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Gun violence in the United States and Torrie Wilson: Difference between pages

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'''Gun violence''', especially related to youth ownership of guns and related [[gang]] activity, is great public concern in the United States.<ref name="Bjerregaard">{{cite journal |title=Gun Ownership and Gang Membership |author=Bjerregaard, Beth, Alan J. Lizotte |date=1995 |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |volume=86(1) |pages=pp. 37-58}}</ref> Research has shown that changes in gun ownership are significantly correlated with [[homicide]] rates, with such relationships not seen with other types of crime.<ref name="duggan">{{cite journal |author=Duggan, Mark |title=More Guns, More Crime |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=2001 |volume=109(5) |pages=1086-1114}}</ref> In comparison with other countries, the [[United States]] has a much higher homicide rate than other [[developed countries]], whereas rates of property crime and other types of crime are comparable.<ref name="statcan">{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/011218/d011218b.htm |title=Crime comparisons between Canada and the United States |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref><ref name="cfc">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfc-ccaf.gc.ca/pol-leg/res-eval/other_docs/factsheets/canus/default_e.asp |title=Firearm Crimes, Canada Vs. U.S. |publisher=Canada Firearms Centre}}</ref><ref name="fingerhut">{{cite journal |title=International and interstate comparisons of homicide among young males |author=Fingerhut, L.A., J. C. Kleinman |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |date=1990 |volume=263(24)}}</ref> In 2005, 68% of the 14,860 [[homicide]]s in the [[United States]] were committed with a [[firearm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_06.html |title=Expanded Homicide Data Table 6 - Murder, Types of Weapons Used Percent Distribution within Region, 2005|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> Many more suffer non-fatal gunshot wounds, with approximately 48,000 gunshot injuries in the United States during 2000.<ref name="NAS-chap1">{{cite book |title=Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review |year=2004 |publisher=National Academy of Science |author=Committee on Law and Justice |chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> Firearms were also used in 16,907 [[suicide]]s in the United States during 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/suicide.htm |title=Self-inflicted Injury/Suicide |publisher=National Center for Health Statistics |accessdate=2006-11-06}}</ref> with a significant association between household firearm ownership and gun [[suicide]] rates.<ref name="NAS-exec">{{cite book |title=Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review |year=2004 |publisher=National Academy of Science |author=Committee on Law and Justice |chapter=Executive Summary}}</ref>
{{Infobox Wrestler
|name=Torrie Wilson
|image=Torrie Wilson.jpg<!-- Only freely-licensed images may be used to depict living people. Please see [[WP:FU]] before changing the image here. -->
|names='''Torrie Wilson''' <br>Samantha
|height= 5 ft 7 in (170 cm)<ref>[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/torriewilson/profile/ WWE.com profile]</ref>
|weight= 133 lbs (60 kg)
|birth_date = [[July 24]], [[1975]]
|death_date =
|birth_place = [[Boise, Idaho]]
|resides= [[Los Angeles, California]]
|trainer=[[Debra Miceli|Madusa]]<BR>[[Nora Greenwald|Molly Holly]]
|debut=[[February 1999]]
}}
 
'''Torrie Anne Wilson''' (born [[July 24]], [[1975]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]], [[fitness competition|fitness competitor]] and [[model (person)|model]] currently signed to [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] working on its [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|''SmackDown!'']] [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]].
==Homicide rates==
In comparison with other countries, the [[United States]] has a much higher [[homicide]] rate than other developed countries, whereas rates of property crime and other types of crime are comparable.<ref name="statcan"/><ref name="cfc"/><ref name="fingerhut"/> The percentage of homicides committed using firearms is also much higher than other developed countries.<ref name="cfc"/>
 
==Early life==
Homicide [[victimization]] rates for young [[Hispanic]] and [[African American]] males in the [[United States]] are especially high, compared to other demographic groups.<ref name="cook2000-ch2">{{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J., Jens Ludwig |title=Gun Violence: The Real Costs |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |chapter=Chapter 2 |id=ISBN 0195137930}}</ref>
Born in [[Boise, Idaho]], at age ten Wilson moved to the small town of [[McCall, Idaho]] after her parents divorced. She was painfully shy, but she quickly found friends in her new school. She quickly found her niche in many school activities, including [[cheerleading]] and [[dance]], and was very competitive in [[track and field]].
 
During [[high school]], after Wilson's interest in modeling grew more serious, her mother urged her to pursue it. They visited an agency and were informed that Torrie would have to lose weight to actually be considered for jobs. She went on to lose eight pounds, but, in the process, began a four-year-long bout with [[bulimia]].
Those with a [[criminal record]] are also more likely to become homicide victims, themselves.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/> Of all homicide victims age 21 and younger in [[Boston]] from 1990 to 1994, 75% had a prior criminal record.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kennedy, David M., Anne M. Piehl, Anthony A. Braga |title=Youth Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and a Use-Reduction Strategy |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |volume=59(1) |pages=pp. 147-183 |year=1996}}</ref> In [[Philadelphia]], the percentage of gun homicide victims that had prior criminal records increased from 73% in 1985 to 93% in 1996.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=McGonigal, Michael D., John Cole, C. William Schwab, Donald R. Kauder, Michael F. Rotondo, Peter B. Angood |title=Urban Firearm Deaths: A Five-Year Perspective |journal=Journal of Trauma |volume=35(4) |pages=pp. 532-536 |year=1993}}</ref> In [[Richmond, Virginia]], the risk of [[gunshot]] injury is 22 times higher for those males involved with crime.<ref>{{cite conference |author=McLaughlin, Colleen R., Jack Daniel, Scott M. Riener, Dennis E. Waite, et al. |title=Factors Associated with Assault-Related Firearm Injuries in Male Adolescents |booktitle=Working paper |publisher=Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice}}</ref>
 
