at the turn of the millennium few minicomputers are still in use, having been overtaken by Fourth Generation computers built using a more robust version of the [[microprocessor]] technology that is used in personal computers. These are referred to as “[[Server (computing)|server]]s,” taking the name from the server software that they run (typically file server and back-end database software, including [[email]] and [[web server]] software).
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==List of some notable minicomputers==
About 65% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the [[University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts|College of Literature, Science, and the Arts]] (LS&A), while the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] has about 20%. Fewer than 3% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the [[Ross School of Business]]. The rest of the undergraduate students are enrolled in the smaller schools, including the [[University of Michigan School of Nursing|School of Nursing]], the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and the [[University of Michigan School of Art and Design|School of Art and Design]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/EnrollmentFA00toFA04.pdf | title=Enrollment by Degree Type and School/College | year=2004 | publisher=UM News Service | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> Most graduate students are enrolled in the [[Rackham Graduate School]], the College of Engineering, the Law School, the Ross School of Business, and the [[University of Michigan Medical School|Medical School]]. The Medical School is partnered with the [[University of Michigan Health System]], which comprises the University's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education. Other academic units include the [[Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy]], [[Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning]] and the Schools of [[University of Michigan School of Dentistry|Dentistry]], [[University of Michigan School of Education|Education]], [[University of Michigan School of Information|Information]], [[University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance|Music, Theatre & Dance]], Natural Resources and Environment, [[University of Michigan School of Public Health|Public Health]], and [[University of Michigan School of Social Work|Social Work]], which has been ranked first by the ''U.S. News and World Report'' every year since 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/hea/brief/sow_brief.php | title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2007 - Health: Social Work (Master's) | year=2007 | publisher=US News and World Report | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>
*[[Control Data]]’s [[CDC 160A]] and [[CDC 1700]]
*[[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[Programmed Data Processor|PDP]] and [[VAX]] series
There are over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the [[United States National Academies|National Academy]], and 400 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline.<ref>[http://thecenter.ufl.edu/research2004.pdf The Top American Research Universities (December 2004)]. ''The Center''. Accessed October 2, 2005.</ref> The university consistently leads the nation in the number of [[Fulbright Scholars]] and has matriculated 25 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]].
*[[Data General]] [[Data General Nova|Nova]]
*[[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP3000]] series
The university is one of sixty elected members of the [[Association of American Universities]]. In one recent rankings summary, more than 70% of UM's 200 major programs, departments, and schools were ranked in the top 10 nationally, and more than 90% of programs and departments were ranked in the top 20 nationally.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/UMAA_Rankings.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Recent Rankings for Graduate & Professional Academic | date=April 7, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> UM was ranked 24th overall in the 2007 edition of ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. In other publications, UM was rated among the top 20 colleges in the U.S. in the 2006 rankings by the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html | title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings | publisher=Washington Monthly | date=September 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> and ''Newsweek International'''s Worldwide Top 100 rankings rated UM eleventh among worldwide global universities for 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/ | title=The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities | publisher=Newsweek International | date=August 13, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> Similarly, the 2007 edition of the ''Fiske Rankings'' rated UM with "5 Stars" — reserved for only those universities of the highest academic quality. Furthermore, UM's academic reputation has led to its inclusion on Richard Moll's list of [[Public Ivies]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Moll, Richard. | title=The Public Ivys: America's Flagship Undergraduate Colleges | ___location=New York | publisher=Vikiing Adult | year=1985 | id=ISBN 0-670-58205-0}}</ref>
*[[Honeywell]]-[[Groupe Bull|Bull]] [[Level 6/DPS 6/DPS 6000]] series
*[[IBM]] [[IBM midrange computer|midrange computer]]s
One concern about academics at the UM is the high level of educational expenses for a public institution, especially for out-of-state undergraduate students, who pay about [[United States dollar|$]]30,000 annually for tuition alone. Currently, out-of-state tuition at UM is the most expensive in the United States for a public college or university.<ref>Sahadi, Jeanne (October 28, 2005). [http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/27/pf/college/priciest_colleges/index.htm The 10 most expensive colleges]. ''CNN/Money''. Accessed February 21, 2005.</ref> Conversely, in-state undergraduate students pay about $10,000 annually.<ref>[http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_tuitfee_rates.pdf Academic Year Tuition and Fees for Full-Time Students for the last 10 years]. ''University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning''. Accessed October 7, 2006.</ref> Notwithstanding the quoted tuition levels, the university is attempting to lower the cost of attendance. To that end, the university is building a $400 million endowment in order to replace loans with out-right grants to students.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.giving.umich.edu/campaign/goals/index.html | title=Campaign Goals of UM School, Colleges, and Units | year=2006 | publisher=The University of Michigan Office of Development | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Serwach, Joe | date=August 14, 2006 | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0506/Aug14_06/00.shtml | title=M-PACT expansion replaces some loans with grants | publisher=The University Record Online | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>
*[[Norsk Data]] Nord-1, Nord-10, and Nord-100
*[[Prime Computer]] Prime 50 series
==Research and endowment==
*[[Scientific Data Systems|SDS]] SDS-92
[[Image:BSRB1.jpg|thumb|Biomedical Science Research Building at the UM Medical School.]]
