Nanotechnology and Jenny McCarthy: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Playboy Playmate

[[Image:Nanogearandbug.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A [[mite]] next to a [[gear]] set produced using [[MEMS]], the precursor to nanotechnology. Courtesy Sandia National Laboratories, SUMMiTTM Technologies, www.mems.sandia.gov]]

| name=Jenny McCarthy

'''''Nanotechnology''''' comprises [[technology|technological]] developments on the [[nanometer]] scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. (One nanometer equals one thousandth of a [[micrometre]] or one millionth of a [[millimeter]].) The term has sometimes been applied to [[microscope|microscopic]] technology. This article discusses nanotechnology, nanoscience, and "[[molecular nanotechnology]]." The prefix [[nano]]- means nanotechnology or nanometer scale.

| image-name=Jenny McCarthy at E3 2006.jpg

| month=October 1993

| birthplace=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]

| birthdate={{birth date and age|1972|11|1}}

| bust=38 |waist=24 |hips=34

| height={{Height|ft=5|in=7}}

| weight={{Weight|lb=121}}

| preceded=[[Carrie Westcott]]

| succeeded=[[Julianna Young]]

| pmoy-year=1994

| pmoy-preceded=[[Anna Nicole Smith]]

| pmoy-succeeded=[[Julie Lynn Cialini]]

}}

'''Jennifer McCarthy''' (born [[November 1]], [[1972]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[model (person)|model]], [[comedian]], [[actor|actress]] and [[author]]. She first appeared in ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine in October 1993 and was named [[List of Playmates of the Year|Playmate of the Year]] in its June 1994 issue. She later began a career in television and film and has recently started writing books. She and fellow model and actress [[Pamela Anderson]] are generally considered the most recognizable Playboy Playmates.

== Biography ==

==Definitions and History==

=== Early life ===

She was cool. And it was good.

Nanotechnology is any technology which exploits phenomena and structures that can only occur at the nanometer scale, which is, the scale of single atoms and small molecules. The [[United States]]' [[National Nanotechnology Initiative]] [http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html website] defines it as follows: "Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications." Such phenomena include [[quantum confinement]]--which can result in different electromagnetic and optical properties of a material between [[nanoparticles]] and the bulk material, the [[Gibbs-Thomson effect]]--which is the lowering of the melting point of a material when it is nanometers in size, and such structures including [[carbon nanotubes]]. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are an extension of the field of [[materials science]], and materials science departments at universities around the world in conjunction with [[physics]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[bioengineering]], and [[chemical engineering]] departments are leading the breakthroughs in nanotechnology. Few technologies branded with the term 'nano' actually fit this definition, and there is a danger that a nano [[Bubble_(economics)|bubble]] will form since it has become a buzzword used by scientists and entrepreneurs to garner funding, regardless of (and usually despite a lack of) interest in the transformative possibilities of genuine work. On the other hand, some have argued that the publicity and competence in related areas generated by supporting such 'soft nano' projects is valuable, even if indirect, progress towards genuine nanotechnology.

McCarthy was born in [[Chicago, Illinois]], to a middle-class [[Irish American]] [[Catholic]] family that lived in Southwest Chicago in the [[West Elsdon, Chicago|West Elsdon]] neighborhood. She is the second of four daughters; her sisters are named [[Joanne McCarthy|Joanne]], [[Amy McCarthy|Amy]] and Lynette. Her mother, Linda, was a housewife, and her father, Dan McCarthy, was a steel mill foreman.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/specials/magazine4/articles/mccarthy.html</ref> She attended St. Turibius Grade School on Chicago's South Side. As a teenager, McCarthy attended [[Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School]] (whose school sweater she donned in the pages of ''Playboy'') and was cheerleader at both [[Brother Rice High School]] and [[St. Laurence High School]]s,<ref>Austin, Michael and Jennifer Wehunt, "Before They Were Famous," ''[[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]]'', pg. 76, February 2007, Volume 56, number 2.</ref><!-- no citation for status as cheerleading captain--> although she has referred to herself as an "outcast" at her school.<ref>http://www.usaweekend.com/98_issues/980719/980719talk_mccarthy.html</ref> After McCarthy graduated from high school, she attended [[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]] to study nursing. She needed money to pay for college, so she decided to submit her picture to ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine to make money. She was accepted and became a model.

=== Modeling and acting career ===

The first mention of some of the distinguishing concepts in nanotechnology (but predating use of that name) was in "[[There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom]]", a talk given by [[Richard Feynman]] at an [[American Physical Society]] meeting [[Caltech]] on [[December 29]], [[1959]]. Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important, etc. This basic idea appears feasible, and [[exponential assembly]] enhances it with [[parallelism]] to produce a useful quantity of end products.

