Propaganda and Colorado Avalanche: Difference between pages

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{{NHL Team

[[Image:Australia_WW1_propaganda.jpg|thumb|right|An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One]]

|team_name = Colorado Avalanche

{{Journalism}}

|bg_color = #8B2942

[[Image:carelesstalk.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. propaganda poster, which warns against civilians sharing information on troop movements ([[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]])]]

|text_color = white

[[Image:Kitchener-Britons.jpg|thumb|right|The much-imitated 1914 "[[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] Wants You!" poster]]

|logo_image = Colorado Avalanche.gif

[[Image:Anti.emu.sweden.jpg|thumb|right||[[Sweden|Swedish]] Anti-[[Euro]] propaganda for the [[Referenda|referendum]] of 2003.]]

|conference = [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western]]

[[Image:Red_Army_fighter_save_us.jpg|thumb|right|Soviet Propaganda Poster during the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Great Patriotic War]]. The text reads "Red Army Fighter, SAVE US!"]]

|division = [[Northwest Division (NHL)|Northwest]]

[[Image:klan-sheet-music.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Ku Klux Klan]] sheet music to "We Are All Loyal Klansmen," 1923]]

|founded = [[1972-73 WHA season|1972]]

[[Image:Skandinavism.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Poster of the 19th Century [[Scandinavism|Scandinavist]] movement]]

|history = '''[[Quebec Nordiques]]'''<br>[[1972-73 WHA season|1972]] - [[1994-95 NHL season|1995]]<br>'''Colorado Avalanche'''<br> [[1995-96 NHL season|1995]] - present

{{otheruses}}

|arena = [[Pepsi Center]]

|city = [[Denver, Colorado]]

|media_affiliates = [[Altitude Sports and Entertainment|Altitude]]<br>[[KKFN|KKFN (950 AM)]]

|team_colors = Burgundy, Steel Blue, Black, Silver, and White

|Rival = [[Detroit Red Wings]]

|owner = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Stan Kroenke]]

|general_manager = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Francois Giguere]]

|head_coach = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Joel Quenneville]]

|president = [[Pierre Lacroix]]

|captain = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Joe Sakic]]

|minor_league_affiliates = [[Lake Erie Monsters]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]])<br />[[Arizona Sundogs]] ([[Central Hockey League|CHL]])

|stanley_cups = [[1995-96 NHL season|1995-96]], [[2000-01 NHL season|2000-01]]

|conf_titles = [[1995-96 NHL season|1995-96]], [[2000-01 NHL season|2000-01]]

|division_titles = [[1995-96 NHL season|1995-96]], [[1996-97 NHL season|1996-97]], [[1997-98 NHL season|1997-98]], [[1998-99 NHL season|1998-99]], [[1999-00 NHL season|1999-00]], [[2000-01 NHL season|2000-01]], [[2001-02 NHL season|2001-02]], [[2002-03 NHL season|2002-03]]

}}

The '''Colorado Avalanche''' are a professional [[ice hockey]] team based in [[Denver, Colorado]], [[United States]]. They are members of the [[Northwest Division (NHL)|Northwest Division]] of the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). The Avalanche have won the [[Stanley Cup]] twice, in 1996 and 2001. The franchise was founded in [[Quebec City|Quebec]] and were the [[Quebec Nordiques]] until moving to [[Denver, Colorado]] in 1995. The Avalanche have won 8 division titles and had gone to the playoffs in each of their first 10 seasons in the NHL, with the streak ending in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title =Colorado Avalanche History|url =http://www.sportsline.com/nhl/teams/history/COL|publisher =CBS Sportsline|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> The Avalanche are also notable for being the first team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup their first season after a re-___location.

From the time of their move to Denver in 1995, until the end of the 1998-99 season, the Avalanche played their home games at [[McNichols Sports Arena|McNichols Arena]]. Since then, the Avalanche have called the [[Pepsi Center]] home. The Avalanche have a notable rivalry with the [[Detroit Red Wings]], partly due to both teams having met each other five times in seven years in the Western Conference playoffs between 1996 and 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title =Welcome to NHL's nastiest rivalry|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=RM&p_theme=rm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4E6E5FAB223F2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =Kravitz, Bob|publisher =Rocky Mountain News|date =1996-12-18|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref>

'''Propaganda''' is a type of [[message]] aimed at influencing the [[opinion]]s or behavior of people. Often, instead of [[Objectivity (journalism)|impartially]] providing [[information]], propaganda can be deliberately [[misleading]], or use [[Fallacy|fallacies]], which, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. Propaganda techniques include: patriotic [[Propaganda#Techniques of propaganda generation|flag-waving]], [[glittering generalities]], [[intentional vagueness]], [[oversimplification]] of complex issues, [[rationalization]], introducing unrelated [[red herring]] issues, using appealing, simple [[slogans]], [[stereotyping]], [[testimonial]]s from authority figures or celebrities, [[unstated assumption]]s, and encouraging readers or viewers to "jump on the [[bandwagon]]" of a particular ideology.

==Franchise history==

===Quebec Nordiques (1972-1995)===

{{see also|Quebec Nordiques}}

The Quebec Nordiques were one of the [[World Hockey Association]]'s original teams when the league began play in [[1972-73 WHA season|1972]]. Though first awarded to a group in [[San Francisco]], the team quickly moved to [[Quebec City]] when the [[California]] deal soured due to financial and arena problems.<ref name="whanordiques">{{cite web |title =Quebec Nordiques|url =http://www.whahockey.com/nordiques.html|publisher =WHA Hockey|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> During their seven WHA seasons, the Nordiques won the [[Avco World Trophy]] once, in [[1976-77 WHA season|1977]] and lost the finals once, in [[1974-75 WHA season|1975]].<ref>{{cite web |title =WHA Yearly Standings|url =http://www.whahockey.com/whayearlystandings.html|publisher =WHA Hockey|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Two years later, in [[1979-80 NHL season|1979]], they entered the NHL, along with the WHA's [[Edmonton Oilers]], [[Hartford Whalers]], and [[Winnipeg Jets]].<ref>{{cite web |title =From the WHA to the NHL |url =http://www.nhl.com/history/062279.html|publisher =NHL|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref>

After making the postseason for seven consecutive years, from [[1980-81 NHL season|1981]] to [[1986-87 NHL season|1987]], the Nordiques fell into the league's basement.<ref name="nordiquesrecord">{{cite web |title =Quebec Nordiques Almanac|url =http://www.nordiquespreservation.com/record.html|publisher =Nordiques Preservation|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> In [[1991 NHL Entry Draft|1991]], for the third straight draft, Quebec had the first overall selection.<ref>{{cite web |title =NHL Entry Draft First Round Selections 1980-89|url =http://www.nhl.com/futures/firstround80_89.html#89|publisher =NHL|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title =NHL Entry Draft First Round Selections 1990-99|url =http://www.nhl.com/futures/firstround90_99.html|publisher =NHL|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Although [[Eric Lindros]], the draft's top-ranked player, had made it clear he did not wish to play for the Nordiques, they drafted him anyway.<ref>{{cite news |title =A look back: 1991|url =http://www.nhl.com/futures/2006draft/lookback_91_053106.html|author =Roarke,Shawn P.|publisher =NHL|date =2006-05-31|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Lindros did not even wear the jersey for the press photographs, only holding it when it was presented to him.<ref name="lindrosnhl">{{cite news |title =As expected, Quebec selects Lindros No.1|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=DSNB&d_place=DSNB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F360039496DAD62&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =1991-06-23|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> On advice from his mother, Lindros refused to sign a contract and began a holdout that would last over a year. On June 30, 1992, he was traded to the [[Philadelphia Flyers]] in exchange for five players, the rights to Swedish prospect [[Peter Forsberg]], two first-round draft picks, and $15 million ([[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref>{{cite web |title =Eric Lindros profile|url =http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app?service=page&page=PlayerDetail&playerId=8458515&tab=crst|publisher =NHL|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> The Lindros trade is seen (at least in hindsight) as one of the most one-sided deals in NHL history, and a major foundation for the Nordiques/Avalanche franchise successes over the next decade<ref>{{cite news |title =A Franchise deal. Lindros trade laid foundation for Nordiques/Avalanche drive to berth in Stanley Cup Final|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=RM&p_theme=rm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4E536B44A621D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =Benton, Jim|publisher =Rocky Mountain News|date =1996-06-06|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> and turned the Nordiques from one of the weakest teams in the NHL to a Stanley Cup contender almost overnight. In the first season after the trade, the [[1992-93 NHL season]], the Nordiques reached the playoffs for the first time in six years and would do so two seasons later.

== Etymology ==

"Propaganda" is a form of the classical Latin verb "'''propagare'''", which means "to propagate, to extend, to spread." In 1622, shortly after the start of the [[Thirty Years' War]], [[Pope Gregory XV]] founded the ''[[Congregatio de Propaganda Fide]]'' ("Congregation for Spreading the Faith"), a committee of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]]s with the duty of overseeing the propagation of [[Christianity]] by [[missionaries]] sent to Catholic countries. Therefore, the term itself originates with this Byzantine Catholic Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (''sacra congregatio christiano nomini propagando'' or, briefly, ''propaganda fide''), the department of the pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries (mission territory).

While the team experienced on-ice success, the team was far less successful off the ice. Quebec City was the smallest market in the league and in 1995,<ref name="canadianencyc">{{cite news |title =Nordiques Move to Colorado|url =http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010425|author =Deacon, James|publisher =[[Maclean's]]|date =1995-05-06|accessdate =2007-05-11}}</ref> team owner [[Marcel Aubut]] asked for a bailout from Quebec's provincial government<ref>{{cite news |title =Quebec's Government Plans Bailout to keep Nordiques from moving|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PD&s_site=twincities&p_multi=SP&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB5DDC4964DA9E0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =1994-04-09|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> as well as a new publicly funded arena.<ref name="canadianencyc"/> The bailout fell through and Aubut subsequently sold the team to a group of investors in [[Denver]].<ref>{{cite news |title =NHL's Nordiques sold, moving west to Denver \ Comsat Entertainment Group bought the team. Quebec had refused to fund a new hockey arena|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB32BFD6ADCFF94&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =|publisher =Philadelphia Inquirer|date =1995-05-26|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> On May 1995, the COMSAT Entertainment Group, announced an agreement in principle to purchase the team.<ref name="mediaguidemisc">{{cite web |title =Miscellaneous/Community/Altitude|url =http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/PDF/321134_CA_MG_325-336.pdf|publisher =Colorado Avalanche|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref>. The deal became official on [[July 1]], [[1995]] and 12,000 season tickets were sold in the 37 days after the announcement of the move to Denver.<ref name="mediaguidemisc"/> The franchise was presented as the Colorado Avalanche on [[August 10]] [[1995]].<ref name="mediaguidemisc"/> They became the second NHL franchise to play in the city: the [[Colorado Rockies (NHL)|Colorado Rockies]] played in town from 1976 to 1982 when they moved to [[New Jersey]] to become the [[New Jersey Devils|Devils]].

The actual Latin stem ''popagan-'' conveys a sense of "that which fought to be spread". Originally the term was not intended to refer to misleading information. The modern sense dates from [[World War I]], when it evolved to the field of politics, and was not originally pejorative.

===Colorado Avalanche (1995-Present)===

==Purpose of propagandism==

[[Image:Patrick_Roy_1999.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Goaltender [[Patrick Roy]], the winningest net minder in the NHL, played for the Avalanche from 1995-2003.]]

The aim of propagandism is to influence people's opinions or behaviors actively, rather than merely to [[communication|communicate]] the facts about something. For example, propaganda might be used to garner either support or disapproval of a certain position, rather than to simply present the position, or to try to convince people to buy something, rather than to simply let them know there is some thing on the market.

====1995-2001====

What separates propagandism from "normal" communication is in ways by which the message attempts to shape opinion or behavior, which are often subtle and insidious among other characteristics. For example, propagandism is often presented in a way that attempts to deliberately evoke a strong emotion, especially by suggesting illogical (or non-intuitive) relationships between concepts or objects (for instance between a “good” car and an attractive woman or a sex symbol).

After buying the team, the COMSAT Entertainment Group organized its Denver sports franchises, the Avalanche and the [[Denver Nuggets]] under a separate subsidiary, Ascent Entertainment Group Inc., which went public in 1995, with 80% of its stocks bought by COMSAT and the other 20% to be available on [[NASDAQ]].<ref name="nuggetscompanyhistory">{{cite web |title =Denver Nuggets - Company History|url =http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Denver-Nuggets-Company-History.html|publisher =Funding Universe|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref>

[[Image:Master-comics-21.jpg|thumb|left|The "super-villain" [[Captain Nazi]] on the cover of ''[[Master Comics]]'' #21 (1941), flanked by his American patriotic enemies [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Captain Marvel]] (left) and [[Bulletman]]. Art by [[Mac Rayboy]]. ]]

The Colorado Avalanche played their first game in the [[McNichols Sports Arena]] in [[Denver]] on [[October 6]], [[1995]] winning 3-2 against the Detroit Red Wings.<ref>{{cite web |title = October 6, 1995 - Detroit Red Wings vs. Colorado Avalanche gamesheet|url =http://www.avalanchedb.com/gamesheets/95-96/199501.htm|publisher =Colorado Avalanche Database|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> Led by [[Captain (ice hockey)|captain]] [[Joe Sakic]], forward [[Peter Forsberg]], and defenseman [[Adam Foote]] on the ice and [[Pierre Lacroix]] as the [[General Manager (ice hockey)|general manager]] and [[Marc Crawford]] as the [[head coach]], the Avalanche got stronger when former [[Montreal Canadiens]] goalie [[Patrick Roy]] joined the team. Feeling humiliated for being left in the net after having let in 9 goals in 26 shots during a Canadiens game against the Red Wings, Roy joined the Avalanche on [[December 6]] [[1995]], together with ex-Montreal captain [[Mike Keane]] in a trade for [[Jocelyn Thibault]], [[Martin Rucinsky]] and [[Andrei Kovalenko]].<ref>{{cite news |title =Roy gets call he's in Hall|url =http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/nhl/article/0,2777,DRMN_23920_4810040,00.html|author =Sadowski, Rick|publisher =Rocky Mountain News|date =2006-06-29|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Roy would prove a pivotal addition for Colorado in the years to come.