*[[Wang Laboratories]] 2200 and VS series
The university has one of the largest annual research expenditures of any university in the United States, totaling about $775 million per annum from 2004 to 2005, and $797 million in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.research.umich.edu/research_guide/annual_reports/FY06/FY06ResearchExpenditures.pdf | title=Annual Report on Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity at the University of Michigan FY2006 | year=January 18, 2007 | publisher=UM Research}}</ref> The Medical School spent the most at over $333 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $131 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.research.umich.edu/research_guide/annual_reports/FY06/FY06ResearchExpenditures.pdf | title=Annual Report on Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity at the University of Michigan FY2006 | year=January 18, 2007 | publisher=UM Research}}</ref> UM also has a [[technology transfer]] office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests.
UM helped develop one of the first university computer networks and has made major contributions to the mathematics of [[information theory]]. Other major contributions included the precursor to the [[National Science Foundation]] [[computer network]]ing backbone,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merit.edu/about/history/ | title=Merit Network: History | publisher=Merit Network | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> the virtual memory model, and computer [[database]]s. The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the [[Electrocardiogram|EKG]], [[gastroscope]], the announcement of [[Jonas Salk]]'s polio vaccine, and the extracorporal membrane oxygenation system or [[ECMO]]. The university's 13,000-acre (53 km²) [[University of Michigan Biological Station|biological station]] in the [[Northern Michigan|Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] is one of only 47 [[Biosphere reserve|Biosphere Reserve]]s in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=USA | title=United States of America - Focal point for biosphere reserves | publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization | date=November 1, 2000 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>
UM is home to the [[National Election Studies]] and the [[University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index]]. Political scientists and policy analysts use UM's [[Correlates of War]] project as a gauge of nations' relative [[global power]] and a barometer for the outbreak of war. The university is also home to major research centers in [[optics]], reconfigurable manufacturing systems, [[wireless integrated microsystems]], and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute is located at the university, and support was recently given to the [[life science]]s with the establishment of the Life Sciences Institute and the construction of associated facilities. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the [[Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program]] (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gregerman, Sandra | year=2005 | title=[http://www.lsa.umich.edu/lsa/detail/0,2034,5377%255Farticle%255F7354,00.html UROP is First] | journal=LSA Magazine | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref>
UM's [[financial endowment]] (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $5.65 billion in NACUBO's 2006 ranking.<ref>{{cite journal | title=[http://www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2006/10/09/UAdministration/Endowment.Grows.To.5.7.Billion-2338917.shtml?norewrite200611072139&sourcedomain=www.michigandaily.com University endowment grows to $5.7 billion] | journal=The Michigan Daily | date=October 9, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> It is the [[List of US colleges and universities by endowment|ninth largest]] endowment in the U.S. and the third-largest among U.S. public universities.<ref>{{cite web | author=Keenan, Matthew | url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=afIqiSrR2HUY | title=Yale Posts Highest Endowment Returns, Topping Stanford, Harvard | date=November 22, 2005 | publisher=Bloomberg | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, UM embarked on a massive fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," which aims to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million dollars designated for the permanent endowment.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.giving.umich.edu/campaign/goals/index.html | title=Campaign Goals - The Michigan Difference | year=2005 | publisher=The University of Michigan Office of Development | accessdate=2005-12-30}}</ref>
==Libraries and museums==
[[Image:Lawquadaerial.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the [[University of Michigan Law School|law school]] quadrangle]]
[[image:UMichiganLawLibraryInterior.jpg|thumb|Law School Library reading room]]
The [[University of Michigan Library|UM library system]] comprises 19 individual libraries with 24 separate collections—roughly 8.13 million volumes, growing at the rate of 177,000 volumes a year.<ref>[http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/Libraries.pdf University of Michigan Libraries (1-11-2005)]. ''U of M News Service''. Accessed September 19, 2005.</ref> In the most recent academic year for which such figures are released (2005), the [[Association of Research Libraries|Association of Research Libraries (ARL)]] — using a variety of metrics — ranked UM's library system as one of the top academic library system in the U.S.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Martha Kyrillidou and Mark Young | title=[http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat05.pdf ARL Statistics 2004-05 A Compilation of Statistics from the One Hundred and Twenty-three Members of the Association of Research Libraries] | journal=Association of Research Libraries | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-02-19}}</ref>