==World Championship Wrestling==
In 2005, 75% of the 10,100 [[homicide]]s committed using firearms in the [[United States]] were committed using handguns, compared to 4% with [[rifle]]s, 5% with [[shotgun]]s, and the rest with type not specified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrtable_07.html |title=Expanded Homicide Data Table 7 - Murder Victims by Weapon, 2001-2005 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> Research has shown that changes in gun ownership are significantly correlated with homicide rates, with such relationships not seen with other types of crime.<ref name="duggan"/> When a crime occurs involving a gun, the likelihood that it results in murder is significantly increased.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J., Mark H. Moore |chapter=Gun Control |title=Crime |editor=Wilson, James Q., Joan Petersilia |year=1995 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary Studies Press}}</ref>
===1999-2001===
Wilson moved to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] to pursue acting. She began acting classes and was introduced to an agent who helped her gain a few jobs, including an uncredited appearance on ''[[Baywatch]]''. Torrie debuted in [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) in [[1999]]. However, it was a meeting with [[Kevin Nash]] backstage at her first WCW event that landed her a full time job. She debuted as "'''Samantha'''" and served as valet for [[David Flair]]. At the [[Bash at the Beach#1999|''1999 Bash at the Beach'']], Wilson led Flair over [[Dean Malenko]] to capture the [[WWE United States Championship|WCW United States Championship]].
 
In the fall of 1999 Wilson began managing [[Billy Kidman]] and his [[Filthy Animals]] teammates. As a result she found herself involved in the Animals continuing [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] with [[Revolution (professional wrestling)|The Revolution]]. At that Novembers ''[[WCW Mayhem|Mayhem]]'', Revolution members Malenko, [[Perry Satullo|Perry Saturn]], and [[Christie Wolf|Asya]] met [[Eddie Guerrero]], Kidman, and Wilson in a six-person [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic elimination matches|elimination match]]. Wilson wound up being the last member of her team, and was ultimately pinned by Saturn. The next night on ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Nitro]]'', Wilson and Guerrero were shown flirting on the "Kidcam" during Kidman and [[Charles Ashenoff|Konnan]]'s tag team match. This led to a match between Kidman and Guerrero later that night and the breakup of the Filthy Animals team. Following this, Wilson disappeared from television and rumors began to circulate that she had been let go by the company.
Some have argued that correlation between homicide and gun ownership is due to people purchasing guns for self protection, in response to increases in crime.<ref name="kleck-1991">{{cite book |title=Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America |author=Kleck, Gary |date=1991 |publisher=Aldine de Gruyter |id=ISBN 0202304191}}</ref><ref name="kleck-1993">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Gun Control and Gun Ownership Levels on Violence Rates |author=Kleck, Gary, E. Britt Patterson |journal=Journal of Quantitative Criminology |volume=9(3) |pages=pp. 249-287}}</ref><ref name="mcdowall">{{cite journal |title=The Incidence of Defensive Firearm Use by US Crime Victims, 1987 through 1990 |author=McDowall, David, Brian Wiersema |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=1994 |volume=84 |pages=pp. 1982-1984}}</ref> However, the correlation between homicide and gun ownership only holds for homicides committed using firearms, and not for nongun homicides.<ref name="duggan"/> From 1993 to 1998, the number of homicides committed with firearms declined by 36%, whereas the number of nongun homicides declined by 18%.<ref name="duggan"/> During the same period, the number of households owning guns declined by 17%.<ref name="duggan"/> This indicates that levels of gun ownership account for one-third of changes seen in homicide rates.<ref name="duggan"/>
 
However, Wilson returned on the [[January 19]], [[2000]] edition of ''[[WCW Thunder|Thunder]]'' to help Kidman defeat [[Michael Haynes III|The Artist Formerly Known as Prince Iaukea]]. In April 2000 Kidman and Wilson joined the [[New Blood]] [[Stable (professional wrestling)|faction]], making them both [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heels]] and Wilson began delivering a "kiss of death" to Kidman's fallen opponents after his matches. However, Kidman soon became jealous of the attention Torrie began to give to fellow New Blood member [[Horace Hogan]]. Kidman began yelling at Torrie on a continual basis, eventually leading to Wilson delivering a low blow to Kidman and ending their relationship. Wilson again gave Kidman a low blow at Junes [[Great American Bash#2000|''Great American Bash'']] Pay-Per-View, causing him to lose to Horace’s uncle, [[Hulk Hogan]].
===Youth violence===
The rising trend in homicide rates during the 1980s and early 1990s was most strongly affected young [[Hispanic]] and especially [[African American]] males in the United States, with the [[victimization]] rate tripling for black males age 13-17 and doubling for black males age 18-24.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/> Often cited as a cause, is the rise in [[crack cocaine]] in cities across the United States.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cork, Daniel |title=Examining Time-Space Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the Diffusion of Guns Among Youth |journal=Journal of Quantitative Criminology |volume=15 |pages=pp. 379-406 |year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |author=Grogger, Jeff, Mike Willis |title=The Introduction of Crack Cocaine and the Rise of Urban Crime Rates |booktitle=National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6352 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |year=1998}}</ref>
 
Torrie was taken off of TV following this, reappearing at Julys [[Bash At The Beach#2000|''Bash at the Beach'']] during a match between [[Shane Douglas]] and [[Buff Bagwell]]. It appeared Wilson was rooting for Bagwell as she slapped Douglas and kissed Bagwell during the match. However, Wilson dropped Bagwell with a low blow, leading to Douglas winning the match. Torrie and Douglas then left together. This led to a feud between Kidman and Douglas. At the August ''[[New Blood Rising]]'' pay-per-view Kidman defeated Douglas in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Texas Bullrope match|strap match]]. At the following month's [[Fall Brawl#2000|Fall Brawl]], Wilson and Douglas defeated Kidman and [[Debra Miceli|Madusa]] in a mixed tag team [[Professional wrestling match types#Scaffold match|scaffold match]].
With 17% of deaths in 2002 caused by firearms for those ages 15-19 in the United States, firearms were the second leading cause of death for this age group after [[motor vehicle accident]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childstats.gov/amchildren05/hea8.asp |publisher=2006 Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics |title=America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being 2005 - Adolescent Mortality}}</ref> In [[Rochester, New York]], 22% of young males have carried an illegal gun, though most for only a short period of time.<ref name="lizotte-1997">{{cite journal |title=Patterns of Illegal Gun Carrying Among Urban Young Males |author=Lizotte, Alan J., Gregory J. Howard, Marvin D. Krohn, Terence P. Thornberry |year=1997 |journal=Valparaiso University Law Review |volume=31(2)}}</ref> There is little overlap between legal gun ownership and illegal gun carrying among youths.<ref name="lizotte-1997"/> Those youths in a gang, and those involved in [[narcotics|drug]] selling, are much more likely to carry illegal guns.<ref name="lizotte-1997"/>
 
