Malcolm X and Kumar Mangalam Birla: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 15:31, 20 June 2007

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{{Infobox Celebrity

{{Infobox_Biography

| name = Kumar Mangalam Birla

|subject_name=

| image =

|image_name=Malcolm-x.jpg

| caption =

|image_caption=

| birth_date = [[June 14]], [[1967]]

|dead=dead

| birth_place =

|date_of_birth=[[May 19]], [[1925]]

| death_date =

|place_of_birth=[[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], [[Nebraska]], [[United States|USA]]

| death_place =

|date_of_death=[[February 21]], [[1965]]

| occupation = [[Chairperson|Chairman]], [[Aditya Birla Group]]

|place_of_death=[[Manhattan, New York|Manhattan]], [[New York]], [[United States|USA]]}}

| networth = {{gain}} $6.8 billion [[USD]], [http://www.forbes.com/business/global/2006/1127/039.html forbes]

{{dablink|This article refers to Malcolm X the man. For the biographical movies of the same name, see [[Malcolm X (film)]]}}

}}

'''Kumar Mangalam Birla''' ([[June 14]], [[1967]]), is among the richest persons in India and the eighth youngest billionaire outside India according to the [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] magazine.

''''''Malcolm X'''''', ([[May 19]], [[1925]] – [[February 21]], [[1965]]), born '''Malcolm Little''', also known as '''Detroit Red''', '''[[Hajji|El-Hajji]] [[Malik]] El-[[Shabazz]]''' and '''Omowale''', was a longtime spokesman for the [[Nation of Islam]]. He was also founder of the [[Muslim Mosque, Inc.]] and the [[Organization of Afro-American Unity]].

Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla is the Chairman of the [[Aditya Birla Group]], which is among India's largest business houses. Among its major companies in India are [[Grasim]], [[Hindalco]], [[UltraTech Cement]], [[Aditya Birla Nuvo]] and [[Idea Cellular]]. Its JVs include [[Birla Sun Life]] (Financial Services) and [[Birla NGK]] (Insulators). While Mr. Birla is the Chairman of all of the Group's blue-chip companies in India, he serves as a Director on the Board of the Group's International Companies spanning Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Egypt. The Group's operations extend to Canada, China, Laos, USA, U.K. and Australia as well.

During his life, Malcolm went from being a street-wise [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] [[hoodlum]] to one of the most prominent [[Black nationalism|black nationalist]] leaders in the [[United States]]. As a [[militant]] leader, Malcolm X advocated [[black pride]], [[economic]] self-reliance, and [[identity politics]]. He ultimately rose to become a world renowned [[African American]]/[[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] and [[human rights]] activist.

bye...

Malcolm X was [[assassination|assassinated]] in [[New York City]] on [[February 21]], [[1965]] on the first day of [[National Brotherhood Week]].

==NamePositions Held==

Mr. Birla has held and continues to hold several key and responsible positions on various regulatory and professional Boards, such as:

He explained the name he chose by saying,

* Director of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India from 27 June 2006

: "''To take one's 'X' is to take on a certain mystery, a certain possibility of power in the eyes of one's peers and one's enemies ... The 'X'; announced what you had been and what you had become: Ex-smoker, Ex-drinker, Ex-Christian, Ex-slave."

* Chairman of the Advisory Committee constituted by the Ministry of Company Affairs for 2006 and 2007

The 'X' also stood for the unknown original surname of the slaves from whom Malcolm X descended, in preference to continuing to use a name which would have been given by the slave owner. This rationale made many members of the Nation of Islam choose their own surnames.

* Member of The Prime Minister of India's Advisory Council on Trade and Industry

* Chairman of the Board of Trade reconstituted by the Union Minister of Commerce and Industry

* Chairman of the National Safety Council

* Member of The Government of Uttar Pradesh's High Powered Investment Task Force

* Member of The National Council of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

* Member of the Apex Advisory Council of The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India

* On The Advisory Council for the Centre for Corporate Governance

* Member of the Organising Committee for Commonwealth Games, Delhi 2010

==Time-Line==

==Birth and early years==

In the ten years that he has been at the helm of the Aditya Birla Group, he has won recognition for his contribution to Industry and to professionalising management. An indicative list is as follows :

[[Image: Detred104.jpg|thumb|150px|right| Young Malcolm X]]

Malcolm Little was born in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] to Earl Little and Louise Little (''[[née]]'' Norton). His father, an outspoken [[Baptist]] lay [[preacher]] and supporter of [[Marcus Garvey]], was believed to have been killed by the [[Black Legion (murder cult)|Black Legion]], a [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] group in [[Lansing, Michigan]] in 1931. Malcolm and his siblings had been split up and sent to different foster homes when Louise Little was declared legally [[Insanity|insane]]. In 1939, she was formally committed to the State Mental Hospital at [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]], and remained there until Malcolm and his brothers and sisters got her released twenty-six years later.

'''2006'''

Malcolm graduated from junior high school at the top of his class, but dropped out soon after an admired teacher told him that aspirations of being a lawyer was "no realistic goal for a <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS EXACT QUOTE. THANK YOU --> [[nigger]]"{{ref|realistic}}. After enduring a series of foster homes, Malcolm was first sent to a detention center and then later moved to [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] to live with his older half-sister, Ella Little Collins.