An appeal to one's emotions is, perhaps, a more obvious, and more common propagandism method than those utilized by some other more subtle and insidious forms. For instance, propagandism may be transmitted indirectly or implicitly, through an ostensibly fair and [[Balance (public media coverage of politics)|balanced]] debate or argument. This can be done to great effect in conjunction with a broadly targeted, broadcast news format. In such a setting, techniques like, "[[red herring]]", and other ploys (such as [[Ignoratio elenchi]]), are often used to divert the audience from a critical issue, while the intended message is suggested through indirect means.

The Avalanche finished the regular season with a 47-25-10 record for 104 points, won the [[Pacific Division (NHL)|Pacific Division]] and finished second in the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]]. Colorado progressed to the playoffs and won the series against the [[Vancouver Canucks]], the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] and [[Presidents' Trophy]] winners Detroit Red Wings. In the [[Stanley Cup]] [[Stanley Cup Final|Final]], the Avalanche met the [[Florida Panthers]], who were also in their first Stanley Cup final. The Avalanche swept the series 4-0. In Game Four, during the third [[overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]] and after more than 100 minutes of play with no goals, defenseman [[Uwe Krupp]] scored to claim the franchise's first Cup.<ref>{{cite news |title =No stopping the Avalanche - Colorado completes Cup sweep of Panthers with 3OT victory|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB03D7A86BE23F7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =Ulman, Howard|publisher =Associated Press|date =1996-06-11|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> [[Joe Sakic]] was the playoff's scoring leader with 34 points (18 goals and 16 assists) and won the [[Conn Smythe Trophy]], awarded to the most valuable player to his team during the playoffs. The 1996 Stanley Cup was the first major professional championship won by a Denver team.<ref name="mediaguidemisc"/> With the Stanley Cup win, [[Russia]]ns [[Alexei Gusarov]] and [[Valeri Kamensky]] and Swede Peter Forsberg became members of the [[Triple Gold Club]], the exclusive group of ice hockey players who have won [[Ice hockey at the Olympic Games|Olympic gold]], [[Ice Hockey World Championship|World Championship gold]], and the Stanley Cup.<ref name="triplegoldclub">{{cite web |title =Triple Gold Club|url =http://www.iihf.com/archive/TGC.pdf|publisher =[[International Ice Hockey Federation]]|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref>

This sophisticated type of diversion utilizes the appearance of lively debate within what is actually a carefully focused spectrum, to generate and justify deliberately conceived assumptions. This technique avoids the distinctively biased appearance of one sided rhetoric, and works by presenting a contrived premise for an argument as if it were a universally accepted and obvious truth, so that the audience naturally assumes it to be correct.

In [[1996-97 NHL season|1996-97]], Colorado won, not only their Pacific Division, but the [[Presidents' Trophy]] as well for finishing the regular season with the best record of the entire league: 49-24-9 for 107 points. The team was also the league's best scoring with an average of 3.38 goals scored per game. The Avalanche met the two lowest seeds of the Western Conference in the first two rounds of the playoffs: the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] and the [[Edmonton Oilers]], who were beaten 4-2 and 4-1. During a rematch of the previous year Conference Final, the Avalanche lost against the Detroit Red Wings in a 4-2 series. The Red Wings went on to sweep the Stanley Cup final just as Colorado had done the year before. [[Sandis Ozolinsh]] was elected for the league's first all-star team at the end of the season.

By maintaining the range of debate in such a way that it appears inclusive of differing points of view, so as to suggest fairness and balance, the suppositions suggested become accepted as fact. Here is such an example of a hypothetical situation in which the opposing viewpoints are supposedly represented: the hawk (see: [[hawkish]]) says, "we must stay the course", and the dove says, "The war is a disaster and a failure", to which the hawk responds, "In war things seldom go smoothly and we must not let setbacks affect our determination", the dove retorts, "setbacks are setbacks, but failures are failures."

In 1997, financial problems led to the selling of the Ascent Entertainment by COMSAT to the AT&T's Liberty Media Group for $755 million. Liberty put its sports assets immediately for sale.<ref name="nuggetscompanyhistory"/>

In this example, the actual validity of the war is not discussed and is never in contention. One may naturally assume that the war was not fundamentally wrong, but just the result of miscalculation, and therefore, an error, instead of a crime. Thus, by maintaining the appearance of equitable discourse in such debates, and through continuous inculcation, such focused arguments succeed in compelling the audience to logically deduce that the presupposions of debate are unequivocal truisms of the given subject.

In the following season, Colorado won the Pacific Division with a 39-26-17 record for 95 points. The Avalanche sent the largest delegation of the NHL to the [[1998 Winter Olympics]] [[Ice hockey at the 1998 Winter Olympics|ice hockey tournament]] in [[Nagano]], [[Japan]]: 10 players representing 7 countries and coach [[Marc Crawford]] for Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title =Avalanche blame Olympics for slide that won't stop|url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_n44_v222/ai_21251719|author =Elliott, Helene|publisher =[[Sporting News|The Sporting News]]|date =1998-11-02|accessdate =2007-07-16}}</ref> [[Milan Hejduk]] won the Gold Medal for [[Czech national ice hockey team|Czech Republic]], Alexei Gusarov and Valeri Kamensky got the Silver Medal for [[Russian national ice hockey team|Russia]] and [[Jari Kurri]] won the Bronze Medal for [[Finnish national men's ice hockey team|Finland]].<ref name="recordbook">{{cite web |title =Franchise Records|url =http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/PDF/321134_CA_MG_163-220.pdf|publisher =Colorado Avalanche|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> Colorado lost in their first playoff round against the [[Edmonton Oilers]] in a 7 game series, after having led the series 3-1. [[Peter Forsberg]] was the league's second highest scorer in the regular season with 91 points (25 goals and 66 assists) and was elected for the league's first all star team. After the end of the season, head coach Marc Crawford rejected the team's offer of a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite news |title =Crawford Bows Out - Avalanche Coach turns down team's offer of two-year deal|url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-7034317.html|author =Sadowski, Rick|publisher =[[Rocky Mountain News]]|date =1998-05-28|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> [[Bob Hartley]] was hired to the head coach position in June 1998.

The method of propaganda is essential to the word's meaning as well. A message does not have to be untrue to qualify as propaganda. The message in modern propaganda is often not blatantly untrue. But even if the message conveys only "true" information, it will generally contain partisan bias and fail to present a complete and balanced consideration of the issue. Another common characteristic of propaganda is volume (in the sense of a large amount). For example, a propagandist may seek to influence opinion by attempting to get a message heard in as many places as possible, and as often as possible. The intention of this approach is to a) reinforce an idea through repetition, and b) exclude or "drown out" any alternative ideas.

In [[1998-99 NHL season|1998-99]], with the addition of the [[Nashville Predators]] to the league, the NHL realigned their divisions and the Colorado Avalanche were put in the new [[Northwest Division (NHL)|Northwest Division]]. Despite a slow 2-6-1 start, Colorado finished with a 44-28-10 record for 98 points, won the Northwest Division and finished second in the Western Conference. After beating the [[San Jose Sharks]] and the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in the first two rounds, Colorado met Presidents' Trophy winners [[Dallas Stars]] in the Conference Final, where they lost after a seven game series. Peter Forsberg was again elected to the league's first all-star team and [[Chris Drury]] won the [[Calder Memorial Trophy]] for the best rookie of the season. Together with [[Milan Hejduk]], both were elected for the [[NHL All-Rookie Team]] at the end of the season.

[[Image:Destroy_old_world.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese propaganda poster from during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Translation: "Smash the old world / Establish a new world."]]

In [[English language|English]], the word "propaganda" now carries strong negative (as well as political, mainly) connotations, although it has not always done so. It was formerly common for political organizations, as it had started to be for the advertising and public relations industry, to refer to their own material as propaganda. Because of the negative connotations the word has gained, nowadays nobody admits doing propaganda but, on the other side, everybody accuses the opponent of doing propaganda, whenever there is an opponent in question. Other languages, however, do not necessarily regard the term as derogatory and hence usage may lead to [[False friend|misunderstanding in communications]] with non-native English speakers.

It was in the [[1999-2000 NHL season|1999-2000 season]] that the Colorado Avalanche played their first game in the new [[Pepsi Center]], that cost 160 million [[US dollars]].<ref name="ksepepsicenter">{{cite web |title =KSE/Pepsi Center|url =http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/PDF/321134_CA_MG_299-312.pdf|publisher =Colorado Avalanche|accessdate =2007-06-13}}</ref> Milan Hejduk scored the first goal of a 2-1 victory against the [[Boston Bruins]] on [[October 13]] [[1999]].<ref>{{cite web |title =2001 NHL All-Star Game - Pepsi Center Facts|url =http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/2001/all_star/pepsi_center/|publisher =[[Sports Illustrated]]|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> The Avalanche finished the season with a 42-28-11-1 record for 96 points and won the Northwest Division. Between [[January 10]] and [[February 7]], the Avalanche had their longest winning streak ever with 12 games.<ref name="recordbook"/> Before the playoffs, the Avalanche strengthened their defense for a run towards the Stanley Cup. On March 6, [[1999-2000 NHL season|2000]], the [[Boston Bruins]] traded future [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]r defenseman [[Ray Bourque]] and [[Forward (ice hockey)|forward]] [[Dave Andreychuk]] to Colorado for [[Brian Rolston]], [[Martin Grenier]], [[Samuel Pahlsson]], and a first-round draft pick. Bourque, who had been a Bruin since [[1979-80 NHL season|1979-80]], requested a trade to a contender for one last shot at a Stanley Cup.<ref name="bourque">{{cite news |title =For Bourque, at long last Stanley!|url =http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app/?service=page&page=NewsPage&articleid=290833|author =Roarke, Shawn P.|publisher =[[National Hockey League|NHL]]|date =2007-03-22|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> However, and just as the year before, Colorado lost in the Conference Final against the Dallas Stars in a seven game series after beating both the Phoenix Coyotes and the Detroit Red Wings in 4-1 series. [[Joe Sakic]] won the [[Lester B. Pearson Award]] for the outstanding player of the regular season, elected by the members of the [[NHL Players Association]].

Public relations pioneer [[Edward Bernays|Edward L. Bernays]] in his classic studies eloquently describes propaganda as the purpose of communications. In ''Crystallizing Public Opinion'', for example, he dismisses the semantic differentiations (“Education is valuable, commendable, enlightening, instructive. Propaganda is insidious, dishonest, underhanded, misleading.”) and instead concentrates on purposes. He writes (p. 212), “Each of these nouns carries with it social and moral implications... The only difference between ‘propaganda’ and ‘education,’ really, is in the point of view. The advocacy of what we believe in is education. The advocacy of what we don’t believe in is propaganda.”

In July 2000, after years of intrigue and several failed negotiations, the Avalanche, the Denver Nuggets and the Pepsi Center were finally bought by business [[entrepreneur]] and [[Wal-Mart]] heir [[E. Stanley Kroenke|Stan Kroenke]] in a $450 million deal. Liberty retained only 6.5% stake of the sports franchises. The deal included a guarantee to the city of Denver that the teams would not be relocated for at least 25 years. After the deal, Kroenke organized his sports assets under Kroenke Sports Enterprises.<ref name="nuggetscompanyhistory"/>

The reason propaganda exists and is so widespread is because it serves various social purposes, necessary ones, often popular yet potentially corrupting. Many institutions such as media, private corporations and government itself are literally propaganda-addicts, co-dependent on each other and the fueling influence of the propaganda system that they help create and maintain. Propagandists have an advantage through knowing what they want to promote and to whom, and although they often resort to various two-way forms of communication this is done to make sure their one-sided purposes are achieved.