Wilson and Douglas began a feud with the re-united Filthy Animals after dubbing themselves "WCW's first couple." At the '00 [[Halloween Havoc#2000|Halloween Havoc]], Wilson and Douglas fell to Konnan and [[Vanessa Sanchez|Tygress]].
==Suicide==
Research also shows an association between household firearm ownership and gun [[suicide]] rates.<ref name="NAS-exec">{{cite book |title=Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review |year=2004 |publisher=National Academy of Science |author=Committee on Law and Justice |chapter=Executive Summary}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, G. Somes, et al. |title=Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1992 |volume=327 |pages=pp. 467-472}}</ref> During the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a strong upward trend in adolescent suicides that used guns.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/> A sharp increase in suicides also occurred in the 1980s among those age 75 and over.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Ikeda, Robin M., Rachel Gorwitz, Stephen P. James, Kenneth E. Powell, James A. Mercy |title=Fatal Firearm Injuries in the United States, 1962-1994: Violence Surveillance Summary Series, No. 3 |year=1997 |publisher=National Center for Injury and Prevention Control}}</ref> Suicide rates among the [[mental illness|mentally ill]] and those suffering from [[chronic disease]] are greater than the rest of the population.<ref name="cook2000-ch2"/>
 
Wilson's final appearance with World Championship Wrestling came on the November 29 edition of ''Thunder'' where Douglas took on [[Hugh Morrus|General Rection]]. During the contest, Wilson jumped on Rection's back, resulting in her being knocked into the turnbuckle and placed on a stretcher to be removed from the ring. Following this, rumors began to circulate the Torrie may soon be joining the World Wrestling Federation.
==Other gun crime==
In the [[United States]], a quarter of commercial [[robbery|robberies]] are committed with guns. [[Philip J. Cook]] hypothesizes that if guns were less available, criminals may likely commit the crime anyway but with less-lethal weapons.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> He points out that the level of gun ownership in the 50 largest U.S. cities correlates with the rate of robberies committed with guns, but not overall robbery rates.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cook, Philip J. |title=The Effect of Gun Availability on Robbery and Robbery Murder: A Cross-Section Study of Fifty Cities |journal=Policy Studies Review Annual |volume=3 |pages=pp. 743-781 |year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kleck, Gary |title=Targeting guns: Firearms and their control |publisher=Aldine de Gruyter |year=1997}}</ref>
 
==World Wrestling Entertainment==
==Gun ownership==
===2001: The Invasion===
The [[General Social Survey]] (GSS) is the primary source for data on firearm ownership. In 2004, 36.5% of Americans had a gun in their home, which is down from 46% in 1989.<ref name="gss">{{cite web |url=http://gss.norc.org/ |title=GSS Cumulative Data Set (1972-2004) |author=General Social Survey}}</ref> In the United States, 11% of households partake in [[hunting]],<ref name="gss"/> with the remaining firearm owners having guns for self protection and other reasons. In 2004, gun ownership in the home figures break down to 20% with a [[pistol]], 19% with a [[shotgun]], and 20% with a [[rifle]].<ref name="gss"/> Throughout the 1970s and much of the 1980s, the level of gun ownership in the home ranged from 45-50%.<ref name="gss"/> Gun ownership also varies across geographic regions, with 25% ownership in the [[Northeastern United States]] to 60% in the [[East South Central States]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=State and Local Prevalence of Firearms Ownership Measurement, Structure, and Trends |author=Azrael, Deborah, Philip J. Cook, Matthew Miller |journal=Journal of Quantitative Criminology |date=2004 |volume=20(1) |pages=pp. 43-62}}</ref>
Torrie Wilson made her WWF TV debut on the [[June 28]], [[2001]] episode of ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]'' as part of [[The Alliance]] during the [[The Invasion (professional wrestling)|WCW/ECW Invasion]] [[angle (professional wrestling)|storyline]] in [[2001]]. She regularly teamed with fellow WCW performer [[Stacy Keibler]] with Torrie defeating [[Trish Stratus]] in an arm wrestling match. The two of them made their wrestling debuts in WWF in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Bra and Panties|Bra and Panties match]] against [[Amy Dumas|Lita]] and Trish Stratus at the ''[[WWF Invasion]]'' [[PPV]]which Trish and Lita won. The following night on ''RAW'', Torrie defeated Trish Stratus in a paddle on a pole match. Despite her relative lack of in-ring experience, Wilson (alongside Keibler and [[Lisa Moretti|Ivory]]) regularly feuded with the [[WWE Diva]]s as well as interfering in matches on behalf of other wrestlers in the WCW/[[Extreme Championship Wrestling|ECW]] stable.
 