UM was the original home of the [[JSTOR]] database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of [[history]] and [[economics]]. The University recently initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with [[Google]]. As of [[August 31]], [[2006]], UM has rolled out the first phase of the Google archive retrieval.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mdp.lib.umich.edu/m/mdp/mdp-faq.htm | title=Frequently Asked Questions about MBooks at the University of Michigan | date=August 10, 2006 | publisher=University of Michigan - University Library | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>
Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (also called the UGLi, which is officially an acronym but was used by students as a reference to the building's uninspired appearance prior to its recent renovation), are on Central Campus and are connected by a [[skyway|skywalk]]. The Duderstadt Center on North Campus houses books on [[art]], [[architecture]], and [[engineering]]. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple [[computer lab]]s, [[non-linear editing system|video editing]] studios, and a [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[virtual reality]] room. North Campus is also home to the [[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library]] and the [[Bentley Historical Library]].
[[Image:UMArt.jpg|thumb|left|The UM Museum of Art on Central Campus.]]
The University of Michigan is home to a number of museums, whose focuses include [[archeology]], [[anthropology]], [[paleontology]], [[zoology]], [[dentistry]], and art. The natural history public collections are housed at the University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History, which displays items from the collections of the paleontology, zoology, and anthropology museums. The Exhibit Museum also holds the largest display of dinosaur specimens in Michigan, as well a specimen of the [[state fossil]], the [[mastodon]] (the only such display in the world containing adult male and female specimens: the Buesching and Owosso mastodons). Another major university museum is the University of Michigan Museum of Art, with a permanent collection of European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African items, and temporary exhibits on a wide variety of subjects.
{{see also|University of Michigan Library|Museums at the University of Michigan}}
==Campus==
[[Image:UM_AA.png|thumb|Locations of the U-M three main campuses in Ann Arbor]]
The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 300 major buildings, with a combined area of more than 29 million square feet (664 acres or 2.69 km²). The campus also consists of leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus has recently been developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery. The university also has an office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the [[Matthaei Botanical Gardens]], which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.
All four campus areas are connected by free [[bus]] services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor. The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the [[Huron River (Michigan)|Huron River]].
===Central Campus===
[[Image:UMHillBurtonRackham.jpg|thumb|left|Hill Auditorium, Burton Tower, and the Rackham Building]]
Central Campus was the original ___location of UM when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1841. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings. Central Campus is the ___location of the [[University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts|College of Literature, Science and the Arts]], and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the [[Ross School of Business]] and the [[University of Michigan Law School|Law School]], are on Central Campus. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect [[Albert Kahn]] between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the [[Burton Tower|Burton Memorial Tower]] and nearby [[Hill Auditorium]].
===North Campus===
[[Image:UMNorthCampus.jpg|thumb|Much of North Campus has a modern architectural style.]]
North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of land -- approximately 800 acres (3.25 km²) — that the university bought in 1952. It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more [[modern architecture]], whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect [[Eero Saarinen]], based in [[Birmingham, Michigan]], created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Carter, Brian | year=2000 | title=[http://www.tcaup.umich.edu/publications/dimensions/dimfourteen.html Eero Saarinen-Operational Thoroughness A Way of Working] | journal=Dimensions Volume Fourteen | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand [[carillon]], 2 of just 23 in the world. North Campus houses the [[University of Michigan College of Engineering|College of Engineering]], the Schools of Music, Theater & Dance, and Art and Design, the [[Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning]], and an annex of the School of Information.
