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[[Image:baun_tor.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Bobby Baun]]
:''This article refers to the Roman slave who staged a rebellion against his masters. For other uses see [[Spartacus (disambiguation)]]''.
'''Robert Neil Baun''' (b. [[9 September]], [[1936]] in [[Lanigan, Saskatchewan|Lanigan]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]]) is a retired professional [[ice hockey]] defenceman who played in the [[National Hockey League]] for 17 seasons from [[1956-57 NHL season|1956-57]] to [[1972-73 NHL season|1972-73]].
*Position: [[Defenceman (ice hockey)|Defence]]
'''Spartacus''', who was believed to be a [[Thracian]] (born in what is now [[Sandanski]] in present-day [[Bulgaria]]), was enslaved by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and led a large slave [[uprising]] in modern-day [[Italy]] during the period [[73 BC]] to [[71 BC]]. His army of escaped [[gladiator]]s and slaves defeated many Roman [[Roman legion|legions]] in several engagements. This conflict is known as the [[Third Servile War]] or the Gladiator War and is one of the [[Roman Servile Wars|three slave rebellions]] of ancient Rome.
*Shoots: Right
*Height: 5 ft 9 in
*Weight: 182 lb
==The RevoltPlaying career==
Baun played junior hockey with the [[Toronto Marlboros]] of the [[Ontario Hockey Association]] from 1952 to 1956, winning the [[Memorial Cup]] in [[1955 Memorial Cup|1955]] and [[1956 Memorial Cup|1956]]. After turning professional, Baun played most of the 1956-57 season with the [[Rochester Americans]], the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] affiliate in the [[American Hockey League]]. They would be the only minor league games Baun would ever play. He was called up to the Leafs during the season and played in Toronto for the next 11 seasons, winning the [[Stanley Cup]] in 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1967.
=== Origins of Spartacus ===
Many sources claim that Spartacus was a [[Thrace|Thracian]], enslaved either when captured fighting against Rome or after being outlawed for mutinying or deserting from the Roman [[Auxiliaries|auxiliary]] forces in [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]]. (The auxiliary forces were made up entirely of men from subject lands who willingly fought for the Romans.) That he was actually a Thracian is debated. While the Roman army was indeed campaigning in Thrace and Macedonia at the age Spartacus was likely to have been enslaved, Roman gladiators at that time were always one of two types: Gauls and Thracians. One did not actually have to be a Gaul or Thracian in order to be trained in one of the two schools of gladiatorial style, so Spartacus may have later become known as "Thracian" simply because he was trained in the Thracian [[gladiator]] style. [[Plutarch]] described Spartacus as "intelligent and cultured, being more like a [[Greece|Greek]] than a Thracian".[http://www.livius.org/so-st/spartacus/spartacus2.html] Spartacus means "from the city of [[Sparta]]" in [[Latin]]. [http://www.special-dictionary.com/names/s/spartacus.htm]
Baun was one of the hardest and cleanest hitters of his time. He wasn't much of an offensive threat as a defenceman, never scoring more than 20 points in a season in the NHL. His highest single-season goal total was eight in 1959-60. However, Baun will forever be remembered for scoring the [[Overtime (ice hockey)|overtime]] winner in game six against the Detroit Red Wings in the [[1963-64 NHL season|1964]] playoffs on [[April 23]]. Earlier in that same game, he had had his ankle broken. He then returned from his injury in overtime to score the game winner. The Leafs won the next game, game seven, 4-0 for their third consecutive Stanley Cup.
Whatever his origins, we know that Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school of Batiatus, named after its owner [[Lentulus Batiatus]] in [[Capua]]. Spartacus took his ideas from [[Blossius of Cumae]], which can be summarized as: "the last will be the first [and vice versa]." (This is also a frequent Biblical quote of [[Jesus Christ]], made early in the next century after Spartacus.)
He developed a reputation for understanding the business side of playing in the NHL in the years before there was a players' union. Eventually, other players sought Baun's advice about their contracts and salaries, which eroded his relationship with Leafs' general manager [[Punch Imlach]]. That relationship deteriorated even further when Baun was a holdout for the [[1965-66 NHL season|1965-66 season]]. Baun eventually got a raise, but Imlach never forgot it. A series of injuries further dimmed Imlach's enthusiasm for Baun. In [[1966-67 NHL season|1966-67]], Baun suffered a broken toe. Imlach replaced him with [[Larry Hillman]] and Baun saw little ice time after that. He was mostly an observer from the bench for the Leafs' 1967 Cup victory, and refused to participate in the celebrations.