She [[Turn (professional wrestling)|turned]] [[face (professional wrestling)|face]] during the Invasion storyline, when her character began an [[kayfabe|on-screen]] romance with [[Yoshihiro Tajiri|Tajiri]]. This new romance caused Stacy Keibler to [[Turn (professional wrestling)|turn]] on Wilson, and as a result, Wilson defected to the WWF. Wilson defeated Keibler in the first-ever [[lingerie]] match at ''[[WWE No Mercy#2001|No Mercy 2001]]'' after executing Tajiri's [[Professional wrestling attacks#Handspring|back handspring elbow]].
===Self protection===
Between 1987 and 1990, [[David McDowall]] found that guns were used in defense during a crime incident 64,615 times annually.<ref name="mcdowall"/> This equates to use two times out of 1,000 incidents that occurred in this time frame.<ref name="mcdowall"/> For violent crimes ([[assault]], [[robbery]], and [[rape]]), guns were used 0.83% of the time in self defense.<ref name="mcdowall"/> Of the times that guns were used in self defense, 71% of the crimes were committed by strangers, with the rest of the incidents evenly divided by offenders that were acquaitances and persons well known to the victim.<ref name="mcdowall"/> Of all incidents where a gun was used for self defense, victims shot at the offender 28% of the time.<ref name="mcdowall"/> In 20% of the self defense incidents, the guns were used by [[police officer]]s.<ref name="mcdowall"/> During the same time period, there were 46,319 gun homicides,<ref>{{cite book |title=Uniform Crime Reports, 1987-1990 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref> and the [[National Crime Victimization Survey]] estimates that 2,628,532 nonfatal crimes involving guns occurred.<ref name="mcdowall"/> The findings of the McDowall study contradict research done by [[Gary Kleck]], who has computed an estimate of 783,000 and another estimate of 999,068 incidents where guns were used for self protection.<ref name="mcdowall"/> McDowell cites methodological issues with the Kleck studies, in that he used a very small [[sampling (statistics)|sample size]] and did not confine self defense to attempted [[victimization]]s.<ref name="mcdowall"/> Despite these issues, the results of the Kleck studies have been cited many times in scholarly and popular media.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Firearms and the killing threshold (Letter) |author=Suter, E.A. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1992 |volume=326 |pages=pp. 1159}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The value of civilian handgun possession as a deterrent to crime or a defense against crime |author=Kates, D.B. |journal=American Journal of Criminal Law |date=1991 |volume=18 |pages=pp. 113-167}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Go ahead, make our day |publisher=The New Republic |date=February 22, 1988 |pages=pp. 7-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Do guns save lives? |publisher=Time |date=August 12, 1988 |pages=pp. 25-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Are we "a nation of cowards"? |publisher=Newsweek |date=November 15, 1993 |pages=pp. 93-94}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hold your fire: gun control won't stop rising violence |author=Kopel, D.B. |publisher=Policy Review |date=1993 |volume=63 |pages=pp. 58-65}}</ref> Another study of gun use in the 1990s, by [[David Hemenway]] at the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Injury Control Research Center, found that criminal use of guns is far more common than self defense use of guns.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hemenway, D., D. Azrael, M. Miller |title=Gun use in the United States: results from two national surveys |year=2000 |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=6 |pages=pp. 263-267 }}</ref>
 
===2002-2003: SmackDown!===
==Public policy==
When the first ever [[WWE Brand Extension|brand separation]] of the WWE roster took place in [[April 2002]], Wilson was [[WWE draft|drafted]] to ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]''. Soon after this, Tajiri became very jealous of the attention that Torrie received from other men, so he forced her to wear a [[geisha]] outfit, and he also appeared to mistreat her in matches. Torrie finally tired of this, and during Tajiri's match against [[Gregory Helms|The Hurricane]], she got onto the announce table and [[stripped]] off her [[clothing]]. The distraction allowed The Hurricane to pick up the win. After this, Wilson had a brief [[kayfabe|on-screen]] relationship with [[Maven Huffman|Maven]], which ended after Maven was injured with a broken leg.
Research and statistics have shown that guns intensify crime situations, and increase the likelihood of a more violent or lethal outcome.<ref name="cook2000-ch3">{{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J., Jens Ludwig |title=Gun Violence: The Real Costs |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |chapter=Chapter 3 |id=ISBN 0195137930}}</ref> Criminologist [[Philip J. Cook]] argues for public policy goals of keeping guns out of violent encounters, and recommends approaches that limit the availability of guns to high-risk groups and the accessibility of guns in volatile situations.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> Cook suggests measures such as [[background check]]s for gun purchases, banning small, easily concealed handguns, intensive enforcement of illegal gun carrying, and tougher sentences on those convicted of using a gun in a crime.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/>
 
Wilson's most high profile [[feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] during her first few years with the company came in [[2003]] when [[Dawn Marie Psaltis|Dawn Marie]] tried to marry her father Al Wilson as [[blackmail]] for a [[lesbian]] relationship between the two. Eventually, Dawn developed feelings for Al, and the two got married. Al then ([[kayfabe]]) died from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] after having rigorous [[sex]] numerous times in succession on their honeymoon. Wilson defeated Dawn at ''[[WWE No Mercy#2002|No Mercy 2002]]'' in [[October]] and again at the ''[[Royal Rumble (2003)|Royal Rumble 2003]]'' in a step-mother vs. step-daughter match.
[[Public policy]] approaches can focus on ways that [[law enforcement]] and [[regulatory]] agencies can intervene.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> This includes intervention at the [[acquisition]] state, with policies such as prohibiting youths and those with criminal records from purchasing guns.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> Policies can also make it more difficult for guns to be brought to a crime scene, such as restricting and/or regulating who can carry concealed weapons.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> Policies can also focus on use of guns in crime, such as mandating increased sentences for those who use guns in crime, or requiring guns to have certain safety features.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/>
 
<!-- Please do not remove this image. If you would like to discuss its fair use, please visit Wikipedia:Non-free content and this article's talk page or the image's talk page -->[[Image:Torrie wilson playboy cover.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Torrie Wilson's 1st cover of [[Playboy]] magazine]]
===Firearms market===
Policy that is targeted at the [[supply-side]] of the firearms market is based on speculation, as research has yet to answer such questions.<ref name="NAS-exec"/>
 