===South Campus===
South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities, such as [[Michigan Stadium]], [[Crisler Arena]], and [[Yost Ice Arena]]. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility (the collections of which are undergoing digitization by Google), the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups. The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.
UM's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by [[Alister MacKenzie]], the designer of [[Augusta National Golf Club]] in [[Augusta, Georgia]] (home of [[The Masters Tournament]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6084 | title=UM Golf Course | year=2006 | publisher=MGoBlue.com | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931.
The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' calls “golf’s greatest course architect.” The UM Golf Course’s signature No. 6 hole — a 310-yard par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers — is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion [[Nick Faldo]] and golf course architect [[Tom Doak]]. The listing of “the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie” is featured in SI’s Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters in [[April 4]], [[2006]].
==Athletics==
{{main|Michigan Wolverines}}
The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the [[Wolverine]]s. They participate in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[Division I-A]] and in the [[Big Ten Conference]] in all sports except men's [[ice hockey]], which competes in the [[Central Collegiate Hockey Association]]. In seven of the past ten years, UM has finished in the top five of the [[NACDA Director's Cup]], a ranking compiled by the [[National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics]] to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. UM has finished in the top eleven of the Directors' Cup standings in each of the award's twelve seasons and has placed in the top six in each of the last eight seasons.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nacda.collegesports.com/directorscup/nacda-directorscup-previous-scoring.html | title=Sports Academy Directors' Cup | publisher=National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>
[[Image:TheBigHouse.jpg|left|thumb|A football game at [[Michigan Stadium]]]]
The UM [[college football|football]] program ranks first in NCAA history in both total wins (860) and winning percentage (.747). The team won the first [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] game in [[1902 in sports|1902]], and has the longest current streak of consecutive [[bowl game]] appearances. The last year in which UM did not appear in a bowl was 1974, which was also the last season in which Big Ten teams other than the champion were not eligible for bowls; UM's last losing season was in 1967. The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships, including five in the past decade. The program has eleven [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|national championships]], most recently in [[1997 in sports|1997]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/athdept/football/misc/natchamp.htm | title=University of Michigan Football - National Championships | publisher=University of Michigan Athletics History | year=2002 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> and has produced three [[Heisman Trophy]] winners: [[Tom Harmon]], [[Desmond Howard]] and [[Charles Woodson]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=13326 | title=Michigan in the Heisman Trophy Voting | publisher=MGoBlue.com | year=2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref>
[[Image:Stadium-blue.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Michigan Stadium]]
[[Michigan Stadium]] is the largest college football-only stadium in the world, with an official capacity of more than 107,501 (the extra seat is permanently reserved for [[Fielding H. Yost]]) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—often exceeds the official capacity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/stadium/stadtext/stad1998.htm | title=''The Michigan Stadium Story'' - Once Again the Biggest House, 1998 | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach [[Bo Schembechler]]. UM has fierce rivalries with many teams, including [[Michigan State University|Michigan State]] and [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]]; however, its football [[Michigan-Ohio State Rivalry|rivalry]] with [[Ohio State University|Ohio State]] is strongly considered to be the fiercest in all of college athletics, and has been referred to by [[ESPN]] as the greatest rivalry in American sports.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://espn.go.com/endofcentury/s/other/bestrivalries.html | title=The 10 greatest rivalries | date=January 3, 2005 | publisher=ESPN.com | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> Michigan has an all time winning record against Ohio State University (57-40-6), University of Notre Dame (19-14-1), and Michigan State University (66-28-5).
The men's [[ice hockey]] team, which plays at [[Yost Ice Arena]], has won nine [[NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship|national championships]], while the [[college basketball|men's basketball]] team, which plays at [[Crisler Arena]], has appeared in six [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|Final Four]]s, and won a [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|national championship]] in 1989. However, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program's being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from seasons in which the payments took place.
The Univeristy of Michigan is also home to an internationally competitive [[synchronized skating]] team, who have medalled at competitions around the world. The Wolverines [[synchronized skating]] program consists of a senior team, which competes internationally as well as a collegiate level team which is competitive among the top university and collegiate teams from around the United States.
Through the [[2004 Summer Olympic Games]], 178 UM students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in every [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. UM students have won a total of [[Michigan_Wolverines#Michigan_Olympians|116 Olympic medals]] including 54 gold, 27 silver, and 35 bronze.
