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[[Image:Mary-queen-of-scots full.jpg|thumb|200px|The Ridolfi plot was meant to put Mary Stewart on the throne of England.]]
{{Liberalism}}
The '''Ridolfi plot''' was a [[Roman Catholic]] plot in [[1570]] to assassinate [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I of England]] and replace her with [[Mary I of Scotland]]. The plot was hatched and planned by [[Roberto di Ridolfi]], who, an international banker, was able to travel between [[Brussels]], [[Rome]] and [[Madrid]] to gather support without attracting too much suspicion.
== Introduction ==
'''Liberalism''', historically, may be used to describe one of several ideologies that claims defence of individual liberty as the purpose of government. It typically favours the right to dissent from orthodox tenets or established authorities in political or religious matters, and is held in contrast to [[conservatism]].
== Background ==
The word "liberal" derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''"liber"'' ("free") and liberals of all stripes tend to see themselves as friends of freedom, particularly freedom from the shackles of tradition. The origins of liberalism in the [[Enlightenment]] era contrasted this philosophy to [[feudalism]] and [[mercantilism]]. Later, as more radical philosophies articulated themselves in the course of the [[French Revolution]] and through the Nineteenth Century, liberalism equally defined itself against [[socialism]] and [[communism]], although some adherents of American liberalism might overlap with social democrats in embracing some or all of the ideas of [[social democracy]].
The Duke of Norfolk, a cousin to the Queen and wealthiest landowner in the country, had been proposed as a possible husband for Mary ever since her imprisonment in 1568. This suited Norfolk who had greater ambitions and felt Elizabeth persistently undervalued him.<ref>Williams, Neville, ''The Life and Times of Elizabeth I'', (Book Club Associates, 1972), pg 91.</ref> In pursuit of this, he agreed to support the [[Northern Rebellion]], though quickly lost his nerve and tried to call it off. However, the rebellion was not under his control and went ahead anyway, with the Northern earls trying to foment rebellion among their Catholic subjects to prepare for a Catholic Spanish invasion by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]], governor of the [[Netherlands]].<ref>Starkey, David, ''Elizabeth I: Apprenticeship'', (Vintage, 2001), pg 322.</ref>
== Usage of the word Liberalism ==
After the rebellion failed, the leaders were executed and a purge of Catholic sympathisers in the priesthood carried out. Norfolk was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] for nine months and only freed under house arrest when he confessed all and begged for mercy.<ref>Williams, ''Life and Times'', pg 101-2.</ref> Pope [[Pius V]] issued [[Regnans in Excelsis]], a [[papal bull]] excommunicating Elizabeth, shortly afterwards, which commanded all faithful Catholics to do all they could to depose her, though the majority of Engish Catholics ignored the bull.<ref>Dures, Alan, ''English Catholicism, 1558-1642'', (Longman, 1983), pg 17.</ref> In response, Elizabeth became much harsher to Catholics and their sympathisers.<ref>Starkey, ''Elizabeth I'', pg 322.</ref>
===Different meanings===
====Political liberalism====
A broad usage is to denote the [[politics|political]] tradition of various [[liberal parties]] (in that way it can be called Political liberalism. However, though said liberal parties were originally founded on the Enlightenment tradition, they significantly diverged from it since they came to power in the 19th century, and "liberal" parties around the world are now based on a variety of loosely related ideologies. Some would therefore claim that the ideological content of the word depends on the geographical context. Many of these liberal parties are affiliated to [[Liberal International]].
====Classical liberalism====
Another broad usage of the term is for a philosophical tradition of thought that tries to circumscribe the limits of political power, and to define and support individual rights. This could also be called political liberalism, but what is meant here is classical liberalism. For some, liberalism is synonymous with [[classical liberalism]] or with [[libertarianism]]. Sometimes the liberalism also includes classical liberalism. <br>''See also: [[Libertarianism]] and [[Classical liberalism]].''
====Economic liberalism====
What can be called "economic liberalism" insists upon the necessity of free trade, is outraged by cartels and monopolies, and sees no merit in a government that meddles in the marketplace.<br>See: [[Capitalism]].''