In May 2003, Wilson appeared in a pictorial and on the cover of ''[[Playboy Magazine]]''. It was a few months before this time when her pictorial was announced, that a short [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] with [[Nidia]] began, with the latter being jealous ([[kayfabe]]) of the fact that Wilson was picked for the cover and spread in the magazine. Both Nidia and her [[kayfabe|on-screen]] boyfriend [[Jamie Noble]] made trips to the [[The Playboy Mansion|Playboy mansion]] on different episodes of SmackDown! to complain to [[Hugh Hefner|Hef]] about his picking Wilson over Nidia.
==Gun control laws==
Gun control proponents often cite the relatively high number of homicides committed with firearms as reason to support stricter gun control laws.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Firearms and the killing threshold. (Editorial) |author=Kassirer, Jerome P. |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1991 |volume=325(23) |pages=pp. 1647-1651}}</ref> [[Gun control]] laws are subject of great debate in the [[United States]], with firearms also widely used for recreational purposes, and for personal protection.<ref name="NAS-exec"/> Gun control opponents cite the use of firearms for self protection and deterrent as a reason why more guns can reduce crime.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker, James Jay |title=Second amendment message in Los Angeles |journal=American Riflemen |date=July 1992 |pages=pp. 32-34}}</ref> Gun control opponents also point out that criminals are the least likely to obey firearms laws, and that limiting access to guns by law abiding people makes them more vulnerable to crime.<ref name="mcdowall"/>
Soon after, on an April 2003 episode of SmackDown! during a segment labeled as Torrie's ''Playboy Coming Out Party'' former [[WWE Diva|diva]] and Playboy centerfold [[Rena Mero|Sable]] made her return to the WWE after a three year absence. This began another [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]]/storyline between the two women. For weeks, Sable played mind games with Wilson, being friendly one moment, unfriendly the next, and what Torrie considered ''too'' friendly after that (insinuating Sable had a [[Homoeroticism|homoerotic]] crush on Wilson). This all lead up to a bikini contest between the two at ''[[WWE Judgment Day#2003|Judgment Day]]''. Wilson won the contest and then, in the diva's first homoerotic move of her own, kissed the former [[List of WWE Women's Champions|Women's Champion]] Sable on the lips, showing her that there was "no hard feelings" due to Torrie's win over the WWE [[veteran]].
 
Wilson managed [[Monty Sopp|Billy Gunn]] upon his WWE return in the summer of 2003. The duo [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feuded ]]with [[Jamie Noble]] and his on-screen girlfriend [[Nidia Guenard|Nidia]]. The feud came to an end after Nidia and Noble both [[Turn (professional wrestling)|turned]] [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] and sided with Gunn and Wilson. After the formation of this alliance, Torrie, Nidia, and [[Dawn Marie Psaltis|Dawn Marie]] would feud with [[Linda Miles|Shaniqua]] for a short period of time, an ordeal that lead to Shaniqua easily defeating Wilson and Nidia in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Handicap_match|handicap match]].
===Access to handguns===
Policy in the [[United States]] regarding [[handgun]] ownership are lax in comparison to other countries. In 1998, the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] banned private ownership of handguns,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leitzel, James A. |title=Evasion and Public Policy: British and U.S. Firearm Regulations |journal=Policy Studies |volume=19(2) |pages=pp. 141-157 |year=1998}}</ref> with handgun ownership also prohibited in [[Japan]].<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> U.S. policy aims to maintain the right of legitimate users to own most types of firearms, while restricting access to high risk groups.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> Gun dealers in the United States are prohibited from selling handguns to those under age 21, and [[long gun]]s to those under age 18.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> There are also restrictions in selling guns to out-of-state residents.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/>
 
===Gun Control Act of 19682004-2005===
<!-- Please do not remove this image. If you would like to discuss its fair use, please visit Wikipedia:Non-free content and this article's talk page or the image's talk page -->[[Image:Torrie Wilson Sable playboy cover Mar 2004.jpg|thumb|left|250px| Torrie and Sable's shared cover of [[Playboy]] magazine (an alternate cover was also issued)]]
The [[Gun Control Act of 1968]] established regulations for gun commerce, restricting [[mail order]] sales and shipments to only licensed firearm dealers. The Act also made gun ownership illegal for those with [[felony]] or [[domestic violence]] convictions, those under [[indictment]], [[fugitive]]s, [[illegal alien]]s, [[narcotics|drug]] users, those [[Military discharge|dishonorably discharged]] from the [[Military of the United States|military]], and those in [[Psychiatric hospital|mental institution]]s.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/>
 
Torrie would team with Sable in [[March 2004]] to [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] with ''[[WWE Raw|RAW]]'' [[WWE Diva|divas]] [[Stacy Kiebler]] and [[Jackie Gayda|Miss Jackie]]. The feud centered around the latter duo's jealously ([[kayfabe]]) of Wilson and Sable's ''Playboy'' cover status as well as their recently being named covergirls yet again, as the two divas were announced to be featured together in an upcoming Playboy issue. After weeks of rivalry, Wilson and Sable defeated Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie in a Playboy Evening Gown Match at [[WrestleMania XX]]. The two would appear in a pictorial and on the cover of ''[[Playboy]]'' together for the [[March 2004]] issue.
===Background checks===
In the years following the passage of the Gun Congrol Act of 1968, enforcement was done by requiring people buying guns to show [[identification]] and sign a statement that they did not belong in any of the prohibited categories.<ref name="cook2000-ch3"/> Many [[state]]s enacted [[background check]] laws that went beyond the federal requirements.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cook, Philip J., James Blose |title=State Programs for Screening Handgun Buyers |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |year=1981 |volume=May 1981 |pages=pp. 80-91}}</ref> The [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]] passed by [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] in 1993 imposed a mandatory waiting period before the purchase of a handgun. The Brady Act also required a national instant criminal background check system to be established, with checks done by firearms dealers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=103_cong_bills&docid=f:h1025enr.txt.pdf |title=Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act |publisher=Congress of the United States / Government Printing Office}}</ref>
 