* Represented India at the Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Award in Monte Carlo, Monaco in June 2006, where he was inducted as a Member of the Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur of the Year Academy

'''2005'''

He found work as a shoe-shiner at a [[Lindy Hop]] [[nightclub]]; in his [[autobiography]], he says that he once shined the shoes of [[Duke Ellington]] and other notable black [[musician]]s. After some time, he moved to [[New York City]], where, in [[Harlem]], he became involved in [[Illegal drug trade|drug dealing]], [[gambling]], [[pimping]], [[racketeering]], and [[robbery]] (referred to collectively by Malcolm as "hustling"). When he was examined for the [[World War II]] [[conscription|draft]], military physicians classified him to be "mentally disqualified for military service." He explains in his autobiography that he told the officer that he couldn't wait to get his hands on a gun so he could 'kill some crackers' to avoid being [[drafted]].

* Awarded "The Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year —- India"

* Named "Young Super Performer in the CEO Category" by Business Today

* [[PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] — Udyog Ratna

'''2004'''

<!-- Can we leave Bruce Perry out of this? His book is not a biography, it is a pathetic, disgusting attack with no scholarly value. -->

* Chosen by the World Economic Forum (Davos) as one of the Young Global Leaders. In this capacity, Mr. Birla is committed to share his knowledge, expertise and energy over the next five years to usher in a future of "hope, progress and positive change"

* Drawn from a pool of 8000 candidates from around the world, of whom 600 were short listed and 237 finally named, the Young Global Leaders have been hand picked by a Nomination Committee of 28 global media leaders

* In recognition of his exemplary contribution to Indian business, The Banaras Hindu University awarded the D.Litt (Honoris Causa) Degree to Mr. Birla

* To salute his entrepreneurial excellence and exemplary contribution to Indian business, the All India Management Association conferred its "Honorary Fellowship" on him

'''2003'''

==Prison==

* Named "The Business Leader of the Year" by The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence

Malcolm became a small time hustler and was known on the street as "Detroit Red", due to his lighter skin tone and hair color. He was arrested in Boston on [[January 12]], [[1946]] at the age of 20 and sentenced to eight to ten years' [[imprisonment]] on charges of breaking and entering, carrying [[firearms]], and [[larceny]]. He later earned the nickname [[Satan]] in the [[Charlestown State Prison]] for his constant cursing, especially of [[God]] and the [[Bible]]. While in jail in 1948, he received letters from his brother Reginald, asking him to join the [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI). The NOI defined itself as a ''militant [[Islamic]] sect for black people'' that preached that most [[African]] [[slavery|slaves]] were [[Muslim]]s before they were captured and sent to the [[Americas]]. They argued that Black people should "reconvert" to Islam to reclaim the heritage that was stolen from them. The NOI considered itself to be a [[black nationalist]] group which supported the idea of a separate Black nation within the United States.

* Close on the heels of the Economic Times' "The Business Leader of the Year" Award, he was selected Business India's "Business Man of the Year — 2003". This is indeed historic, as no Chairman / CEO has ever won both these prestigious awards in a single year

* The National Institute of Industrial Engineering's (NITIE) "The Lakshya — Business Visionary Award"

* The Indo-American Society's "Young Achiever Award"

* "The 2003 Institute of Marketing and Management Award for Excellence".

'''2002'''

Malcolm diligently studied the teachings of the Nation of Islam's leader [[Elijah Muhammad]]. His sister Ella helped to transfer him to the lower-security [[prison colony]] in [[Norfolk, Massachusetts]] where he became an avid reader and found justification for the teachings of Elijah Muhammad and the [[Nation of Islam]] in [[history]] and [[philosophy]]. He participated in the colony's weekly debates, and copied an entire [[dictionary]] from the colony's [[library]] to expand his knowledge and to improve his handwriting. His first contact with Elijah Muhammad was in prison, where he corresponded with Muhammad by mail. As he progressed in his self-education, he began to write to the leader daily. After his release on parole on [[August 7]], [[1952]], he bought a suitcase, eyeglasses, and a watch, later saying that these were the items he used most in his later life.

* The Qimpro Foundation's "Qimpro Platinum Standard Award"

* The Amity Business School Award for "Excellence in Business"

* Ranked among the first five Asian business leaders for the CNBC/INSEAD sponsored "Asian Business Leader Award 2002"

'''2001'''

==Nation of Islam==

* The Rajiv Gandhi Award for "Business Excellence and his contribution to the country" by the Mumbai Pradesh Youth Congress

[[Image: Savioursday041.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Malcolm with Elijah Muhammad at [[Savior's Day]]]]

* The National HRD Network (Pune) — "The Outstanding Business Man of the Year"

In 1952, after his release from prison, Malcolm went to meet [[Elijah Muhammad]] in Chicago. Malcolm couldn't receive his African last name "X" yet because he simply hadn't had enough insight, study, and understanding of the Muslim religion. The "X" is meant to symbolize the rejection of his "slave-name" and the absence of a proper African [[Muslim]] name. The ''"X"'' is also both a reference to the name given to the slaves by the Anglo-European slave owners, unwilling to learn their African names; and is also the brand that many slaves received on their upper arm.