====New liberalism/modern liberalism (US)====
Another, common usage in the United States, is used as a shorthand for the ideology of [[new liberalism|"new" or "modern" liberalism]], with values similar to European [[social democracy]]. [[Left]] politics exemplify "new liberalism."
====Neoliberalism====
[Neoliberalism]] borrows from some of the ideas of classic liberalism, but departs significantly in other ways. [[Neoliberalism]] rejects the [[New Deal]] [[welfarism]] and its popularity is typically ascribed to [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]].<br>''See: [[Neoliberalism]].''
====Non-political usages====
In addition to the political usages above, the term "liberal" is also used in [[theology]] to refer to people who hold to views which depart from their religion's [[orthodoxy]]. <br>''See: [[liberal theology]], [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)]].''<br>
The term '''liberalism''' is also used for a major theory of [[international relations]], typically to support international governing bodies like the United Nations and multilateral action.
we love you arsenal we do
=== Usage of the term around the world, some examples ===
== Plot ==
#Liberal and liberal: In most countries Liberal is used to label the members of sympathizers of a [[Liberal Party]], liberal is used to label the adherents of liberalism.
#Europe: Generally in Europe the word liberal is used in mostly according to sense 1. In northern European countries it is also used to describe somebody who emphasizes individual liberty outside economics and the free market. Then it has noting to do with a more general progressive political approach. E.g. the leader of the Dutch [[Groen Links|Greens]] labels herself as a liberal In southern Europe the word is used either to refer to the traditional liberal [[anti-clericalism]] or to [[economic liberalism]]. In France the word is used by [[minarchism|minarchists]], where liberals in sense 1 are labeled Radicals. Political liberals in these countries tend not to use the word liberal.
#Australia: In Australia the situation is complicated by the fact that the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] is a right-of-centre party, encompassing thought from both [[conservative]] and [[classical liberalism|classical liberal]] traditions (although currently the conservative wing, represented by [[John Howard]], is dominant). The special term "small-l liberal" has evolved; its meaning is not clearly defined but is generally closest to sense 1 and 2 (in that it champions civil liberties, and progressive causes such as the [[Australian republicanism|Republic]] and [[Aboriginal reconciliation]], while maintaining a non-interventionist approach in economics). Some "small-l liberals", such as [[Malcolm Turnbull]], may find a home among the Liberal Party, but many, such as [[Greg Barns]], have moved to the [[Australian Democrats|Democrats]].
#Canada: In Canada liberal is used according to sense 1. Liberal means an adherent to the ideas of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], one of the most largest [[liberal parties]] around the world.
#New Zealand: In New Zealand the term liberalism is used almost exclusively according to sense 1. It is normal to find the term used with a reference to a particular policy area, such as "market liberalism" or "social liberalism". Unqualified liberalism is less common and in its extreme form is described as libertarianism.
#Russia: The [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] names itself despite of its [[nationalism|nationalist]] and right-wing populist positions liberal. Liberals agree that this party has noting to do with liberalism. Russian liberals are organised into the [[Yabloko]] and [[Union of Right Forces]] parties.
#United Kingdom: In the UK, meanings 1, 2, 3 and 4 coexist. Liberalism as an ideology will be understood by some scholars as [[classical liberalism]]. At the other hand there is an active political party named [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], and meaning 4 is imported from the US, including the derogatory usage by conservatives. However, the derogatory connotation is weak, and social liberals from both the left- and right-wing continue to use "liberal" and "illiberal" to describe themselves and their opponents.
#United States: The common meaning of terms evolved. The word "liberal" was clearly associated to meaning 2 ([[classical liberalism]]) in the 19th century. It has come to commonly have meaning 4 ([[new liberalism]]) in the US after [[World War II]], and particularly as [[McCarthyism]] made the word [[socialism]] difficult to bear, and left-wingers massively adopted the name "liberal". For this reason, US classical liberals adopted the name "[[libertarianism|libertarian]]". Recently, the word "liberal" has been so much used as a derogatory term by US conservatives that some US liberals (meaning 4) prefer to shun the word "[[liberal]]" and call themselves "[[Progressivism|progressive]]".