Later in the year, Wilson engaged in short feuds with both Dawn Marie and Sable. She defeated Dawn at ''[[Judgement Day#2004|Judgment Day 2004]]'' and faced Sable in a match at the ''[[WWE Great American Bash#2004|Great American Bash 2004]]''. Sable was proclaimed the winner after a three-count pin on Wilson. Later that week on ''SmackDown!'' referee [[Charles Robinson]] (who officiated the match) was shown in the lockeroom with [[Matt Wiese|Luther Reigns]]. Reigns was showing Robinson the tape of the match between Wilson and Sable, which clearly showed Wilson's shoulders were not on the mat, meaning she had not been pinned. This was obvious to fans, which lead to sour feelings about the match's end.<ref>OWOW.com, [http://www.owow.com/RingsideWith/Torrie/04Update.htm 06/27/04 Great American Bash PPV (ProWrestling.com)], quote: "''...the most horrible cover of the night. (Shoulders weren't even down.)''" accessed April 1, 2007</ref> This was possibly a legitimate mistake on Robinson's part, but it was soon worked into the storyline regardless in what is known as a "[[Shoot (professional wrestling)|worked-shoot]]."{{Fact|date=April 2007}} To rectify the situation, then-[[List of authority figures in professional wrestling|General Manager]] of ''SmackDown!'' [[Kurt Angle]] ordered a rematch, which Robinson was also to referee, with threats that he had better not make another mistake. Wilson would go on to defeat Sable in the match.
===Right-to-carry===
Laws that permit persons to carry concealed [[handgun]]s exist in 34 states in the United States.<ref name="NAS-exec"/> Some have argued that right-to-carry laws create a perception that more potential victims might be carrying firearms, and thus serve as [[deterrence|deterrent]] for crime.<ref name="lott-1997">{{cite journal |author=Lott, Jr., John R., David B. Mustard |title=Crime, Deterrence, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns |journal=Journal of Legal Studies |volume=26(1) |date=1997 |pages=pp. 1-68}}</ref> There is no evidence that [[county|counties]] with increased gun ownership experienced larger decreases in crime than counties with low levels of gun ownership.<ref name="duggan"/> The passage of laws permitting carrying of concealed weapons has not led to increases in gun ownership.<ref name="duggan"/> The [[National Academy of Science]] has found no credible evidence that shows right-to-carry laws have an impact, either way, on rates of [[violent crime]].<ref name="NAS-exec"/>
 
In November 2004, Wilson began feuding with [[Hiroko Suzuki|Hiroko]] and numerous [[Catfight|catfights]] took place between the two [[WWE Diva|divas]].
===Local restrictions===
Some local jurisdictions in the United States have more restrictive laws, such as those enacted in 1976 in [[Washington, D.C.]] that ban residents from owning handguns. States also vary in restrictions on carrying handguns, varying sentencing laws, and other variations in gun control policy.
 
Finally, on [[February 10]] [[2005]] on a special edition of ''SmackDown!'' (recorded on [[February 4]] in Saitama, Japan), Torrie defeated Hiroko in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Strip matches|kimono match]]. Not long after the rivalry with Hiroko, Wilson began a new feud with [[Melina Perez|Melina]], which included a [[Professional wrestling match types#Bra and Panties match|Bra and Panties Match]] at the ''[[WWE Great American Bash#2005|Great American Bash 2005]]'', which Wilson lost. She subsequently lost another match to Melina the following week on ''SmackDown!''.
===Public opinion===
The GSS found that 81.3% of Americans were supportive of gun permit laws in 2004, and 72.4% supported more restrictions on [[handgun]]s.<ref name="gss"/> Support for gun permit laws rose significantly from 73.3% in 1987 to 80.1% in 1990.<ref name="gss"/>
 
===2005: Move to RAW===
==Violence prevention programs==
It was revealed on [[August 22]], [[2005]] that Torrie and [[Candice Michelle]] had been traded to ''[[WWE Raw|RAW]]'' in the [[WWE Draft Lottery#August_2005 - May 2006|2005 draft lottery]]. Torrie would [[turn (professional wrestling)|turn]] [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] by attacking [[Ashley Massaro]]. After this turn she debuted a new finishing face buster move, known as the [[Torrie Wilson#In wrestling|Nose Job]].
Violence prevention programs have been established in many schools in the United States. Empirical [[evaluation]] of these programs has been limited.<ref name="NAS-exec"/>
 
Torrie and Candice's [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] with Massaro continued over the next couple weeks, as the duo along with their [[Enforcer (professional wrestling)|enforcer]] [[Lisa Marie Varon|Victoria]], made things difficult for Massaro. Massaro evened the score on the [[September 12]], 2005 edition of ''RAW'' when she brought out the returning [[Trish Stratus]], and the duo proceeded to attack the [[heel (professional wrestling)|heels]]. This led to a tag match at ''[[WWE Unforgiven#2005|Unforgiven 2005]]'', where the team of Stratus and Massaro defeated Wilson and Victoria (with Candice Michelle). The night after ''Unforgiven'', Trish Stratus defeated Torrie Wilson in a singles competition.
==Intervention programs==
Intervention programs, such as Operation Ceasefire in [[Boston]] and Project Exile in [[Richmond, Virginia]] during the 1990s, have shown to be effective.<ref name="NAS-exec"/>
 
The feud continued into ''[[WWE Raw#Return to USA Network|WWE Homecoming]]'', where Stratus and Ashley Massaro defeated Torrie, Candice, and Victoria in the first ever three on two [[Professional wrestling match types#Bra and Panties Match|Bra and Panties Match]] by stripping all three of their opponents. Wilson was absent from the WWE scene for quite some time after this, leading to rumors (and even false reports) that she had been released from WWE.<ref>Wrestlemag.com [http://www.wrestlemag.com/news/index.php?p=1298 WWE: Torrie Wilson released by WWE, changes made to Taboo Tuesday PPV;...] accessed March 30, 2007</ref> In actuality she had taken a leave of absence to tend to some "personal issues". Wilson was surprised by the rumors herself upon hearing the news from media personnel offering to help her find work. WWE issued a statement on their website (which Torrie also commented on) denouncing the rumors. In the statement she joked she had to "call the WWE office and ask them if they forgot to fire me." <ref>WWE.com, [http://rajah.com/base/node/4228 Torrie Wilson Comments On Her Absence From Taboo Tuesday], accessed March 30, 2007</ref>
==Research limitations==
In the United States, [[research]] into firearms and violent crime is fraught with difficulties, associated with limited [[data]] on gun ownership and use, firearms markets, and aggregation of crime data.<ref name="NAS-exec"/><ref name="duggan"/>
 