* The Giants International Award for "Business Excellence and his contribution to the Industry"

* The Institute of Directors' "Golden Peacock National Award for Business Leadership"

* The Rotary Club's "Award for Vocational Excellence"

'''2000'''

In March of 1953 the FBI opened a file on Malcolm, supposedly in response to an allegation that he had described himself as a [[Communist]]; according to the [[Church Committee]], the FBI had long been used to monitor, disrupt, and repress radicals like Malcolm. Included in the file were two letters wherein Malcolm uses the alias "Malachi [[Shabazz]]". In "Message To The Black Man In America", Elijah Muhammad explained the name Shabazz as belonging to descendants of an "Asian Black nation".

* The Bombay Management Association honoured Mr. Birla as "The Management Man of the Year 1999-2000"

'''1999'''

In May of 1953 the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] concluded that Malcolm X had an "asocial personality with paranoid trends (pre-psychotic paranoid schizophrenia)", and had in fact, sought treatment for his disorder. This was further supported by a letter intercepted by the FBI, dated [[June 29]], [[1950]]. The letter said, in reference to his 4-F classification and rejection by the military, "Everyone has always said Malcolm is crazy, so it isn't hard to convince people that I am." {{ref|asocial}}

* The Lions Clubs International's "The Achiever of the Millennium"

* The Rotary Club of Ahmedabad's "The Legend of the Corporate World"

'''1998'''

Later that year, Malcolm left his half-sister Ella in Boston to stay with Elijah Muhammad in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]. He soon returned to Boston and became the Minister of the Nation of Islam's Temple Number Eleven.

* Mr. Birla was the first and only industrialist to have been appointed as a public nominee on the Governing Board of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) by the Finance Ministry. He served as the Chairman of SEBI's 17-Member Committee on Corporate Governance constituted in mid-1999, and as Chairman of SEBI's Committee on Insider Trading

* The Kumar Mangalam Birla Report on Corporate Governance became the cornerstone of Corporate Governance practices in India

His active membership in the Nation of Islam led to him opening several [[temple]]s around the country, of which he often became Minister. His rousing, incendiary and inspirational speeches and spotless personal example led to the ranks of the Nation of Islam burgeoning. His preaching also inspired the famous boxer and political activist Cassius Clay to join the [[Nation of Islam]] and change his name to [[Muhammad Ali]], and similarly Ali later left the NOI and joined mainstream [[Islam]]. Malcolm was soon seen as the number two man in the movement, next to Elijah Muhammad himself. He was largely credited with increasing membership in the NOI from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963.

* Recipient of the Rotary Club's "Award for Vocational Excellence"

The media too have showered accolades on Mr. Birla. Between 1997 to-date, the NDTV, Star Plus "India Business Week" designated him as "The Businessman of the Year". Global Finance has cited him among the 10 Super Stars of Corporate Finance. Business World ranked him among the top 10 of India's most admired and respected CEOs and the top CEO of the coming millennium, and Hindustan Times named him as "The Businessman of the Year" as well.

==Marriage==

[[Image: Malcomxm1carbine3gr.gif|right|300px|thumb| [[Malcolm X]] holding an [[M1 Carbine]] and pulling back the curtains to peer out of a window. This photograph is a popular image on T-shirts and often appears with the slogan "By any means necessary."]]

In 1958 Malcolm married [[Betty Shabazz|Betty X (née Sanders)]] in [[Lansing, Michigan]]. They had six daughters together, all of whom carried the surname of Shabazz: Attallah (also spelled Attillah), born in 1958; [[Qubilah Shabazz|Qubilah]], born in 1960; Ilyasah, born in 1962; Gamilah (also spelled Gumilah), born in 1964; and twins, Malaak and Malikah, born after Malcolm's death in 1965.

Born on June 14, 1967, Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla was raised in Calcutta and Mumbai. He is a Chartered Accountant and earned an MBA (Masters in Business Administration) from the [[London Business School]], London. Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla and his wife, Neerja have three children, Ananyashree, Aryaman Vikram and Advaitesha.

As Malcolm worked tirelessly for the Nation of Islam, he was increasingly exposed to rumors of Elijah Muhammad's extramarital affairs with young secretaries. [[Adultery]] is severely shunned in the teachings of the Nation of Islam. Although this news unsettled Malcolm, he often brushed it aside. But soon he investigated these allegations and saw that they were true, and they were eventually affirmed by Elijah Muhammad himself, who claimed that it was legitimate for him to take on wives as he was the messenger of [[God]]. (It should be noted that [[polygamy]], as marriage to more than one but less than four women, and when specifically recognized and accepted under [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), is not a transgression in the mainstream Islamic religion. Elijah Muhammad, however, was not married to any of the women with whom he had affairs but ended in having children with each woman.) In fact, Elijah Muhammad asked Malcolm to cover his affairs but Malcolm refused. Despite being unsatisfied with the excuses, and being disenchanted by other ministers using Nation of Islam funds to line their own pockets, Malcolm's faith in Elijah Muhammad did not waver.