After getting accepted by ''Playboy'' in 1993, the magazine wanted her to pose for the October issue. McCarthy was paid $30,000 for the photo shoot. McCarthy became the Playmate of the Month and later the Playmate of the Year. With this, McCarthy gained attention and popularity. In [[1994]], McCarthy moved to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. For a time, she hosted ''Hot Rocks'', a [[Playboy TV]] show featuring uncensored [[music video]]s.

In [[1995]], [[MTV]] chose McCarthy to be the host of a new dating show called ''[[Singled Out]]'', for which she left ''Hot Rocks''. Her job as a host was a success, and Playboy wanted her to model more. In [[1996]], McCarthy landed a small part in the comedy ''[[The Stupids]]''. In [[1997]] McCarthy launched two shows. The first one was an MTV sketch comedy show called ''The Jenny McCarthy Show'', which was popular enough that NBC signed her to do a sitcom later that year called ''Jenny'', generally considered a disappointment and was quickly canceled. Also in [[1997]], she appeared on one of two covers for the September issue of ''Playboy'', the other cover had [[Pamela Anderson]] on the cover. McCarthy also released an autobiography: ''Jen-X''. McCarthy once modeled for Candies, a shoe company. In one advertisement, McCarthy posed naked wearing only shoes and having her panties off while sitting on a toilet seat. This stirred a controversy.

The term "nanotechnology" was defined by [[Tokyo Science University]] professor [[Norio Taniguchi]] in a [[1974]] paper (N. Taniguchi, "On the Basic Concept of 'Nano-Technology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974.) as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule." In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. [[Eric Drexler]], who promoted the technological significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and the books [[ Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology]] and ''Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation,'' (ISBN 0-471-57518-6), and so the term acquired its current sense.

In [[1998]], McCarthy starred in ''[[BASEketball]]''. In [[1999]], she starred in ''[[Diamonds (1999 film)|Diamonds]]'', a movie which was directed by her husband [[John Mallory Asher]]. The next year, she appeared in the popular horror movie ''[[Scream 3]]''. Since [[2001]], McCarthy has guest-starred in many shows as ''[[Stacked]]'', ''[[Charmed]]'', ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]'', ''[[Fastlane (TV series)|Fastlane]]'' and ''[[Just Shoot Me!]]''.

Nanotechnology came to be considered in recent years to address the problems the [[semiconductor industry]] is facing and anticipating in increasing performing according to [[Moore's Law]]. In the field of [[microelectronics]], the drive towards [[miniaturization]] continues and [[transistor]] gate lengths of 65 nm are routinely fabricated in [[Printed Circuit Board Milling|prototype circuits]]. The device density of modern computer electronics (i.e. the number of transistors per unit area) has grown exponentially, and this trend is expected to continue for some time (see [[Moore's law]]). However, both [[economics]] and fundamental electronic limitations prevent this trend from continuing indefinitely. Thus, since technologies in use on chips in 2005 are already at the 65nm scale and becoming more and more difficult to further miniaturize, it may require breakthroughs in nanotechnology to continue to see the constant increases in speed and decreases in price for computers that many take for granted. The problems facing the semiconductor industry are outlined in the "semiconductor roadmap," and many will ultimately require solutions which involve completely novel nano-scale devices and phenomena to achieve higher device densities [http://www.cra.org/Activities/snowbird/2002/slides/rabaey.pdf semiconductor roadmap]. [[Microchips]] have consistently gotten smaller, faster, and cheaper at once because creating smaller devices allows them to have a smaller [[capacitance]], which allows greater [[switching speed]]s and thus processor clock speeds; in turn, the ability to pack more of these smaller [[transistors]] into a given area means greater [[economies of scale]] lead to cheaper chips.

In [[2003]], McCarthy appeared in ''[[Scary Movie 3]]'' along with model and actress [[Pamela Anderson]]. In [[2005]], McCarthy produced, wrote and starred in ''[[Dirty Love]]'' along with [[Carmen Electra]]. The same year, McCarthy hosted a new show on [[E!]] called ''Party at the Palms''. The reality show, which is filmed at [[The Palms]] Hotel in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], features hotel guests, party goers and celebrities acting outrageously with McCarthy. In March 2006, she was given [[2005 Golden Raspberry Awards|Razzie Awards]] for "Worst Actress," "Worst Screenplay," and "Worst Picture" for her work on ''Dirty Love'', which also netted her then-husband, [[John Mallory Asher|John Asher]], a Razzie for "Worst Director."