==Student life==
===Residential life===
[[Image:MosherJordanUM.jpg|thumb|Mosher-Jordan Residence Hall]]
[[Image:Eastquad.jpg|thumb|East Quad Residence Hall]]
The University of Michigan has the sixth-largest campus housing system in the U.S. and the third-largest family housing operation, accommodating up to 12,562 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.housing.umich.edu/general/factsheet.html | title=Housing Fact Sheet | publisher=University of Michigan Housing | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The residence halls are organized into three distinct groups: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,277 students, while the smallest accommodates 31 residents. A majority of upper-class and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and [[cooperative]]s, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas. The higher cost of living in Ann Arbor has prompted some students to live in nearby communities such as [[Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti]] or [[Plymouth, Michigan|Plymouth]].
The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the [[Michigan Research Community]], medical sciences, [[community service]] and the [[German language]]. The [[Michigan Research Community]], usually housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall, is currently located in East Quadrangle (East Quad) due to renovations in its former building. The [[Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor|Residential College]] (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. In 2006, the university approved plans for a new residence complex for 550 students on the northern corner of Central Campus. When completed, this residence complex will comprise a second living-learning community, and be built in a fashion intended to echo elements of the Law Quadrangle.
{{seealso|University of Michigan Housing}}
===Groups and activities===
There are more than 900 student clubs and organizations at the university.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.si.umich.edu/stulife/default.htm | title=Student Life | publisher=University of Michigan School of Information | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as [[civil rights]] and [[labor rights]]. One of the most notable of these groups was [[Students for a Democratic Society]], which recently reformed with a new chapter on campus as of February of 2007. Though the student body generally leans toward [[left-wing politics]], there are also conservative groups, such as [[Young Americans for Freedom|YAF]] and religious groups like "Jews for Jesus". [[Fraternities and sororities]], many of which are located east of Central Campus, play a major role in the university's social life. [[Intramural sports]] are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses. There are also several engineering projects teams, including the [[University of Michigan Solar Car Team]], which placed first in the [[American Solar Challenge]] four times and third in the [[World Solar Challenge]] three times. [[Michigan Interactive Investments]], an investing and finance organization, is also affiliated with the university. The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including SERVE, Circle K, [[The Detroit Project]], and [[Ann Arbor Reaching Out]].
[[Image:Michigan Union color.jpg|thumb|Michigan Union on Central Campus]]
The [[Michigan Union]] and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.
The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization. The organization is composed of 15 committees, such as Amazin' Blue Acapella and the Impact Dance group. Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.
The [[Michigan Marching Band]] is the university's [[marching band]]. It is composed of over 350 students from almost all of the university's schools. They perform at every home game and travel to at least one away game a year. Being over 100 years old, the band is featured in almost every university recruitment pamphlet. The student-run and led [[University of Michigan Pops Orchestra]] is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the [[Michigan Theater (Ann Arbor)|Michigan Theater]]. The [[University of Michigan Men's Glee Club]], founded in 1859, is a men's chorus comprised of over 100 members. Its eight member subset [[a cappella]] group, the [[University of Michigan Friars]], which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.
''The [[Michigan Daily]]'' is the student-run daily newspaper. Founded in 1890, ''The Daily'' is published five days a week during the normal academic year, and weekly during the spring and summer terms. Other student publications at the university include the conservative ''[[The Michigan Review]]'', the progressive ''Michigan Independent'', the ''[[Michigan Journal of Political Science]]'', and the humor publications ''The Michigan Every Three Weekly'' and the ''[[Gargoyle Humor Magazine|Gargoyle]]''. [[WCBN]] (88.3 FM) is a freeform radio station; [[WOLV (TV)|WOLV-TV]] is a student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system.
===Student government===
[[Image:HafizAntiCokeMichigan.jpg|thumb|Anti-Coke banner at the University of Michigan, February 2005. Coca-cola products were briefly banned on campus due to student groups pressure in 2006.]]
