|
The '''massacre of prisoners''' refers to a series of mass executions committed by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[NKVD]] against prisoners in [[Poland]] and parts of the Soviet Union from which the [[Red Army]] was withdrawing after the [[Nazi Germany|German]] invasion in [[1941]] (''see [[Operation Barbarossa]]''). The overall death toll is estimated at 30,000-40,000, including more than 10,000 in Western Ukraine.<ref name="Rhodes">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author=[[Richard Rhodes]] | year = 2002 | title = Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | ___location = New York | id = ISBN 0-375-40900-9}} Despite the deportations, Barbarossa surprised the NKVD, whose jails and prisons in the invaded western territories were crowded with political prisoners. Rather than releasing their prisoners as they hurried to retreat during the first week of the war, the Soviet secret police simply killed them. NKVD prisoner executions in the first week after Barbarossa totaled some ten thousand in the western Ukraine and more than nine thousand in Vinnitsa, eastward toward Kiev; comparable numbers of prisoners were executed in eastern Poland, Byelorussia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The Soviet areas had already sustained losses numbering in the hundreds of thousands from the Stalinist purges of 1937-38. “It was not only the numbers of the executed,” historian Yury Boshyk writes of the evacuation murders, “but also the manner in which they died that shocked the populace. When the families of the arrested rushed to the prisons after the Soviet evacuation, they were aghast to find bodies so badly mutilated that many could not be identified. It was evident that many of the prisoners had been tortured before death; others were killed en masse.”</ref>
The [[Spanish language]] has been heavily influenced by [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as a result of the [[Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula|Islamic presence]] in the [[Iberian peninsula]] between 711 AD and 1492 AD.
By the beginning of the war most of the [[Poles|ethnically Polish]] population, [[Treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers|subject to Soviet rule for two years now]], have already [[Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union|been deported off the border regions]] to remote areas of the Soviet Union. Others, including a large number of Polish civilians of other nationalities (mostly [[Belarusians]] and [[Ukrainians]]), were kept in provisional prisons in the towns of the region, where they awaited deportation either to NKVD prisons in [[Moscow]] or to the [[Gulag]]. It is estimated that out of 13 million people living in the pre-war Polish areas, roughly half a million of people were arrested, more than 90% of them being males. Thus approximately every tenth adult male was imprisoned at the time of the German offensive<ref name="From_Peace">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt]] (corporate author) | coauthors =[[Gottfried Schramm]], [[Jan T. Gross]], [[Manfred Zeidler]] et al. | title =From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939-1941 | year =1997 | editor =Bernd Wegner | pages =47-79 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Berghahn Books | ___location = | id =ISBN 1-57181-882-0| url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1571818820&id=7odfDAlO64UC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&q=Lvov&vq=Lvov&dq=NKVD+1941&sig=1MZdzhkhg1tmo6fSCF19oz4KP4o }}</ref>. Many died in prisons from torture or neglect<ref name="From_Peace"/>.
Modern day Spanish (or Castilian) first appeared in the small Christian [[Kingdom of Castile]] in Northern Spain during this period of Islamic domination over most of the Iberian peninsula. As a result, the language was influenced by [[Andalusi Arabic]] practically from its inception. Nevertheless, Arabic imprint on the language increased as it expanded into Muslim lands where the Castilian language had never been spoken and as Christians from [[Al Andalus]] emmigrated to Castile during times of sectarian violence in Muslim lands. In most of Al Andalus, Arabic was used among the local élites and local Arabic-influenced Romance dialects, known collectively as [[Mozarabic]] were generally used as the vernacular language. Only the [[kingdom of Granada]], under the [[Nasrid dynasty]] was totally arabized after many centuries of Muslim rule.
Immediately after the start of the invasion, the [[NKVD]] started to execute a large number of prisoners in most of their prisons, while the remainder was to be evacuated in [[death march]]es<ref name="From_Peace"/><ref name="PWN">{{pl icon}} [[Encyklopedia PWN]], ''[http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/83293_1.html ZBRODNIE SOWIECKIE W POLSCE]'''':''After the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, in June of 1941, thousands of prisoners have been murdered in mass executions in prisons (among others in [[Lwów]] and [[Berezwecz]]) and during the evacuation (so-called death marches)''</ref>. Most of them were [[political prisoner]]s, imprisoned and executed without a trial. With few exceptions, the huge group of prisoners of [[Western Belarus]] and [[Western Ukraine]] was either marched eastwards, executed or both<ref name="From_Peace"/>. After the war and in recent years, the authorities of Germany, Poland, Belarus and Israel identified no less than 25 prisons whose prisoners were killed - and a much larger number of mass execution sites<ref name="From_Peace"/>. Among the notable cases of such mass execution of prisoners were:
Modern Spanish is thus a mixture of Old Castilian and the Mozarabic dialects which it absorbed. This fusion explains why Spanish has, in many cases, both Latin and Arabic derived words of the same meaning. For example, ''Aceituna'' and ''Oliva'', ''Alacrán'' and ''Escorpión'', ''Jaqueca'' and ''Migraña'' or ''Alcancía'' and ''Hucha''. The imprint of Mozarabic and Arabic is evidently more noticeable in the dialects of Castilian Spanish spoken in southern Spain, particularly Murcian and Andalusian Spanish, than in northern Spain.
* [[Lviv]]: between [[June 23]] and [[June 28]], the NKVD executed several thousand of inmates in a number of provisional prisons. Among the common methods of extermination were shooting the prisoners in their cells, killing them with grenades thrown into the cells or starving them to death in the cellars. It is estimated that over 4000 people were murdered that way, while the number of survivors is estimated at ca. 270<ref name="Gałkiewicz">{{pl icon}} [[Anna Gałkiewicz]] (2001) ''[http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn/7/biuletyn7_3.html Informacja o śledztwach prowadzonych w OKŚZpNP w Łodzi w sprawach o zbrodnie popełnione przez funkcjonariuszy sowieckiego aparatu terroru]''; Biuletyn [[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]], Vol. 7 - August 2001</ref>
* [[Brzeżany]] near [[Tarnopol]]: between [[June 22]] and [[July 1]] the crew of the local NKVD prison has executed without a trial approximately 300 Polish citizens, among them a large number of Ukrainians<ref name="Gałkiewicz"/>.
* [[Grodno]]: on [[June 22]] the NKVD executed several dozen people in the local prison. The mass execution of the remaining 1700 prisoners was ended when the approach of the German army prompted the evacuation of the NKVD crew<ref name="Gałkiewicz"/>
* [[Hlybokaye|Berezwecz]] near [[Vitebsk]]<ref name="PWN"/>: on [[June 24]] the NKVD executed approximately 800 prisoners, most of them Polish citizens. Several thousands more perished during a [[death march]] to Taklinovo near [[Ulla]]<ref name="Berezwecz">{{pl icon}} Encyklopedia PWN, ''[http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/7010_1.html BEREZWECZ]''</ref>.
* [[Oryol]]: In Sepetember over 150 political prisoners (among them [[Christian Rakovsky]], [[Maria Spiridonova]] and [[Olga Kameneva]]) were executed in Medvedevsky Forest near Oryol.