More broadly, nanotechnology includes the many techniques used to create structures at a size scale below 100 nm, including those used for fabrication of [[nanowire]]s, those used in [[semiconductor fabrication]] such as deep ultraviolet [[photolithography|lithography]], [[electron beam lithography]], focused [[ion beam]] machining, [[chemical vapor deposition|atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition]], and further including [[self-assembly|molecular self-assembly]] techniques such as those employing di-block [[copolymer]]s. It should be noted, however, that all of these techniques preceeded the nanotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology or which were results of nanotechnology research.

=== Public persona ===

The term '''nanoscience''' is used to describe the [[interdisciplinary]] fields of science devoted to the study of nanoscale phenomena employed in nanotechnology. This is the world of atoms, molecules, [[macromolecule]]s, [[quantum dot]]s, and macromolecular assemblies, and is dominated by surface effects such as [[Van der Waals force]] attraction, [[hydrogen bond]]ing, electronic charge, [[ionic bond]]ing, [[covalent bond]]ing, [[hydrophobe|hydrophobicity]], [[hydrophile|hydrophilicity]], and [[quantum tunneling|quantum mechanical tunneling]], to the virtual exclusion of [[macroscopic|macro-scale]] effects such as [[turbulence]] and [[inertia]]. For example, the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume opens new possibilities in surface-based science, such as [[catalysis]].

Though McCarthy initially rose to fame because of her sexual image, a frequent source of her celebrity derives from [[toilet humor]], particularly the shock of seeing a beautiful woman urinate, vomit, pass gas, or pick her nose.

Another Candies ad, which did not cause as much controversy, found McCarthy passing gas in a crowded elevator. A sketch on her MTV show centered around her character, a well-coifed business woman, answering the question of "What did you have for lunch?" by forcing herself to vomit all over a table (which she then ate on-screen). The direct contrast of McCarthy's reputation as a sex symbol and this often grotesque humor is closely associated with her image. This image was taken to a new extreme in her film ''Dirty Love'', which featured McCarthy's character sitting in a massive pool of her own [[menstrual blood]].[http://www.hecklerspray.com/glory-at-the-razzies-for-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman/20062393.php]

The term nanotechnology is sometimes conflated with [[molecular nanotechnology]] (also known as "MNT"), a theoretical advanced form of nanotechnology believed by some to be achievable at some point in the future, based on productive nanosystems. Molecular nanotechnology would fabricate precise structures using [[mechanosynthesis]] to perform [[molecular manufacturing]]. Molecular nanotechnology, though not yet existent, is expected to have a great impact on society if realized.

McCarthy has authored a series of three books about her experience with pregnancy and raising her son, Evan.

==New materials, devices, technologies==

* ''Belly Laughs: The Naked Truth about Pregnancy and Childbirth''

As science becomes more sophisticated it naturally enters the realm of what is arbitrarily labeled nanotechnology. The essence of nanotechnology is that as we scale things down they start to take on novel characteristics. [[Nanoparticle]]s (clusters at nanometre scale), for example, have very interesting properties and have proved useful as catalysts and in other uses since, for example when [[Charles Goodyear]] invented [[vulcanized rubber]] in 1839 or when the [[Mesoamerican]]s achieved [[rubber#history|the same result]] some 2400 years earlier. If we ever do make [[nanorobot|nanobots]], they will not be scaled down versions of contemporary robots. It is the same scaling effects that make nanodevices so special that prevent this. Nanoscaled devices will probably bear much stronger resemblance to nature's nanodevices: [[protein]]s, [[DNA]], [[biological membrane|membranes]] etc. [[Supramolecular assemblies]] are a good example of this

* ''Baby Laughs: The Naked Truth about the First Year of Mommyhood''

* ''Life Laughs: The Naked Truth about Motherhood, Marriage, and Moving On''.[http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_b/105-8650915-7462816?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=+%22jenny+mccarthy%22+&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Go]

McCarthy is also an occasional columnist for ''[[FHM]]'' magazine and is currently a spokesperson for [[Weight Watchers]].

=== Personal life ===

One fundamental characteristic of nanotechnology is that nanodevices self-assemble. That is, they build themselves from the bottom up. [[Scanning probe microscopy]] is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. [[Atomic force microscope]]s and [[scanning tunneling microscope]]s can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. Atoms can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques, but it is cumbersome, expensive and very time-consuming, and for these reasons it is quite simply not feasible to construct nanoscaled devices atom by atom. You don't want to assemble a billion transistors into a microchip by taking an hour to place each transistor, but these techniques can be used for things like helping to guide self-assembling systems.