=== Rebellion ===
In [[73 BC]], Spartacus and over seven hundred followers revolted from the gladiator ludo of [[Pompeii]] (city), including the gladiator Jaunus Maximi] who had inspired Spartacus but later died in a battle against [[Pompey]] and [[Crassus]].{{citation needed}} Seizing the knives in the cook's shop and a wagon full of weapons, the slaves fled to the [[caldera]] of [[Mount Vesuvius]], near [[Naples]]. There they were joined by other rural slaves. The group overran the region, plundering and pillaging, although Spartacus apparently tried to restrain them. His chief aides were gladiators from Gaul, named [[Crixus]], Castus, Gannicus and [[Oenomaus]]. His numbers were swelled by other runaway slaves until it eventually grew into an army allegedly composed of 100,000 escaped slaves. The slave-to-Roman citizen ratio at that time was very high, making this slave rebellion a very serious threat to Rome. The Senate sent a praetor, Claudius Glaber (his [[nomen]] may have been Clodius; his [[praenomen]] is unknown), against the rebel slaves, with about 3000 raw recruits hastily drafted from the region. They trapped the rebels on [[Vesuvius]], but Spartacus led his men down the other side of the mountain using vines, snuck up on the rear of the Roman soldiers, and staged a surprise attack on them.
Before the next season, Baun was left unprotected in the 1967 expansion draft, and was selected by the [[Oakland Seals]]. Baun was one of four members of the Memorial Cup-winning Marlboros teams from the mid-1950s to play for the Seals, but the team struggled badly on the ice, particularly on offence, finishing the year with the worst record in the league. Baun asked to be traded back to an [[Original Six]] team, and Oakland accommodated his request, dealing him to the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in May 1968. Baun played in Detroit for two years but early into the [[1970-71 NHL season|1970-71 season]] he found himself at odds with coach [[Ned Harkness]] and was placed on waivers. From there, he was claimed by the [[Buffalo Sabres]], managed by Imlach, who immediately traded him to the [[St. Louis Blues (hockey)|St. Louis Blues]]. Baun refused to report to St. Louis and nine days later was traded back to the Maple Leafs for [[Brit Selby]].
=== Military Success Continues ===
The Leafs benefitted from Baun's defensive play, helping [[Jacques Plante]] to record a 1.88 goals against average in 1970-71. Baun was just as effective the next season. But in [[1972-73 NHL season|1972-73]], in his fifth game of the season, he suffered a neck injury that ended his NHL career at age 36.
Spartacus' forces defeated two more [[Roman legions]] sent to crush them before settling down to spend the winter on the south coast, manufacturing weapons. At this point, Spartacus' many followers were not all able-bodied males; some of them were women, children, and elderly men who tagged along. Those who joined him came great distances to do so, believing he could deliver them to freedom. By spring they marched towards the north and [[Gaul]]. The Senate, alarmed, finally sent two consuls ([[Lucius Gellius Publicola|Gellius Publicola]] and [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus]]), each with two legions, against the rebels. The Gauls and Germans, who had separated themselves from Spartacus, were defeated by [[Publicola]], and [[Crixus]] was killed. Spartacus defeated Lentulus, and then Publicola. At Picenum in central Italy, Spartacus defeated the consular armies, then pushed north and at Mutina (modern-day [[Modena]]) they defeated yet another legion under Gaius Cassius Longinus, the [[Governor]] of [[Cisalpine Gaul]] ("Gaul this side of the Alps").
==Coaching career==
[[Image:Spartacus II.JPG|thumb|left|The Fall of Spartacus.]]
Baun retired as a player and ran a cattle farm, but three years later, he was hired as head coach of the [[Toronto Toros]] of the [[World Hockey Association]]. [[Mike Nykoluk]], another member of the Marlboros in the mid-1950s, had been the team's first choice, but he turned the job down. Playing for the Toros were three of Baun's former Leaf teammates: [[Frank Mahovlich]], [[Paul Henderson]], and [[Jim Dorey]], as well as future NHL star [[Mark Napier]] and [[Vaclav Nedomansky]]. But the Toros under Baun had a disastrous year, finishing the [[1975-76 WHA season|1975-76 season]] with the worst record in the league. The Toros even finished 11 points behind the [[Minnesota Fighting Saints]]—a team that had folded with 21 games left to play in the season. Baun was replaced as coach after the season. He returned to farming and also sold insurance after his retirement from hockey.
==Baun and the NHL pension plan==
=== Choice to Remain in Italy Longer ===
In the 1980s, Baun organized an NHL alumni association and began an investigation into the NHL's pension plan. The plan had been touted to players as the best in professional sports, but after playing in 17 NHL seasons, Baun's pension was only $7,622 a year. Baun received little support from other players, and eventually gave up. Problems with the pension plan were later uncovered through an audit backed by [[Carl Brewer]].