[[Roberto Ridolfi]], a Florentine banker and ardent Catholic, had been involved in the planning of the Northern rebellion, had been plotting to overthrow Elizabeth as early as 1569.<ref>Elton G.R., ''England under the Tudors'', (University Paperback, 1978), pg 297.</ref> Observing the failure of the rebellion, he came to the conclusion that only foreign intervention could restore Catholicism and bring Mary to the throne, and began to contact potential conspirators. Mary's advisor, [[John Lesley]], the [[Bishop of Ross]], gave his assent to the plot as the only way to free Mary.<ref>Williams, ''Life and Times'', pg 102-3.</ref> The plan was to have the Duke of Alba invade from the Netherlands with 10,000 men, foment a rebellion of the northern English nobility, murder Elizabeth, and marry Mary to [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]]. Ridolfi optimistically estimated half of all English peers were Catholic, and could muster in excess of 39,000 men.<ref>Williams, ''Life and Times'', pg 102.</ref> Norfolk gave verbal assurances to Ridolfi that he was Catholic, though as a pupil of [[John Foxe]], he remained a Protestant all his life.<ref>Dures, ''English Catholicism'', pg 17.</ref><ref>Lockyer, Roger, ''Tudor and Stuart Britain, 1417-1714'', (Longman, 1964), pg 186.</ref> Both Mary and Norfolk, desperate to remedy their respective situations, agreed to the plot.<ref>Jenkins, Elizabeth, ''Elizabeth the Great'', (Phoenix Press, 1958), pg 176.</ref> With their blessing, Ridolfi set off to the continent to gain Alba, Pius V and King Philip II's support.
== Political liberalism ==
However, the Duke of Alba feared that if the plot should be successful, it would lead to Mary, Queen of Scots, a former Queen of France whose mother was a member of the prominent [[Guise]] family, occupying the throne of England. The consequence of this would be an England wedded to Mary's beloved France, an outcome which the Spanish feared.
=== An introduction ===
Political liberals vary considerably in what they consider are the "liberties" they defend, and they do not generally refer to any consistent theory of it. Depending on countries, political liberalism may refer to some form of [[:minarchism|minarchism]] (see in France "liberals"), although often with a more or less deeply marked evolution toward more government responsibility (see UK "[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats"). In the USA, some of the "liberals" have gone all the way to forms of social-democracy (even some [[socialism|socialist]] name themselves liberal). Liberal democrats tend to equally consider as part of their tradition many classical authors of contrasted opinions such as [[:John Locke|John Locke]], [[:Thomas Hobbes|Thomas Hobbes]], [[:Jean-Jacquesseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], and [[:Immanuel Kant|Immanuel Kant]], although with a slight preference for classical liberal authors, in as much as they tend to more consistently claim to defend liberty; they often consider [[:John Stuart Mill|John Stuart Mill]] (who was also MP) as a great author very representative of their ideas. They tend to identify to great leaders of liberal parties, particularly in Great Britain (e.g. [[:Gladstone|Gladstone]] or [[:Lloyd George|Lloyd George]]). Historically, [[:political liberalism|political liberalism]] has opposed [[:political conservatism|political conservatism]]; later evolutions of political liberals views around the world depend completely on national specificities of liberal parties.
==Discovery==
The term refers in this way to the traditions of any of a number of [[Liberal parties]] around the world, although some of these have only a tenuous connection to any tradition that would usually be called "liberal". European liberalism is a broad political current, which includes both free market liberals and social liberals. Both emphasise individual liberty, the role and power of the individual in social life, but social liberalism promotes a more active role for the state.
The term '''liberal''' is also used to refer to certain U.S. political philosophies, such as that of [[John Rawls]]. Some considered these philosophies to be more [[social democracy|social democratic]]. But the ideas of John Rawls influenced the political thinking in liberal parties in Europe too, even of parties that are considered free market liberal. Generally one could say that the difference between social democracy and (social) liberalism is the liberal emphasis on the individual.