The [[2000-01 NHL season|2000-01]] season was the best season the team has ever had. The Avalanche won the Northwest Division and captured their second Presidents' Trophy after having finished the regular season with 52-16-10-4 for 118 points. Joe Sakic finished the regular season with 118 points (54 goals and 64 assists), only three behind [[Jaromir Jagr]]'s 121 points. On [[February 4]], [[2001]], the Colorado Avalanche hosted the [[51st National Hockey League All-Star Game|51st NHL All-Star Game]]. [[Patrick Roy]], Ray Bourque and Joe Sakic played for the North America team, who won 14-12 against the World team, that featured Milan Hejduk and Peter Forsberg. All but Hejduk were part of the starting lineups.<ref name="recordbook"/> Before the playoffs, the Avalanche acquired star defenseman [[Rob Blake]] and center [[Steven Reinprecht]] from the [[Los Angeles Kings]] in exchange for [[Adam Deadmarsh]], [[Aaron Miller]] and their first-round [[2001 NHL Entry Draft|2001 Draft]] pick.<ref>{{cite news |title =Kings take Avs' Aulin to complete Blake trade|url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72313179.html|author =Sadowski, Rick|publisher =Rocky Mountain News|date =2001-03-23|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> In the playoffs, Colorado swept their Conference Quarterfinal against the [[Vancouver Canucks]]. In the Conferece Semifinal, the Avalanche won the [[Los Angeles Kings]] in a seven game series, after having wasted a 3-1 lead. After the last game of the series, Peter Forsberg underwent surgery to remove a [[ruptured spleen|ruptured]] [[spleen]] and it was announced that he would not play until the following season. The injury was a huge upset for the team; former NHL goaltender [[Darren Pang]] considered it "devastating (...) to the Colorado Avalanche".<ref>{{cite news |title =Doctor: Full recovery is expected|url =http://espn.go.com/nhl/playoffs2001/2001/0510/1194333.html|author =[[Associated Press]]|publisher =[[ESPN]]|date =2001-05-10|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> The team would overcome Forsberg's injury: in the Conference Final, Colorado won the [[St. Louis Blues]] in 4-1 series and progressed to the Stanley Cup Final, where they faced the [[New Jersey Devils]], the Stanley Cup holders. The Avalanche won the series 4-3, after winning the last game at the [[Pepsi Center]] 3-1. After being handed the Cup from [[NHL Commissioner]] [[Gary Bettman]], captain Joe Sakic immediately turned, and gave it to Ray Bourque, capping off Bourque's 22-year career with his only championship.<ref>{{cite news |title =Avalanche beat Devils to capture Stanley Cup|url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/cup01/games/2001-06-09-njcol.htm|author =Allen, Kevin|publisher =USA Today|date =2001-06-10|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Joe Sakic was the playoffs leading scorer with 26 points (13 goals and 13 assists). He won the [[Hart Memorial Trophy]], given to the league's most valuable player during the regular season, the [[Lady Byng Memorial Trophy]], awarded to the player that has shown the best sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with performance in play, the Lester B. Pearson Award and shared the [[NHL Plus/Minus Award]] with [[Patrik Elias]] of the Devils. Patrick Roy won the [[Conn Smythe Trophy]], awarded to the playoffs' most valuable player. [[Shjon Podein]] was awarded the [[King Clancy Memorial Trophy]] for significant humanitarian contributions to his community, namely his work on charitable organizations and his own children's foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title =2000-01 King Clancy Memorial Trophy - Podein, Shjon|url =http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SilverwareTrophyWinner.jsp?tro=KCT&year=2000-01|publisher =Legends of Hockey|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> Ray Bourque and Joe Sakic were elected to the league's first all-star team; Rob Blake was elected to the second all-star team.

==Types of propaganda==

[[Image:Is this tomorrow.jpg|thumb|left|225px|A 1947 comic book published by the Catechetical Guild Educational Society warning of "the dangers of a Communist takeover".]]

[[Image:Britannialion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Britannia (emblem)|Britannia]] arm-in-arm with [[Uncle Sam]] symbolizes the British-American alliance in [[World War I]].]]

[[Image:Extra_hours.jpg|thumb|right|Contemporary British propaganda against benefit claimants.]]

[[Image:SheMayLookCleanBut.jpg|thumb|left|A series of American propaganda posters during World War II appealed to servicemen's patriotism to protect themselves from venereal disease. The text at the bottom of the poster reads, "You can't beat the Axis if you get VD".]]

[[Image:AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif|thumb|right|US Office for War Information, propaganda message: working less helps our enemies.]]

[[Image:Prince Rupert - 1st English Civil War.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[English Civil War]] cartoon entitled "The Cruel Practices of [[Prince Rupert]]" (1643)]]

[[Image:SuomiNeito.png|thumb|right| The [[Finnish Maiden]] - personification of Finnish nationalism]]

Propaganda shares techniques with [[advertising]] and [[public relations]]. In fact, advertising and public relations can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person or brand, though in post-WWII usage the word "propaganda" more typically refers to political or [[nationalism|nationalist]] uses of these techniques or to the promotion of a set of ideas, since the term had gained a pejorative meaning, which commercial and government entities couldn’t accept. The refusal phenomenon was eventually to be seen in politics itself by the substitution of ‘political marketing’ and other designations for ‘political propaganda’.

====2001-present====

Propaganda was often used to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues, particularly during the split between the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Protestants]]. Propaganda has become more common in [[political]] contexts, in particular to refer to certain efforts sponsored by governments, political groups, but also often covert interests. In the early 20th century the term propaganda was also used by the founders of the nascent [[public relations]] industry to describe their activities. This usage died out around the time of World War II, as the industry started to avoid the word, given the pejorative connotation it had acquired.

[[Image:Avslineup.jpeg|right|thumb|250px|Avalanche players warming up in 2006]]

The Avalanche have failed to reach the Stanley Cup Finals since 2001. In the [[2001-02 NHL season|2001-02 season]], the team finished the regular season with 99 points of a 45-28-8-1 record and won the Northwest Division. Colorado had the league's lowest goals conceded: 169, which makes an average per game of 2.06. The NHL season was interrupted once again for the [[2002 Winter Olympics]], in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]. The Colorado Avalanche had 9 players representing 6 countries. [[Canadian national men's hockey team|Canada]] won the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|ice hockey tournament]] and [[Rob Blake]], [[Adam Foote]] and [[Joe Sakic]] won Gold medals. [[American national men's hockey team|American]] [[Chris Drury]] got a silver medal.<ref name="recordbook"/> With the win, Blake and Sakic became members of the [[Triple Gold Club]].<ref name="triplegoldclub"/> After advancing through the first two rounds of the playoffs with a 4-2 series win against the [[Vancouver Canucks]] and a 4-3 series win against the [[San Jose Sharks]], the Avalanche met their rivals of the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in the playoffs for the 5th time in 7 years. In a seven game series, Colorado had a 3-2 lead after five games, but lost Game 6 at home 2-0 and then the Red Wings won the deciding game at home 7-0. Like in 1997, Detroit went on to win the Stanley Cup. [[Patrick Roy]] won the [[William M. Jennings Trophy]], given to the goaltenders of the team with fewest goals scored against. Roy was elected for the league's first all-star team, together with Joe Sakic; Rob Blake was elected for the second all-star team.

The following season, [[2002-03 NHL Season|2002-03]], saw the Avalanche claim the NHL record for most consecutive division titles, nine,<ref name="divtitrec">The 1994-95 Division title was won while the franchise was still in Quebec and together with the 8 titles the Avalanche won between 1995-96 and 2002-03 makes the record number of 9 consecutive division titles</ref> breaking the [[Montreal Canadiens]] streak of eight, won between 1974 and 1982.<ref>{{cite news |title =NHL Hockey: Colorado Avalanche Team Report|url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-99870515.html|author =|publisher =[[The Sports Network]]|date =2003-04-10|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> The division title came after a bad start by the team, that led to the exit of head coach [[Bob Hartley]], in December.<ref>{{cite news |title =Roy, Avs put clamps on Red Wings|url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/games/2003-02-06-avalanche-redwings_x.htm|author =Allen, Kevin|publisher =[[USA Today]]|date =2003-02-06|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> General Manager [[Pierre Lacroix]] promoted assistant coach [[Tony Granato]] to the head coach position.<ref>{{cite news |title =Avs bench change: Hartley out, Granato in|url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/avalanche/2002-12-18-hartley_x.htm|author =Brehm, Mike|publisher =[[USA Today]]|date =2002-18-12|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> The team's playoff spot seemed in doubt, at one point, but the Avalanche managed to finish with 105 points, ahead of the division rivals Vancouver Canucks by one. The race to the title was exciting, namely the second-to-last game of the season, as the Avalanche needed to win the game to stay in the race, and [[Milan Hejduk]] scored with 10 seconds left in overtime to beat the [[Anaheim Ducks|Anaheim]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Colorado 4, Anaheim 3|url = http://sportsline.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL_20030404_COL@ANA|author =| publisher =CBS Sportsline|dateG=2003-04-05|accessdate =2007-05-06}}</ref> The title was guaranteed in the final day of the regular season, when the Avalanche won the [[St. Louis Blues]] 5-2 and the Vancouver Canucks lost against the [[Los Angeles Kings]] 2-0.<ref>{{cite news |title =Avalanche win game, Northwest; Hejduk gets 50th|url =http://sportsline.com/nhl/gamecenter/recap/NHL_20030406_STL@COL|author =|publisher =CBS Sportsline|date =2003-04-06|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> In the playoffs, the Avalanche blew a 3-1 series lead over the [[Minnesota Wild]], and lost in overtime of Game 7 to be eliminated from the first round of the playoffs.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minnesota 3, Colorado 2|url =http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/nhl/recaps/2003/04/22/col_min/|author =|publisher =Sports Illustrated|dateG=2003-04-22|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Peter Forsberg won the [[Art Ross Trophy]] for the leading scorer of the regular season, which he finished with 106 points (29 goals, 77 assists). Forsberg also won the [[Hart Memorial Trophy]] for the regular season's most valuable player and shared the [[NHL Plus/Minus Award]] with teammate [[Milan Hejduk]]. Hejduk scored 50 goals to win the [[Maurice 'Rocket' Richard Trophy]] for the best goalscorer of the regular season. Forsberg was elected to the league's first all-star team; Hejduk was elected to the second all-star team.

Literally translated from the [[Latin]] [[gerundive]] as "things which must be disseminated," in some cultures the term is neutral or even positive, while in others the term has acquired a strong negative connotation. The connotations of the term "propaganda" can also vary over time.

"[[advertising]]" (the most common manipulation of information).

For example, in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and some [[Spanish language]] speaking countries, particularly in the [[Southern Cone]], the word "propaganda" usually refers to the most common manipulative media — "[[advertising]]".

After that season, Patrick Roy retired and the Avalanche signed star wingers [[Paul Kariya]] and [[Teemu Selänne|Teemu Selanne]] from the [[Anaheim Ducks|Mighty Ducks of Anaheim]].<ref>{{cite news |title =Patrick Roy retires after 18 years|url =http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2003/05/28/roy_retires030528.html|author =|publisher =[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date =2003-05-28|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title =Avalanche sign Kariya, Selanne to one-year deals|url =http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/hockey/news/2003/07/03/avs_signings_ap/|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =2003-07-03|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Both failed to live up to the expectations: Kariya spent most of the [[2003-04 NHL season|2003-04 season]] injured and Selanne scored only 32 points (16 goals and 16 assists) in 78 games.<ref>{{cite news |title =Passion is back for Selanne|url =http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/sports_columnists/article/0,1299,DRMN_83_5422098,00.html|author =Sadowski, Rick|publisher =[[Rocky Mountain News]]|date =2007-03-16|accessdate =2007-05-17}}</ref> Having "nine elite players"<ref>{{cite news |title =2003-2004 NHL Season Preview: Colorado Avalanche|url =http://proicehockey.about.com/cs/nhlseasonpreview/a/03_04avalanche.htm|author =Fitzpatrick, Jamie|publisher =[[About.com]]|date =2003-09-02|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref>, "the most talented top six forwards on one team since the days of the [[Edmonton Oilers]]"<ref>{{cite news |title =Avs' silver lining has a cloud|url =http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?page=2003pvw/col|author =Heika, Mike|publisher =[[ESPN]]|date =2003-09-24|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> was not good enough as the franchise failed to win the Northwest division title, ending the NHL record streak. The 40-22-13-7 record was good enough for 100 points, one less than the Northwest division winners Vancouver Canucks. Colorado won the Conference Quarterfinal against the [[Dallas Stars]] in a five game series, but lost in the Semifinal against the [[San Jose Sharks]] in a six game series. Joe Sakic became the only Avalanche player ever to be chosen as the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player during the [[54th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2004 NHL All-Star Game]], when he scored a [[hat-trick]]. Sakic was elected for the league's first all-star team at the end of the season and won the [[NHL/Sheraton Road Performer Award]].<ref name="recordbook"/>

In [[English language|English]], "propaganda" was originally a neutral term used to describe the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. During the [[20th century]], however, the term acquired a thoroughly negative meaning in western countries, representing the intentional dissemination of often false, but certainly "compelling" claims to support or justify political actions or ideologies.

The [[2004-05 NHL season]] was canceled due to an [[2004-05 NHL lockout|unresolved lockout]]. During the lockout, many Avalanche players played in European leagues.<ref name="nhleuropelockout">{{cite web|url=http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/feature/?fid=9951&hubname=|title=NHLers in Europe|publisher=TSN|accessdate=2006-10-31}}</ref> [[David Aebischer]] returned home with [[Alex Tanguay]] to play for [[Switzerland|Swiss]] club [[Hockey Club Lugano|HC Lugano]]; Milan Hejduk and Peter Forsberg returned to their former teams in their native countries, [[HC Pardubice]] and [[MODO Hockey]]. Other nine players of the Avalanche 2003-04 roster played in European league during the lockout.<ref name="nhleuropelockout"/>

This redefinition arose because both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Germany]]'s government under [[Hitler]] admitted explicitly to using propaganda favoring, respectively, [[communism]] and [[fascism]], in all forms of public expression. As these ideologies were antipathetic to liberal western societies, the negative feelings toward them came to be projected into the word "propaganda" itself.