Housed in the Michigan Union, the [[Student Assembly#University of Michigan|Michigan Student Assembly]] (MSA) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, the MSA represents students and manages student funds on the campus. The Michigan Student Assembly is a member of the statewide [[Association of Michigan Universities]]. In recent years MSA has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]], and has brought musical acts such as [[Guster]] and [[Ludacris]] to campus. Additionally, MSA has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msa.umich.edu/mgovote2006/about.html | title=About Voice Your Vote | year=2007 | publisher=University of Michigan MSA | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>
There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the College of Engineering. Students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG). The University of Michigan Engineering Council (UMEC) manages student government affairs for the College of Engineering. In addition, the students that live in the residence halls are represented by the [[University of Michigan Residence Halls Association]]
A longstanding goal of some members of the student government is to create a student designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body. Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the state-wide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett. Although none of these campaigns has so far been successful, a recent poll shows that most students consider student activity fees to be taxation without representation on the board. Another poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them. A change to the board's makeup would require amending the [[Michigan Constitution]].
===Fight song===
The University of Michigan's [[fight song]], ''[[The Victors]]'', was written by student [[Louis Elbel]] in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the [[University of Chicago]] that clinched a league championship. The song was declared by [[John Philip Sousa]] as "the greatest college fight song ever written."<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Hondorp, Fabrikant Alexis|title=University of Michigan College Prowler Off the Record |year=January 1, 2005 |publisher=College Prowler, Inc|id=ISBN 1-59658-163-8 |pages=118}}</ref> The song refers to the university as being the "Champions of the West". At the time, UM was part of the "Western Conference", which would later become the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Although mainly used at sporting events, the fight song can be heard at other competitive events that UM wins. The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's [[alma mater]] song is ''The Yellow and Blue''. A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!", written by former students Joseph Carl, a tuba player, and Albert Ahronheim, a [[drum major]].
==Notable people and alumni==
{{main|List of University of Michigan alumni}}
UM has more than 420,000 living graduates.<ref name=alumni>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/index.php | title=About the Association | publisher=University of Michigan Alumni Association | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> Several astronauts are alumni, including the all-UM crews of [[Gemini 4]] and [[Apollo 15]]. UM's contribution to aeronautics also include aircraft designer [[Clarence "Kelly" Johnson]] of [[Skunk Works]] fame. In addition to the late [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] [[Gerald Ford]], the university has produced twenty-five [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes scholars]] and 116 [[Olympic medalist]]s, seven [[Nobel Prize]] winners, and [[Fields medal]] winner [[Stephen Smale]].
UM alumni founded or co-founded [[Federal Express]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Borders Group|Borders Books]], [[Walgreen's]], [[H&R Block]], [[Domino's Pizza]], [[Merrill Lynch]], [[Avis Rent A Car System Inc.|Avis Rent a Car]], [[Taubman Centers]] , [[New Line Cinema]], [[American Basketball Association]], [[David Alger|Fred Alger Management]], [[Lilly Endowment|The Lilly Endowment]], [[Science Applications International Corporation]], [[GeoCities]], [[Cushman & Wakefield]], [[The Well|Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (or The WELL)]], [[Devon Energy]], [[Upjohn| The Upjohn Company]], [[Wasserstein Perella & Co.]], [[Mayo Clinic| The Mayo Clinic]], and [[Google]].
Notable writers who attended UM include playwright [[Arthur Miller]], screenwriter [[Judith Guest]], Pulitzer Prize-winning poet [[Theodore Roethke]], authors [[Charles Major]] and [[Sandra Steingraber]], Japanese literature translator [[Juliet Winters Carpenter]] and composer/author/puppeteer [[Forman Brown]]. In [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]], famous alumni include actor [[James Earl Jones]]; actresses [[Lucy Liu]], [[Selma Blair]], and [[Ruth Hussey]]; and filmmaker [[Lawrence Kasdan]]. Other UM graduates include TV journalist [[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike Wallace]], [[Dana Jacobson]] of [[ESPN]], [[Rich Eisen]] of the [[NFL Network]], entrepreneur Eric Sadek, singer [[Joe Dassin]], former House Minority Leader [[Dick Gephardt]], Super Bowl MVPs [[Tom Brady]] and [[Desmond Howard]], [[1997]] [[Heisman Trophy]] winner [[Charles Woodson]], Google co-founder [[Larry Page]], conservative pundit [[Ann Coulter]], assisted suicide advocate [[Jack Kevorkian]], [[Weather Underground]] radical activist [[Bill Ayers]],<ref>Bill Ayers, Fugitive Days: A Memoir, (New York: Penguin Books, 2003)</ref> activist [[Tom Hayden]], Unabomber [[Theodore Kaczynski]], architect [[Charles Willard Moore|Charles Moore]], famous avant-garde painter [[Aethelred Eldridge]], [[Mannheim Steamroller]] founder [[Chip Davis]], the Swedish Holocaust hero [[Raoul Wallenberg]], and [[Benjamin D. Pritchard]], the Civil War general who captured [[Jefferson Davis]].<ref>James J. Green, ''The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard'' (Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society, 1979), p. 2.</ref> Pop singer [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], professional baseball player [[Derek Jeter]], and rock legend [[Iggy Pop]] attended but did not graduate. [[Clarence Darrow]], one of the leading attorneys in the U.S., attended the Law School at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education. [[Sanjay Gupta]], a neurosurgeon and CNN medical correspondent, attended the UM School of Medicine.