In 1571, Elizabeth's intelligence network was sending her information about a plot against her life. She was also sent a private warning by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had learned of the plot against her. William Cecil Charles Baillie, Ridolfi's messenger, was arrested at [[Dover, England|Dover]] carrying compromising letters, and revealed the existence of the plot under [[torture]]. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested on [[September 7]], [[1571]] and sent to the tower.<ref>Weir, ''Mary, Queen of Scots'', pg 493.</ref> Guerau de Spes, the Spanish ambassador, was expelled from the country in [[January]], [[1571]].<ref>Jenkins, ''Elizabeth the Great'', pg 179.</ref> Ridolfi was still abroad at the time the plot was discovered, and never returned to England, becoming a Florentine senator in 1600.
Both European liberalism and American liberalism trace their roots back to thinkers such as [[John Locke]] and to [[the Enlightenment]]. Both see their tradition continuing in the [[American War of Independence]] and in some of the more moderate [[bourgeois]] elements of the [[French Revolution]], but little by little over the centuries, the two political traditions parted ways.
The political point of view known in the United States as [[Libertarianism]] also claims the early portion of this tradition, but diverges strongly from the American liberal tradition over economic matters ans is more radical in its opposition to [[government]] than the European liberals. ''See [[classical liberalism]].''
Mary, when questioned, admitted to having dealings with Ridolfi, but denied any involvement with the plot.<ref>Weir, ''Mary, Queen of Scots'', pg 493.</ref> She was clearly implicated by the evidence, but Elizabeth refused to have her executed and vetoed a bill by Parliament that condemned Mary and removed her from the succession.<ref>Smith, A. G. R., ''The Government of Elizabethan England'', (Edward Arnold, 1967), pg 28.</ref> She feared that by executing a [[Divine Right of Kings|divinely appointed]] monarch, she undermined her own position.<ref>Lockyer, ''Tudor and Stuart Britain'', pg 190.</ref> Instead, she had the Duke of Norfolk executed for treason in [[June]], [[1571]].<ref>T.A.Morris, ''Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century'', (Routledge 1998), p334</ref> However, Mary's status in England was transformed from honoured guest to treasonous pariah, and she was universally condemned by the governing elite:<ref>Morris, ''Europe and England'', p334</ref> her continued conspiring, especially in the [[Babington plot|Babington]] plot, eventually led to her execution on [[February 8]], [[1587]].<ref>Weir, Alison, ''Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley'', (Pimlico, 2004), pg 509.</ref>
=== Political positions ===
A caveat is in order: as with any other political philosophy, an abstract explanation of liberalism refers to an ideal. In practice, politicians make pragmatic compromises (cf [[centrism]]), have personal interests, and may pander to voters, so that the ideal is never a perfect description of any one individual's politics. Further, as with any other political philosophy, liberalism in any of its forms is defined somewhat differently by its proponents and its opponents. Those who adhere precisely to a well-defined set of principles are often those who are far removed from contention for [[power (sociology)|power]].
A very fictionalised version of the Ridolfi plot was featured in the movie ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth (1998)]]'' which depicted Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk, as the chief conspirator. However the film omitted the involvement of Ridolfi himself.
In general, liberals favour [[constitution]]al government and some form of [[representative democracy]]. Liberals at various times have embraced both [[constitutional monarchy]] and [[republic]]an government. They are generally opposed to any but the milder forms of [[nationalism]], and generally stand in contrast to [[conservatives]] by their [[tolerance]] and in more readily embracing [[multiculturalism]].
Furthermore they generally favour [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of the press]], and other [[civil liberties]], [[human rights]] in general. Though the degree of their commitment to this is not necessarily absolute: for example, many liberals accept, or even support, limits on [[hate speech]], in order not to be tolerant towards [[intolerance]]. Nineteenth-century liberals nearly all believed in free markets and limited government intervention in the [[Economics|economy]]. Liberal parties differ now in the degree they stay close to this tradition, but even American liberals tend to believe in a smaller role for government than would be supported by most [[social democracy|social democrats]].
All liberal parties are [[secular]], but they differ on [[anti-clericalism]]. In most latin countries, liberal parties tend to be very [[anti-clerical]].