After the [[2004-05 NHL lockout]] and the implementation of a salary cap, the Avalanche were forced to let go some of their top players. Peter Forsberg and Adam Foote were lost to free agency in order to save some room in the cap for Joe Sakic and Rob Blake.<ref>{{cite news |title =Sakic, Blake to stay; Forsberg, Foote up in air|url =http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2116068|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =2005-07-26|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Although the salary cap was a blow to one of the biggest spenders of the league,<ref>{{cite news |title =Winners, losers, undecided in wake of free-agent frenzy|url =http://www.sportsline.com/nhl/story/8790788|author =Goldstein, Wes|publisher =CBS Sportsline|date =2005-08-31|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> the Colorado Avalanche finished the [[2005-06 NHL season|2005-06 regular season]] with a 43-30-9 record for 95 points, good enough to finish second in the Northwest division, seven behind the [[Calgary Flames]] and tied with the Edmonton Oilers. The league stopped in February for the [[2006 Winter Olympics]] in [[Torino]], [[Italy]]. The Avalanche sent an NHL leading 11 players from 8 countries.<ref>{{cite news |title =East's snubs wait for

{{Quote_box|

their Olympic chances|url =http://www.nhl.com/features/east/east_notebook122705.html|author =Gormley, Chuck|publisher =NHL|date =2005-12-27|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> [[Finnish national men's ice hockey team|Finnish]] [[Antti Laaksonen]] got the silver medal, while [[Ossi Väänänen|Ossi Vaananen]] ended up not playing due to an injury; [[Czech national ice hockey team|Czech]] Milan Hejduk won a bronze medal.<ref name="recordbook"/> In the NHL playoffs, Colorado beat the team with the 2nd best record in the Western Conference, the Dallas Stars, in a five game series. In the Conference Semifinals, the Avalanche were swept for the first time ever, by the [[Mighty Ducks of Anaheim]]. The day after the loss, [[Pierre Lacroix]], who had been the General Manager of the franchise since 1994 when they were in Quebec, resigned and [[François Giguère|Francois Giguere]] was hired.<ref>{{cite news |title =Lacroix steps down as Colorado GM|url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/avalanche/2006-05-12-lacroix-resigns_x.htm|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =2006-05-12|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title =Avs hire Giguere as team's general manager|url =http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=2456902|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =2006-05-24|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Lacroix remains to this day as President of the franchise.<ref>{{cite web |title =Pierre Lacroix Profile|url =http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/Team/StaffBio.aspx?SID=7|publisher =Colorado Avalanche|accessdate =2007-02-25}}</ref>

width=60%|align=center

|quote="Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism—the applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion."|source=R.A. Nelson, ''A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States'', 1996|

}}

By the beginning of the [[2006-07 NHL season|2006-07 season]] Joe Sakic and Milan Hejduk were the only two remaining members from the 2001 Stanley Cup winning squad. Joe Sakic is the only player left from the team's days in Quebec (though Hejduk was drafted by the Nordiques), but [[Paul Stastny]], son of Nordiques legend [[Peter Stastny]], also provides a link to the past. The Avalanched missed the playoffs for the first time in their history. The team had a 15-2-2 run in the last 19 games of the season to keep their playoffs hopes alive until the penultimate day of the season. A 4-2 loss against the [[Nashville Predators]] on April 7, with Peter Forsberg assisting the game winning goal scored by Paul Kariya, knocked Colorado out of the playoff race.<ref>{{cite news |title =Predators 4, Avalanche 2|url =http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=1225&season=20062007&gameType=2|author =|publisher =[[Associated Press]]|date =2007-04-07|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> The team won the last game of the season against the Calgary Flames on the following day and finished 4th in the Northwest Division and 9th in the Western Conference with a 44-31-7 record for 95 points, one less than the eight seed Calgary. During that last game of the season, Joe Sakic scored a goal and two assists and became the second-oldest player in NHL history to reach 100 points, behind only [[Gordie Howe]], who had 103 points at age 40 in the 1968-69 season.<ref>{{cite news |title =Avalanche 6, Flames 3|url =http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app?service=page&page=Recap&gameNumber=513&season=20062007&gameType=2|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =2007-04-08|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> Until the Avalanche's 2006-2007 season, no team in the history of the NHL had ever made it to 95 points without earning a spot in the playoffs.<ref>{{cite news |title = Avs Win Season Finale |url =http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/GameDay/BoxScore.aspx?PGID=93&NID=893|author =|publisher =Associated Press|date =2007-04-08|accessdate =2007-06-17}}</ref> In the [[Eastern Conference (NHL)|Eastern Conference]], three teams progressed to the [[2007 NHL playoffs|playoffs]] with less than 95 points: the [[New York Rangers]] (94), the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] (93), and the [[New York Islanders]] (92).

At the left, right, or mainstream, propaganda knows no borders; as is detailed by Roderick Hindery. Hindery further argues that debates about most social issues can be productively revisited in the context of asking "what is or is not propaganda?" Not to be overlooked is the link between propaganda, indoctrination, and terrorism/counterterrorism. Mere threats to destroy are often as socially disruptive as physical devastation itself.

===Rivalry with the Detroit Red Wings===

Propaganda also has much in common with [[public information]] campaigns by governments, which are intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior (such as wearing seat belts, not smoking, not littering and so forth). Again, the emphasis is more political in propaganda. Propaganda can take the form of [[leaflet]]s, posters, TV and radio broadcasts and can also extend to any other [[Mass media|medium]].

In [[1995-96 NHL season|1996]], the Colorado Avalanche met the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in the Western Conference Finals and won the series 4-2. During Game 6, as Red Wings player [[Kris Draper]] was skating toward the bench, he was checked into the boards face-first by Avalanche player [[Claude Lemieux]].<ref name="bloodfeud">{{cite book | last =Dater| first = Adrian| title =Blood Feud: Detroit Red Wings vs. Colorado Avalanche| publisher =Taylor Trade Publishing| date =2006| url =http://www.denverpost.com/books/ci_5106839| isbn =1589793196}}</ref> As a result, Draper had to undergo facial reconstructive surgery, and had to have his jaw wired shut for five weeks.<ref name="avsrw10y">{{cite news |title =Happy anniversary to Red Wings, Avalanche|url =http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=neumann/070326|author =Neumann, Thomas|publisher =ESPN|date =2007-03-26|accessdate =2007-03-27}}</ref> After the incident, Lemieux received many threats from Red Wings players and fans, including goalie [[Chris Osgood]].<ref name="bloodfeud"/>

In the following season, in the last regular season meeting between the Avalanche and Red Wings on March 26, 1997, a brawl known as [[Brawl in Hockeytown]] broke out. The game ended with 9 fights, 11 goals, 39 penalties, 148 penalty minutes, one hat-trick (by [[Valeri Kamensky]]) and a goalie fight between Stanley Cup champion goalies [[Patrick Roy]] and [[Mike Vernon]].<ref name="avsrw10y"/> Claude Lemieux was one of the players singled out by the Red Wings players.<!--needs to be reworded, but I'm not sure how.--> The Red Wings ended up winning the game in overtime 6-5.<ref name="avsrw10y"/> Both teams met again in the Conference Finals that season, with the Red Wings emerging victorious, and going on to win the Stanley Cup. In the following five years, the Avalanche and the Red Wings met three times in the playoffs, with Colorado winning the first two and losing the last.

In the case of the United States, there is also an important legal (imposed by law) distinction between [[advertising]] (a type of '''overt propaganda''') and what the Government Accountability Office (GAO), an arm of the United States Congress, refers to as "covert propaganda."

This rivalry is often considered one of the most intense rivalries in the NHL by the press and fans.<ref>{{cite news |title =Part II -- Top rivalries|url =http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/preview2005/news/story?id=2172427|author =|publisher =ESPN|date =2005-10-29|accessdate =2007-03-27}}</ref>

Journalistic theory generally holds that news items should be objective, giving the reader an accurate background and analysis of the subject at hand. On the other hand, [[advertisements]] evolved from the traditional commercial advertisements to include also a new type in the form of '''paid''' articles or broadcasts disguised as news. These generally present an issue in a very subjective and often misleading light, primarily meant to persuade rather than inform. Normally they use only subtle [[propaganda techniques]] and not the more obvious ones used in traditional commercial advertisements. If the reader believes that a paid advertisement is in fact a news item, the message the advertiser is trying to communicate will be more easily "believed" or "internalized." Such advertisements are considered obvious examples of "covert" propaganda because they take on the appearance of objective information rather than the appearance of propaganda, which is misleading. Federal law specifically mandates that any advertisement appearing in the format of a news item '''must state''' that the item is in fact a '''paid advertisement'''. The Bush Administration has come under fire for allegedly producing and disseminating covert propaganda in the form of television programs, aired in the United States, which appeared to be legitimate news broadcasts and did not include any information signifying that the programs were not generated by a private-sector news source.<ref>{{cite web | title=Inter-Press News Service : 05/23/2005 : Bush to continue producing 'packaged news stories' | url=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/printer_2008.shtml| accessdate=March 15 | accessyear=2006 }}</ref>

===The sell-out streak===

Propaganda, in a narrower use of the term, connotates deliberately false or misleading information that supports or furthers a political (but not only) cause or the interests of those with power.

After a record 487 consecutive games, the NHL's longest consecutive attendance sellout ended with the Avalanche on [[October 16]], [[2006]], after a reported attendance of 17,681, which is 326 under capacity at the [[Pepsi Center]] before a game against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]]. The streak began on [[November 9]], [[1995]], the Avalanche's eighth [[regular season]] home game during the [[1995-96 NHL season]], before a sellout of 16,061 at the [[McNichols Sports Arena]] versus the [[Dallas Stars]].<ref>{{cite news |title =Avs see sellout streak get away|url =http://www.denverpost.com/avalanche/ci_4503924|author =Frei, Terry|publisher =Denver Post|date =2006-10-17|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> The Avalanche recorded their 500th home sellout in their 515th game in Denver on [[January 20]] [[2007]], against the [[Detroit Red Wings]], a game the Avs would win 3-2.<ref>{{cite news |title = Avalanche Reaches 500th Sellout In Denver |url =http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=780|author =|publisher =Colorado Avalanche|date =2006-01-20|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref>

The propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. Propaganda, in this sense, serves as a corollary to [[censorship]] in which the same purpose is achieved, not by filling people's minds with approved information, but by preventing people from being confronted with opposing points of view. What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the willingness of the propagandist to change people's understanding through [[deception]] and confusion rather than persuasion and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the information to be one sided or untrue,

but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda.

==Team colors and jersey==

More in line with the [[religion|religious]] roots of the term, it is also used widely in the debates about [[new religious movement]]s (NRMs), both by people who defend them and by people who oppose them. The latter pejoratively call these NRMs [[cult]]s. [[Anti-cult movement|Anti-cult activists]] and [[Christian countercult movement|countercult activists]] accuse the leaders of what they consider cults of using propaganda extensively to recruit followers and keep them. Some social scientists, such as the late Jeffrey Hadden, and [[CESNUR]] affiliated scholars accuse ex-members of "cults" who became vocal critics and the [[anti-cult movement]] of making these unusual religious movements look bad without sufficient reasons.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Religious Movements Page: Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect" | url=http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/cultsect/concult.htm | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Polish Anti-Cult Movement (Koscianska) - CESNUR | url=http://www.cesnur.org/conferences/riga2000/koscianska.htm | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref>

[[Image:Colorado-alternate.gif|thumb|left|100px|Avalanche's alternate logo: the foot of Howler]]

{{h3|Logo}}

The Colorado Avalanche logo is composed by a [[Burgundy (color)|burgundy]] letter '''''A''''' with snow wrapped around, similar to an [[avalanche]]. There is a hockey puck in the lower-right end of the snow, wrapping around the logo. Around the whole logo, there's a blue oval.

The team's alternate logo is the foot of Howler, and can be seen on the shoulders of the Avalanche's home and away jerseys.

Propaganda is a mighty weapon in [[war]]. In this case its aim is usually to dehumanize and create hatred toward a supposed enemy, either internal or external. The technique is to create a false image in the mind. This can be done by using special words, special avoidance of words or by saying that the enemy is responsible for certain things he never did. Most propaganda wars require the home population to feel the enemy has inflicted an injustice, which may be fictitious or may be based on facts. The home population must also decide that the cause of their nation is just.

{{clear}}

{{h3|Jerseys}}

[[Image:Avalanche200607jerseys.GIF|thumb|350px|right|Avalanche jerseys for the 2006-07 season: Home and away (top) and 3rd jersey (bottom)]]

The Avalanche jerseys have not changed since their first season in 1995. The team colors are burgundy, blue and white. The home jersey, which was the team's road jersey until 2003 when the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] decided to switch home and road jerseys,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statenews.com/article.phtml?pk=15112|title=NHL 'quacked' up with hockey jersey switch|first=Kristofer|last=Karol|publisher=[[State News]]|date=[[January 27]], [[2003]]|accessdate=2006-08-30}}</ref> is dominantly burgundy and dark blue in color. There are two black and white [[zigzag]] lines along the jersey, one in the shoulders, the other near the belly. Between them, the jersey is burgundy, outside those lines it is dark blue. Similar lines exist around the neck. The Avalanche logo is in the center of the jersey. On top of the shoulders, there is the alternate logo, one on each side. The away jersey is similar, just with different colors. The burgundy part on the home jersey is white on the away jersey, the light blue part is burgundy and the black and white lines became white and dark blue.

The Avalanche introduced a third jersey during the 2001-02 season.<ref>{{cite news |title =OILERS 4, AVALANCHE 1 "Third jersey' to make debut on Halloween|url =http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF431E783FCBE23&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|author =Dater, Adrian|publisher =Denver Post|date =2001-10-19|accessdate =2007-03-26}}</ref> It is dominantly burgundy. "Colorado" is spelled in a diagonal across the jersey where the logo is on the other jerseys. From the belly down, three large horizontal stripes, the first and the last being black and the middle one being white. In the middle of the arms, there are 5 stripes, black, white and burgundy from the outside inside in both sides.

Propaganda is also one of the methods used in [[psychological warfare]], which may also involve [[false flag]] operations.

==Seasons and records==

The term propaganda may also refer to false information meant to reinforce the mindsets of people who already believe as the propagandist wishes. The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see [[cognitive dissonance]]), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason propaganda is '''often addressed to people''' who are '''already sympathetic''' to the agenda. This '''process of reinforcement''' uses an individual's predisposition to self-select "agreeable" information sources as a mechanism for maintaining control.

===Season-by-season record===

''This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Avalanche. For the full season-by-season history, see [[Colorado Avalanche seasons]]''

'''''Note:''' GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes''

Propaganda can be classified according to the source and nature of the message. '''[[White propaganda]] '''generally comes from an openly identified source, and is characterized by gentler methods of persuasion, such as standard public relations techniques and one-sided presentation of an argument. '''[[Black propaganda]] '''is identified as being from one source, but is in fact from another. This is most commonly to disguise the true origins of the propaganda, be it from an enemy country or from an organization with a negative public image. '''[[Grey propaganda]] ''' is propaganda without any identifiable source or author. In scale, these different types of propaganda can also be defined by the potential of true and correct information to compete with the propaganda. For example, opposition to white propaganda is often readily found and may slightly discredit the propaganda source. Opposition to grey propaganda, when revealed (often by an inside source), may create some level of public outcry. Opposition to black propaganda is often unavailable and may be dangerous to reveal, because public cognizance of black propaganda tactics and sources would undermine or backfire the very campaign the black propagandist supported.

