New Paltz (village), New York and Ridolfi plot: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Mary-queen-of-scots full.jpg|thumb|200px|The Ridolfi plot was meant to put Mary Stewart on the throne of England.]]

'''New Paltz''' is a village located in [[Ulster County, New York]] 90 miles North of New York City, exit 18 on the New York State Thruway. As of the [[2000]] census, the village had a total population of 6,034.

The '''Ridolfi plot''' was a [[Roman Catholic]] plot in [[1570]] to assassinate [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I of England]] and replace her with [[Mary I of Scotland]]. The plot was hatched and planned by [[Roberto di Ridolfi]], who, an international banker, was able to travel between [[Brussels]], [[Rome]] and [[Madrid]] to gather support without attracting too much suspicion.

== Background ==

[http://www.villageofnewpaltz.org Village of New Paltz Government]

The Duke of Norfolk, a cousin to the Queen and wealthiest landowner in the country, had been proposed as a possible husband for Mary ever since her imprisonment in 1568. This suited Norfolk who had greater ambitions and felt Elizabeth persistently undervalued him.<ref>Williams, Neville, ''The Life and Times of Elizabeth I'', (Book Club Associates, 1972), pg 91.</ref> In pursuit of this, he agreed to support the [[Northern Rebellion]], though quickly lost his nerve and tried to call it off. However, the rebellion was not under his control and went ahead anyway, with the Northern earls trying to foment rebellion among their Catholic subjects to prepare for a Catholic Spanish invasion by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]], governor of the [[Netherlands]].<ref>Starkey, David, ''Elizabeth I: Apprenticeship'', (Vintage, 2001), pg 322.</ref>

[http://www.newpaltz.org New Paltz.org]

After the rebellion failed, the leaders were executed and a purge of Catholic sympathisers in the priesthood carried out. Norfolk was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] for nine months and only freed under house arrest when he confessed all and begged for mercy.<ref>Williams, ''Life and Times'', pg 101-2.</ref> Pope [[Pius V]] issued [[Regnans in Excelsis]], a [[papal bull]] excommunicating Elizabeth, shortly afterwards, which commanded all faithful Catholics to do all they could to depose her, though the majority of Engish Catholics ignored the bull.<ref>Dures, Alan, ''English Catholicism, 1558-1642'', (Longman, 1983), pg 17.</ref> In response, Elizabeth became much harsher to Catholics and their sympathisers.<ref>Starkey, ''Elizabeth I'', pg 322.</ref>

== History ==

we love you arsenal we do

The Village of New Paltz was established in 1678. The first European residents were Huguenot refugees from France. Huguenot Street has stone houses built by these refugees. This street is known as the oldest street in America with its original houses.

== HistoryPlot ==

[http://www.hhs-newpaltz.org Huguenot Historical Society]

[[Roberto Ridolfi]], a Florentine banker and ardent Catholic, had been involved in the planning of the Northern rebellion, had been plotting to overthrow Elizabeth as early as 1569.<ref>Elton G.R., ''England under the Tudors'', (University Paperback, 1978), pg 297.</ref> Observing the failure of the rebellion, he came to the conclusion that only foreign intervention could restore Catholicism and bring Mary to the throne, and began to contact potential conspirators. Mary's advisor, [[John Lesley]], the [[Bishop of Ross]], gave his assent to the plot as the only way to free Mary.<ref>Williams, ''Life and Times'', pg 102-3.</ref> The plan was to have the Duke of Alba invade from the Netherlands with 10,000 men, foment a rebellion of the northern English nobility, murder Elizabeth, and marry Mary to [[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]]. Ridolfi optimistically estimated half of all English peers were Catholic, and could muster in excess of 39,000 men.<ref>Williams, ''Life and Times'', pg 102.</ref> Norfolk gave verbal assurances to Ridolfi that he was Catholic, though as a pupil of [[John Foxe]], he remained a Protestant all his life.<ref>Dures, ''English Catholicism'', pg 17.</ref><ref>Lockyer, Roger, ''Tudor and Stuart Britain, 1417-1714'', (Longman, 1964), pg 186.</ref> Both Mary and Norfolk, desperate to remedy their respective situations, agreed to the plot.<ref>Jenkins, Elizabeth, ''Elizabeth the Great'', (Phoenix Press, 1958), pg 176.</ref> With their blessing, Ridolfi set off to the continent to gain Alba, Pius V and King Philip II's support.

Starting in the late twentieth century, New Paltz increasingly became an outer commuter suburb of New York City. Residents either commute daily, commute part time, or telecommute daily. This trend accelerated

as a result of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This suburbanization increasingly uses agricultural lands for housing and commercial development. Much of the agricultural lands in the New Paltz area were apple orchards.

However, the Duke of Alba feared that if the plot should be successful, it would lead to Mary, Queen of Scots, a former Queen of France whose mother was a member of the prominent [[Guise]] family, occupying the throne of England. The consequence of this would be an England wedded to Mary's beloved France, an outcome which the Spanish feared.

== Nature ==

==Discovery==

Just outside of New Paltz is the Shawangunk mountain range which includes the Mohonk Preserve.