=== SomeSee basicalso history ===
* [[Throckmorton plot]]
At the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century in opposition to [[conservative]], [[clericalism|clerical]] and [[absolutism|absolutist]] forces, citizens started to organise themselves in loose organisations and/or political parties, striving after the [[emancipation]] of citizens and the [[middle class]]. As late as [[1848]] in Europe, liberalism is generally seen as a [[revolutionary]] force, and in those parts of the world where feudalism or other highly traditionalist (or merely socially rigid) societies remain, it still has revolutionary aspects.
* [[Babington plot]]
When liberals realised their first [[reforms]], one often sees a divergence inside liberals:
* [[Francis Walsingham]]
*Some are satisfied and rest apart with these reforms: this leads to the development into [[liberal conservatism|liberal conservatives]] or [[conservatism|conservatives]].
*The mainstream goes further on the path of gradual reforms, starting to embracing [[democracy]] as a basic liberal position and develop into the traditional liberal parties. (These parties are included in the [[worldwide liberalism|List of liberal and similar parties]]).
*A part of this mainstream emphasises [[classical liberalism|classical liberal]] issues and concentrates on [[economic liberalism]] They share the values of or develop into [[libertarianism|libertarians]].
*Another current wants more and radical reforms. It embraces and emphasises [[democracy|democratic]] reforms and often strives after [[social reforms]]. These parties sometimes prefer to name themselves [[radical]] or progressive liberal and are generally quite positive about the role of the state. In the United States liberalism is in this tradition. (These parties are included in the [[worldwide liberalism|List of liberal and similar parties]]).
*For some this doesn’t go far enough: they join [[socialism|socialist]] or [[social democracy|social democratic]] parties.
*Next to these development one sees the rise of new [[centrism|centrist]] or [[pragmatism|pragmatic]] parties that share liberal values and develop into liberal or similar parties. (These parties are also included in the [[worldwide liberalism|List of liberal and similar parties]]).
*Finally one sees liberals joining parties with a broader political range. This happens especially in countries where the [[electoral system]] favours a [[bi-partisan]] system. (These parties are also included in the [[worldwide liberalism|List of liberal and similar parties]]).
The specifics of liberal agendas vary considerably from country to country and over time.
== Economic liberalismReferences ==
There are three recognized forms of economic liberalism.
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
=== Classical liberalism ===
<references/></div>
[[:classical liberalism|Classical liberals]] have an identified theory of liberty, that insist on notions of spontaneous order, natural law, property rights, and individual responsibility. They tend to strongly differentiate genuine classical liberal authors from their contemporaries, and recognise among them [[:John Locke|John Locke]] (as opposed to Hobbes), [[:David Hume|David Hume]] (as opposed to Kant), [[:Adam Smith|Adam Smith]] (as opposed to Rousseau); they consider [[:John Stuart Mill|John Stuart Mill]] as an author who wrote quite interesting things but missed essential points and does not quality as a genuine classical liberal; they much prefer [[:Frederic Bastiat|Frederic Bastiat]] as a contemporary. They favour [[:Free Market Economy|Free Market Economy]] and reject any kind of government influence in society. They thus tend to be defiant to any kind of politics, including politics done by liberal politicians. Historically, [[:classical liberalism|classical liberalism]] has opposed [[:mercantilism|mercantilism]] and [[:socialism|socialism]] (as well as any form of [[:collectivism|collectivism]]).
=== NewExternal liberalismlinks ===
The second, known as New liberalism, but by some named ''social democracy'', ''modern liberalism'', or even ''[[socialism]],'' is the variety that advocates a form of mixed or control economy in order to reach the goals of "social justice." The political roots of it can be found in the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] in Britain, particularly since [[Lloyd George]]'s [[People's Budget]]. It is with this background that [[Keynes]], though influenced by [[Fabianism]], claimed to be liberal in the 1930s. One example of a document that represents this form of liberalism is The Oxford Liberal Manifesto of 1947. The influence of [[Keynesianism]] on the [[New Deal]] has led liberalism to be identified with the [[welfare state]] in the [[United States]].<br>''See: [[new liberalism]] or modern liberalism.''