In [[1993]], McCarthy underwent [[breast augmentation]] to enhance her look as a model for ''[[Playboy]]''. Borrowing a page from fellow [[Playmate]] [[Pamela Anderson]]'s publicity playbook, McCarthy took them out in 1998.

McCarthy dated her manager Ray Manzella for a short time in 1998. After breaking up with Manzella, McCarthy began dating actor/director [[John Mallory Asher|John Asher]]. The couple got engaged in [[January]] [[1999]], and married that year on [[September 11]]. They have a son, Evan Joseph, born on [[May 18]], [[2002]]. In [[August]] [[2005]], McCarthy and Asher filed for [[divorce]].

One of the problems facing nanotechnology is how to assemble atoms and molecules into smart materials and working devices. [[Supramolecular chemistry]] is here a very important tool. Supramolecular chemistry is the chemistry beyond the molecule, and molecules are being designed to [[self-assembly|self-assemble]] into larger structures. In this case, biology is a place to find inspiration: cells and their pieces are made from self-assembling [[biopolymer]]s such as [[protein]]s and protein complexes. One of the things being explored is synthesis of [[organic compound|organic molecules]] by adding them to the ends of [[complementary DNA]] [[DNA#Overview of molecular structure|strands]] such as ----A and ----B, with molecules A and B attached to the end; when these are put together, the complementary DNA strands hydrogen bonds into a [[double helix]], ====AB, and the DNA molecule can be removed to isolate the product AB.

In a February [[2006]] interview with [[Howard Stern]], [[pornography|adult]] actress [[Jenna Jameson]] said she had two sexual encounters with McCarthy.<ref>http://www.marksfriggin.com/news06/1-30.htm#wed</ref> When McCarthy visited Stern's show in April 2006, she denied having sex with Jameson, but said she "made out" with her during the two encounters. McCarthy also took a [[polygraph|lie detector]] test and passed the questions regarding Jameson. During the appearance, McCarthy also admitted to having performed [[oral sex]] on women and that she cheated on her ex-husband with both men and women.<ref>http://marksfriggin.com/news06/4-24.htm#tue</ref> However, in a later appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', she claimed they didn't cheat on each other because it was totally agreed upon.

Natural or man-made particles or artifacts often have qualities and capabilities quite different from their macroscopic counterparts. [[Gold]], for example, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical [[catalyst]] at nanoscales.

In December [[2005]], McCarthy began dating actor [[Jim Carrey]]. They did not make their relationship public until June 2006.

"Nanosize" powder particles (a few nanometres in diameter, also called nano-particles) are potentially important in [[ceramics]], [[powder metallurgy]], the achievement of uniform nanoporosity, and similar applications. The strong tendency of small particles to form clumps ("agglomerates") is a serious technological problem that impedes such applications. However, a few dispersants such as ammonium citrate (aqueous) and imidazoline or [[oleyl alcohol]] (nonaqueous) are promising additives for deagglomeration. (Those materials are discussed in "Organic Additives And Ceramic Processing," by D. J. Shanefield, Kluwer Academic Publ., Boston.)

In May [[2007]], McCarthy announced that her son was diagnosed with autism and would be coming out with a book on the subject shortly. ''Louder Than Words: A Mother's Journey in Healing Autism'' is due out in September of 2007.

In October 2004, researchers at the [[University of Manchester]] succeeded in forming a small piece of material only 1 atom thick called [[graphene]].[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15499015] [[Robert Freitas]] has suggested that graphene might be used as a [[deposition (chemistry)|deposition]] surface for a [[diamondoid]] [[mechanosynthesis]] tool.[http://www.molecularassembler.com/Papers/PathDiamMolMfg.htm]

She lives in [[Sherman Oaks, California]], next to heiress [[Margo Wilson]]. Her cousin is [[Melissa McCarthy]] of the [[Gilmore Girls]].

As of [[August 23]] 2004, [[Stanford University]] has been able to construct a transistor from single-walled carbon nanotubes and organic molecules. These single-walled carbon nanotubes are basically a rolled up sheet of carbon atoms. They have accomplished creating this transistor making it two nanometers wide and able to maintain current three nanometers in length. To create this resistor they cut metallic nanotubes in order to form electrodes, and afterwards placed one or two organic materials to form a [[semiconductor|semiconducting]] channel between the [[electrode]]s. It is projected that this new achievement will be available in different applications in two to five years.

== Appearances in ''Playboy'' special editions ==

[http://news.com.com/Barrett+No+end+in+sight+for+Moores+Law/2100-1006_3-5594779.html News.com] reported on [[March 1st]] [[2005]] that [[Intel]] is preparing to introduce [[central processing unit|processors]] with features measuring 65 nanometers. The company’s current engineers believe that 5 nanometer processes are actually proving themselves to be more and more feasible. The company showed pictures of these transistor prototypes measuring 65, 45, 32, and 22 nanometers. However, the company spoke about how their expectations for the future are for new processors featuring 15,10, 7, and 5 nanometers.

