Pushchino and Game Oriented Assembly Lisp: Difference between pages

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'''Game Oriented Assembly Lisp''' (or '''GOAL''') is a computer game programming language developed by [[Andy Gavin]] and the [[Jak and Daxter]] team at [[Naughty Dog]]. It was written using [[Allegro Common Lisp]] and used in the development of the entire [[Jak and Daxter]] series of games.

'''Pushchino''' (<font lang="ru">&#1055;&#1091;&#769;&#1097;&#1080;&#1085;&#1086;</font>) is a small city 100 km south of [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. Its population is approximately 20,000. It is an academic research center focusing on [[microbiology]]. Research institutes comprising the scientific center include:

Syntactically GOAL resembles [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]], though with many idiosyncratic features inspired by other languages such as classes, inheritance, and virtual functions. An example of what GOAL code looks like can be found at [http://lists.midnightryder.com/pipermail/sweng-gamedev-midnightryder.com/2005-August/003804.html]. GOAL encourages an [[imperative programming]] style: programs tend to be comprised of sequence of events to be executed rather than the [[functional programming]] style of functions to be evaluated recursively. This is a diversion from [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]], which allows such [[side-effect (computer science)|side-effects]] but does not encourage imperative style.

*[http://www.protres.ru RAS Institute of Protein Research]

*[http://www.prao.psn.ru/ Pushchino Radioastronomy Observatory]

*[http://home.impb.psn.ru/ Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology]

*Institute of cell biophysics

*Institute of biochemistry and physiology of microorganisms

*Institute of theoretical and experimental biophysics

*Pushchino State University and a branch of Moscow State University

Like many modern implementations of Common [[Lisp programming language|Lisp]], GOAL does not run in an interpreter, but instead is compiled directly into [[PlayStation 2]] machine code for execution. It offers limited facilities for [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]], relying extensively on runtime support. It offers dynamic memory allocation primitives designed to make it well-suited to running in constant memory on a video game console. GOAL has extensive support for [[Inline expansion|inlined]] assembly code using a special <code>rlet</code> form[http://lists.midnightryder.com/pipermail/sweng-gamedev-midnightryder.com/2005-August/003804.html], allowing programmers to freely mix assembly and higher-level constructs within the same function.

Pushchino is situated on the bank of the [[Oka river]], opposite the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.

The GOAL compiler is implemented in [[Allegro Common Lisp]]. It supports a long term compiling listener session which gives the compiler knowledge about the state of the compiled and therefore running program, including the symbol table. This, in addition to dynamic linking, allows a function to be edited, recompiled, uploaded, and inserted into a running game without having to restart. The process is similar to the "edit and continue" feature offered by some [[C++]] compilers, but allows the programmer to replace arbitrary amounts of code (even up to entire object files), and does not interrupt the running game with the debugger. This feature was used to implement code as well as level streaming in the [[Jak and Daxter]] games.

==History==

Pushchino existed since the 16th century as a family estate after the land was awarded to the Pushchin family around the year 1500. The area was selected in 1956 as a site for a scientific research center for the [[Russian Academy of Science]]. It was incorporated as a city in 1966. To disambiguate with a small town near Chekhov, also in the Moscow Region, the city is sometimes referred to as Pushchino-na-Oke (Pushchino on Oka).

GOAL's first use was for the original [[Jak and Daxter]] PS2 game; the predecessor language, GOOL, was also developed by Andy Gavin for [[Crash Bandicoot (video game)|Crash Bandicoot]].

==External links==

* http://www.franz.com/success/customer_apps/animation_graphics/naughtydog.lhtml &mdash; Franz Inc. success story

* http://bc.tech.coop/blog/060118.html &mdash; Page about LISP developments by [[Paul Graham]] and [[Naughty Dog]]

* http://www.gamasutra.com/features/gdcarchive/2003/White_Stephen.ppt &mdash; (Powerpoint) ''Jak & Daxter: The Precursor Legacy'', development overview, lessons learned, very interesting

* http://www.gamasutra.com/features/gdcarchive/2003/Denman_Stu.ppt &mdash; (Powerpoint) ''Highly detalied continuous worlds'', about the streaming world loader

[[Category:Lisp programming language family]]

[[Category:Functional languages]]

[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]

{{videogame-software-stub}}

*[http://www.pushchino.ru/ City of Pushchino municipal administration]

*[http://www.psn.ru/ Pushchino Science Center]

*[http://online.stack.net/~ptz/info-e.htm Prioksko-Terrasny Terrace Biosphere Reserve]