==TensionsSee also==

* [[Birla family]]

By the summer of 1963, tension in the Nation of Islam reached boiling point. Malcolm believed that Elijah Muhammad was jealous of his popularity (as were several senior ministers). Malcolm watched the [[March on Washington]] critically, unable to understand why black people were excited over a demonstration ''"run by [[White (people)|whites]] in front of a statue of a [[President of the United States|president]] who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive."'' Later in the year, following the [[John F. Kennedy assassination]], Malcolm delivered a speech as he regularly would. However, when asked to comment upon the assassination, he replied that it was a case of ''"chickens coming home to roost"'' &ndash; that the violence that Kennedy had failed to stop (and at times refused to rein in) had come around to claim his life. Most explosively, he then added that with his country origins, ''"Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad."'' This comment led to widespread public outcry and led to the Nation of Islam's publicly censuring Malcolm X. Although retaining his post and rank as minister, he was banned from public speaking for ninety days by Elijah Muhammad himself. Malcolm obeyed and kept silent.

* [[Birla Foundation]]

* [[List of billionaires]]

==External links==

In the spring of 1963, Malcolm started collaborating on ''[[The Autobiography of Malcolm X]]'' with [[Alex Haley]]. He also publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam on [[March 8]], [[1964]] and the founding of the [[Muslim Mosque, Inc.]] on [[March 12]], 1964. At this point, Malcolm mostly adhered to the teachings of the Nation of Islam, but began modifying them, explicitly advocating political and economic black nationalism as opposed to the [[Nation_of_Islam|NOI's]] exclusivist religious nationalism. In March and April, he made the series of famous speeches called ''"The Ballot or the Bullet"'' {{ref|speech}}. Malcolm was in contact with several orthodox Muslims, who encouraged him to learn about orthodox [[Islam]]. He soon converted to orthodox [[Islam]], and as a result decided to make his [[Hajj]].

* [http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/10/2004/LIR.jhtml?passListId=10&passYear=2004&passListType=Person&uniqueId=2X62&datatype=Person Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People]

* [http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/19spec.htm Rediff's Biography on Birla]

* [http://www.adityabirla.com/media/press_reports/20030916_heir_raising.htm]

[[Category:Indian businesspeople|Birla, Kumar Mangalam]]

==Hajj==

On [[April 13]], [[1964]], Malcolm departed [[JFK Airport]], [[New York]] for [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] by way of [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]]. It was the second time Malcolm had been to Africa. Malcolm left [[Cairo]] arriving in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] at about three in the morning. He was automatically suspect due to his inability to speak the [[Arabic language]] and his [[United States]] passport. He was separated from the group he came with and was isolated. He spent about 20 hours wearing the [[ihram]], a two-piece towel outfit wrapping the wearer from the waist down with one towel and from the waist upward with the other.

It was at this time he remembered the book ''[[The Eternal Message of Muhammad]]'' by [[Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam]] and which [[Dr. Mahmoud Yousseff Sharwabi]] had presented to him with his visa approval. He called Azzam's son who arranged for his release. At the younger Azzam's home he met Azzam Pasha who gave Malcolm his suite at the [[Jedda Palace Hotel]]. The next morning [[Muhammad Faisal]], the son of [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Prince Faisal]], visited and informed him that he was to be a state guest. The deputy chief of protocol accompanied Malcolm to the Hajj Court.

It therefore was a mere formality for [[Sheikh Muhammad Harkon]] to allow Malcolm to make his [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]). On [[April 19]] he completed the [[Umrah]], making the seven circuits around the [[Kaaba]], drinking from the well of [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]] and running between the hills of [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Safah and Marwah]] seven times.

The trip proved to be life-altering. He had come to see [[Islam]] as the one religion that could erase all racial problems.

==A Changed Man==

[[Image: Malcom011.jpg|left|150px]]

On [[May 21]], [[1964]], he returned to the United States as a traditional [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] (and with a new name &ndash; '''[[Hajji|El-Hajji]] Malik El-Shabazz''').

When Malcolm returned to the United States, he gave a speech about his visit. This time he gave a much larger meaning and message than before. The speech was not only for the Muslims, instead it was for the whole nation and for all races. He said,

:"Human rights are something you were born with. Human rights are your God-given rights. Human rights are the rights that are recognized by all nations of this [[earth]]."

:"In the past, yes, I have made sweeping indictments of all white people. I will never be guilty of that again -- as I know now that some white people are truly sincere, that some truly are capable of being brotherly toward a black man. The true Islam has shown me that a blanket indictment of all white people is as wrong as when whites make blanket indictments against blacks."

:"Since I learned the truth in [[Mecca]] my dearest friends have come to include all kinds -- some Christians, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, agnostics, and even atheists! I have friends who are called capitalists, socialists, and communists! Some of my friends are moderates, conservatives, extremists -- some are even Uncle Toms! My friends today are black, brown, red, yellow, and white!" [http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/articles/malcolm_x.html]

Along with A. Peter Bailey and others, El-Shabazz then founded the U. S. branch of the [[Organization of Afro-American Unity]]. Patterned after the [[Organization of African Unity]] (OAU), Africa's continental organization, which was established at [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]], in May 1963, the [[Organization of Afro-American Unity|OAAU]] resolved to establish a non-religious and non-sectarian program for [[human rights]]. The [[OAAU]] included all people of African ancestry in the [[Western Hemisphere]], as well as those on the African continent.