* ''Playboy's Playmate Review'' Vol. 10 May 1994 - front & back covers, pages 82-91.

* ''Playboy's Girls of Summer '94'' June 1994.

* ''Playboy's Book of Lingerie'' Vol. 38 July 1994.

* ''Playboy's Playmates at Play'' July 1994 - pages 6-7.

* ''Playboy's Book of Lingerie'' Vol. 39 September 1994 - page 25.

* ''Playboy's Wet & Wild Playmates'' September 1994 - page 73.

* ''Playboy's Book of Lingerie'' Vol. 40 November 1994.

* ''Playboy's Nudes'' November 1994 - cover.

* ''Playboy's Playmates in Bed'' Vol. 1 January 1995.

* ''Playboy's Supermodels'' February 1995.

* ''Playboy's Book of Lingerie'' Vol. 44 July 1995 - cover.

* ''Playboy's Nudes'' October 1995.

* ''Playboy's Winter Girls'' February 1996.

* ''Playboy's Celebrating Centerfolds'' Vol. 1 December 1998 - pages 6-7.

== Filmography ==

Currently the prototypes use [[CMOS]] (complementary metal-oxide semiconductors); however, according to Intel smaller scales will rely on quantum dots, polymer layers, and nanotube technology.

* ''[[Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead]]'' ([[1995]])

* ''[[The Stupids (film)|The Stupids]]'' ([[1996]])

* ''[[BASEketball]]'' ([[1998]])

* ''[[Diamonds (1999 film)|Diamonds]]'' ([[1999]])

* ''[[Python (film)|Python]]'' ([[2000]])

* ''[[Scream 3]]'' ([[2000]])

* ''[[Thank Heaven]]'' ([[2001]])

* ''[[Crazy Little Thing]]'' ([[2002]])

* ''[[Scary Movie 3]]'' ([[2003]])

* ''[[Dirty Love]]'' ([[2005]]) (also producer and writer)

* ''[[John Tucker Must Die]]'' ([[2006]])

* ''[[Wieners (film)|Wieners]]'' ([[2007]])

=== Television work ===

[http://www.PhysOrg.com PhysOrg.com] writes about the use of [[plasmons]] in the world. Plasmons are waves of electrons traveling along the surface of metals. They have the same frequency and [[electromagnetic field]] as light; however, the sub-wavelength size allows them to use less space. These plasmons act like light waves in glass on metal, allowing engineers to use any of the same tricks such as multiplexing, or sending multiple waves. With the use of plasmons information can be transferred through chips at an incredible speed; however, these plasmons do have drawbacks. For instance, the distance plasmons travel before dying out depends on the metal, and even currently they can travel several millimeters, while chips are typically about a centimeter across from each other. In addition, the best metal currently available for plasmons to travel farther is aluminum. However, most industries that manufacture chips use copper over aluminum since it is a better [[electrical conduction|electrical conductor]]. Furthermore, the [[computer cooling|issue of heat]] will have to be looked upon. The use of plasmons will definitely generate heat but the amount is currently unknown.

* ''[[Singled Out]]'' (host from [[1995]]-[[1997]])

* ''The Jenny McCarthy Show'' (1997-[[1998]])

* ''[[Jenny (TV series)|Jenny]]'' (1997-1998)

* ''[[The Big Breakfast]]'' (1998)

* ''[[Honey Vicarro]]'' ([[2001]]) (unsold pilot)

* ''Untitled Jenny McCarthy Project'' ([[2003]]) (unsold pilot)

* ''[[The Bad Girl's Guide]]'' ([[2005]]) (canceled after 6 episodes)

* ''Party @ the Palms'' ([[2005]]-[[2006]])

* ''[[Hope & Faith]]'' ([[2005]]) as Mandy

* ''[[Santa Baby]]'' ([[2006]])

* ''[[Bo! in the USA]]'' ([[2006]]) as Herself (Guest)

* ''[[The View]]'' ([[2006]]) as Herself (Guest Host)

* "Home Improvement" as Alex the Mechanic

== Pro-wrestling ==

Further developments in the field of nanotechnology focuses on the [[oscillation]] of a nanomachine for [[telecommunication]]. The article states that in Boston an antenna-like sliver of [[silicon]] one-tenth the width of a human hair oscillated in a lab in a [[Boston University]] basement. This team led by Professor Pritiraj Mohanty developed the sliver of silicon. Since the technology functions at the speeds of [[gigahertz]] this could help make communication devices smaller and exchange information at gigahertz speeds. This nanomachine is comprised of 50 billion atoms and is able to oscillate at 1.49 billion times per second. The antenna moves over a distance of one-tenth of a [[picometer]].