* [[Vilnius]]: after the German aggression the NKVD murdered a large number of prisoners of the infamous [[Lukiškės]] prison<ref name="Paszkowski">{{pl icon}} [[Bolesław Paszkowski]] (2005): ''[http://www.moto.gda.pl/strona.htm?id=454 Golgota Wschodu]''</ref>
* Cherven near [[Minsk]]: in late June the NKVD started an evacuation of all prisons in Minsk. Between [[June 24]] and [[June 27]] several thousand people were killed in Cherven and during the death marches<ref name="Januszczak">{{pl icon}} [[Joanna Januszczak]] ''[http://www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl/index.php?id=b99_9_2 Żalbiny w Czerwieni k. Mińska]'' in: ''Wspólnota Polska'' monthly</ref>
* [[Vinnitsa]]: more than 9,000 executed<ref name="Rhodes"/>.
* [[Lutsk]]: hundreds executed,
* Rainiai near [[Telšiai]], [[Lithuania]]: Up to 79 political prisoners killed in what is called the [[Rainiai massacre]] on [[June 24]] and the following day
* [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]]: Almost 250 detainees shot in the Gray House courtyard and Tartu prison on July 9, 1941 [http://www.expatexchange.com/lib.cfm?articleID=2265&start=1732&page=1].
* [[Vileyka]]: several dozen people, mostly political prisoners, sick and wounded, were executed prior to the departure of the Soviet guards on [[June 24]]<ref name="Siedlecki">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author = [[Julian Siedlecki]] | others = [[Edward Raczyński]]
| title = Losy Polaków w ZSRR w latach 1939-1986 | year = 1990 | edition = 3 | publisher = Gryf Publications | ___location = London
| pages = 59}} as cited in: {{cite journal | author = Tadeusz Krahel | year = | month = | title = Zginęli w końcu czerwca 1941 roku | journal = Czas Miłosierdzia | volume = | issue = | url = http://www.bialystok.opoka.org.pl/czas/arch1/art/kaplani.htm
| accessdate = 2006-06-02 }}</ref>
* [[Sambor]]: 570 killed<ref name="Kowalik">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Helena Kowalik | year =2004 | month =November | title =Jaki znak twój? | journal =Przegląd | volume =47/2004 | issue =2004-11-15 | pages = | id = }}</ref>
Although the influence of Arabic on Spanish is fundamentally lexical, other influences are also examined in this article.
==Notes and references==
==Lexical influence==
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<div class="references-small">
It is estimated that there are over 4000 Arabic loanwords in the Spanish language (including derivations) and well over 1000 Arabic roots. A majority of these are nouns, with a more limited number of [[verb]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[adverb]]s and [[preposition]]s, thus not substantially changing the grammar or basic structure of the language. The exact number of words of Arabic origin in Spanish is not known and many words not included on this list are [[Regionalism (linguistics)|regionalism]]s: words which are used in certain parts of Spain and/or [[Latin America]] but are generally unknown elsewhere.
::'''In-line:'''
<references/>
===List of words of Arabic origin===
</div>
This is an open list of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] words acquired ''directly'' from [[Classical Arabic|Classical]] and [[Andalusi Arabic]], listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabic [[etymology]]. No fixed standard of [[Arabic transliteration]] is used. Due to the heavy influence of Arabic on Spanish, this list is relatively restrictive:
*Only words which have passed directly from Arabic are included. Arabic words which entered the Spanish language through other, non-[[Iberian peninsula|Iberian]], [[European languages]] (such as ''Beduino'', ''Sofá'' or ''sorbete'') are not included.
*Generally, only Spanish root words are listed, derivations not being included. For example, ''aceite'' (from ''az-zeit'', oil) is included but not ''aceitería'', ''aceitero'', ''aceitón'' or ''aceitoso''. On the other hand, ''aceituna'' ([[olive]]) is included since it derives not from ''az-zeit'' but from ''az-zeituna'' in Arabic, even though the root of the ''Arabic'' word is the same. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than the root word, when the meaning of the derivative has no evident connection with the root word or when it is not clear that one is derived from the other (e.g. horro and ahorrar).
*Words derived from [[Mozarabic]] are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally a [[Romance language]]), unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical Arabic.
*Words acquired from [[Berber languages|Berber]] or [[Hebrew languages|Hebrew]] (or other [[Afro-Asiatic languages]]) are not included.
The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of the [http://www.rae.es Real Academia de la Lengua Española], although a small minority are only available in past editions of this dictionary.
====A====
#'''ababol''': silly or thoughtless person. Used mainly in the Spanish region of [[Aragon]]. Poppy. In [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], [[Albacete]] and [[Murcia]]. From Andalusian Arabic ''Happapáwr'', a fusion of the Arabic word ''Hab'' (حب) "seed" and the Latin ''papāver''.
#'''abacero''': owner of an '''abacería''', small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic ''SaHb azzád'' (صاحب الزاد) "owner of the supplies."
#'''abadí''': descendant/lineage of ''Mohammed ben Abad'', founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic ''abbadi''.
#'''abalorio''': cheap jewelery; jewelery beads. From Andalusi Arabic ''al balluri'' (البلوري) "made of glass."
#'''abarraz''': stavesacre (''Delphinium staphisagria''), a medicinal plant. From Andalusi Arabic ''Hab ar-ras'' (حب الرأس) "head seeds."
#'''abasí''': pertaining to the Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the [[Umayyad]]s in the 8th century.
#'''abelmosco''': musk seeds, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabic ''Hab el musk'' (حب المسك) literally "musk seeds."
#'''abencerraje''': used in expression: "''Zegríes y abencerrajes''", which means "partisans of opposite interests". The ''Abencerrajes'' (in Arabic ''aban as-sarráǧ'') was an Arabic family of the Kingdom of Granada, rivals of the Zegríes in the 15th century.
#'''abenuz''': ebony. From Arabic ''abanus'' (أبنوس) of the same meaning.
#'''abismal''': screw in head of a spear. From Arabic ''al-mismar'' (المسمار) "nail."
#'''abitaque''': a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabic ''Tabaqa'' (طبقة) "layer" or "intermediate chamber."
#'''acebibe''': raisin. From Arabic ''zabib'' (زبيب) of the same meaning.
#'''acebuche''': wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabic ''azzabbúǧ''.
#'''aceche''': copper, iron or zinc sulphate. From Arabic ''zāǧ''.
#'''aceifa''': Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabic ''Sa'ifah'' "harvest" or "summer expedition."
#'''aceite''': oil. From Arabic ''az-zayt'' (الزيت) "oil."
#'''aceituna''': olive. From Arabic الزيتون (''az-zaytun'') "olive."
#'''aceituní''': precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabic ''az-zaytuni'', a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Tsö-Thung.
#'''acelga''': chard. From Arabic ''as-silqa'' of the same meaning.
#'''acémila''': beast of burden; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabic ''az-zamilah'' "beast of burden."