<small>Records as of April 9, 2007.</small><ref name="hockeydb">Hockeydb.com, [http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/teamseasons.php?tid=690 Colorado Avalanche season statistics and records]</ref>

Propaganda may be administered in very insidious ways. For instance, disparaging [[disinformation]] about the history of certain groups or foreign countries may be encouraged or tolerated in the educational system. Since few people actually double-check what they learn at school, such disinformation will be repeated by journalists as well as parents, thus reinforcing the idea that the disinformation item is really a "well-known fact," even though no one repeating the myth is able to point to an authoritative source. The disinformation is then recycled in the media and in the educational system, without the need for direct governmental intervention on the media.

{| class="wikitable"

Such permeating propaganda may be used for political goals: by giving citizens a false impression of the quality or policies of their country, they may be incited to reject certain proposals or certain remarks or ignore the experience of others.

|- style="background-color:#dddddd;" |

See also: [[black propaganda]], [[marketing]], [[advertising]]

|Season || GP || W || L || T || OTL || Pts || GF || GA || PIM || Finish || Playoffs

|-

| [[2001-02 NHL season|2001-02]] || 82 || 45 || 28 || 8 || 1 || 99 || 212 || 169 || 1007 || 1st, Northwest || Lost in Conference Finals, 3-4 ([[Detroit Red Wings|Red Wings]])

|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"

| [[2002-03 NHL season|2002-03]] || 82 || 42 || 19 || 13 || 8 || 105 || 251 || 194 || 1084 || 1st, Northwest || Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 3-4 ([[Minnesota Wild|Wild]])

|-

| [[2003-04 NHL season|2003-04]] || 82 || 40 || 22 || 13 || 7 || 100 || 236 || 198 || 1293 || 2nd, Northwest || Lost in Conference Semifinals, 2-4 ([[San Jose Sharks|Sharks]])

|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"

| [[2004-05 NHL season|2004-05]] || colspan="11"| ''Season cancelled due to [[2004-05 NHL Lockout]]''

|-

| [[2005-06 NHL season|2005-06]]¹ || 82 || 43 || 30 || — || 9 || 95 || 283 || 257 || 1130 || 2nd, Northwest || Lost in Conference Semifinals, 0-4 ([[Mighty Ducks of Anaheim|Mighty Ducks]])

|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"

| [[2006-07 NHL season|2006-07]] || 82 || 44 || 31 || — || 7 || 95 || 272 || 251 || 864 ||4th, Northwest || Did not qualify

|}

:¹ <small>As of the [[2005-06 NHL season]], all games tied after regulation will be decided in a shootout; SOL (Shootout losses) will be recorded as OTL in the standings.</small>

==Techniques of propaganda transmission==

[[Image:PSYOPS3ap.jpg|thumb|United States Army 312th [[Psychological operations|PSYOP]] Company passes out leaflets and broadcasts messages in [[Al Kut, Iraq]] on [[May 2]] [[2003]].]]

===Franchise leaders===

Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports,

''Note: This list does not include stats from the [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[WHA]] & [[NHL]]).''

government reports, historical revision, [[junk science]], books, leaflets,

<small>Records as of April 9, 2007.</small><ref name="avsdbrb">{{cite web |title =Regular Season Record Books|url =http://www.avalanchedb.com/recordbooks/regular/page1.htm|publisher =Colorado Avalanche Database|accessdate =2007-05-12}}</ref>

[[propaganda film|movies]], [[radio]], [[television]], and posters. In the case of radio and television, propaganda can exist on news, current-affairs or talk-show segments, as '''advertising''' or public-service '''announce "spots"''' or as long-running '''advertorials'''.

{{col-start}}

{{col-2}}

{{h4|Regular season}}

*Games played: [[Joe Sakic]], 811

*Goals: Joe Sakic, 376

*Assists: Joe Sakic, 587

*Points: Joe Sakic, 963

*Penalty minutes: [[Adam Foote]], 809

*Wins: [[Patrick Roy]], 262

*Shutouts: Patrick Roy, 37

{{col-2}}

{{h4|Playoffs}}

*Games played: Joe Sakic, 150

*Goals: Joe Sakic, 75

*Assists: [[Peter Forsberg]], 93

*Points: Joe Sakic, 167

*Penalty minutes: Adam Foote, 266

*Wins: Patrick Roy, 81

*Shutouts: Patrick Roy, 18

{{col-end}}

===Franchise records===

Ideally a propaganda campaign will follow a strategic transmission pattern to fully indoctrinate a group. This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a web site, hot line, radio program, et cetera (as it is seen also for selling purposes among other goals). The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to [[opinion leader]] through indoctrination. lolololll

''Note: This list does not include records from the [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[WHA]] & [[NHL]]). Items in '''bold''' are NHL records.'' <small>Records as of April 9, 2007.</small><ref name="avsdbrb"/>

{{h4|Regular season}}

== Techniques of propaganda generation ==

*Most goals in a season: [[Joe Sakic]], 54 (2000-01)

A number of techniques which are based on [[social psychology|social psychological]] research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under [[Logical fallacy|logical fallacies]], since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.

*Most assists in a season: [[Peter Forsberg]], 86 (1995-96)

Vareimai English A2

*Most points in a season: Joe Sakic, 120 (1995-96)

[[Image:Churchdesecrationposter.JPG|thumb|right|An [[Italy|Italian]] poster from [[World War II]] using the image of [[Jesus]] to elicit support for the [[fascist]] cause from the largely [[Catholic]] population. The portrayal of an [[African American]] [[United States Army|US Army]] soldier desecrating a church fosters [[racism|racist]] sentiment.]]

*Most penalty minutes in a season: [[Chris Simon]], 250 (1995-96)

Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which propaganda messages

*Most game-winning goals in a season: Joe Sakic, 12 (2000-01)

are transmitted. That work is important but it is clear that information

*Most points in a season, rookie: [[Paul Stastny]], 78 (2006-07)

dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with

*'''NHL record longest points streak, rookie: Paul Stastny, 20 games (2006-07)'''

''propagandistic messages''. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread. Below are a number of techniques for generating propaganda:

*'''NHL record most consecutive games played by a defenseman: [[Karlis Skrastins]], 495 games (2000-2007 - 270 with the Nashville Predators and 225 with the Avalanche)'''

*Best [[Plus/minus|+/-]] record in a season: [[Milan Hejduk]] and Peter Forsberg, [phone])

*Most wins in a season: [[Patrick Roy]], 40 (2000-01)

*Most shutouts in a season: Patrick Roy, 9 (2001-02)

*Best goal against average in a season: Patrick Roy, 1.94 (2001-02)

{{h4|Playoffs}}

*'''[[Ad Hominem]]''': A Latin phrase which has come to mean attacking your opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments.

*Most goals in a playoff season: Joe Sakic, 18 (1996)

*'''[[Appeal to authority]]''': Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action. Appealing to authority is a valid type of argument if the authority being appealed to is a noted expert in the area in question. However, if an argument, say on a medical issue, is supported by appending the support of a political or military authority, it may not be a valid form of argument.

*Most assists in a playoff season: Peter Forsberg, 18 (2002)

*'''[[Appeal to fear]]''': Appeals to fear seek to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population, for example, [[Joseph Goebbels]] exploited [[Theodore Kaufman]]'s ''[[Germany Must Perish!]]'' to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.

*Most points in a playoff season: Joe Sakic, 34 (1996)

*'''[[Appeal to Prejudice]]''': Using loaded or emotive terms to attach value or moral goodness to believing the proposition. For example, the "A reasonable, community-minded person would have to agree that those who do not work, and who do not support the community do not deserve the community's support through social assistance."

*Most penalty minutes in a playoff season: [[Adam Foote]], 62 (1997)

*'''[[Argumentum ad nauseam]]''': This argument approach uses tireless repetition of an idea. An idea, especially a simple slogan, that is repeated enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. This approach works best when media sources are limited and controlled by the propagator.

*'''[[Bandwagon effect|Bandwagon]]''': Bandwagon and "inevitable-victory" appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that "everyone else is taking."

**[[Inevitable victory]]: invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action.

**[[Join the crowd]]: This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join.

*'''[[Black-and-white fallacy|Black-and-White fallacy]]''': Presenting only two choices, with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice. (e.g., "You are either with us, or you are with the evil enemy")

*'''[[Beautiful people]]''': The type of propaganda that deals with eather famous people or just plain beautiful people. This makes other people think that if they buy this product, they will be just like them.

*'''[[Common man]]''': The "''''''plain folks''''''" or "common man" approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothe their message in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person. For example, a propaganda leaflet may make an argument on a macroeconomic issue, such as unemployment insurance benefits, using everyday terms: "given that the country has little money during this recession, we should stop paying unemployment benefits to those who do not work, because that is like maxing out all your credit cards during a tight period, when you should be tightening your belt." While this analogy between a nation's macroeconomic tools and household finances is appealing, it is false; in fact, most macroeconomists argue that unemployment benefits should be paid during a recession.

*'''[[Demonizing the “enemy”]]''': Making individuals from the opposing nation or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman, worthless, or immoral, through suggestion or false accusations.

[[Image:LibertyBond-WinsorMcCay.jpg|thumb|[[World War I]] poster by [[Winsor McCay]], urging Americans to buy [[Liberty Bond]]s]]

{{h4|Team}}

*'''[[Direct order]]''': This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices. Authority figures can be used to give the order, overlapping it with the [[Appeal to authority]] technique, but not necessarily. The [[Uncle Sam]] "I want you" image is an example of this technique.

*'''Most consecutive division titles (1994-5 through 2002-3), 9'''<ref name="divtitrec"/>

*'''[[Euphoria]]''': The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using an appealing event to boost morale. Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday, making luxury items available, or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic messages.

*Most points in a season: 118 (2000-01)

*'''[[Falsifying information]]''': The creation or deletion of information from public records, in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization. Pseudosciences are often used to falsify information.

*Most wins in a season: 52 (2000-01)

*'''[[Flag-waving]]''': An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a group, country, or idea. The feeling of patriotism which this technique attempts to inspire may diminish or entirely omit one's capability for rational examination of the matter in question.

*Most goals: 336 (1995-96)

*'''[[Glittering generality|Glittering generalities]]''': Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words applied to a product or idea, but which present no concrete argument or analysis. A famous example is the campaign slogan "Ford has a better idea!"

*Largest margin of victory: 10 (Dec. 12, 1995 vs San Jose (12-2))

*'''Intentional vagueness''': Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience foregoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application is not considered.

*'''[[Obtain disapproval]]''' or '''[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]''': This technique is used to persuade a target audience to disapprove of an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups hated, feared, or held in contempt by the target audience. Thus if a group which supports a certain policy is led to believe that undesirable, subversive, or contemptible people support the same policy, then the members of the group may decide to change their original position.

*'''[[Causal oversimplification|Oversimplification]]''': Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems.

*'''[[Fallacy of quoting out of context|Quotes out of Context]]''': Selective editing of quotes which can change meanings. Political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often make use of this technique.

*'''[[Rationalization]]''': Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs.

*'''[[Red herring]]'''/'''[[Chewbacca Defense]]''': Presenting data or issues that, while striking or interesting, are irrelevant to the argument at hand, and then claiming that it validates the argument.

*'''[[Repitition]]''': This type of propaganda deals with a jingle or word that is repeated over and over again, thus getting it stuck in someones head, so they can buy the product.

*'''[[Scapegoating]]''': Assigning blame to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and/or distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.

*'''[[Slogan]]s''': A slogan is a brief, striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. Although slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas, in practice they tend to act only as emotional appeals. Opponents of the US's invasion and occupation of Iraq use the slogan "blood for oil" to suggest that the invasion and its human losses was done to access Iraq's oil riches. On the other hand, "hawks" who argue that the US should continue to fight in Iraq use the slogan "cut and run" to suggest that it would be cowardly or weak to withdraw from Iraq. Similarly, the names of the military campaigns, such as "enduring freedom" or "just cause", may also be regarded to be slogans, devised to influence people.

*'''[[Stereotyping]] or Name Calling''' or '''Labeling''': This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. For instance, reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on the stereotypical traits that the reader expects, even though they are far from being representative of the whole country or group; such reporting often focuses on the [[anecdote|anecdotal]].

*'''[[Testimonial]]''': Testimonials are quotations, in or out of context, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own. ''See also, [[damaging quotation]]''

[[Image:Korean-leaflet-bomb.jpg|thumb|Soldier loads a "leaflet bomb" during the [[Korean war]].]]

*'''[[Transfer (propaganda)|Transfer]]''': Also known as '''Association''', this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value (an individual, group, organization, nation, patriotism, etc.) to another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (for example, the Swastika used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images. An example of common use of this technique in America is for the President to be filmed or photographed in front of the American flag.

*'''[[Unstated assumption]]''': This technique is used when the propaganda concept that the propagandist intends to transmit would seem less credible if explicitly stated. The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.

*'''[[Virtue word]]s''': These are words in the value system of the target audience which tend to produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, etc. are virtue words. See ""[[Transfer]]"".

==Current roster==

''See also:'' [[doublespeak]], [[cult of personality]], [[spin (politics)|spin]], [[demonization]], [[factoid]]

<small>As of April 27th, [[2006-07 NHL season|2007]]. [http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/team/PlayersNumber.asp]</small>

{| width=90%

==Additional models of propaganda in contemporary scholarship==

!colspan=6 |<center><big>Goaltenders

===The propaganda model===

|- bgcolor="#dddddd"

The [[propaganda model]] is a [[theory]] advanced by [[Edward S. Herman]] and [[Noam Chomsky]] that alleges systemic [[bias]]es in the [[mass media]] and seeks to explain them in terms of structural [[economic]] [[cause]]s.