McCarthy made an appearance at the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation's]] [[WrestleMania XI]] on [[April 2]], [[1995]] as a guest valet for [[Shawn Michaels]]. She left after the match with the victor, [[WWE Championship|WWF Heavyweight Champion]] [[Kevin Nash|Diesel]].

== Books ==

==Radical nanotechnology==

* ''Belly Laughs, The Naked Truth about Pregnancy and Childbirth'' (ISBN 978-0-7382-0949-4)

Radical nanotechnology is a term given to the hypothetical idea of sophisticated nanoscale machines operating on the molecular scale[http://www.softmachines.org/wordpress/index.php?cat=3]. By the countless examples found in biology it is currently known that billions of years of evolutionary feedback can produce sophisticated, [[stochastic]]ally optimized biological machines, and it is hoped that radical nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some shorter means, perhaps using [[biomimetic]] principles. However, it has been suggested by [[K Eric Drexler]] and [http://www.crnano.org/developing.htm other researchers] that radical nanotechnology, although initially implemented by biomimetic means, might ultimately be based on mechanical engineering principles.

* ''Baby Laughs, The Naked Truth about the First Year of Mommyhood'' (ISBN 978-0-525-94883-4)

* ''Life Laughs, The Naked Truth about Motherhood, Marriage, and Moving On'' (ISBN 978-0-525-94947-3)

Drexler's idea of a diamondoid [[molecular nanotechnology]] is controversial, but determining a set of pathways for its development is now an objective of a broadly based [[technology roadmaps|technology roadmap]] project [http://physorg.com/news4656.html] led by [[Battelle Memorial Institute | Battelle]] (the manager of several U.S. National Laboratories) and the [[Foresight Institute]]. That roadmap should be developed by late 2006.

==Interdisciplinary ensemble==

A definitive feature of nanotechnology is that it constitutes an interdisciplinary ensemble of several fields of the natural sciences that are, in and of themselves, actually highly specialized. Thus, physics plays an important role—alone in the construction of the microscope used to investigate such phenomena but above all in the laws of [[quantum mechanics]]. Achieving a desired material structure and certain configurations of atoms brings the field of chemistry into play. In medicine, the specifically targeted deployment of nanoparticles promises to help in the treatment of certain diseases. Here, science has reached a point at which the boundaries separating discrete disciplines become blurred, and it is for precisely this reason that nanotechnology is also referred to as a [[technological convergence|convergent technology]].

==Potential risks==

===Goo===

An often cited worst-case [[scenario planning|scenario]] is "[[grey goo]]", a hypothetical substance into which the surface objects of the earth might be transformed by self-replicating [[nanobots]] running amok, a process which has been termed [[global ecophagy]]. Defenders point out that smaller objects are more susceptible to damage from [[background radiation|radiation]] and heat (due to greater surface area-to-volume ratios): nanomachines would quickly fail when exposed to harsh climates. This argument depends on the speed of which such nanomachines might be able to reproduce.

Recently, [http://www.crnano.org/PR-IOP.htm new analysis] has shown that this "grey goo" danger is less likely than originally thought. [[K. Eric Drexler]] considers an accidental "[[grey goo]]" scenario extremely unlikely and says so in later editions of ''Engines of Creation''. The "[[grey goo]]" scenario begs the Tree Sap Answer: what chances exist that one's car could spontaneously mutate into a wild car, run off-road and live in the forest off tree sap? However, other long-term [http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm major risks] to society and the environment have been identified.

A variant on this is "[[Green Goo]]", a scenario in which [[nanobiotechnology]] creates a self-replicating nano machine which consumes all organic particles, living or dead, creating a slime -like non-living organic mass ([http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=373 Green Goo: Nanotechnology Comes Alive!] [[23 January]] 2003, Etcgroup.org).

===Poison/Toxicity===

For the near-term, critics of nanotechnology point to the potential toxicity of new classes of nanosubstances that could adversely affect the stability of cell walls or disturb the immune system when inhaled or digested. Objective risk assessment can profit from the bulk of experience with long-known microscopic materials like carbon soot or asbestos fibres.

There is a possibility that nanoparticles in drinking water could be dangerous to humans and/or other animals. Colon cells exposed to nano titanium dioxide particles have been found to decay at a quicker than normal rate. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are often used in sunscreens, as they appear transparent, compared to natural titanium dioxide particles, which appear white.