==Africa==

Among the little known and least mentioned facts about the life of Malcolm X are his excursions in [[Africa]]. In all, Malcolm X visited Africa on three separate occasions, once in 1959 and twice in 1964. During his visits, he met officials, as well as spoke on television and radio in such diverse places as: [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]; [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]; [[Dar Es Salaam]], [[Tanganyika]] (now [[Tanzania]]); [[Lagos]] and [[Ibadan]], [[Nigeria]]; [[Accra]], [[Winneba]], and [[Legon]], [[Ghana]]; [[Conakry]], [[Guinea]]; [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]]; and [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]].

Malcolm first went to Africa in summer of 1959. He traveled to [[Egypt]] ([[United Arab Republic]]), [[Sudan]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Ghana]] to arrange a tour for [[Elijah Muhammad]], which occurred in December 1959. The first of Malcolm's two trips to Africa in 1964 lasted from [[April 13]] until [[May 21]]. On [[May 8]], following his speech at Trenchard Hall on the campus of the [[University of Ibadan]] in Nigeria, he attended a reception in the Students' Union Hall held for him by the [[Muslim Students' Society]]. It was during this reception that the students bestowed upon him the name "Omowale" (Oh-Moh-wah-lay), meaning "the son returns home" in the [[Yoruba language]].

Malcolm returned to New York from Africa via [[Paris]], [[France]], on [[May 21]], [[1964]]. On [[July 9]], he again left the United States for Africa, spending a total of 18 weeks abroad. On [[July 17]], [[1964]], Malcolm addressed the [[Organization of African Unity]]'s first ordinary assembly of heads of state and governments in Cairo as a representative of the [[Organization of Afro-American Unity|OAAU]]. On [[August 21]], [[1964]], he made a press statement on behalf of the [[Organization of Afro-American Unity|OAAU]] regarding the second African summit conference of the [[OAU]]. In it, he explains how a strong and independent "[[United States of Africa]]" is a victory for the awakening of [[African American]]s. By the time he returned to the United States on [[November 24]], [[1964]], Malcolm had established an international connection of brotherhood between Africans on the continent and those in the [[diaspora]].

However, Malcolm never changed his views that Blacks in the US were justified in defending themselves from their White aggressors. On June 28, 1964 at the founding rally of the OAAU he said, "The time for you and me to allow ourselves to be brutalized nonviolently has passed. Be nonviolent only with those who are nonviolent to you. And when you can bring me a nonviolent racist, bring me a nonviolent segregationist, then I'll get nonviolent. But don't teach me to be nonviolent until you teach some of those crackers to be nonviolent." {{ref|nonviolence}}

==Assassination==

In 1964, [[Life magazine]] published a famous photograph of Malcolm X holding an [[M1 Carbine]] and pulling back the curtains to peer out of a window. The photo was taken in connection with Malcolm's declaration that he would defend himself from the daily death threats which he and his family were receiving. The undercover FBI informants warned officials that Malcolm X had been marked for assassination. One officer undercover with the Nation of Islam is said to have reported that he had been ordered to help plant a bomb in Malcolm's car.

Tensions increased between Malcolm and the Nation of Islam. It was alleged that orders were given by members of the Nation of Islam leadership to kill Malcolm. On [[February 14]], [[1965]], his home in New York City was firebombed. Malcolm and his family survived. Some say it was done by members of the Nation of Islam. No one has been charged in that crime.

A week later on [[February 21]] in [[Manhattan]]'s [[Audubon Ballroom]], Malcolm had just begun delivering a speech when a disturbance broke out in the crowd of 400. A man yelled, "Get your hand outta my pocket! Don't be messin' with my pockets!" As Malcolm's bodyguards rushed forward to attend to the disturbance, a black man rushed forward and shot Malcolm in the chest with a [[sawn-off shotgun]]. Two other men quickly charged towards the stage and fired handguns at Malcolm, who was shot 15 times. Angry on-lookers in the crowd caught and beat the assassins as they attempted to flee the ballroom, but the 39-year-old Malcolm was pronounced dead on arrival at New York's [[Columbia Presbyterian Hospital]].

Although a police report once existed stating that two men were detained in connection with the shooting, that report disappeared, and the investigation was inconclusive. Two suspects were named by witnesses&mdash;[[Norman 3X Butler]] and [[Thomas 15X Johnson]]&mdash;but were known as Nation of Islam agents and would have had difficulty entering the ballroom on that evening.

Three men were eventually charged in the case. [[Talmadge Hayer]] confessed to having fired shots into Malcolm's body, but he testified that Butler and Johnson were not present and were not involved in the shooting. All three were convicted.

A complete examination of the assassination and investigation is available in ''[[The Smoking Gun: The Malcolm X Files]]'', a collection of primary sources relating to the assassination.

==Funeral==

Sixteen hundred people attended Malcolm's funeral in Harlem on February 27, 1965 at the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ (now Child's Memorial Temple Church of God in Christ). [[Ossie Davis]], alongside [[Ahmed Osman]], delivered a stirring eulogy, and [[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike Wallace]] hosted an aired television documentary of Malcolm X. After the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves. Malcolm X was buried at the [[Ferncliff Cemetery]] in [[Hartsdale, New York]].