==Other==
Spartacus had apparently intended to march his army out of Italy and into [[Gaul]] (modern-day [[Switzerland]] and [[France]]) or maybe even to [[Hispania]] to join the rebellion of [[Quintus Sertorius]]. However, he changed his mind, the sources say, under the pressure of his followers, who wanted more plunder. Although it will never be known for certain why his forces turned back south when they were on the brink of escaping into Gaul, it will always be regarded as his greatest mistake. Perhaps their many victories made them overconfident, or perhaps they believed that they would escape to Sicily as planned, and could plunder more in the meantime. There are theories that say that some of the non-fighting followers (some 10,000 or so) did, in fact, cross the [[Alps]] and return to their homelands. The rest marched back south, and defeated two more legions under [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]], who at that time was the wealthiest man in Rome. At the end of [[72 BC]], Spartacus was encamped in Rhegium ([[Reggio Calabria]]), near the [[Strait of Messina]] (the "tip of the Italian boot"). --[[User:58.170.97.118|58.170.97.118]] 11:24, 20 June 2006 (UTC)[[Media:Example.ogg]][[Media:Example.ogg]][[Media:Example.ogg]]
On [[June 1]], [[2007]], Baun was awarded an honourary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Ontario Institute of Technology for his work on and off the ice.
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Spartacus' deal with [[Cilician]] [[pirates]] to get them to [[Sicily]] fell through. In the beginning of [[71 BC]], eight legions of Crassus isolated Spartacus's army in [[Calabria]]. The [[Roman Senate]] also recalled [[Pompey]] from [[Roman Iberia|Hispania]], and [[Lucullus]] from northern [[Anatolia]] where he was campaigning against Rome's most obstinate enemy [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]].
{{succession box | before = ''new creation'' | title = [[California Golden Seals#Team captains|California Seals/Oakland Seals captains]] | years = [[1967-68 NHL season|1967-68]] | after = [[Ted Hampson]]}}
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==References==
Spartacus managed to break through Crassus's lines, and escaped towards [[Brundisium]] (modern-day Brindisi), but Crassus's forces intercepted them in [[Lucania]], and Spartacus was killed in a subsequent battle at the river [[Silarus]]. After the battle, legionaires found and rescued 3,000 unharmed Roman prisoners in their camp.
*[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php3?pid=00000247 Hockey DB statistics on Bobby Baun]
*[http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11937 Legends of Hockey profile]
Approximately 6,000 of Spartacus's followers were [[Crucifixion|crucified]] along the [[Via Appia]], (or the Appian Way,) from [[Capua]] to [[Rome]]. Crassus never gave orders for the bodies to be taken down, thus travelers were forced to see the bodies for years, perhaps decades, after the final battle.
*Fischler, Stan. ''Hockey Stars of 1969''.
*Lader, Martin and Tim Moriarty. ''Face-off 1973-74''.
[[Category:1936 births|Baun, Bob]]
Around 5,000 slaves, however, escaped the capture. They fled north and were later destroyed by [[Pompey]], who was coming back from [[Hispania|Roman Iberia]]. This enabled him also to claim credit for ending this war. Pompey was greeted as a hero in Rome while Crassus received little credit or celebration.
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen|Baun, Bob]]
[[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players|Baun, Bob]]
Spartacus' body was never found.
[[Category:Stanley Cup champions|Baun, Bob]]
[[Category:Oakland Seals players|Baun, Bob]]
=== Analysis ===
[[Category:Detroit Red Wings players|Baun, Bob]]
[[Category:Toronto Marlboros alumni|Baun, Bob]]
Despite not escaping across the Alps, Spartacus is still regarded as strategically skilful, perhaps derived from his service as an [[auxiliary (Roman military)|auxiliary]] in Thrace, in a war where he had a definite disadvantage in numbers and supplies.
[[Category:Living people|Baun, Bob]]
=== Sources ===
Our original sources about the Spartacus revolt are the works of historians [[Plutarch]], [[Appian]], [[Florus]], [[Orosius]], and [[Sallust]].
== Spartacus in modern times ==
=== Political ===
*Spartacus has been a great inspiration to [[revolutionaries]] in modern times, most notably the [[Spartacist League]] of [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]].
* The [[Spartakiad]] was a competition similar to the [[Olympic games]] for countries of the [[Soviet bloc]].
* [[Karl Marx]] said Spartacus was his hero.