#'''acemite''': wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabic ''as-samid'' (السميد).
#'''acenefa''' see '''cenefa'''.
#'''aceña''': water mill. From Arabic ''as-saniyah'' "the lifter."
#'''acequia''': irrigation canal. From Arabic ''as-saqiyah'' "the irrigator."
#'''acerola''': fruit of the [[service tree]] (the tree itself is called '''acerolo'''). From Arabic ''zu 'rūrah''. Originally from Syriac ''za‘rārā''.
#'''acetre''': bucket or Cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to spray holy water in Christian liturgy. From Arabic ''as-saTl'' (السطل).
#'''aciar''': (or '''acial'''): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabic ''az-ziyār''.
#'''acíbar''': aloe (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabic ''aS-Sabr''.
#'''acicalar''': to clean or polish ('''Acicalarse''' in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabic ''aS-Siqal'', an instrument used for polishing things.
#'''acicate''': spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic ''(Muzil) as-siqaT'' "what takes away weaknesses."
#'''acidaque''': Muslim dowry. From Arabic ''as-Sidaq'', dowry in Islamic law.
#'''acimut''': astrological concept: angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabic ''assumut'' plural of ''samt''.
#'''ación''': handle on the stirrup. From Arabic ''suyūr'', plural of ''sayr'' "strap."
#'''acirate''': line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabic ''SirāT''.
#'''acitara''' or '''citara''': thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabic ''sitārah'', wall to avoid falls.
#'''achacar''': to blame. From Arabic ''tashakkà'' (تشكى): to complain or to blame.
#'''adafina''': pot used by Hebrews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic: ''dafina'' "buried."
#'''adalid''': leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabic ''dalil'' (دليل).
#'''adaraja''': each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizonally unfinished wall. From ''daraja''.
#'''adarga''': leather shield. From Arabic ''daraqah''.
#'''adárgama''':(rarely used today) flour. From Arabic ''darmaka''.
#'''adarme''': small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabic ''dirham'' (درهم).
#'''adarvar''': to shock. From Arabic ''darb'' (ضرب) "blow."
#'''adarve''': wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabic ''darb'' (ضرب)
#'''adaza''': sorghum. From Arabic ''duqsah''.
#'''adefera''': a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabic ''add-ddafeera''.
#'''adehala''': that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a propery. From Mozarabic ''ad ihala'' and originally from Arabic ''ihala'' "offering credit."
#'''adelfa''': oleander. From Arabic ''ad-difla'' (الدفلى) of the same meaning.
#'''ademán''': gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabic ''aD-Daman'' (الضمان), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a plea.
#'''ademe''': wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabic ''di'mah''.
#'''aderra''': cord used to press grapes or olives in order to obtain their juice. From Andalusi Arabic ''ad-dirra'' a noose or cord used to punish those who were guilty of fraud.
#'''adiafa''': present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From Arabic ''[[Diyafa]]'' (ضيافة) "present of hospitality."
#'''adivas''': a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From Arabic ''aD-Dibbah'' "wolverine" - which is the old Arabic name for this disease.
#'''adive''': a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic ''di'b'' (ذئب).
#'''adobe''': brick made from clay. From Arabic ''at-tuba'' (الطوبة from Coptic ''tôbe'') of the same meaning, and from ''ad-dabba''.
#'''adoquín''': paving-stone, cobble; block. From Arabic ''Dukkan'' bench of rock or wood.
#'''ador''': in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabic ''dawr''.
#'''aduana''': customs house; customs. From Arabic ''diwan'' (ديوان).
#'''aduar''': semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, beduins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic ''duwwar''.
#'''adúcar''': type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi Arabic ''Haduqa''.
#'''adufe''':tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. From Arabic ''Duff'' (دف).
#'''adul''': in Morocco, asessor of the ''Cadí''. From Arabic ''adl'' "trustworthy person."
#'''adula''': see '''dula'''.
#'''adunia''': (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabic ''addunya'', originally from classical Arabic ''duniya'' (الدنيا) "the (whole) world."
#'''adutaque''': same meaning as '''adárgama'''. From Arabic ''duqaq'' (دقاق) "fine flour."
#'''afán''': effort; desire; zeal. From '''afanar'''.
#'''afanar''': to steal; to work with passion. From Arabic ''fanaaʔ'' (فناء) "extinction," "annihilation through passion."
#'''aguajaque''': the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabic ''aw-washaq'' "contaminated with water."
#'''agüela''': Renta de los derechos sobre préstamos consignados en documento público. From Arabic ''Hawalah''.
#'''ajabeba''': Moorish flute. From Classical Arabic ''sabbabah''.
#'''ajaquefa''': Roof. Same etymology as '''azaquefa'''.
#'''ajaraca''': Loop, lace in Mudejar and Arabic architecture. From Andalusi Arabic ''Ash-sharaka'' loop.
#'''ajarafe''': terrace. From Classical Arabic ''saraf'' "commanding height."
#'''ajebe''': [[Alum]]; [[Para rubber Tree]]. From Arabic ''as-Shabb''.
#'''ajedrea''': plant of the family of the Labiadas, about three decimeters of height, very populated with branches and narrow leaves, of dark color. It is cultivated for adornment in the gardens. From Arabic ''assariyya'' or ''assiriyya'', ultimately from Latin ''satureia''.
#'''ajedrez''': chess. From Arabic ''ash shitrang'' (الشطرنج).
#'''ajenuz''': nutmeg flower or Roman coriander ([[Nigella Sativa]]). From Andalusi Arabic ''Shanuz'' and ultimately Classical Arabic ''Shuniz''.
#'''ajimez''': bent; window divided in the center by a vertical divider; salient balcony done of wood and with lattice windows. From Arabic ''samis''.
#'''ajomate''': pluricellular alga formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabic ''gumam''.
#'''ajonjolí''': sesame; herbaceous, annual plant of the family of the Pedaliaceae, a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabic ''gulgulan'' "sesame."
#'''ajorca''': bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabic ''shuruk'', ultimately from the word ''shirāk'' "strap."
#'''ajorrar''': To drag, to tow. See '''Jorro'''.
#'''ajuagas''': equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabic ''shuqaq''.
#'''ajuar''': a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabic ''Shawar''.
#'''alacena''': cupboard. From Classical Arabic ''ẖizānah'' (خزانة).
#'''alacet''': foundation of a building. From Classical Arabic ''asas'' (أساس).
#'''alacrán''': scorpion. From Classical Arabic ''aqrab'' (عقرب) of same meaning.
#'''aladar''': Fringe of hair falling on the sides of the head. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al Adar''. Originally from Classical Arabic ''Idar''.
#'''aladroque''':
#'''alafa''': wage; pay. From Classical Arabic ''alafah'' "subsistence allowance."
#'''alafia''': grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabic ''al afya'' ultimately from Classical Arabic ''afiyah'' (عافية) "health."
#'''alahílca''': tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps of ''alailaca'' from Andalusian Arabic ''ilaqa'', and this of Classical Arabic ''ilāqah'' (علاقة) perhaps meaning "hanger."