== See also ==

* [[NanotechnologyList of people in fictionPlayboy 1990-1999]]

=== RelevantFootnotes individuals ===

<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

* [[Richard Feynman]]

* [[Norio Taniguchi]]

* [[K. Eric Drexler]]

* [[Robert Freitas]]

* [[Ralph Merkle]]

* [[Sumio Iijima]]

* [[Richard Smalley]]

* [[Erwin Müller]]

* [[Gerd Binnig]]

* [[Heinrich Rohrer]]

* [[Raymond Kurzweil]]

* [[Paul Alivisatos]]

* [[Chris Phoenix]]

===Topics===

*[[Nanotechnology education]]

*[[Molecular engineering]]

*[[Foresight Institute]]

*[[National Nanotechnology Initiative]]

*[[NEMS]]

*[[MEMS]]

*[[lab-on-a-chip]]

*[[Protein engineering]]

*[[Tissue Engineering]] (A possible near-term substitute for exotic nanomedicine)

*[[Immortality]]

*[[Bucky ball]]s

*[[Nanochondria]]

*[[Nanoknot]]

*[[Nanotube]]

*[[Nanowire]]

*[[Nanopore]]

*[[Nanoring]]

*[[Morphers]]

*[[Mechanosynthesis]]

*[[Mechanochemistry]]

*[[Molecular motors]]

*[[Nanomotor]]

*[[Nanosensor]]

*[[Nanoshell]]

*[[Nanosome]]

*[[Self replication]]

*[[Self reconfigurable|Self-reconfiguration]]

*[[Nanofactory]]

*[[Nanomedicine]]

*[[Bionanotechnology]]

*[[Nanolithography]]

*[[Nanoelectronics]]

**[[Molecular electronics]]

**[[Nanocomputing]]

*[[Supramolecular assemblies]]

*[[Self assembly]]

*[[Nanocrystal]]s

*[[Self organizing systems]] ([[monolayer]]s, [[colloid]]s)

*[[Nanocrystallites]]

*[[Nanorobotics]]

== External links ==

* {{playmate|1993|10}}

* {{ymovies name|1800020490}}

* {{imdb name|0000189|Jenny McCarthy}}

*{{tvtome person|id=26294|name=Jenny McCarthy}}

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====Articles====

{{succession box|before=[[Ronan Keating]]| title=[[MTV Europe Music Awards]] host| years=1998| after=Ronan Keating}}

* [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/nanotechnology Nanotechnology for Development]

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* [http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2005/030905/Nanotubes_boost_molecular_devices_Brief_030905.html Stanford University transistors]

* [http://mprc.pku.edu.cn/courses/architecture/spring2005/20nmpressfoils.pdf Intel prototypes]

* [http://news.com.com/Barrett+No+end+in+sight+for+Moores+Law/2100-1006_3-5594779.html News.com, March 1 2005 "Barrett: No end in sight for Moore's Law"]

* [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers']

* [http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=7161 MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY: FULLY LOADED WITH BENEFITS AND RISKS], by Mike Treder, published 2004 in [http://www.wfs.org/futurist.htm ''The Futurist'']

* Margaret E. Kosal, [http://www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=so04kosal "Is Small Scary?"], ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', September/October 2004.

====Journals and News====

* [http://www.nanotechnology.com/blogs/blognano Darrell Brookstein of nanotechnology.com] - daily weblog

* [http://www.nanotechnology.com/blogs/steveedwards Steve Edwards of nanotechnology.com] - daily weblog

* [http://www.nanobound.com Nanobound Weblog] - daily weblog

* [http://CRNano.typepad.com Responsible Nanotechnology] - daily weblog

* [http://www.azonano.com/Materials.asp?Letter=_ Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials A to Z]

* [http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?cat=65 Recent Developments In Nanotechnology]

* [http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/0957-4484 Nanotechnology], electronic journal since [[1990]], available on web and CD-ROM.

* [http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ Nano Letters], electronic journal published by American Chemical Society.

* [http://aspbs.com/jnn/ Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology]

* [http://www.aspbs.com/ctn/ Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience]

* [http://nanotechwire.com/ Nanotechnology news and related research]

* [http://www.NTalert.com/ Nanotechnology news links - updated daily]

* [http://nanotech-now.com/ Nanotechnology basics, news, and general information]

* [http://www.smalltimes.com/ Small Times: News about MEMS, Nanotechnology and Microsystems]

* [http://nanotechweb.org nanotechweb.org: nanotechnology news, products, jobs, events and information]

====Laboratories====

* [http://www.memsnet.org/ The MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse / The world's most popular portal for Nanotechnology information, jobs, and events]