*Noted [[Latin America|Latin American]] [[Marxist]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara]] was also a strong admirer of Spartacus.
* Spartacus has been compared by many to [[American Civil War]] [[abolitionist]] [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], citing both their "extreme" views of slavery (respective of their time periods),and willingness to follow their own path, regardless of the consequences; in both cases they are killed due to their beliefs.
=== Fictionalisations of his life ===
==== Film ====
{{Main|Spartacus (film)}}
* Most famously, adaptation of Fast's novel in 1960
* In [[2004]], Fast's novel was adapted as "Spartacus", a made-for-TV movie or miniseries by the [[USA Network]], with [[Goran Višnjić]] in the main role.
* Silent movie
==== Literature ====
* [[Howard Fast]] wrote the historical novel ''Spartacus''.
* [[Arthur Koestler]] also wrote a novel about Spartacus called ''[[The Gladiators (book)|The Gladiators]]''.
* There is also a novel ''[[Spartacus (Gibbon's novel)|Spartacus]]'' by the [[Scotland|Scottish]] writer [[Lewis Grassic Gibbon]].
* Sparticus is a prominent character in the novel [[Masters of Rome|''Fortune's Favorites'']] by [[Colleen McCullough]]. McCullough subscribes to the theory that Sparticus was a renegade Roman soldier, but sticks to the historical account that his body was never found.
* The Italian writer [[Rafaello Giovagnoli]] wrote his historical novel, ''Spartacus'', in 1874. His novel has been subsequently translated and published in many European countries.
* There is also a novel ''[[Spartacus' children (Dzieci Spartakusa)]]'' by the [[Poland|Polish]] writer [[Halina Rudnicka]].
* Elijah Kellogg's " Spartacus to the Gladiators" has been used effectively by schoolboys to practise their oratory skills for ages.
==== Music ====
* Spartacus was also a [[Spartacus (ballet)|ballet]] written by composer [[Aram Khachaturian]].
* The German group [[Triumvirat]] released the album [[Spartacus (Triumvirat album)|Spartacus]] in [[1975]].
* The Farm's debut LP in 1991 was titled Spartacus.
* Spartacus is also the name of an album by [[Jeff Wayne]] from [[1992]].
* The anti-fascist punk/rock band Angelic Upstarts released an album in 2004 named "Sons Of Spartacus"
==== Theatre ====
*''Spartacus Returns'', an Indian ballet/play [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3500864.stm]
=== Other ===
* The videogame [[God of War]] was loosely based on the trails of Spartacus and his rebellion (though mainly based on Ares the Greek god of war).
* The video game Spartan: Total Warrior was also loosely based on the journey of Spartacus.
* [[Adam Weishaupt]], [[Freemason]] and supposed founder of the [[Illuminati]], used "Spartacus" as a ''[[nom de plume]]''.
*A Chicago based graffiti artist [[The Infamous Mr.ZIN]] uses Spartacus as a model.
* In the [[2003]] movie, [[The Recruit]], James Clayton (played by [[Colin Farrell]]), creates a [[webcast]] [[software program]] called "Spartacus", that can gain control of all webcast devices in a particular area. The students who created the program in the film say it was named for "the slave revolt."
* The player-controlled spaceship in the [[space simulation]] game [[I-War (Independence War)|Independence War: Defiance]] was dubbed the Spartacus, with a [[gladiator]] crudely emblazoned across its hull.
* The name of the character [[Sportacus]] in the children's television program [[LazyTown]] is a pun on Spartacus.
== Further reading ==
* Appian. ''Civil Wars''. Translated by J. Carter. (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1996)
* Florus. ''Epitome of Roman History''. (London: W. Heinemann, 1947)
* Orosius. ''The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans''. Translated by Roy J. Deferrari. (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1964).
* Plutarch. ''Fall of the Roman Republic''. Translated by R. Warner. (London: Penguin Books, 1972).
* Sallust. ''Conspiracy of Catiline and the War of Jugurtha''. (London: Constable, 1924)
== External links ==
*[http://nefer-seba.net/essays/Spartacus/ Spartacus' Revolt] - An article and excerpts from the original Roman sources.
*[http://www.livius.org/so-st/spartacus/spartacus.html Spartacus] Article and full text of the Roman and Greek sources.
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054331/ "Spartacus" - Movie starring Kirk Douglas and Sir Peter Ustinov]
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0361240/ "Spartacus" - TV-Mini-series starring Goran Višnjić and Alan Bates]
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[[Category:Ancient Roman enemies and allies]]
[[Category:Rebels]]
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[[Category:Thracians]]
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[[Category:Slave rebellions]]
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