#'''alajor''': Tax paid to owners of land on which houses are built. From Andalusi Arabic ''Ashur'': Period of ten days before Easter in which debts were paid and alms were given.
#'''alajú''': Cake typical of southern Spain made of Almonds, nuts, pine nuts, bread crumbs, spices and honey. From Arabic ''Hashuu'', "filling".
#'''alamar''': Type of decorative attachment which is buttoned on clothing. From Andalusi Arabic ''Alam'', decoration (in clothes).
#'''alambique''': alembic. From Arabic ''al-anbiq'' "the cup/container holding water", in turn fr Greek.
#alambor (two meanings from ''al'ubur'' and from ''al-hambad'')
#alamín
#alamud
#alaqueca
#alárabe
#'''alarde/alardear''': To boast/to show off.From Arabic ,show ( Alaard العرض)
#'''alarido''': Scream.
#alarife
#alarije
#alaroz
#alaroza
#alatar
#alatrón
#alazán
#alazor
#albacara: Wall around a fortress (within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabic ''bab al-baqqara'' The cattle door. ''baqara'' (بقرة) means "cow" in Arabic.
#'''albacea''': executor (of a will). From Andalusi Arabic ''Sahb al Wassiya'' (صاحب الوصية); "the owner of the will".
#'''albacora''': albacore. From Arabic ''al-bakura'' "premature" or ''al-bakrah'' "young camel."
#albadena
#albahaca
#albahío
#albaida
#albanar
#albanega
#albaní
#albañal
#albañil
#'''albaquía''': the remainder. From Arabic ''al-baqi'' (الباقي) of the same meaning.
#albarán
#albarrán
#albarazo
#albarda
#albardán
#albardín
#'''albaricoque''': apricot. From Arabic ''al-barqouq'' (البرقوق) "plum" or "early-ripe."
#albarrada
#albarrán
#albarrana
#albatoza
#albayalde
#albéitar
#albenda
#albengala
#alberca
#albérchigo
#albihar
#albitana
#alboaire
#'''[[albogue]]''': Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabic ''al-bûq'' (البوق): The horn or the trumpet.
#alboheza
#albohol
#albollón
#'''albóndiga''': meatball; ball. From Arabic ''al-bunduqa'' (البندقة) "the ball."
#albórbola
#alborga
#albornía
#'''albornoz''': Bath-robe. From ''al-burnos'' (البرنس); "bathrobe".
#alboronía
#alboroque
#alboroto (see root)
#alborozo
#albotín
#albricias
#albudeca
#albufera
#albur
#alcabala
#alcabor
#alcabtea
#alcacel
#'''alcachofa''': Artichoke. From ''al-ẖarshoof'' of the same meaning.
#alcaduz
#alcafar
#alcahaz
#alcahuete
#alcaicería
#alcaide:
#'''alcalde''': Mayor.
#'''álcali''': alkali. From Arabic ''qalawi'' (قلوي) of the same meaning.
#alcaller
#alcamiz
#alcamonías
#alcana
#alcaná
#'''alcancía''': Clay money box, penny or piggy bank. From Andalusi Arabic ''alkanzíyya'', derived from classical Arabic ''kanz'': treasure.
#alcándara
#alcandía
#alcandora
#alcanería
#alcanfor
#'''alcántara/alcantarilla''': drain; sewer. From Arabic ''al-qantarah''.
#alcaparra
#alcaraván
#alcaravea
#alcarceña
#alcarraza
#alcarria
#alcatanes
#alcatara (or alquitara)
#alcatifa
#alcatraz
#'''alcaucil''', artichoke. From Spanish Arabic: alqabsíl[a], that comes from mozarab diminutive kapićéḻa, and this from Spanish Latin: capĭtia, head. (Standard latin, ''Caput-itis'')
#alcavela
#alcazaba
#'''alcázar''': citadel; palace. From Arabic ''al-qasr'' (القصر) "the citadel."
#alcazuz (or orozuz)
#'''alcoba''': alcove. From Arabic ''al-qubba'' "the vault" or "the arch."
#alcohela
#'''alcohol''': from Arabic ''al-kuhul'' (الكحول) fine powder of antimony sulfide used as eye makeup.
#alcoholar
#alcolla
#alcor
#alcora
#alcorcí
#alcorque
#alcorza
#alcotán
#alcotana
#alcrebite
#alcuacil
#alcubilla
#alcuña
#alcuza
#alcuzcuz
#alchub
#aldaba
#aldea/aldeano: Village/Villager.
#aldiza
#alefriz
#aleja
#alejija
#alema
#alerce
#aletría
#aleve/alevoso/alevosía
#aleya
#alfaba
#alfábega
#alfadía
#alfaguara
#alfahar/alfaharería
#alfaida
#alfajeme
#'''alfajor''': Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabic ''fašúr'', and this from Persian ''afšor'' (juice).
#'''alfalfa''': alfalfa. From Arabic ''al-fafaa'' literally "the best kind of fodder"
#alfaneque (two meanings, a type of bird, from Arabic ''al-fanak'' and a tent from Berber ''afarag'')
#alfanje
#alfaque
#alfaqueque
#alfaquí
#alfaquín
#alfaraz
#alfarda (two meanings from ''al-farda'' and from ''al-fardda'')
#alfardón
#alfareme
#alfarje
#alfarrazar
#alfaya
#alfayate
#alfazaque
#alféizar
#alfeñique
#alferecía
#alferez
#alferraz
#alferza
#alficoz
#'''alfil''': bishop, in chess. From Arabic ''al-feel'' (الفيل) "the elephant."
#alfilel/alfiler
#alfinge
#alfitete
#alfiz
#alfolí
#alfombra (two meanings from ''al-jumra'' and ''al-humra'')
#alfóndega
#alforfón
#alforja
#alforre
#alforrocho
#alforza
#alfóstigo
#alfoz
#algaba
#algaida
#algalia
#algar
#algara
#'''algarabía''': incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabic ''al-garabiya''.
#algarivo
#algarrada
#'''algarrobo''': carob. From Arabic ''al-kharouba'' "the carob."
#algavaro
#algazafán
#algazara
#algazul
#'''álgebra''': algebra. From the name of [[al-Khwarizmi]]' book [[''Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala'']] "''The Calculus of Subtraction and Equality''."
#algecireño
#'''algodón''', "cotton", from Arabic "al-qutn", meaning "the cotton"
#algorfa
#'''algoritmo''', [[algorithm]], that comes from the name of [[Muhammad ibn Musa '''al-Khwarizmi''']], محمد بن موسى ا'''لخوارزمي''', famous mathematician.
#algorza
#alguacil
#alguaquida
#alguaza
#alhadida
#alhaite
#'''alhaja''': jewel. From Arabic ''al-hagah'' "the valuable thing."