In 1571, Elizabeth's intelligence network was sending her information about a plot against her life. She was also sent a private warning by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had learned of the plot against her. William Cecil Charles Baillie, Ridolfi's messenger, was arrested at [[Dover, England|Dover]] carrying compromising letters, and revealed the existence of the plot under [[torture]]. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested on [[September 7]], [[1571]] and sent to the tower.<ref>Weir, ''Mary, Queen of Scots'', pg 493.</ref> Guerau de Spes, the Spanish ambassador, was expelled from the country in [[January]], [[1571]].<ref>Jenkins, ''Elizabeth the Great'', pg 179.</ref> Ridolfi was still abroad at the time the plot was discovered, and never returned to England, becoming a Florentine senator in 1600.

[http://www.mohonkpreserve.org Mohonk Preserve]

[http://www.shawangunkridge.org Shawangunk Ridge]

Mary, when questioned, admitted to having dealings with Ridolfi, but denied any involvement with the plot.<ref>Weir, ''Mary, Queen of Scots'', pg 493.</ref> She was clearly implicated by the evidence, but Elizabeth refused to have her executed and vetoed a bill by Parliament that condemned Mary and removed her from the succession.<ref>Smith, A. G. R., ''The Government of Elizabethan England'', (Edward Arnold, 1967), pg 28.</ref> She feared that by executing a [[Divine Right of Kings|divinely appointed]] monarch, she undermined her own position.<ref>Lockyer, ''Tudor and Stuart Britain'', pg 190.</ref> Instead, she had the Duke of Norfolk executed for treason in [[June]], [[1571]].<ref>T.A.Morris, ''Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century'', (Routledge 1998), p334</ref> However, Mary's status in England was transformed from honoured guest to treasonous pariah, and she was universally condemned by the governing elite:<ref>Morris, ''Europe and England'', p334</ref> her continued conspiring, especially in the [[Babington plot|Babington]] plot, eventually led to her execution on [[February 8]], [[1587]].<ref>Weir, Alison, ''Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley'', (Pimlico, 2004), pg 509.</ref>

This mountain range is considered to have some of the best rock climbing sites in America.

A very fictionalised version of the Ridolfi plot was featured in the movie ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth (1998)]]'' which depicted Thomas Howard, the Duke of Norfolk, as the chief conspirator. However the film omitted the involvement of Ridolfi himself.

[http://www.Gunks.com Climbing]

== NatureSee also ==

This mountain range also has the national historic landmark Mohonk Mountain House built in 1869.

* [[Throckmorton plot]]

[http://www.mohonk.com Mohonk Mountain House]

* [[Babington plot]]

* [[Francis Walsingham]]

== CultureReferences ==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

Scenes in the film [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111001/ The Road to Wellville] were shot at the Mohonk Mountain House.

<references/></div>

== External links ==

A scene in the film [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080391 Attack of the Killer Tomatoes] was shot at the intersection of state routes 299 and 32 in New Paltz.

* [http://www.marie-stuart.co.uk/England.htm Marie Stuart Society's account of the Ridolfi plot].

A [[State University of New York campus]] is located in this village.

* [http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/ridolfi.asp The Gunpowder Plot Society's account of the Ridolfi plot].

* [http://www.elizabethi.org/uk/chronology/two.html Timeline of Elizabeth's reign from 1570 to 1603].

[[Category:1570]]

Mayor [[Jason West]] was elected on the [[Green_Party of the United States|Green Party]] ticket. On [[February 26]], [[2004]], he announced that the village would start performing [[same-sex marriage|same-sex civil weddings]]. Although the village did not attempt to issue licences for these types of weddings, couples in New York State have six months from the date of a wedding to seek a licence.[http://www.365gay.com/newscon04/02/022604nyWed.htm] See [[Same-sex marriage in the United States]]. On [[June 8]] [[2004]], a New York State judge ruled that West lacked the legal authority to perform any further marriages.

[[Category:VillagesTudor in New Yorkrebellions]]

[[de:Ridolfi-Verschwörung]]

== Geography ==

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of 4.6 [[square kilometer|km&sup2;]] (1.8 [[square mile|mi&sup2;]]). 4.5 km&sup2; (1.7 mi&sup2;) of it is land and 0.1 km&sup2; (0.04 mi&sup2;) of it is water. The total area is 1.70% water.

== Demographics ==

As of the [[census]][[Geographic references#2|²]] of [[2000]], there are 6,034 people, 1,898 households, and 586 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] is 1,346.7/km&sup2; (3,482.5/mi&sup2;). There are 1,957 housing units at an average density of 436.8/km&sup2; (1,129.5/mi&sup2;). The racial makeup of the village is 73.42% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 7.79% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.27% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 7.01% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.10% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 8.35% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.07% from two or more races. 11.93% of the population are [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There are 1,898 households out of which 12.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.1% are [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 69.1% are non-families. 41.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.03 and the average family size is 2.66.

In the village the population is spread out with 6.9% under the age of 18, 58.7% from 18 to 24, 19.0% from 25 to 44, 10.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 22 years. For every 100 females there are 80.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 78.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village is $21,747, and the median income for a family is $51,186. Males have a median income of $33,103 versus $22,935 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village is $11,644. 36.9% of the population and 11.8% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 18.6% of those under the age of 18 and 12.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

[[Category:Ulster County, New York]]

[[Category:Villages in New York]]