* [http://www.london-nano.ucl.ac.uk/ The London Centre for Nanotechnology / A research centre jointly set up by University College London and Imperial College London]

* [http://www.cnsi.ucla.edu/ The California NanoSystems Institute]

* [http://www.mems-exchange.org/ The MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange / A repository of Nanotechnology fabrication information]

* [http://smalley.rice.edu/ The Smalley Group / Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory]

* [http://cben.rice.edu/ Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology]

* [http://bios.ewi.utwente.nl Bios: The Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Universiteit Twente ]

* [http://www.cnm.utexas.edu/ Center for Nano & Molecular Science & Technology- CNM at UT Austin]

* [http://cnst.rice.edu/ Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University]

* [http://biomems.uwaterloo.ca/ Advanced Micro/Nanodevices Lab at the University of Waterloo]

* [http://www.cns.cornell.edu/ Cornell University Center for Nanoscale Systems]

* [http://www.cnf.cornell.edu/ Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility (CNF)]

* [http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/ MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology - Universiteit Twente]

* [http://www.ns.tudelft.nl The Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft]

* [http://www.uta.edu/engineering/nano/ NanoFab Research and Teaching Facility at the University of Texas at Arlington]

* [http://nanotech.utdallas.edu/nn/index.asp NanoTech Institute at the University of Texas at Dallas]

* [http://www.macdiarmid.ac.nz/ The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand]

====Nanotechnology and Society====

*[http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/lwp Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Nanotechnology Initiative]

*[http://www.etcgroup.org ETC group] Action group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration

*[http://www.bioethicsanddisability.org/nanotechnology.html Bioethics and Disability] Nanotechnology

*[http://www.nanotechwatch.org NanotechWatch.org] Nanotechnology news: the hype and the reality of this emerging technology

====Other====

* [http://www.nanotechnology.com/ Nanotechnology.com] News, information, and exclusive articles

* [http://www.nano-map.de Nano-map.de] - Nano-map is a graphical tool for the visualization of the regional distribution of relevant nanotechnology institutions in Germany including major enterprises, SMEs, networks, research centers, university institutes, funding agencies, technology transfer and financing institutions.

* [http://www.nanowerk.com/ Nanowerk] - A free database to research almost 800 nanomaterials from over 50 manufacturers

* [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute]

* [http://CRNano.org Center for Responsible Nanotechnology]

* [http://icon.rice.edu/ International Council on Nanotechnology]

* [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com Molecular Assembler website]

* [http://www.nanobuildings.com/ NanoBuildings - Buildings for Advanced Technology Workshops]

* [http://www.nano.gov/ National Nanotechnology Initiative]

* [http://nanoDiamond.info/ NanoDiamond] atomic level design of a very high strength-to-weight ratio material

* [http://www.nanotec2005.com/ Nanotec Congress in Brazil]

* [http://nprl.bham.ac.uk/ UK research]

* [http://www.wise-nano.org Wise-Nano] A Wiki project, initiated by the [http://crnano.org/ Center for Responsible Nanotechnology] and devoted to [[Molecular engineering|Molecular Manufacturing]]

*[http://www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=375 The Big Down] - The first Civil Society Critique of Nanoscale technologies from [http://www.etcgroup.org ETC Group]

* [[PNAS]] supplement: [http://www.pnas.org/content/vol99/suppl_2/ ''Nanoscience: Underlying Physical Concepts and Phenomena'']

* [http://www.nanomedicine.com Medical nanorobotics textbooks online]

* [http://www.zyvex.com/nano/ Nanotechnology by Dr.Ralph Merkle]

* [http://www.nanoindustries.com/ Nanotechnology Industries]

* [http://www.knhproductions.ca/nisnano/ Documentary on Nanotechnology]

* [http://www.human-evolution.org/nano.php Nanotechnology: Is it Real?]

* [http://www.physorg.com/news3415.html Plasmons (Physorg)]

* [http://www.nanocrete.com nanotechnology applied to concrete manufacturing]

* [http://whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2005/06/22/nanoparticles_transport_cancer_killing_d Nanotechnology & Cancer Cures]

* [http://www.nanotechnologybasics.com/ Nanotechnology Basics]

====Scientists in the Field====

Dr. David G. Grier, of New York University, has developed a method of rapidly modulating laser beams via a dynamic [[spatial light modulator]] (SLM) in the form of a phase only hologram. (http://www.physics.nyu.edu/grierlab/)[[robots]]

== References ==

* {{Book reference|Author=Daniel J. Shanefield|Year=1996|Title=Organic Additives And Ceramic Processing|Publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|ID=ISBN 0792397657}}

{{Technology}}

{{Playmates of 1993}}

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