Utente:Barjimoa/Sandbox: differenze tra le versioni

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== Interpretazione ==

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|1= ''' Marcus Ulpius Traianus '''

|2= [[Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)|Marcus Ulpius Traianus]]

|3= [[Marcia (mother of Trajan)|Marcia]]

|4= [[Ulpia gens|Ulpius]]

|5= [[Traia gens|Traia]]

|6= [[Quintus Marcius Barea Sura]]

|7= [[Antonia gens|Antonia Furnilla]]

|14= [[Aulus Antonius Rufus]]

|15= [[Furnia gens|Furnia]]

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[[File:TRAIANUS PATER RIC II 764-711445.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Gold [[aureus]] of Trajan depicting him alongside his [[Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)|namesake father]], c.115 AD.]]

Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53{{nbsp}}AD in the Roman province of [[Hispania Baetica]]<ref name="ReferenceA">Syme, Tacitus, 30–44; PIR Vlpivs 575</ref> (in what is now [[Andalusia]] in modern [[Spain]]), in the ''municipium'' of [[Italica]] (now in the municipal area of [[Santiponce]], in the outskirts of [[Seville]]), a Roman colony established in 206{{nbsp}}BC by [[Scipio Africanus]].<ref>[[Appian]], Iberian Wars, Book VII, Chapter 38</ref><ref>''Roman-Italic migration in Spain'', in ''The origins of the Social War'', [[Emilio Gabba]]</ref><ref name=syme64_144>{{cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |title=Hadrian and Italica |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=54 |page=144 |year=1964 |s2cid=162241585 |jstor=298660 |doi=10.2307/298660}}</ref> At the time of Trajan's birth it was a small town, without baths, theatre and amphitheatre, and with a very narrow territory under its direct administration.<ref name=syme64_144/> Trajan's year of birth is not reliably attested and may instead have been 56 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Julian |title=Trajan Optimus Princeps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNjMqUWc5QkC |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |edition=2nd |date=1997 |page=13 |isbn=0253214351}}</ref>

[[Cassius Dio]] described Trajan as "an Iberian and neither an Italian nor even an Italiote", but this claim is contradicted by other ancient sources and rejected by modern scholars.<ref>"Cassius Dio, himself of provincial origin, had little respect for the phylogeny of the emperor Trajan, observing with barely disguised contempt that he was 'an Iberian, and neither an Italian nor even an Italiote'. In fact, one ancient account derives Trajan's paternal family, the gens Ulpia, from Tuder, on the northern border of ancient Umbria, an area where the clan is independently recorded... Traius, like Ulpius, while not especially common, occurs with some frequency in northern Italy, notably at Tuder and at the nearby municipality of Ameria, the probable origo of Trajan's mother, strengthening the possibility of close family ties with the region... an Italian pedigree for the gens Ulpia seems certain... his family had settled at Italica (Santiponce) in southern Spain, a few miles east of modern Seville. '''... strictly speaking, Trajan was an Hispaniensis, an Italian domiciled or born in Spain, as opposed to an Hispanus...'''." Bennett (2001). ''Trajan: Optimus Princeps'', pp. 1–3.</ref><ref>"... The Greek historian Cassius Dio made the baseless assertion that Trajan was an Iberian...'", Colonial elites: Rome and Spain, Ronald Syme, 1970, p. 22.</ref><ref>"Two other Italica families with whom they shared this position may be identified, the Ulpii and the Trahii or Traii, the ancestors of Trajan. One or both derived from Tuder (Todi) in Umbria"{{excessive quote|date=September 2023}}, p.12, Hadrian: the Restless Emperor, London: Routledge, (1997), Anthony Birley</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Trajan Trajan, Mason Hammond, Britannica]</ref><ref>One author has argued that the Traii ancestors of Trajan were a family of indigenous Iberian [[Turdetani]] rather than Italic settlers, but this view departs from the prevailing view in academia. Canto, Alicia M. (2003). ''Las raíces béticas de Trajano: los 'Traii' de la Itálica turdetana, y otras novedades sobre su familia'', Sevilla.</ref> [[Appian]] states that Trajan's hometown was founded by Scipio as an Italic settlement, which is supported by its name of [[Italica]]. The [[Epitome de Caesaribus]] describes Trajan as "Ulpius Traianus ex urbe Tudertina", indicating that his ''origo'', the hometown of his ancestors, was the city of Tuder ([[Todi]]) in the [[Regio VI Umbria|Umbria]] region of central [[Roman Italy|Italy]]. This is confirmed by archeology, with [[epigraphy|epigraphic evidence]] placing the [[Ulpia gens|Ulpii]] and the [[Traia gens|Traii]] in Umbria generally and Tuder specifically, and by linguistic studies of the family names ''Ulpius'' and ''Traius'' which show that both are of [[Osco-Umbrian]] origin.<ref>[[Appian]], Iberian Wars, Book VII, Chapter 38</ref><ref>Epitome de Caesaribusabscriptum Aurelio Victori, XIII, ''Ulpius Traianus ex urbe Tudertina''...</ref><ref>{{CIL|11|4686}} and {{CIL|11|4725}}, Syme in Tacitus, App. 81, p.786</ref><ref>Chase, George Davis (1897). "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184.</ref>

Intermarriage between the ''Ulpii'' and the ''Traii'' resulted in the ''Ulpii Traiani''; it is unknown if they were co-founders of Italica or migrants that later arrived in the town.<ref>''Roman-Italic migration in Spain'', in ''The origins of the Social War'', [[Emilio Gabba]]</ref> It is also unknown when Trajan's ancestors acquired [[Roman citizenship]]; all the Umbrians were awarded this status by 89/88 BC (during the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]]), with Tuder being enrolled in the [[Roman tribes|Clustumina tribe]]. It is possible that they lost their citizenship by marrying with non-citizen locals of Iberia, but they would have certainly recovered their status when Italica became a municipium with [[Latin citizenship]] in the mid-1st century BC.

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La storia d'Italia viene tradizionalmente suddivisa in quattro periodi: [[Antichità classica]], [[Medioevo]], [[Età Moderna]], ed [[Epoca contemporanea]].

L'antichità classica inizia con la prima [[Olimpiade]] (776 a.C.) o, di maggior rilevanza per l'Italia, con la [[fondazione di Roma]] (753 a.C.) e termina con la caduta dell'[[Impero Romano d'Occidente]] (476 d.C.). Essa comprende la storia dei [[popoli italici]], considerati ''[[lato sensu]]'' gli antenati degli [[Italiani]], e in particolare dei [[Romani]] attraverso il l'[[Regnoetà regia di RomanoRoma]] (dal 753 a.C. al 509 a.C.), la [[Repubblica Romana]] (dal 509 a.C. al 27 a.C.), e l'[[Impero Romano]] (dal 27 a.C al 476 d.C.).

La medesima data segna l'inizio dell'epoca medievale, che si chiude con il [[Rinascimento]] come anno terminale il 1453, il 1455 , il 1492, o il 1517.