* [http://www.marie-stuart.co.uk/England.htm Marie Stuart Society's account of the Ridolfi plot].
=== Neoliberalism ===
* [http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/ridolfi.asp The Gunpowder Plot Society's account of the Ridolfi plot].
The third, known as ''[[neoliberalism]]'', is simply a modern revival of ''classical liberalism'' and is exemplified in the administrative efforts of [[Ronald Reagan]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Bill Clinton]] of the [[United States]], and of [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Tony Blair]] of the [[United Kingdom]].
* [http://www.elizabethi.org/uk/chronology/two.html Timeline of Elizabeth's reign from 1570 to 1603].
[[Category:1570]]
== Comparing Political Liberalism with Classical Liberalism ==
[[Category:Tudor rebellions]]
[[de:Ridolfi-Verschwörung]]
These two traditions have in common that they claim to defend individual liberty against the arbitrary power of [[:government|government]], and there has been some influence of the philosophy on the politics at specific points in history, but they are quite distinct.
Historically, both traditions see part of their roots in the seventeenth century English movement that has opposed (absolute) [[:monarchism|monarchism]], [[:mercantilism|mercantilism]], and various kind of religious [[:fundamentalism|fundamentalism]], preaching liberty and tolerance; but even then, they have different interpretations of this heritage. [[:John Stuart Mill|John Stuart Mill]], a paradigmatic political liberal, was mostly a classical liberal, but had socialist influences from his wife that some political liberals embrace whereas classical liberals reject them. [[:Gladstone|Gladstone]], a political liberal, was influenced by his correspondance with [[:Lord Acton|Lord Acton]], a classical liberal.
Since late nineteenth century, English political liberals – but also other European liberals – see the necesity of social reforms and government responsibility to fight poverty and ignorance. They are influenced by moderate forms of [[:social democracy|social democracy]] and want to be an alternative for conservatism and socialism. In the [[Europe]], especially in the [[United Kingdom]], liberalism is generally connected with the history of the and the "moderation" sense of the word liberal.
In the [[:United States|United States]], starting with the increase in size of government with the [[:Great Depression|Great Depression]] during the 1930s, political liberals advocated government programs as a solution to many economic and societal problems. This makes it sometimes difficult to differ between [[American liberalism]] and forms of [[:social democracy|social democracy]], or even to [[:socialism|socialism]].
Attempts to fit the evolutions of political liberalism as an extension of the classic tradition of liberal thought has led such political liberal thinkers to invent ''new liberalism'' in the 1930s. Classical liberals consider that the ''amends'' to liberal doctrines to allow for extended government intervention in economic matters are actually utter negation of basic liberal tenets, and rather call that ''revisionist liberalism''. Recently, many social-democrats have tried to find within classical liberalism a separation between [[:political liberalism|political liberalism]] and [[:capitalism|economic liberalism]], so as to be able to agree with one and disagree with the other. Classical liberals reject such a division, because they assert their tradition is based neither on an economic nor on a political doctrine, but rather on a theory of law. In any case, modern political liberal thinkers tend to not claim any particular affiliation with the classical liberal school of thought, and rather to insist on their endorsement of political liberals governments of the nineteenth century.
Finally, in some countries, particularly European countries, where historical liberal parties suffered complete demise or interdiction by a communist regime, some of the renewed liberal parties that emerged tended to return to the classical liberal influence stripped of most of the social-democrat influence. The political programmes of liberal parties are thus some forms of [[:minarchism|minarchism]] that classical liberals view as much friendlier to their ideas than what proposes any other party, but doesn't match either the diversity of their opinions (see [[:anarcho-capitalism|anarcho-capitalism]]) or the strictness of their anti-political claims (see [[:libertarianism|libertarianism]]).
==Worldwide liberalism==
Information on worldwide liberalism and [[liberal parties]] around the world can be found at the article [[Worldwide liberalism]]
==For further reading==
* [[Liberalization]]
* [[Progressivism]]
* [[Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America]]
* [[Methodological Individualist]]
== External links and references ==
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Liberalism], by Gerald F. Gaus
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