!width=5%|#

!width=5%|

|align=left!!width=15%|'''Player'''

!width=8%|Catches

!width=9%|Acquired

!width=37%|Place of Birth

|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"

:''"The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: '''the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.'''"''<ref>[http://mediafilter.org/caq/CAQ54chmky.html "Letter from Noam Chomsky" to ''Covert Action Quarterly,'' quoting Alex Carey, Australian social scientist.]</ref><ref>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/25/006.html review of Carey, Alex (1995) ''Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia,'' University of NSW Press.]</ref>

|align=center|'''31'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|SVK}}

|[[Peter Budaj]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2001 NHL Entry Draft|2001]]

|[[Banská Bystrica]], [[Czechoslovakia]]

|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"

First presented in their 1988 book ''[[Manufacturing Consent|Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media]]'', the [[propaganda model]] views the private [[mass media|media]] as businesses selling a product &mdash; readers and [[audiences]] (rather than [[news]]) &mdash; to other businesses (advertisers). The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that determine the type of news that is presented in news media: [[Ownership]] of the medium; Medium's [[funding]] sources; [[news source|Sourcing]]; [[flak (disambiguation)|Flak]]; and [[anti-communism|Anti-communist]] [[ideology]]

|align=center|'''60'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Jose Theodore]]

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2005-06 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Laval, Quebec]]

|}

{| width=90%

The first three (ownership, funding, and sourcing) are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of [[United States]] media, [[Chomsky]] and [[Herman]] believe the [[theory]] is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles which the [[model (abstract)|model]] postulates as the cause of [[media bias]]es. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Chomsky stated that the new filter replacing communism would be terrorism and Islam.<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/forums/chomforumacrh.htm A selection of Chomsky's posts from the ChomskyChat Forum]</ref>

!colspan=6 |<center><big>Defensemen

|- bgcolor="#dddddd"

!width=5%|#

!width=5%|

|align=left!!width=15%|'''Player'''

!width=8%|Shoots

!width=9%|Acquired

!width=37%|Place of Birth

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

===The epistemic merit model===

|align=center|'''2'''

The [[Epistemic Merit Model|epistemic merit model]] is a method for understanding propaganda conceived by Sheryl Tuttle Ross and detailed in her 2002 article for the ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'' entitled "Understanding Propaganda: The Epistemic Merit Model and Its Application to Art".<ref>Ross, Sheryl Tuttle. "Understanding Propaganda: The Epistemic Merit Model and Its Application to Art." ''Journal of Aesthetic Education'', Vol. 36, No.1. pp. 16-30</ref>

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

|[[Ken Klee]]

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Indianapolis, Indiana]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

Ross developed the Epistemic merit model due to concern about narrow, misleading definitions of propaganda. She contrasted her model with the ideas of Pope Gregory XV, the [[Institute for Propaganda Analysis]], [[Alfred Lee]], [[F.C. Bartlett]], and [[Hans Speier]]. Insisting that each of their respective discussions of propaganda are too narrow, Ross proposed her own definition.

|align=center|'''3'''

[[Image:Novum_Eboracum.jpg|thumb|right|American WWI poster: "Remember Your First Thrill of American Liberty"]].

|align=center|{{flagicon|LVA}}

|[[Karlis Skrastins]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2003-04 NHL season|2003]]

|[[Riga]], [[Soviet Union|U.S.S.R.]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

====What is propaganda?====

|align=center|'''4'''

To appropriately discuss propaganda, Ross claims that one must consider a threefold communication model: that of Sender-Message-Receiver. "That is... propaganda involve[s]... the one who is persuading (Sender) [who is] doing so intentionally, [the] target for such persuasion (Receiver) and [the] means of reaching that target (Message)."

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

|[[John-Michael Liles]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2000 NHL Entry Draft|2000]]

|[[Zionsville, Indiana]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

According to Ross, there are four conditions for a message to be considered propaganda. Propaganda involves the intention to persuade.

|align=center|'''5'''

As well, propaganda is sent on behalf of a sociopolitical institution, organization, or cause. Next,the recipient of propaganda is a socially significant group of people. Finally, propaganda is epistemically defective.

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Brett Clark]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2001-02 NHL season|2002]]

|[[Wapella (Saskatchewan)|Wapella]], [[Saskatchewan]]

|-bgcolor="eeeeee"

====What it means to be epistemically defective====

|align=center|'''6'''

It is misleading to say, as some do, that propaganda is simply false, or that it is conditional to a lie, since often the propagandist believes in what he/she is propagandizing. In other words, it is not necessarily a lie if the person who creates the propaganda is trying to persuade you of a view that they actually hold. "The aim of the propagandist is to create the semblance of credibility." This means that they appeal to an [[epistemology]] that is weak or defective. <blockquote>False statements, bad arguments, immoral commands as well as inapt metaphors (and other literary [[tropes]]) are the sorts of things that are epistemically defective... Not only does epistemic defectiveness more accurately describe how propaganda endeavors to function... since many messages are in forms such as commands that do not admit to truth-values, [but it] also accounts for the role context plays in the workings of propaganda.</blockquote>

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

|[[Jeff Finger]]

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[1999 NHL Entry Draft|1999]]

|[[Houghton, Michigan]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

====Art as Propaganda====

|align=center|'''27'''

Throughout history those who have wished to persuade have used art to get their message out. This can be accomplished by hiring artists for the express aim of propagandizing or by investing new meanings to a previously nonpolitical work. Therefore, Ross states, it is important to consider "the conditions of its making [and] the conditions of its use."...

|align=center|{{flagicon|FIN}}

|[[Ossi Vaananen]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2003-04 NHL season|2004]]

|[[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

== History of propaganda ==

|align=center|'''34'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

|[[Kurt Sauer]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2000 NHL Entry Draft|2004]]

|[[St. Cloud, Minnesota]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

Propaganda, has been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists.

|align=center|'''44'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

|[[Jordan Leopold]]

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Golden Valley, Minnesota]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

=== Ancient propaganda ===

|align=center|'''71'''

The [[Behistun Inscription]] (c. 515 BC) detailing the rise of [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]] to the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] throne, can be seen as an early example of propaganda.

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Patrice Brisebois]]<small> ([[Injured reserve|IR]])</small>

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2005-06 NHL season|2005]]

|[[Montreal, Quebec]]

|}

{| width=90%

The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' written by [[Chanakya]] (c. 350 - 283 BC), a professor of [[political science]] at [[Takshashila University]] and a prime minister of the [[Maurya Empire]], discusses propaganda in detail, such as how to spread propaganda and how to apply it in [[warfare]]. His student [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (c. 340 - 293 BC), founder of the Maurya Empire, employed these methods during his rise to power.<ref>Boesche, Roger. "Kautilya’s Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", ''The Journal of Military History'' '''67''' (p. 9–38), January 2003.</ref>

!colspan=7 |<center><big>Forwards

|- bgcolor="#dddddd"

!width=5%|#

!width=5%|

|align=left!!width=15%|'''Player'''

!width=8%|Position

!width=8%|Shoots

!width=9%|Acquired

!width=37%|Place of Birth

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

The writings of [[Roman Empire|Romans]] such as [[Livy]] (c. 59 BC - 17 AD) are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman [[statist]] propaganda.

|align=center|'''8'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}<!--Note: Wolski plays for Team Canada-->

|[[Wojtek Wolski]]¹

|align=center|LW

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2004 NHL Entry Draft|2004]]

|[[Zabrze]], [[Poland]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

=== 19th and 20th centuries ===

|align=center|'''12'''

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Korea (179).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[North Korea]]n propaganda showing a soldier destroying the [[United States Capitol]].]] -->

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

[[Image:Ww2 poster oct0404.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. Propaganda from WWII, Depicting [[Hitler]] as foolish.]]

|[[Brad Richardson]]

[[Gabriel Tarde]]'s ''Laws of Imitation'' (1890) and [[Gustave Le Bon]]'s ''The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind'' (1897) were two of the first codifications of propaganda techniques, which influenced many writers afterward, including [[Sigmund Freud]]. Hitler's ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' is heavily influenced by Le Bon's theories. Journalist [[Walter Lippman]], in ''[[Public Opinion]]'' (1922) also worked on the subject, as well as psychologist [[Edward Bernays]], a nephew of Freud, early in the 20th century.

|align=center|C/LW

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2003 NHL Entry Draft|2003]]

|[[Belleville, Ontario]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

During World War I, Lippman and Bernays were hired by then United States President, [[Woodrow Wilson]], to participate in the [[Committee on Public Information|Creel Commission]], the mission of which was to sway popular opinion in favor of entering the war, on the side of the United Kingdom. The Creel Commission provided themes for speeches by "four-minute men" at public functions, and also encouraged censorship of the American press. The Commission was so unpopular that after the war, Congress closed it down without providing funding to organize and archive its papers.

|align=center|'''14'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Ian Laperriere]] - '''[[Captain (ice hockey)#Alternate captains|A]]'''

|align=center|RW/C

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2004-05 NHL season|2004]]

|[[Montreal, Quebec]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

The war propaganda campaign of Lippman and Bernays produced within six months such an intense anti-German hysteria as to permanently impress American [[business]] (and [[Adolf Hitler]], among others) with the potential of large-scale propaganda to control public opinion. Bernays coined the terms "group mind" and "engineering consent", important concepts in practical propaganda work.

|align=center|'''15'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Andrew Brunette]] - '''[[Captain (ice hockey)#Alternate captains|A]]'''

|align=center|LW

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2005-06 NHL season|2005]]

|[[Sudbury, Ontario]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

The current [[public relations]] industry is a direct outgrowth of Lippman's and Bernays' work and is still used extensively by the United States government. For the first half of the 20th century Bernays and Lippman themselves ran a very successful public relations firm. [[World War II]] saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, both by Hitler's propagandist [[Joseph Goebbels]] and the British [[Political Warfare Executive]], as well as the United States [[Office of War Information]].

|align=center|'''19'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Joe Sakic]] - '''[[Captain (ice hockey)|C]]'''

|align=center|C

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[1987 NHL Entry Draft|1987]]

|[[Burnaby, British Columbia]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

In the early 2000s, the [[United States]] government developed and freely distributed a video game known as ''[[America's Army]]''. The stated intention of the game is to encourage players to become interested in joining the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]. According to a poll by I for I Research, 30% of young people who had a positive view of the military said that they had developed that view by playing the game.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

|align=center|'''20'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Mark Rycroft]]

|align=center|RW/LW

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Penticton, British Columbia]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

=== Russian revolution ===

|align=center|'''23'''

Russian revolutionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries distinguished two different aspects covered by the English term ''propaganda''. Their terminology included two terms: {{lang-ru|агитация}} (agitatsiya), or ''agitation'', and {{lang-ru|пропаганда}}, or ''propaganda'', see [[agitprop]] (agitprop is not, however, limited to the [[Soviet Union]], as it was considered, before the [[October Revolution]], to be one of the fundamental activity of any [[Marxism|Marxist]] activist; this importance of agit-prop in Marxist theory may also be observed today in [[Trotskyist]] circles, who insist on the importance of [[Flyer (pamphlet)|leaflet]] distribution).

|align=center|{{flagicon|CZE}}

|[[Milan Hejduk]]

|align=center|RW

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[1994 NHL Entry Draft|1994]]

|[[Ústí nad Labem]], [[Czechoslovakia]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

Soviet ''propaganda'' meant dissemination of revolutionary ideas, teachings of [[Marxism]], and theoretical and practical knowledge of [[Marxist economics]], while ''agitation'' meant forming favorable public opinion and stirring up political unrest. These activities did not carry negative connotations (as they usually do in English) and were encouraged. Expanding dimensions of state propaganda, the Bolsheviks actively used transportation such as trains, aircraft and other means.

|align=center|'''26'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}} <!--plays for Team USA-->

|[[Paul Stastny]]

|align=center|C

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Quebec City, Quebec]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

[[Josef Stalin]]'s regime built the largest fixed-wing aircraft of the 1930s, [[Tupolev ANT-20]], exclusively for this purpose. Named after the famous Soviet writer [[Maxim Gorky]] who had recently returned from [[Italian fascism|fascist Italy]], it was equipped with a powerful [[radio]] set called "Voice from the sky", printing and leaflet-dropping machinery, [[radiostation]]s, [[photographic]] [[laboratory]], [[Movie projector|film projector]] with sound for showing movies in flight, library, etc. The aircraft could be disassembled and transported by railroad if needed. The giant aircraft set a number of world records.

|align=center|'''28'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Ben Guite]]

|align=center|RW

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Montreal, Quebec]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

<gallery>

|align=center|'''29'''

Image:GPU.jpg|The [[Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie|GPU]] thunderbolt strikes the [[enemy of the people|counter-revolutionary saboteur.]]