On [[November 28]] Wilson made her return to ''[[WWE Raw|RAW]]'', where she, Candice Michelle and Victoria faced off against the team of Trish Stratus, [[Ashley Massaro|Ashley]], and their new ally [[Mickie James]]. [[Vince McMahon]] would soon begin referring to the team of Torrie Wilson, Victoria, and Candice Michelle as "[[Vince's Devils]]," which was a play on ''[[Charlie's Angels]]''.
Research studies into gun violence have primarily taken one of two approaches: [[case-control]] studies and [[social ecology]].<ref name="NAS-exec"/>
 
===2006===
Vince's Devils would only be a short-lived alliance, as Torrie Wilson made a [[turn (professional wrestling)|turn]] to a [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] diva once again after Candice Michelle and Victoria turned on her ([[kayfabe]]). The feud between Candice Michelle and Wilson was a lengthy one that led to a match in which [[Playboy|''Playboy's'']] newest covergirl, Candice Michelle, faced off against the former 2-time covergirl (Wilson) at ''[[WrestleMania 22]]'' in a ''Playboy Pillow Fight''. Wilson won the match, but the feud would still continue on-and-off for some time.
 
On the [[June 12]], [[2006]] edition of ''RAW'', Torrie Wilson defeated Candice Michelle in the first ever "''Wet & Wild Match''" (a wrestling match involving water balloons and squirt guns with both competitors wearing white clothing) in which the winner of the match would be on the cover of the WWE 2006 Summer Special magazine. Torrie Wilson also made a special appearance on WWE's [[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|ECW brand]] on [[August 22]], 2006 representing ''RAW'' in a bikini contest against ECW Diva [[Barbie Blank|Kelly Kelly]]. However, no winner was decided, and a six-person mixed tag match began pitting Torrie Wilson, [[Tommy Dreamer]], and [[Jim Fullington|The Sandman]] against the team of Kelly Kelly, [[Mike Knox]], and [[Andrew Martin|Test]]. Torrie's team was victorious. In October of [[2006]], a WWE Women's Championship Tournament was scheduled to determine the new [[List of WWE Women's Champions|Women's Champion]]. Torrie participated in the tournament, but she lost in the first round of the tournament to [[Melina Perez|Melina]]. In the final months of 2006, Torrie entered into a [[kayfabe]] relationship with [[Carly Colón|Carlito]].
 
===2007: Back On SmackDown!===
In [[May 2007]] Carlito dumped her because he said that he didn't want to carry dead weight around anymore. On the [[June 11]], 2007 edition of ''RAW'', Wilson was drafted from ''RAW'' to ''SmackDown!'' as part of the [[WWE Brand Extension|2007 WWE Draft]].
 
==Chloe==
'''Chloe'''<ref>[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/chloe/profile/ Chloe's own WWE profile]</ref> is Torrie's [[pet]] [[Maltese (dog)|Maltese]]. Torrie often brings Chloe to ringside during her appearances on WWE programming.
 
Torrie Wilson had been traveling with Chloe since [[December 2004]], but not until late 2005 would Chloe make her first appearance on RAW.
 
Chloe joined Torrie as part of the [[Stable (professional wrestling)|stable]] Vince's Devils, along side Victoria and [[Candice Michelle]]. Chloe even made appearances in the ring, acting as interference during the divas' matches. Her first in ring experience coming during [[Carly Colón|Carlito]]'s "Beat the Clock Match" against Victoria when Chloe ran across the ring to her owner Torrie to distract Carlito.
 
The next week on ''RAW'', Chloe got involved during another of Victoria's matches, this time with [[Maria Kanellis|Maria]]. During the match Torrie held Chloe up and rubbed the little dog's behind into Maria's face. (This "move" would later be referred to as the '''''Chloe Tush Push.'''''). On [[February 9]], 2006, it was announced that Torrie and Chloe Wilson would present ''WWE Best in Show'', a look back on all the best [[Dog|canine]] moments from WWE history.
 
==In wrestling==
* '''Finishing and signature moves'''
:*'''''Nose Job''''' ([[Facebuster#Sitout facebuster|Sitout Facebuster]])
:*[[Professional wrestling attacks#Clothesline|Corner clothesline]] followed by ''The Facial'' ([[Professional wrestling attacks#Stinkface|Stinkface]])
:*[[Professional wrestling attacks#Handspring|Handspring]] [[Professional wrestling attacks#Back elbow|Back Elbow]]
:*[[Neckbreaker#Swinging neckbreaker|Swinging neckbreaker]]
:*[[DDT (professional wrestling)|DDT]]
:*[[Dropkick#Baseball slide|Baseball slide]]
:*[[Suplex#Snap suplex|Snap Suplex]]
:*[[Pinfall (professional wrestling)#Roll-up|Evasion from the corner into schoolgirl rollup]]
:*[[Professional wrestling throws#Headscissors takedown|Headscissors takedown]]
 
* '''Wrestlers managed by Wilson'''
{|
| valign=top |
:*[[Shane Douglas]]
:*[[Monty Sopp|Billy Gunn]]
:*[[Billy Kidman]]
:*[[Konnan]]
| valign=top |
:*[[Kevin Nash]]
:*[[Chuck Palumbo]]
:*[[Yoshihiro Tajiri|Tajiri]]
| valign=top |
:*[[Carly Colón|Carlito]]
:*[[Ric Flair]]
:*[[Candice Beckman|Candice Michelle]]
| valgin=top |
:*[[Lisa Marie Varon|Victoria]]
:*[[Stacy Keibler]]
|}
 
 
* '''Entrance themes'''
:*2000 (WCW): Used Shane Douglas' theme
:*"Lo-Fi Groove"
:*"Shadows Part 1" (WWE Edit)
:*"Need a Little Time" performed by [[Lilian Garcia]] ([[WWE Anthology]])
:*September 2005-May 2006 (Heel): Used "Not Enough for Me," a WWE production (Which is currently being used by WWE diva [[Michelle McCool]])
:*May 2006-present (face): "A Girl Like That" performed by [[Eleventh Hour]]
 
==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Playboy]]'''
:*May 2003 - cover girl
:*March 2004 - co-cover girl along with [[Rena Mero]] (aka Sable)
*'''[[Askmen.com]]'''
:*2006 - The twenty-second Most Desirable Woman in the World
:*2007 - The sixty-fifth Most Desirable Woman in the World
*'''Other'''
:*1998 - Miss Galaxy Winner
:*June 2002 - WWE Golden Thong Award Winner
:*March 2005 - Posed for Stuff Magazine along with fellow WWE Divas [[Trish Stratus]], [[Stacy Keibler]], and [[Amy Weber]]
:*August 2006 - Covergirl for [[FHM|FHM Magazine]]
:*Torrie was voted No. 42 on the FHM 100 Sexiest Women Of 2007 List.
 