==Quotes==

* "You can’t drive a knife into a man’s back nine inches - pull it out six inches and call it progress."

==Biographies and speeches==

[[Image:MalcX,svenska.jpg|thumb|none|180px|right|The [[Sweden|Swedish]] translation of the autobiography of '''Malcolm X'''. Printed by ''Ordfront'' in 2003. The title reads: ''Malcolm X autobiography in collaboration with Alex Haley''.]]

''[[The Autobiography of Malcolm X]]'' (ISBN 0345350685) was written by [[Alex Haley]] between 1964 and 1965, based on interviews conducted shortly before Malcolm's assassination (with an epilogue written after it), and was published in 1965. The book was named by [[Time magazine|''Time'' magazine]] as one of the 10 most important nonfiction books of the 20th century. "...belongs on the small shelf of great autobiographies", according to Wendy Smith of Amazon.com.

''Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements'' ISBN 0802132138 edited by George Breitman. These speeches made during the last eight months of Malcolm's life indicate the power of his newly refined ideas.

"Malcolm X: The Man and His Times" (ISBN 0865432007) edited with an introduction and commentary by John Henrik Clarke. An anthology of writings, speeches and manifestos along with writings about Malcolm X by an international group of African and African American scholars and activists.

"Malcolm X: The FBI File" (ISBN 0881847518) Commentary by Clayborne Carson with an introduction by Spike Lee and edited by David Gallen. A source of information documenting the [[FBI]]'s file on Malcolm beginning with his prison release in March 1953 and culminating with a 1980 request that the FBI investigate Malcolm's assassination.

The film ''[[Malcolm X (movie)|Malcolm X]]'' was released in 1992, directed by [[Spike Lee]]. Based on the autobiography, it starred [[Denzel Washington]] as Malcolm with [[Angela Bassett]] as [[Betty Shabazz|Betty]] and [[Al Freeman Jr.]] as Elijah Muhammad.

The 2001 film ''[[Ali (movie)|Ali]]'', about boxer [[Muhammad Ali]], also features Malcolm X, as played by [[Mario Van Peebles]].

==Media files==

*[[Media:1930_census_Little.gif|1930 US Census ]] with Malcolm Little and siblings in [[Lansing, Michigan]]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Our_right.ogg Malcolm X: We Declare Our Right (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Nonviolence.ogg Malcolm X: On Non-Violence (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Quran_teaching.ogg Malcolm X: Teaching of the Quran (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Responsibilities.ogg Malcolm X: Responsibilities of Man (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Teach_yourself.ogg Malcolm X: Teach Yourself, Respect Yourself & Stand Up for Yourself (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Malcolm_X_Oxford_Debate_1964.ogg Malcolm X Oxford Debate 1964 (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Hate.ogg Malcolm X: Who Taught You to Hate (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Airing_differences.ogg Malcolm X: We Need to Stop Airing Our Differences (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Forget_differences.ogg Malcolm X: We Need to Forget Our Differences (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/History.ogg Malcolm X: History Rewards All Research (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Living_poor.ogg Malcolm X: Living in a Poor Neighborhood (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Politics.ogg Malcolm X: On Politics (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Uncle_tom.ogg Malcolm X: Uncle Tom (audio)]

*[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Interview_with_Herman_Blake,_Oct_11_1963.ogg Malcolm X: Interview with Professor John Leggett and Herman Blake (audio)]

== External links ==

{{wikiquote}}

{{wikisource author}}

* [http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/ The Official Web Site of Malcolm X]

* [http://www.brothermalcolm.net Full audio of Malcolm X speeches]

* The [[wikisource:Letter from Malcolm X|text of a letter written following his Hajj]] is given at [[Wikisource:|Wikisource]].

*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/audiofiles.html#malcolm2 Interview with UC Berkeley sociologist Herman Blake, 1963 (video)]

*[http://www.wargs.com/other/x.html Ancestry of Malcolm X]

*[http://www.cognizance.us Martin & Malcolm: Implications of their Legacies for the Future]

*[http://www.usps.com/images/stamps/99/malcolmx.htm Malcolm X (El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) United States Postage Stamp]

*[http://www.riseisrael.com/xfactor.html A Judeo-Christian critique of Malcolm X]

* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1134 Malcolm X Gravesite]

===Research sites===

* [http://www.brothermalcolm.net/ Malcolm X : A Research Site] Abdul Alkalimat, ed. Launched May 19, 1999. [[University of Toledo]] and Twenty-first Century Books.

* [http://www.malcolm-x.org/ malcolm-x.org]. seeks to present Malcolm X within an Islamic context. Retrieved May 19, 2005.

* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/fd.html Malcom X: Make It Plain]. Documentary

* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/malcolm-x/index.htm Malcom X Reference Archive]. Sound files of speeches ''The Ballot or the Bullet'', ''Democrats are Dixiecrats'', et al. [http://www.marxists.org Marxist Internet Archive]. Retrieved May 19, 2005.

* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/index.html Malcolm X Project]. Project of the [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/ Center for Contemporary Black History] at [[Columbia University]]. Retrieved May 19, 2005.

* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/malcolmx.htm Malcolm X's FBI file]

* [http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/MSA/find_more/m_x.html Malcolm X - ''An Islamic Perspective'']

* [http://www.koranselskab.dk/profiler/malcolmx.htm Malcolm X : A Profile.] by [http://www.koranselskab.dk/ Det Danske Koranselskab]

=== Articles and reports ===

* Frazier, Martin. [http://www.pww.org/article/articleview/7111/1/271/ ''Harlem celebrates Malcolm X birthday'']. '''[[People's Weekly World]]'''. May 26, 2005.

* [[Democracy Now!]]. [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/05/19/1330233 ''Malcolm X: Make it Plain'' transcript]. Excerpts of the documentary, "Malcolm X: Make it Plain". Segment available via [http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/may/audio/dn20050519.ra&proto=rtsp&start=21:41 streaming Real Audio], [http://play.rbn.com/?url=demnow/demnow/demand/2005/may/video/dnB20050519a.rm&proto=rtsp&start=21:41 128k streaming Real Video], or via [http://www.archive.org/download/dn2005-0519/dn2005-0519-1_64kb.mp3 MP3 download] from [http://www.archive.org Archive.org]. 37:23 minutes. Hosted by Amy Goodman. Broadcast May 19, 2005.

* Waldron, Clarence. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_26_97/ai_62685474 ''Minister Louis Farrakhan Sets The Record Straight About His Relationship With Malcom X'']. [http://www.jetmag.com/ME2/Audiences/default.asp '''Jet Magazine''']. Interview, June 5, 2000. Retrieved May 19, 2005.

* M, Yahyá. [http://members.aol.com/turkseven/shabazz.html ''The name Shabazz: Where did it come from?'']. Revised from '''Islamic Studies'' vol. 32 no.1, Spring 1993. p. 73-76. Retrieved May 19, 2005.

* Farrakhan, Louis. [http://www.finalcall.com/media/mlf_mx2-91.htm ''The Murder of Malcolm X: The Effect on Black America'']. Real media video webcast. Malcolm X College, Chicago, IL. February 1990.

== Further reading ==

===Articles===

<div style="font-size: 90%">

* Parks, Gordon. ''The White Devil's Day is Almost Over''. Life, May 31, 1963.

* Speakman, Lynn. ''Who Killed Malcolm X?'' The Valley Advocate, November 26, 1992, pp. 3-6.

* Vincent, Theodore. ''The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm X''. The Black Scholar, vol. 20, #2, April, 1989.

* Handler ,M.S.''Malcolm X cites role in U.N. Fight''. New York Times, Jan 2, 1965; pg. 6, 1.

* Montgomery, Paul L. ''Malcolm X a Harlem Idol on Eve of Murder Trial''. New York Times, Dec 6, 1965; pg. 46, 1

* Bigart, Homer. ''Malcolm X-ism Feared by Rustin''. New York Times, Mar 4, 1965; pg. 15, 1

* Arnold, Martin. ''Harlem is Quiet as Crowds Watch Malcolm X Rites''. New York Times, Feb 28, 1965; pg. 1, 2

* Loomis, James. ''Death of Malcolm X''. New York Times. Feb 27, 1965; pg. 24, 1

* n/a. ''Malcolm X and Muslims''. New York Times, Feb 21, 1965; pg. E10, 1

* n/a. ''Malcolm X''. New York Times, Feb 22, 1965; pg. 20, 1

* n/a. ''Malcolm X Reports He Now Represents Muslim World Unit''. New York Times, Oct 11, 1964; pg. 13, 1

* Lelyveld, Joseph. ''Elijah Muhammad Rallies His Followers in Harlem''. New York Times, Jun 29, 1964; pg. 1, 2

* n/a. ''Malcolm X Woos 2 Rights Leaders''. New York Times, May 19, 1964; pg. 28, 1

* n/a. ''1,000 In Harlem Cheer Malcolm X''. New York Times, Mar 23, 1964; pg. 18, 1

* Handler, M.S. ''Malcolm X Sees Rise in Violence''. New York Times, Mar 13, 1964; pg. 20, 1

* n/a. ''Malcolm X Disputes Nonviolence Policy''. New York Times, Jun 5, 1963; pg. 29, 1

* Apple, R.W. ''Malcolm X Silenced for Remarks On Assassination of Kennedy''. New York Times, Dec 5, 1963; pg. 22, 1

* Ronan, Thomas P. ''Malcolm X Tells Rally In Harlem Kennedy Fails to Help Negroes''. New York Times, Jun 30, 1963; pg. 45, 1

* n/a. ''4 Are Indicted Here in Malcolm X Case''. New York Times, Mar 11, 1965; pg. 66, 1

* Handler, M.S. ''Malcolm X Seeks U.N. Negro Debate''. Special to The New York Times; New York Times, Aug 13, 1964; pg. 22, 1

</div>

===Books===

<div style="font-size: 90%">

* ''Autobiography of Malcolm X'' (co-author [[Alex Haley]]) ISBN 0812419537

* Acuna, Rodolfo. ''Occupied America: A History of Chicanos''. New York: Harper & Row, 1981.

* Alkalimat, Abdul. ''Malcolm X for Beginners''. New York: Writers and Readers, 1990.