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

Image:World October revolution poster.jpg|"Long Live World [[October Revolution|October (revolution)]]!"

|[[Scott Parker (ice hockey)|Scott Parker]]

Image:1923 Bolshevik propaganda train.jpg|Bolshevik propaganda train, 1923.

|align=center|RW

Image:ANT-20.jpg|[[Tupolev ANT-20|ANT-20]] "Maxim Gorky" propaganda aircraft in the Moscow sky.

|align=center|R

</gallery>

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2007]]

|[[Hanford, California]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

=== Nazi Germany ===

|align=center|'''39'''

{{main|Nazi propaganda}}

|align=center|{{flagicon|USA}}

Most propaganda in Germany was produced by the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Propagandaministerium]], or "Promi", its German abbreviation). [[Joseph Goebbels]] was placed in charge of this ministry shortly after Hitler took power in 1933. All journalists, writers, and artists were required to register with one of the Ministry's subordinate chambers for the press, fine arts, music, theater, film, literature, or radio.

|[[Tyler Arnason]]

|align=center|C/LW

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2006-07 NHL season|2006]]

|[[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

The Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool in achieving their goals. [[Adolf Hitler]], Germany's [[Führer]], was impressed by the power of Allied propaganda during [[World War I]] and believed that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and revolts in the German home front and Navy in 1918 (see also: [[Dolchstoßlegende]]). Hitler would meet nearly every day with Goebbels to discuss the news and Goebbels would obtain Hitler's thoughts on the subject; Goebbels would then meet with senior Ministry officials and pass down the official Party line on world events. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated.

|align=center|'''40'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|SVK}}

|[[Marek Svatos]]

|align=center|RW

|align=center|R

|align=center|[[2001 NHL Entry Draft|2001]]

|[[Košice]], [[Czechoslovakia]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

Along with posters, the Nazis produced a number of films and books to spread their beliefs.

|align=center|'''53'''

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

|[[Brett McLean]]

|align=center|C/LW

|align=center|L

|align=center|[[2004-05 NHL season|2004]]

|[[Comox, British Columbia]]

|-bgcolor="#eeeeee"

<gallery>

|align=center|'''87'''

Image:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg|Nazi Poster depicting American "liberators" as monster.

|align=center|{{flagicon|CAN}}

Image:Nazi_poster_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg|"Mother and Child" poster for charity subscription.

|[[Pierre Turgeon]] <small> ([[Injured reserve|IR]])</small>

Image:Nazi_poster_Alle_lojährigen_zu_uns.jpg|"All 10-year-olds to us."

|align=center|C

Image:Nazi_poster_Der_ewige_Jude.jpg|[[The Eternal Jew (film)|"The Eternal Jew"]] poster for a movie.

|align=center|L

Image:Nazi_poster_Mütter_Kämft_für_eure_Kinder.jpg|"Mothers Fight for your Children."

|align=center|[[2005-06 NHL season|2005]]

Image:Nazi_poster_Nederlanders.jpg|Invites Dutchmen to join the SS.

|[[Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec|Rouyn, Quebec]]

Image:EnthanasiePropaganda.jpg|Promotes [[Eugenics]].

|}

Image:dove.jpg|[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi]] poster portraying Adolf Hitler. Text: "Long Live Germany!"

</gallery>

<!-- these are not Nazi propaganda, belong in relevant sections

Image:What_is_an_aryan.jpg|A 1941 poster by [[Boris Efimov]] countering Nazi propaganda about the [[Aryan race]]

Image:PropagandaNaziStabsBible.gif|U.S. propaganda poster from WWII depicting a Nazi stabbing a [[Bible]].-->

*To see the player roster and bios, click [http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/Team/Roster.aspx here.]

===Cold War propaganda===

[[Image:LeninBild013.jpg|thumb|Soviet propaganda poster of [[Lenin]] from 1967]]

<!--[[Image:1988-09.jpg|thumb|Soviet poster: The People and the Army Are United!]]-->

The United States and the [[Soviet Union]] both used propaganda extensively during the [[Cold War]]. Both sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and Third World nations. The [[United States Information Agency]] operated the [[Voice of America]] as an official government station. [[Radio Free Europe]] and [[Radio Liberty]], which were in part supported by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], provided grey propaganda in news and entertainment programs to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union respectively. The Soviet Union's official government station, Radio Moscow, broadcast [[white propaganda]], while Radio Peace and Freedom broadcast grey propaganda. Both sides also broadcast [[black propaganda]] programs in periods of special crises. In 1948, the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Foreign Office]] created the IRD ([[Information Research Department]]) which took over from wartime and slightly post-war departments such as the [[Minister of Information|Ministry of Information]] and dispensed propaganda via various media such as the [[BBC]] and publishing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Records | url=http://www.catalogue.nationalarchives.gov.uk/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=7100&CATLN=3&Highlight=&FullDetails=True | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Reports | url=http://www.catalogue.nationalarchives.gov.uk/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=6965&CATLN=3&Highlight=&FullDetails=True | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref>

[[Image:Stalincult.jpg|thumb|left|Large image of [[Joseph Stalin]] looms over Soviets.]]

<small>1. Wojtek Wolski plays for Team Canada. He was born in Poland but became a naturalized Canadian citizen in 1990. </SMALL>

The [[Sino-Soviet split|ideological and border dispute]] between the Soviet Union and [[People's Republic of China]] resulted in a number of cross-border operations. One technique developed during this period was the "backwards transmission," in which the radio program was recorded and played backwards over the air. (This was done so that messages meant to be received by the other government could be heard, while the average listener could not understand the content of the program.)

===Honored Members===

When describing life in capitalist countries, in the USA in particular, propaganda tended to focus on social issues. For example, it emphasized that most of the rich people in the West earned their large fortunes through exploiting their employees, by paying them the smallest salaries possible, reducing their social benefits (such as ill-time payments, free medical care) & causing troubles to professional unions in their work to protect workers' rights. Actions taken against professional unions or workers in capitalist countries were portrayed as "ideologically close" to attacks on blacks and women, and as poorly justified. Later, the emphasis was placed on the difference between the richest and poorest people, while it was stated that in Soviet Union everyone was equal and free. Propaganda claimed rich people main source of income was weapons manufacture, thus making them generally pro-war, such as pro-Vietnam War.

{{see also|List of Colorado Avalanche players|Colorado Avalanche notable players and award winners}}

For its criticism of the USA Soviet propaganda was using different facts of racism or [[neo-fascism]], which was common there.

{| cellpadding="1" border="0" style="float: right; margin: 0em 0em 1em 1em; width: 215px; border: 1px #bbbbbb solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;"

[[Image:Korea (179).jpg|thumb|A [[North Korea]]n propaganda poster depicting a soldier destroying the [[U.S. Capitol Building]].]]

|- align="center" bgcolor=#CDC0B0

When describing life in communist countries, western propaganda wanted to create an image of a people held hostage by a hated regime. In general this was done by laying heavy emphasis on critics, both domestic and foreign, of these regimes, while dismissing everyone talking about positive sides of their government as brainwashed and just feeding communist propaganda. To the west it was also important to create fear towards the east, usually by imposing an image of an aggressive Soviet Union seeking domination over Europe using soviet control of eastern Europe as an example, ignoring the fact that Russian politics towards eastern europe both before and after the communist regime also seeked domination over the region. Fear was also pumped up with ever increasing claims of murder. The most extreme numbers of killed by soviet authorities would, if true, say that the entire population was wiped out.

! colspan="3" | Players with most games for the Colorado Avalanche

To oppose this, western propaganda described life in the west as completly free and with everyone having the same opportunities in life, ignoring the fact that children of the poor usually stayed poor while those born to riches usually stayed rich. Emphasis has been laid on free press and speech in the west, ignoring the fact that criticism of the political system not reached the press anymore than in the eastern bloc.

|- align="center" bgcolor=#EEDFCC

| Player || Games || Years

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Joe Sakic]] || 811 || 1995-present

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Milan Hejduk]] || 624 || 1998-present

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Adam Foote]] || 592 || 1995-2004

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Peter Forsberg]] || 533 || 1995-2004

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Stephane Yelle]] || 505 || 1995-2002

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Patrick Roy]] || 478 || 1995-2003

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Alex Tanguay]] || 450 || 1999-2006

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Adam Deadmarsh]] || 405 || 1995-2001

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Jon Klemm]] || 393 || 1995-2001

|- align="center" bgcolor=#FFFFFF

| [[Eric Messier]] || 385 || 1996-2003

|- align="center" bgcolor=#EEDFCC

| colspan="3" align="center" | ''Source: [http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/ttotdisplay.php?tid=690 HockeyDB.com]''<br>''<small>As of April 9, 2007 - Regular Season data<small/>''

|}

''Retired Numbers'': The Avalanche have retired two numbers: '''77''' of [[Ray Bourque]] and '''33''' of [[Patrick Roy]].<ref>{{cite news |title =Patrick Roy #33 to Be Retired|url =http://www.sportzdomain.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14361&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0|author =|publisher =http://www.sportzdomain.com|date =2003-05-29|accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> The number '''99''' of [[Wayne Gretzky]] is retired league-wide. The numbers retired when the franchise was in Quebec were entered back into circulation after the move to Colorado.

''Hall of Famers'': Ray Bourque played in the NHL for 22 seasons with the [[Boston Bruins]] and was traded, by request, to Colorado in 2000 so he could have a chance of winning the Stanley Cup before retiring.<ref name="bourque"/> In a feat termed Mission 16W, the Avs were able to win the Stanley Cup, thus allowing Bourque the championship he had been seeking for 22 seasons.<ref>{{cite news |title ='Mission 16W' accomplished for Avalanche|url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/cup01/2001-06-11-avalanche-cover.htm|author =Allen, Kevin|publisher =[[USA Today]]|date =2001-06-10|accessdate =2007-05-11}}</ref>

Comparing propaganda from both sides one will usually find the stories being told on both sides basically being the same, just changing who's being the good and who's the bad.

[[Patrick Roy]] played from 1995 to 2003 in Colorado and won two Stanley Cups with the Colorado Avalanche. Roy recorded 551 career victories, the most career wins for any goaltender in the NHL.<ref>{{cite web |title =Legends of Hockey - Roy, Patrick|url =http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=p200602&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByYear#photo|publisher =[[Hockey Hall of Fame]]|accessdate =2007-05-11}}</ref>

In the Americas, [[Cuba]] served as a major source and a target of propaganda from both black and white stations operated by the CIA and Cuban exile groups. Radio Habana Cuba, in turn, broadcast original programming, relayed Radio Moscow, and broadcast ''The Voice of Vietnam'' as well as alleged confessions from the crew of the ''[[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS Pueblo]]''.

Both Bourque and Roy were inducted into the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]. The only other Avalanche player to be inducted is [[Jari Kurri]] who played the last season of his career with the franchise, yet his jersey does not hang from the rafters at the Pepsi Center.<ref>{{cite web |title =Legends of Hockey - Colorado Avalanche|url =http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsPlayersByTeam.jsp?team=Colorado+Avalanche|publisher =[[Hockey Hall of Fame]]|accessdate =2007-05-11}}</ref>

One of the most insightful authors of the Cold War era was [[George Orwell]], whose novels ''[[Animal Farm]]'' and ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' are virtual textbooks on the use of propaganda. Though not set in the Soviet Union, these books are about totalitarian regimes in which language is constantly corrupted for political purposes. These novels were, ironically, used for explicit propaganda. The [[CIA]], for example, secretly commissioned an [[animated film]] adaptation of ''Animal Farm'' in the 1950s with small changes to the original story to suit its own needs.[http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,908925,00.html]

[[Bryan Trottier]], who was an assistant coach when the Avalanche won their second Stanley Cup in 2001, was inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1997 (as a player).<ref>{{cite web |title =Legends of Hockey - Trottier, Bryan|url =http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=p199702&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByTeam&team=Colorado%20Avalanche#photo|publisher =[[Hockey Hall of Fame]]|accessdate =2007-05-11}}</ref>

=== The Afghan War ===

In the 2001 [[2001 war in Afghanistan|invasion of Afghanistan]], [[psychological operations]] tactics were employed to demoralize the [[Taliban]] and to win the sympathies of the Afghan population. At least six [[EC-130E|EC-130E Commando Solo]] aircraft were used to jam local radio transmissions and transmit replacement propaganda messages.

==Leaders==

[[Pamphlets|Leaflets]] were also dropped throughout Afghanistan, offering rewards for [[Osama bin Laden]] and other individuals, portraying Americans as friends of Afghanistan and emphasizing various negative aspects of the Taliban. Another shows a picture of [[Mohammed Omar]] in a set of crosshairs with the words "We are watching."

{{h3|Team captains}}

''Note: This list of team [[Captain (hockey)|captains]] does not include captains from the [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[WHA]] & [[NHL]]).''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|-

!rowspan="1"|

!rowspan="1"|Nat

!rowspan="1"|From

!rowspan="1"|To

!colspan="1"|Notes

|-

|align=left|[[Joe Sakic]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

|align=left|1995

|align=left|present

|

|-

|align=left|[[Sylvain Lefebvre]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

|align=left|1997

|align=left|1998

|Interim

|}

{{h3|General Managers}}

The [[US Air Force]] can use [[cluster bomb]]s to deliver leaflets. The LBU-30 clusterbomb is designed to allow an aircraft to deliver leaflets to a target area while minimizing wind drift.

''Note: This list does not include general managers from the [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[WHA]] & [[NHL]]).''

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!rowspan="1"|

!rowspan="1"|Nat

!rowspan="1"|From

!rowspan="1"|To

|-

|[[Pierre Lacroix]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

|1995

|2006

|-

|[[François Giguère|Francois Giguere]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

|2006

|present

|}

{{h3|Head coaches}}

=== The Iraq War ===

''Note: This list does not include head coaches from the [[Quebec Nordiques]] ([[WHA]] & [[NHL]]).''

[[Image:your_future_al-Zarqawi.jpg|thumb|[[United States of America|US]] [[Psychological operations|PSYOP]] [[pamphlet]] disseminated in [[Iraq]]. Text: "This is your future al-Zarqawi" and shows [[al-Qaeda]] fighter [[al-Zarqawi]] caught in a rat trap.]]During the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the [[Iraqi Information Minister]] [[Mohammed Saeed al-Sahaf]] repeatedly claimed Iraqi forces were decisively winning every battle. Even up to the overthrow of the Iraqi government at [[Baghdad]], he maintained that the [[United States]] would soon be defeated, in contradiction with all other media. Due to this, he quickly became a [[cult figure]] in the West, and gained recognition on the [[website]] WeLoveTheIraqiInformationMinister.com<ref>{{cite web | title= WeLoveTheIraqiInformationMinister.com | url=http://WeLoveTheIraqiInformationMinister.com | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> The Iraqis, misled by his propaganda, on the other hand, were shocked when instead Iraq was defeated.