The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the [[moon]], established in 1971 when the all-UM crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new UM Alumni Association on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/um/famous_alumni_abc.php | title=About the Association - Famous U-M Alumni | year=2005 | publisher=UM Alumni Association | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> According to the Apollo 15 astronauts, several small UM flags were brought on the mission. However, no flag made it to the surface, much less left there. The presence of a UM flag on the moon is a long-held campus myth.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2006/03/29/News/Debunking.The.Moon.Myth-1763410.shtml | author=Leah Graboski | title=Debunking the Moon Myth | date=March 28, 2006 | publisher=Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref>
{{seealso|List of University of Michigan faculty and staff}}
==See also==
*''[[The Soul of a New Machine]]'' - about the development of Data General’s Eclipse/MV minicomputers in the early 1980s
*[[University of Michigan-Dearborn]]
*[[Charles Babbage Institute]]
*[[University of Michigan-Flint]]
*[[History of computing hardware (1960s-present)]]
*Various other universities commonly called "[[U of M]]"
*[[Supermini]]
==Notes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
==References==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite book| author=Fiske, Edward B. | title=Fiske Guide to Colleges 2005 (Twenty-first Edition) | ___location=Naperville, IL | publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-4022-0229-6}}
*{{cite book | author=Fleming, Robben W. | title=Tempests into Rainbows: Managing Turbulence | ___location=Ann Arbor | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0-472-10674-0}}
*{{cite book | author=Holtzer (editor), Susan. | title=Special to the Daily: The 1st 100 Years of Editorial Freedom at the Michigan Daily | publisher=Caddo Gap Press | year=1990 | id=ISBN 0-9625945-2-0}}
*{{cite book | author=Peckham, Howard H. | title=The Making of The University of Michigan 1817-1992 | ___location=Ann Arbor | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | year=1994 | id=ISBN 0-472-06594-7}}
*[http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts___figures Facts & Figures (2005)]. ''University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning'' at sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts___figures.
</div>
==External links==
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{{Commons|University of Michigan}}
*[http://www.umich.edu University of Michigan] - Official website
*[http://www.umich.edu/Es/ Español (Spanish) University of Michigan portal]
*[http://www.regents.umich.edu/ University of Michigan Board of Regents]
*[http://www.president.umich.edu/ University of Michigan President]
*[http://www.mgoblue.com Official athletics website]
*[http://www.umich.edu/~info/maps.html Maps of campuses]
*[http://www.photos.ns.umich.edu/Public/Standard/RecordView.jsp Various images of the campus]
*{{dmoz|Reference/Education/Colleges_and_Universities/North_America/United_States/Michigan/University_of_Michigan/}}
{{Geolinks-US-hoodscale|42.2830|-83.7350}}
{{University of Michigan}}
{{Big Ten Conference}}
{{Central Collegiate Hockey Association}}
{{Committee on Institutional Cooperation}}
{{Public universities in Michigan}}
{{Association of American Universities}}
{{featured article}}
[[Category:Minicomputers|*Minicomputer]]
[[Category:Association of American Universities|Michigan, University of]]
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[[nl:Minicomputer]]
[[pl:Uniwersytet Michigan]]
[[ja:オフィスコンピュータ]]
[[fi:Michiganin yliopisto]]
[[no:Minidatamaskin]]
[[sv:University of Michigan]]
[[pl:Minikomputer]]
[[th:มหาวิทยาลัยมิชิแกน]]
[[zhpt:密歇根大学Minicomputador]]
[[ru:Миникомпьютер]]
[[fi:Minitietokone]]
[[sv:Minidator]]
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