#alhamar
#alhamel
#alhamí
#alhandal
#alhanía
#alhaquín
#alharaca
#alhavara
#alhelí
#alheña
#alholva
#alhorí
#alhorre (two meanings from ''al-khur'' and ''al-hurr'')
#alhorría (or ahorría)
#alhucema
#alhuceña
#alhurreca
#aliacán
#aliara
#alicante
#alicatar
#alicate
#alidada
#alifa
#alifafe (two meanings from ''an-nafakh'' and ''al-lifah'')
#alifara
#alijar
#alimara
#alioj
#alirón
#alizace
#alizar
#aljaba
#aljabibe
#aljama
#aljamía/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script.
#aljaraz
#aljarfa
#aljébana
#aljerife
#aljez
#aljibe
#aljófar/aljofarar
#aljofifa
#aljor (or ''aljez'')
#aljuba
#aljuma
#añagaza
#almacabra
#'''almacén''': deposit. From Arabic ''al-majzan''of ''makhzan'' (المخزن) "the storage" or "the depot."
#almacería
#almáciga
#almadén
#almádena
#almadía
#almadraba: Tuna fishing. Word used primarily in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province.
#almadraque
#almagazén
#almagra
#almahala
#almaizar
#almaja
#almajaneque
#almajar
#almajara
#almalafa
#'''almanaque''': almanac. From Arabic ''al-manakh'' (المناخ) "the climate." Or possibly from Greek ''almenichiakon'' "calendar."
#almacebe
#almarada
#almarbate
#almarcha
#almarjo
#almarrá
#almarraja or almarraza
#almártaga (two meanings, from ''al-marta'a'' and ''al martak'')
#almástica
#almatroque
#almazara
#almazarrón
#almea (two meanings, from ''almay'a'' and '''alima'')
#almejía
#almenara (two meanings, from ''al-manara'' and ''al-minhara'')
#almez
#almíbar
#almicantarat
#almijar
#almijara
#almijarra
#almimbar
#alminar
#almiraj/almiraje/almiral
#almirez
#almizate
#almizcle/almizque
#almocadén
#almocafre
#almocárabe
#almoceda
#almocrebe
#almocrí
#almodón
#almófar
#almofariz
#almofía
#almofrej/almofrez
#almogama
#almogávar
#almohada: Pillow.
#almohade
#almoharrefa
#almohaza
#almojábana
#almojama (see mojama)
#almojarife
#almojaya
#almona
#almoneda
#almoraduj/almoradux
#almorávide:
#almorí
#'''almoronía''': See '''alboronía'''.
#almotacén
#almotalafe
#almotazaf/almotazán
#almozala/almozalla
#almud
#almuédano
#almunia
#alpechín
#'''alquería''': farmhouse. From Arabic ''al-qaria'' "the village."
#aloque
#aloquín
#alpargata
#alquequenje
#alquería
#alquermes
#alquerque (Two meanings from ''al-qirq'' and ''al-qariq'')
#alquez
#alquezar
#alquibla
#alquicel
#alquiler: Rent.
#alquimia
#alquinal
#alquitira
#alquitrán
#alrota
#altabaca
#altamía
#altramuz
#'''alubia''': pea bean
#aludel
#aluquete/luquete
#alloza
#amán
#ámbar
#ámel
#amín
#amirí
#anacalo
#anacora
#anafaga
#anafalla/anafaya
#anafe
#anaquel
#andorra
#andrajo
#anea
#anejir
#anfión
#anorza
#anúteba
#añacal
#añacea/añacear
#añafea
#añafil
#añagaza
#añascar
#añazme
#añicos
#añil (ultimately from Sanskrit ''nilah'' "dark blue")
#arabí
#arancel
#arbellón/arbollón
#archí
#argadillo
#argamandel
#argamula
#argán
#argel
#argolla
#arguello/arguellarse
#arije
#arimez
#arjorán
#arnadí
#arrabá
#arrabal
#arracada
#arráez
#arrayán
#arrecife
#arrejaque/arrejacar
#arrelde
#arrequife
#arrequive
#arriate
#arricés
#arroba
#arrobda
#arrocabe
#arrope
#arroz: Rice.
#áscar/áscari
#asequi
#'''asesino''': assassin. From Arabic ''hashshshin'' "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Was originally use to refer to the followers of the Persian [[Hassan-i-Sabah]]] (حسن صباح), the [[Hashshashin]].
#atabaca
#atabal
#atabe
#atacar
#atacir
#atafarra/ataharre
#atafea
#atahona
#atahorma
#ataifor
#ataire
#atalaya
#atalvina
#atambor
#atanor
#atanquía
#ataracea
#atarazana
#atarfe
#atarjea
#atarraga
#atarraya
#ataúd: Coffin.
#ataujía
#ataurique
#atifle
#atijara
#atíncar
#atoba
#atocha
#atracae
#atoque
#atríaca/atriaca
#atún: Tuna.
#atutía
#auge: Surge/rise.
#aulaga
#avería
#ayatolá
#azabache
#azabara
#azacán
#azacaya
#azache
#azafate/azafata
#'''azafrán''': saffron. From Arabic ''za'firan'' of the same meaning. Perhaps from ''safra'' "yellow."
#'''azahar''': White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabic ''azzahár'', and this from Classic Arabic ''zahr'', flowers
#azalá
#azamboa
#azándar
#azaque
#'''azaquefa''': Covered portico or patio. From Andalusi Arabic ''assaqifa'', portico.
#'''azar''': hazard; luck; chance; random. From Arabic ''al-zahr'' "the dice."
#azarbe
#azarcón
#azarja
#azarnefe
#azarote
#azófar
#azofra/azofrar
#azogue (two meanings: from ''az-za'uq'' and from ''as-suq'')
#azolvar
#azor
#azorafa
#'''azote''': Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabic ''Sawt''.
#'''azotea''': Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabic ''assutáyha'', diminutive of ''sath'', terrace in classical Arabic.
#azoya
#'''azúcar''': sugar. From Arabic (سكر) ''sukkar'' of the same meaning.
#azucarí
#azucena
#azuche
#azud
#azufaifa/azufaifo
#'''azul''': Blue. Derived from Arabic ''Lazaward''.
#azulaque (or zulaque)
#azulejo
#azúmbar
#'''azumbre''': Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two litres. From Del Andalusi Arabic ''aTTúmn'', and this from classical Arabic: ''Tum[u]n'', "an eighth".
====B====
#'''babismo''': Babism. From Arabic ''باب'' "door."
#babucha-slipper
#badal
#badán
#badana
#badea
#badén-dip in land or sidewalk or ford
#badial
#bagarino
#'''bagre''': a freshwater fish that has no scales and has a chin. From Arabic ''baghir'' or ''baghar''.
#baharí
#baída
#'''baja''': pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabic ''basha'' ultimately from Turkish ''pasha'' of the same meaning.
#baladí
#balaj/balaje
#balate
#balda (and baldío)
#baldar
#'''balde''': from Arabic ''batil'' "false" or "useless."
#bancal
#baño
#baraka
#barbacana
#barcino
#bardaje
#barragán
#barrio-area or district
#bata (either from Arabic ''batt'' of French ouate)
#batán
#batea
#baurac
#bayal
#baza (either Arabic or Italian origin)
#bazar-bazaar
#belez
#'''bellota''': acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabic ''balluta'' of the same meaning.