<small>Records as of April 9, 2007.</small><ref name="hockeydb"/>

In November 2005, various media outlets, including ''[[The Chicago Tribune]]'' and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', alleged that the [[United States military]] had [[media manipulation|manipulated news]] reported in [[Iraq]]i media in an effort to cast a favorable light on its actions while demoralizing the [[insurgency]]. Lt. Col. [[Barry Johnson]], a military spokesman in Iraq, said the program is "an important part of countering misinformation in the news by insurgents", while a spokesman for former [[Defense Secretary]] [[Donald H. Rumsfeld]] said the allegations of manipulation were troubling if true. The [[Department of Defense]] has confirmed the existence of the program.<ref>http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/U.S._military_covertly_pays_to_run_stories_in_Iraqi_press#Sources</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|-

More recently, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (see external links below){{Failed verification|date=March 2007}} published an article about how the Pentagon has started to use contractors with little experience in journalism or public relations to plant articles in the Iraqi press. These articles are usually written by US soldiers without attribution or are attributed to a non-existent organization called the "[[International Information Center]]." Planting propaganda stories in newspapers was done by both the Allies and Central Powers in the First World War and the Axis and Allies in the Second; this is the latest version of this technique.<ref>{{cite web | title=U.S. Military Unclear on 'Planted' Stories | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/11/30/national/w140545S58.DTL | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=U.S. military plants stories in the Iraqi media - | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=10010 | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=AP Wire : 12/02/2005 : Pentagon describes Iraq propaganda plan | url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/13305355.htm | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref>

!rowspan="2"|

!rowspan="2"|Nat

=== Government War Propaganda Targeting U.S. Citizens ===

!rowspan="2"|From

In October 29, 2003, the Gannet News Service published an article by Ledyard King titled, "Same Letter to the Editor Praising Army in Iraq Pops Up Across Nation." This article documented and revealed that a form letter highly complimentary of the Iraq War and the U.S. contributions there had been submitted to newspapers across the country. The reporter interviewed many of the purported authors of these identical letters, all of whom were young Army veterans. The majority of those interviewed agreed with the Letters' sentiments, but none claimed to have actually written the Letter. The interviews also revealed that at least one "writer" was not even aware of the letter and another stated that he had never signed the letter, despite publication ascribed to him in his hometown newspaper. Several of the soldiers interviewed reported to have been directed to sign.

!rowspan="2"|To

!colspan="7"|Regular Season

In a follow on article, Army officials identified the source for what proved to be 500 similar letters as Lt. Col. Dominic Caraccilo, Commander of the 2nd Battalion of the 503rd Airborne Infantry Regiment. In a written response to the reporter's inquiry, Lt. Col. Caraccilo stated, "We thought it would be a good idea to encapsulate what we as a battalion have accomplished since arriving in Iraq and share that pride with people back home." According to the article, the Army has no plans to discipline the Lt. Col.

!colspan="4"|Playoffs

|-

[[Image:Albumdelarevolucion.jpg‎|right|thumb|200px|Cover page of [[Album de la Revolucion Cubana]], a series of comic trading card and music compilation that targets children]]

!G!!W!!L!!T!!OTL!!SOL!!Pct!!G!!W!!L!!Pct

|-

==Children and propaganda==

|align=left|[[Marc Crawford]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

Of all the potential targets for propaganda, children are the most vulnerable because they are the most unprepared for the critical reasoning and contextual comprehension required to determine whether a message is propaganda or not.

|align=left|[[1995-96 NHL season|1995]]

|align=left|[[1997-98 NHL season|1998]]

===Vulnerabilities (theoretical)===

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|-

Children's vulnerability to propaganda is rooted in [[developmental psychology]]. The attention children give their environment during development, due to the process of developing their understanding of the world, will cause them to absorb propaganda indiscriminately. Also, children are highly imitative: studies by [[Albert Bandura]], [[Dorothea Ross]], and [[Sheila A. Ross]] in the 1960s indicated that children are susceptible to filmed representations of behavior. Therefore television is of particular interest in regard to children's vulnerability to propaganda.

|align=left|[[Bob Hartley]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

Another vulnerability of children is the theoretical influence that their peers have over their behavior. According to [[Judith Rich Harris]]'s group-socialization theory, children learn the majority of what they do not receive paternally, through genes, from their peer groups. The implication then is that if peer-groups can be [[indoctrinated]] through propaganda at a young age to hold certain beliefs, the group will self-regulate the indoctrination, since new members to the group will adapt their beliefs to fit the group's.

|align=left|[[1998-99 NHL season|1998]]

|align=left|[[2002-03 NHL season|2002]]

===Method===

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To a degree, [[socialization]], formal [[education]], and standardized [[television]] programming can be seen as using propaganda for the purpose of [[indoctrination]]. Schools that utilize dogmatic, frozen world-views, often resort to propagandist curricula that indoctrinate children. The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany, as well as in Stalinist Russia.

|align=left|[[Tony Granato]]

|{{flagicon|USA}}

In [[Nazi]] Germany, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with [[anti-Semitic]] ideology. This was accomplished through the [[National Socialist Teachers’ Union]], of which 97% of all German teachers were members in 1937. It encouraged the teaching of “racial theory.” Picture books for children such as Don’t Trust A Fox in A Green Meadow Or the Word of A Jew, The Poisonous Mushroom, and The Poodle-Pug-Dachshund-Pincher were widely circulated (over 100,000 copies of Don’t Trust A Fox… were circulated during the late 1930s) and contained depictions of Jews as devils, child molesters, and other morally charged figures. Slogans such as “Judas the Jew betrayed Jesus the German to the Jews” were recited in class.<ref>Mills, Mary. "Propaganda and Children During the Hitler Years". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/propchil.html</ref> The following is an example of a propagandistic math problem recommended by the National Socialist Essence of Education.<blockquote>

|align=left|[[2002-03 NHL season|2002]]

The Jews are aliens in Germany—in 1933 there were 6,606,000 inhabitants in the

|align=left|[[2003-04 NHL season|2004]]

German Reich, of whom 499,682 were Jews. What is the per cent of aliens?<ref>Hirsch, Herbert. ''Genocide and the Politics of Memory''. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. pg. 119</ref>

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|-

</blockquote>

|align=left|[[Joel Quenneville]]

|{{flagicon|Canada}}

|align=left|[[2005-06 NHL season|2005]]

|align=left|present

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==See also==

*[[List of Colorado Avalanche players]]

''Main article: [[List of topics related to public relations and propaganda]]''

*[[Head Coaches of the Colorado Avalanche]]

*[[Quebec Nordiques]]

{{col-begin}}

*[[List of NHL players]]

{{col-2}}

*[[List of NHL seasons]]

* [[Aestheticization as propaganda]]

*[[List of Stanley Cup champions]]

* [[Agenda-setting theory]]

* [[Agitprop]]

* [[Antihomosexual propaganda]]

* [[black propaganda|Black Propaganda]]

* [[Corporate propaganda]]

* [[False flag]] attacks and [[psychological warfare]]

* [[Framing (social sciences)]]

* [[Indoctrination]]

* [[Institute for Propaganda Analysis]]

* [[Lord Haw Haw]]

* [[McCarthyism]]

* [[Ministry of propaganda]]

* [[News propaganda]]

* [[The Nurture Assumption]]

{{col-2}}

* [[Propaganda film]]

* [[Propaganda of the deed]] (a positive form of information)

* [[Propaganda in the People's Republic of China]]

* [[Propaganda in the Republic of China]]

* [[Propaganda in the United States]]

* [[Propaganda model]]

* [[Public diplomacy]], the term used by the [[USIA]] to describe its mission

* [[Religious terrorism]]

* [[Self-deception]]

* [[Self propaganda]]

* [[Think tank]]

* [[Voice of America]]

* [[His Last Bow (story)]]

{{col-end}}

==References==

{{h4|General}}

<div class="references-small">

* {{cite web|url=http://hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/teamseasons.php?tid=690|title=Colorado Avalanche season statistics and records|publisher=The Internet Hockey Database|accessdate=2007-03-25}}

<references />

<!-- No longer referenced: # {{note|refbot.290}} {{cite web | title=German historical Banknotes and Old Paper Money from Germany - GermanNotes | url=http://www.germannotes.com | accessdate=December 4 | accessyear=2005 }}-->

*Fred Cohen. ``Frauds, Spies, and Lies - and How to Defeat Them''. ISBN 1-878109-36-7 (2006). ASP Press.

*Fred Cohen. ``World War 3 ... Information Warfare Basics''. ISBN 1-878109-40-5 (2006). ASP Press.

* Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques (Aug. 31, 1979). ''Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1''. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters; Department of the Army. ([http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/ partial contents here])

* Bytwerk, Randall L. ''Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic''. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-87013-710-7

* Edwards, John Carver. ''Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich''. New York, Prager Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0275939057

* Howe, Ellic. ''The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War''. London: Futura, 1982.

*[[Aldous Huxley|Huxley, Aldous]]. ''[[Brave New World]] Revisited'', New York: Harper, 1958

*[[Jacques Ellul|Ellul, Jacques]]. ''Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes''. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1965. New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973

* Hindery, Roderick, "The Anatomy of Propaganda within Religious Terrorism," Humanist, March-April 2003, 16-19.

* [[Gustave Le Bon|Le Bon, Gustave]], ''The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind'', 1897 (1895 original version)

* Linebarger, Paul M. A. (aka [[Cordwainer Smith]]). ''Psychological Warfare''. Washington, D.C., Infantry Journal Press, 1948.

* Nelson, Richard Alan. [http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR9261.aspx ''A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States'']. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1996. ISBN 0-313-29261-2.

*Rouse, Ed. ''The PsyWarrior''. Retrieved from http://www.psywarrior.com.

*Jeanne Boros Class Lessons

* Young, Emma (Oct. 10, 2001) [http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991404 Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan]. ''New Scientist''.

* Shirer, William L. ''Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941.'' New York: Albert A. Knopf, 1942.

* Stauber, John, and Rampton, Sheldon <i>[http://www.prwatch.org/books/tsigfy.html Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry]<i> Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995.

* [[SourceWatch]], the encyclopedia of propaganda. Available at [http://www.sourcewatch.org sourcewatch.org].

</div>

{{h4|Footnotes}}

==Further reading==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

{{Quote_box|

<references/></div>

width=40%|align=right

|quote="Here may lie the most important effect of mass communication, its ability to mentally order and organize our world for us. In short, the mass media may not be successful in telling us what to think, but they are stunningly successful in telling us what to think about."|source=Shaw & McCombs, ''The Emergence of American Political Issues'', 1977|

}}

* Robert Cole. ''Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics'' (1996)

* Robert Cole, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Propaganda'' (3 vol 1998)

* [[Nicholas J. Cull|Nicholas John Cull]], David Culbert, and David Welch, eds. '' Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present'' (2003)

* Jowett, Garth S. and O'Donnell, Victoria. ''Propaganda and Persuasion '' (1999)

* Hindery, Roderick R., Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought? (2001)

* [[Gustave Le Bon|Le Bon, Gustave]], ''The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind'' (1895)

* Kevin R. Kosar. [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32750.pdf Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities]

* Paul M. Linebarger. ''Psychological Warfare''. International Propaganda and Communications. ISBN 0-405-04755-X (1948)

* [http://www.getcited.org/mbrz/11103584 David R. Willcox],[http://www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=0415407915&parent_id=&pc=/shopping_cart/search/search.asp?search%3Dpropaganda%26sortBy%3D1%26pn%3D2 ''Propaganda, the Press and Conflict'' (2005)]

* [[John H. Brown]]. [http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/newsroom/pdblog_detail/060629_two_ways_of_looking_at_propaganda/ "Two Ways of Looking at Propaganda"] (2006)

* McCombs M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. ''Public Opinion Quarterly, 36'', 176-87.

==External links==

*[http://www.coloradoavalanche.com/ Official website of the Colorado Avalanche]

{{commons|propaganda}}

*[http://www.avalanchedb.com/index.htm Largest Colorado Avalanche Database]

{{wikiquote}}

*[http://www.prwatch.org/ PR Watch]

* [http://hnn.us/articles/20418.html Is Propaganda Legal? Well...]

*[http://www.spinwatch.org Spinwatch]

* [http://members.home.nl/ww2propaganda/ WW2 propaganda leaflets]: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets. Some posters also.

* [http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Media/Military.asp War, Propaganda and the Media]: from GlobalIssues.org

* [http://www.propagandacritic.com Propaganda Critic]: A website devoted to propaganda analysis.

* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/ Documentation on Early Cold War U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East] by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148 documents and overview essay.

* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/wiki.phtml?title=propaganda_techniques Propaganda techniques] list from [[SourceWatch]]

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12456a.htm Sacred Congregation of Propaganda] from the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]]

* [http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/ Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages]

* Bytwerk, Randall, "''[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/index.htm Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page]''". Calvin College.

* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/arttopic/pstr-rec/n-recpst.htm US Navy recruiting posters archive]

* [http://www.centcom.mil/galleries/leaflets/showleaflets.asp US Central Command (CENTCOM) archive of propaganda leaflets dropped in Iraq]

* [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Herman%20/Manufacturing_Consent.html Manufacturing Consent] by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky

* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/ Over 400 posters from WWI & II] (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/wwpost/1f/world_war_posters.pdf layered PDF] format)

* [http://www.psywar.org/leaflets.php Psywar.org]'s large collection of propaganda leaflets from various conflicts

*[http://www.pyang.su Pyongyang Chronicles]

*[http://www.transpacificradio.com/2007/02/26/nazi1/ CBC Radio's "Nazi Eyes On Canada" (1942)], series with Hollywood stars promoting Canadian War Bonds

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[[Category:Psychological warfare]]

[[Category:Promotion and marketing communications]]

[[Category:Posters]]

[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

[[Category:Mind control]]

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