* Asante, Molefi K. ''Malcolm X as Cultural Hero: and Other Afrocentric Essays''. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1993.

* Baldwin, James. ''One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based On Alex Haley's "The Autobiography Of Malcolm X"''. New York: Dell, 1992.

* Breitman, George, ed. ''Malcolm X Speaks''. New York: Merit, 1965.

* Breitman, George. ''The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary''. New York: Pathfinder, 1967.

* Breitman, George and Herman Porter. ''The Assassination of Malcolm X''. New York: Pathfinder, 1976.

* Brisbane, Robert. ''Black Activism''. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: Judson Press, 1974.

* Carson, Claybourne. ''Malcolm X: The FBI File''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1991.

* Carson, Claybourne, et al. ''The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader''. New York: Penguin, 1991.

* Clarke, John Henrik, ed. ''Malcolm X; the Man and His Times''. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

* Cleage, Albert B. and George Breitman. ''Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views''. New York: Merit, 1968.

* Collins, Rodney P. ''The Seventh Child''. New York: Dafina; London: Turnaround, 2002.

* Cone, James H. ''Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or A Nightmare''. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1991.

* Davis, Thulani. ''Malcolm X: The Great Photographs''. New York: Stewart, Tabon and Chang, 1992.

* Decaro, Louis A. ''On The Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X''. New York: New York University, 1996.

* Doctor, Bernard Aquina. ''Malcolm X for Beginners''. New York: Writers and Readers, 1992.

* Dyson, Michael Eric. ''Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

* Essien-Udom, E. U. ''Black Nationalism''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

* Evanzz, Karl. ''The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X''. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992.

* Franklin, Robert Michael. ''Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment And Social Justice In African-American Thought''. Minneapolis, MN : Fortress Press, 1990.

* Friedly, Michael. ''The Assassination of Malcolm X''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.

* Gallen, David, ed. ''Malcolm A to Z: The Man and His Ideas''. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.

* Garrow, David. ''Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference''. New York: Vintage, 1988.

* Goldman, Peter. ''The Death and Life of Malcolm X''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.

* Hampton, Henry and Steve Fayer. ''Voices of Freedom: Oral Histories from the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s''. New York: Bantam, 1990.

* Harding, Vincent, Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis. ''We Changed the World: African Americans, 1945-1970''. The Young Oxford History of African Americans, v. 9. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

* Hill, Robert A. ''Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons''. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.

* Jamal, Hakim A. ''From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me''. New York: Random House, 1972.

* Jenkins, Robert L. ''The Malcolm X Encyclopedia''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002.

* Karim, Benjamin with Peter Skutches and David Gallen. ''Remembering Malcolm''. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.

* Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. ''The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz)''. Atlanta: Clarity Press, 1986.

* Leader, Edward Roland. ''Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy''. New York: Vantage Press, 1993.

* Lee, Spike with Ralph Wiley. ''By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of The Making Of Malcolm X''. New York, N.Y.: Hyperion, 1992.

* Lincoln, C. Eric. ''The Black Muslims in America''. Boston, Beacon. 1961.

* Lomax, Louis. ''When the Word is Given''. Cleveland: World, 1963.

* Maglangbayan, Shawna. ''Garvey, Lumumba, and Malcolm: National-Separatists''. Chicago, Third World Press 1972.

* Marable, Manning. ''On Malcolm X: His Message & Meaning''. Westfield, N.J.: Open Media, 1992.

* Martin, Tony. ''Race First''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1976.

* Perry, Bruce. ''Malcolm: The Life of A Man Who Changed Black America''. New York: Station Hill, 1991.

* Randall, Dudley and Margaret G. Burroughs, ed. ''For Malcolm; Poems on The Life and The Death of Malcolm X''. Preface and Eulogy By Ossie Davis. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1967.

* Sales, William W. ''From Civil Rights To Black Liberation: Malcolm X And The Organization Of Afro-American Unity''. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994.

* Shabazz, Ilyasah. ''Growing Up X''. New York: One World, 2002.

* Strickland, William, et al. ''Malcolm X: Make It Plain''. Penquin Books, 1994.

* T'Shaka, Oba. ''The Political Legacy of Malcolm X''. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications, 1983.

* Tuttle, William. ''Race Riot: Chicago, The Red Summer of 1919''. New York: Atheneum, 1970.

* Vincent, Theodore. ''Black Power and the Garvey Movement''. San Francisco: Ramparts, 1972.

* Wood, Joe, ed. ''Malcolm X: In Our Own Image''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

* Woodward, C. Vann. ''Origins of the New South''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967.

</div>

==Notes==

<div style="font-size: 90%">

# {{note|realistic}} ''The Autobiography of Malcolm X'', page 43.

# {{note|NYDN}} [http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/316256p-270550c.html NY ''Daily News'' article]

# {{note|asocial}} [http://foia.fbi.gov/malcolmx/malcolmx1.pdf FBI files on Malcom X] (PDF file – 5Mb)

# {{note|speech}} [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/malcolmxballot.htm Text and audio of "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech]

# {{note|nonviolence}} Malcolm X, ''By Any Means Necessary'', Pathfinder Books. ISBN 0-87348-150-X

</div>

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