#ben
#benimerín
#benjui
#berberí
#berberís
#bereber
#berenjena/berenjenal
#bezaar/bezoar
#biznaga
#bocací
#bodoque/bodocal
#bófeta
#bórax
#borní
#boronía
#botor
#bujía
#bulbul
#burche
#buz
#buzaque
====C====
#'''cabila''': tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabic ''qabila'' "tribe."
#cachera
#cadí
#cadira
#'''café''': coffee. From ''qahwa'' of the same meaning.
#cáfila
#cafiz (or cahiz)
#cafre
#caftán
#cáid (same origin as alcaide)
#caimacán
#cala
#calafate/calafatear
#calahorra
#calí (same root as álcali)
#cálibo/calibre
#cambuj
#camocán
#canana-cartridge belt
#cáncana/cancanilla
#cáncano
#cande (in azúcar cande)
#canfor
#caraba
#cárabe
#'''cárabo''': owl; dog. Taken from ''qaraab'' and ''kalb'' "dog," respectively.
#caracoa
#caramida
#caramuzal
#caravana
#caravasar
#carcajada/carcajear
#carcax
#'''carmen'''/'''carme''': From Spanish Arabic ''kárm'', and this from Classic Arabic ''karm'', vine.
#carmesí
#carmín
#carraca
#carrafa
#cártama/cártamo
#catán
#catifa
#cazurro
#cebiche
#cebtí
#ceca
#cedoaria
#cegatero
#cegrí
#ceje
#celemí/celemín/celeminero
#cenacho
#cendolilla
#cenefa
#ceneque
#cení
#cenia
#cenit
#cequí
#cerbatana
#'''cero''': zero. From ''sifr'' of the same meaning.
#cetís
#ceutí
#chafariz
#chafarote
#chaleco
#charrán
#chifla
#chiísmo
#chilaba (from Moroccan Arabic)
#chiquero
#chirivía
#chisme
#chivo
#choz
#chupa
#chuzo
#cianí
#cibica
#cica
#cicalar
#cicatear
#cicatero (cicatero has a different root to cicatear)
#ciclán
#ciclar
#ciclatón
#cid
#cifaque
#cifra/cifrar
#címbara
#cimboga
#cimitarra
#circón
#citara
#civeta/civeto
#coba/cobista
#cofa
#coima
#coime
#colcótar
#cora
#Corán
#corbacho
#corma
#cotonía
#cubeba
#cúrcuma
#curdo
#cuscuta
#cuscús (or alcuzcuz/cuzcuz)
====D====
#'''dado''': die. From Classical Arabic ''a'dad'' "numbers."
#daga-daggar
#dahír
#daifa
#dante
#darga (or adarga)-shield
#dársena-dock/basin
#daza
#derviche
#descafilar
#destartalado
#dey
#dínar
#dirham
#diván-divan/couch
#droga-drug
#druso
#dula/dular
====E====
#edrisí
#ejarbe
#elche
#elemí
#embelecar/embeleco
#emir (or amir)
#encaramar
#'''enchufar/enchufe''': To plug in/plug; To connect, to offer a job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi Arabic ''Juf'' derived from Classical Arabic ''Jawf'': stomach; internal cavity.
#engarzar-to set/thread
#enjalma
#enjarje
#enjeco
#'''escabeche''': Pickle or marinade. From Arabic ''as-sukbaj''. Originally from Persian ''Sekba''.
#escafilar (see descafilar)
#escaque/escaquear
#espinaca-spinach
#exarico
====F====
#faca
#falagar
#falca
#falleba
#faltriquera-pocket
#falúa/faluca
#fanega/hanega
#fanfarrón
#faranga (or haragán)
#farda
#fardacho
#farfán
#farnaca
#farota
#farruco
#felús
#fetua
#fez
#fideo
#filelí
#foceifiza
#fondolí
#fondac/fonda
#foz
#fulano : To refer to "any one" without naming, X of people. Arabic: Fulan.
#fustal
#fustete
====G====
#gabán
#gabela
#gacel/gacela
#gafetí
#galacho
#galanga
#galbana
#gálibo
#galima
#gandula/gandula
#garama
#garbino
#gardacho
#gárgol
#garrafa
#garrama
#garroba
#gilí
#gomer
#granadí
#grisgrís
#guadamací
#guájara
#guájete
#guala
#guarismo
#guifa
#guilla
#gumía
#gurapas
====H, I====
#habiz
#habús
#hachís
#hacino
#hadruba
#hafiz
#hálara
#hálara
#hamudí
#haragán
#harambel
#harbar
#harén
#harma
#harón
#Hasaní
#'''hasta''': Until. From Arabic ''hatta'' (same meaning).
#hataca
#hazaña
#'''he''': Adverb used in a number of ways: (1) ''"he aquí/ahí/allí"'': Here it is/there it is. (2) Used in conjunction with pronouns me/te/le/la/lo/las/los to point something out. e.g. ''Te lo '''he''' dicho'' meaning I have told you '''(it)'''. From Arabic ''haa''.
#hégira
#hobacho/hobacha
#holgazán
#holgar
#hoque
#horro/horra
#imam
#imela
#islam
====J, K====
#'''jabalí''' : Wild Boar. From Arabic ''jebeli'': From the mountains. Perhaps originally from ''Khanzeer Jebelí'': Mountain Pig.
#jabalón
#jabeca
#jabeque
#'''jabí''' : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabic ''sha‘bí'', a type of apple.
#jácara
#jácena
#jacerino
#jadraque
#jaez
#jaguarzo
#jaharí
#jaharral
#jaharrar
#jaima
#jaique
#jalear
#jalma (or enjalma)
#jaloque
#jametería
#jámila
#japuta
#jaque
#'''jaqueca''': Migraine. From Arabic ''Shaqiqa'', with same meaning.
#jáquima
#jara
#jarabe
#jaraíz
#jarcha
#jareta
#jaricar
#jarifo/jarifa
#jarquía
#'''jarra''': Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). From ''ǧarrah'', same as english ''jar''.
#jatib
#jazarino/jazarina
#jazmín
#jebe
#jeliz
#jemesía
#jeque
#'''jerife''': sheriff. From ''shereef'' of the same meaning.
#jeta
#jifa
#jinete
#'''jirafa''': giraffe. From ''ziraffa'' of the same meaning.
#jirel
#'''jofaina''': a wide and shallow basin for domestic use. From ''ǧufaynah''.
#jofor
#jorfe
#joroba
#jorro
#juba/aljuba/jubón
#jurdía
#kermes
====L====
#'''laca''': resinous substance tapped from the [[Lacquer Tree]]. From Arabic ''lak'', taken from Persian ''lak'', ultimately from Sanskrit ''laksha'' literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees.
#lacre
#'''lapislázuli''': lapis lazuli, a deep blue mineral. From Arabic lazaward from Persian lagvard or lazward, ultimately from Sanskrit ''rajavarta'' literally meaning "ringlet of the king."
#'''latón''': brass. From Arabic ''latun'' from Turkish ''altin'' "gold."
#'''laúd''': lute. From Arabic ''al 'ud'' "the lute."
#'''lebeche''': Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi Arabic ''Labash''.
#'''lebení''': a Moorish beverage prepared from soured milk. From Arabic ''labani'' "dairy."
#'''leila''': from Arabic ''layla'' "night."
#'''lelilí''': Shouts and noise made by moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From ''la illaha ilallah'': There is no god but Allah; ''Ya leilí'': Night of mine; ''ya 'ayouni'': My eyes.
#'''lima''': lime. From Arabic ''limah'' of the same meaning.
#'''limón''': lemon. From ''laymoon'', derived from the Chinese word ''limung''.
#'''loco''': crazy. From Arabic ''lawqa'' "fool."
====M====
#macabro
#macsura
#madraza
#magacén
#magarza/magarzuela
#maglaca
#maharon/maharona
#maharrana/marrana/marrano
#mahozmedín
#maimón
#majareta
#majzén
#mamarracho
#mameluco
#mamola
#mandeísmo
#mandil
#maquila
#marabú
#maravedí
#marcasita
#marchamo
#márfega
#marfil
#marfuz/a
#margomar
#marjal
#marlota
#marojo
#maroma
#marras
#márraga
#marroquí: (adj) Moroccan. From Morrocan Arabic ''Marrakush'': Marrakesh.
#'''masamuda''': (adj) Individual from the Berber ''Masmuda'' tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the XII century. From Arabic: ''Masamuda''.
#matafalúa
#mártaga
#máscara
#matarife
#matraca
#matula
#mauraca
#mazapán
#mazarí
#mazarrón
#mazmodina
#mazmorra
#'''mazorca''': corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic: ''Masurqa'', derived from classical Arabic ''Masura'': a tube used as a bobbin (sewing).
#'''meca''': Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From Arabic ''Mekkah''.
#mechinal
#mejala
#mejunje
#mengano/mengana
#mequetrefe
#mercal
#metical
#mezquino
#'''mía''': A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From Arabic ''Mi'ah'': one hundred.
#'''mihrab''':
#miramamolín
#moaxaja
#mogataz
#mogate
#moharra
#moharracho
#mohatra
#mohedal
#mohino
#mojí
#momia
#mona
#monfí
#morabito
#moraga
#morapio
#mozárabe
#mudéjar
#muftí
#mujalata
#mulquía
#'''muslim/muslime''': (Adjective) Muslim. From Arabic ''Muslim''.
====N, O,P, Q====
#nabí
#nacar
#nácara
#'''nadir''': the point on the celestial sphere, opposite the zenith directly below the observer. From ''nadheer''.
#nádir
#nagüela
#naife
#naipe
#'''naranja''': orange (fruit)
#narguile
#natrón
#nazarí
#nenúfar
#nesga
#noria
#nuca
#'''ojalá''': I hope; I wish. From ''law šaʾ allāh'' "God willing."
#'''¡olé!''': The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, comes from ''wa-Allah'' '''و الله''' , [[by Allah]]!
#'''omeya''': adj. Related to the [[Ummayyad]].
#oque
#orozuz
#ox
#quermes
#quilate/quirate
#quilma
#quina
#quintal
====R====
#rabadán
#rabal
#rabazuz
#rabel
#rábida
#rafal
#rafe
#ragua
#rahez
#ramadán
#rambla
#rauda
#rauta
#'''real''': Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabic ''rahl'': camping.
#rebato
#rebite
#recamar
#recua
#redoma
#rehala
#rehalí
#rehén
#'''rejalgar''': realgar. From ''reheg al-ghar'': "powder of the cave"
#requive
#resma
#retama
#rincón
#robda
#robo (or arroba)
#romí/rumí
#ronzal
#roque
====S====
{| class="wikitable"
! Word !! Arabic root !! Description</tr>
| Saharaui || || </tr>
| sajelar || || </tr>
| salema || || </tr>
| sandía || || </tr>
| sarraceno|| || </tr>
| sebestén|| || </tr>
| secácul|| || </tr>
| serafín|| || </tr>
| siroco|| || </tr>
| sofí|| || </tr>
| sófora|| || </tr>
| soldán|| || </tr>
| soltaní|| || </tr>
| sufí|| || </tr>
| sura|| || </tr>
|}
====T====
#tabal (or atabal)
#tabaque
#tabefe
#tabica
#tabique
#taca
#tafurea
#tagarino/tagarina
#tagarnina
#taha
#tahalí
#tahona
#Taifa
#tajea
#talco
#talega
#talvina
#támara
#tamarindo
#tambor
#tara
#taracea
#taraje
#tarasí
#tarbea
#tarea
#tareco
#tarida
#tarifa
#tarima
#tarquín
#tarraya
#'''taza''': cup. From ''Tasa''.
#tértil
#tíbar
#tochibí
#tomín
#toronja
#toronjil
#trafalmejas
#truchimán/na
#trujamán/na
#tuera
#tumbaga
#Tunecí
#turbit
#turquí (in Azul Turquí)
#tutía (or atutía)
====V,X,Y====
#'''vacarí''': from Arabic ''baqari'' "bovine."
#'''velmez''': from Arabic ''malbas'' "clothing."
#'''visir''': vizier. From Arabic ''wazir'' "minister."
====Z====
#'''zabalmedina''': in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabic ''Sahib al Medina'' "Chief of the City."
#'''zabarcera''': women who sells fruits and other food. Same origin as '''abacero'''
#'''zabazala''': imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic '' SaHb aS-Salah'' "Leader of prayer."
#'''zabazoque''': same meaning as '''almotacén'''. From Arabic ''SáHb as súq'' "Leader of the Market."
#'''zábila''': aloe vera (used mainly in Latin America) From Andalusi Arabic ''sabíra'', originally from classical Arabic ''Sibar''.
#'''zabra''': type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabic ''zauraq''.
#'''zacatín''': in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. From ''saqqatin'', plural of ''saqqat'': seller of clothes.
#'''zafar''': a number of meanings in Spain and Latin American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From Arabic ''azaHa'': to take away.
#'''zafarí''': ''Granada zafarí'': a type of pomegranate. ''Higo zafarí'': a type of fig. From Arabic ''Safr''.
#zafariche:
#zafio
#zafrán
#zaga
#'''zagal''': boy. From Andalusian Arabic ''zaḡál'', traditional Arabic ''zuḡlūl''. Same meaning.
#zagaya (or azagaya)
#zagua
#'''zaguán''': hall. From Andalusian Arabic ''istawán'', traditional Arabic ''usṭuwān''(''ah'').
#zagüía
#zaharrón
#zahén
#zahón
#zahora
#zahorí
#zaida
#zaino
#zala
#zalamelé
#zalea/zalear
#zalema/zalama
#'''zalmedina''': Same meaning and origin as '''zabalmedina'''.
#zalona
#zamacuco
#zambra
#'''zanahoria''': carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabic. The only [[Arabic dialect]] with a [[cognate]] form is [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]] with ''sfinaria''.
#zaque
#zaquizamí
#zaragüelles
#zaranda/zarandillo/zarandaja
#zaratán
#zarco
#zarracatín
#zarzahán
#zatara
#zéjel
#'''zoco''' (or azogue): market. From Arabic ''souk'' of the same meaning.
#zofra
#'''zorzal''': fieldfare.
#zubia
#zulaque
#zulla
#'''zumaque''': sumac. From Arabic ''simaq'' of the same meaning.
#'''zumo''': fruit juice
#zuna
==Other Influences==
#'''The suffix í'''. Arabic has a very common type of adjective, known as the nisbi or relationship adjective, which is formed by adding the suffix -ī (masc.) o ية -iyya (fem.) to a noun. This has given Spanish the suffix -í (both masc. and fem.), creating adjectives from nouns which indicate relationship or belonging. Examples are Marbellí, Ceutí, Maghrebí, Andalusí or Alfonsí.
==Toponyms (place names) in Iberia of Arabic origin==
There are hundreds if not thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in all of Spain (including much of the North of the country) except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include Galicia and the Northern coast (Asturias, Cantabrian and the Basque country) as well as most of Catalonia. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are the Eastern Coast and the region of Andalusia. In Portugal, the frequency of Arabic toponyms increase as one travels south in the country.
Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized and the mark of the old Arabic pronunciation is noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Cesarea Augusta - سرقسطة Saraqusţah - Zaragoza.
===Major towns, cities and regions===
*'''[[Axarquía]]''' Eastern region of Malaga province, From Arabic ''Ash-sharquía'': The eastern/oriental (region).
*'''[[Andalusia|Andalucía]]''' Most populated and 2nd largest autonomous community in Spain. Derived from الأندلس, [[Al Andalus]], the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia.
*'''[[Albacete]]''' city and province of Castilla la Mancha. Derived from Arabic Al Basit ''(the plain)''.
*'''[[Algarve]]''' Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic al gharb, ''the west''.
*'''[[Algeciras]]''' City and port in Cadiz province. Derived from ''Al Jazeera Al Khadra'' meaning the ''green island''.
*'''[[Almería]]''' City and province of Andalucía. From Al Meraya, the watchtower.
*'''[[Alpujarras]] (originally Alpuxarras)''' Region extending South of Granada into Almería. From Arabic ''Al-Busherat'': The grasslands.
*'''[[Badajoz]]''' City and province of Extremadura. Badajoz was called Pax Augusta by the romans and most likely the current name is derived from an Arabic corruption of the original Latin name.
*'''[[Calatayud]]''' City of Aragón. Derived from ''Qal'at Ayyūb'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] قلعة أيوب) meaning ''"Castle of Ayyub"''.
*'''[[Guadalajara (province)|Guadalajara]]''' City and province of Castilla la Mancha. From ''Wādī al-Jārah'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''وادي الحجارة'''), ''Wadi or canyon of Stones''.
*'''[[Gibraltar]]''' British Colony in Southern Spain. From ''Jabal Ţāriq'' (جبل طارق), Mountain of Tariq, ([[Tariq ibn Ziyad]]).
*'''[[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]''' City and province of Andalucía From Arabic ''Jayyan'', crossroads of caravans.
*'''[[Lisbon|Lisboa]]''' (Lisbon). Capital of Portugal. Derived from original Arabic name: al-'Ishbūnah in Arabic '''الأشبونة'''
*'''[[Madrid]]''' Capital of Spain. Derived from original Arabic name: ''al-MagrīT, '''المجريط''': ''"Source of water"''.
*'''[[La Mancha]]''' Wide arid steppes covering much of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca and Albacete provinces. Derived from original Arabic name: ''la'a Ma-anxa'' : "No water".
*'''[[Medina-Sidonia|Medina Sidonia]]''': Town and municipality in [[Cadiz]] province.
*'''[[Tarifa]]''' town in southern Spain. Originally ''Jazeera Tarif'': the island of Tarif. Derived form the first name of the Berber conqueror [[Tarif ibn Malik]].
*'''[[La Sagra]]''', an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from arabic Sahra '''صحراء''' ''"desert"''.
*'''[[Sevilla]]''', city and province in Andalusia. From Arabic ''Ishbillia'', deformation of Latin ''Hispalis''.
===Geographical features===
*'''[[Guadiana]] river'''. Meaning "Anna river".
*'''[[Guadalquivir]] river'''. Derived from Arabic: al-wādĩ al-kabir '''الوادي الكبير''', ''"the big river"''.
*'''[[Mulhacén]]'''. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Arabian Sultan of Granada [[Muley Abul Hassan|Ali Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan]].
*'''[[Pico Almanzor]]'''. Mountain in the [[Sierra de Gredos|Gredos Mountains]] of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" [[Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir]], defacto ruler of [[Al Andalus]] in late 10th - early 11th centuries.
==Suggestions for further research==
In the English language, search the online catalogs of United States university libraries using the Library of Congress (LC) subject heading, "Spanish language foreign elements".
When searching Spanish language Web sites, use the subject term, "arabismos".
===Selected reference works and other academic literature===
These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article.
*Abu-Haidar, J. A. 1985. Review of Felipe Maíllo Salgado, Los arabismos del castellano en la baja edad media (consideraciones históricas y filológicas). ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 48(2): 353-354. University of London. Stable URL: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281985%2948%3A2%3C353%3ALADCEL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281985%2948%3A2%3C353%3ALADCEL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X]
*Cabo Pan, José Luis. [http://www.sgci.mec.es/be/media/pdfs/articulos/Mosaico083.pdf El legado del arabe]. ''Mosaico'' 8:7-10. Revista para la Promoción y Apoyo a la Enseñanza del Español. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Reino de España, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia en Bélgica, Países Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer to [http://www.sgci.mec.es/be/publicaciones/mosaico/articulos.htm ''Mosaico'''s portal page.] ]
*Corriente, Federico. 2003. Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p.
*Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). [http://www.rae.es Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE)], online.
*Maíllo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998. Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones históricas y filológicas. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. [2nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983]
*Ibid. 1996. Vocabulario de historia árabe e islámica. Madrid: Akal. 330 p.
*Pezzi, Elena. 1995. Arabismos: estudios etimológicos. Almería: Universidad de Almería. 160 p.
*Sola-Solé, Josep María. 1983. Sobre árabes, judíos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura españolas. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p.
*Toro Lillo, Elena. La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español. In the [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/scclng/01350531966682286190680/p0000001.htm Cervantes Virtual Library]. Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.
===Selected resource pages of universities and research institutes===
*Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos" [http://www.ieiop.com/publicaciones/buscador.php]
*Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos" [http://adrastea.ugr.es/search*spi/dArabismos/darabismos/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/exact&FF=darabismos&1%2C14%2C]
==See also==
* [[InfluenceList of Arabic on other Languagesmassacres]]
* [[Katyn massacre]]
* [[List of Arabic loanwords in English]]
* [[Kurapaty]]
* [[List of French words of Arabic origin]]
* [[War crimes]]
* [[List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin]]
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