==Other media==
In April 2007, Wilson, along with [[Ashley Massaro]], [[Barbie Blank|Kelly Kelly]], [[Brooke Adams (model)|Brooke]], [[Layla El]], and [[Maryse Ouellet|Maryse]], filmed [[Timbaland]]'s music video "[[Throw It On Me]]". <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/4563070 | author = Kara A. Medalis (WWE.com) | title = The Sexiest Women in L.A. | accessmonthday = April 21 | accessyear = 2007 | date = April 20, 2007}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
 
<references/>
==External links==
</div>
<!-- Fansites are inappropriate. Please see [[WP:EL]]. -->
* [http://www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/torriewilson/ WWE Profile]
* {{myspace|torries_space|Torrie Wilson}}
 
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[[Category:American professional wrestlers]]
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Idaho]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets]]
[[Category:World Championship Wrestling alumni]]
 
[[de:Torrie Wilson]]
==Further reading==
[[fr:Torrie Wilson]]
<div class="references-small">
[[it:Torrie Wilson]]
* {{cite journal |author=Blumstein, Alfred |title=Youth Gun Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |volume=86 |pages=10-36 |year=1995}}
[[ja:トリー・ウィルソン]]
* {{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J. |chapter=The Effect of Gun Availability on Robbery and Robbery Murder: A Cross-Section Study of Fifty Cities |title=Policy Studies Review Annual, vol. 3 |editor=Haveman, Robert H., B.Bruce Zellner |publisher=Sage |year=1979}}
[[pt:Torrie Wilson]]
* {{cite journal |author=Cook, Philip J. |title=The case of the missing victims: gunshot woundings in the National Crime Survey |journal=Journal of Quantitative Criminology |year=1985 |volume=1 |pages=91-102}}
[[tr:Torrie Wilson]]
* {{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J. |chapter=The technology of personal violence |title=Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research |volume=Vol. 14 |editor=Tonry, M. |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1991 |pages=pp. 1-71}}
* {{cite journal |author=Cook Philip J., Ludwig J, Hemenway D. |title=The gun debate's new mythical number: How many defensive uses per year? |journal=Journal of Policy Analysis and Management |year=1997 |volume=16 |pages=pp. 463–9}}
* {{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J., John H. Laub |chapter=The Unprecedented Epidemic of Youth Violence |title=Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research |editor=Moore, M.H., M. Tonry |pages=26-64 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
* {{cite journal |author=Cook Philip J., Ludwig J. |title=Defensive gun uses: new evidence from a national survey |journal=Journal of Quantitative Criminology |year=1998 |volume=14 |pages=pp. 111–31}}
* {{cite book |author=Cook, Philip J., Ludwig, J. |title=Regulation through Litigation |chapter=Litigation as regulation: The case of firearms |editor=Viscusi, W. K. |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=2002 |id=ISBN 081570609X}}
* {{cite journal |author=Donohue, John J., Peter Siegelman |title=Allocating Resources among Prisons and Social Programs in the Battle against Crime |journal=Journal of Legal Studies |volume=27 |pages=pp. 1-43 |year=1998}}
* {{cite book |author=Fox, James A. |title=Trends in Juvenile Violence: A Report to the United States Attorney General on Current and Future Rates of Juvenile Offending |publisher=Northeastern University Press |year=1996}}
* {{cite journal |author=Hemenway D. |title=Survey research and self-defense gun use: an explanation of extreme overestimates |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |year=1997 |volume=87 |pages=pp. 1430–45}}
* {{cite journal |author=Hemenway D. |title=The myth of millions of annual self-defense gun uses: a case study of survey overestimates of rare events |journal=Chance |year=1997 |volume=10 |pages=pp. 6–10}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kellermann, A.L., D.T. Reay |title=Protection or peril? An analysis of firearm-related deaths in the home |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1986 |volume=314 |pages=pp. 1557-1560}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, N.B. Rushforth, et al. |title=Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1993 |volume=329 |pages=pp. 1084-1091}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kleck, Gary |title=Crime control through the private use of armed forces |journal=Social Problems |year=1988 |volume=35(1) |pages=pp. 1-21}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kleck, G., Gertz M |title=Armed resistance to crime: the prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |year=1995 |volume=273 |pages=pp. 1749–54}}
* {{cite journal |author=Levitt, Steven D. |title=The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Legislation |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |pages=pp. 319-351 |year=1996}}
* {{cite journal |author=Levitt, Steven D. |title=Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime |journal=American Economic Review |volume=87(3) |pages=pp. 270-290 |year=1997}}
* {{cite journal |author=Ludwig, Jens, Greg J. Duncan, Paul Hirschfield |title=Urban Poverty and Juvenile Crime: Evidence from a Randomized Housing Mobility Experiment |journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics |year=2001}}
* {{cite journal |author=Wintemute, G.J., S.P. Teret, J.F. Kraus, M.A. Wright, G. Bradfield |title=When children shoot children: 88 unintended deaths in California |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |date=1987 |volume=257 |pages=pp. 3107-3109}}
* {{cite book |author=Wright, James, Joseph Sheley |title=In the Line of Fire: Youth, Guns, and Violence in Urban America |year=1995 |publisher=Aldine Transaction |id=ISBN 0202305481}}
* {{cite journal |author=Zimring, Franklin E. |title=The Medium is the Message: Firearm Caliber as a Determinant of Death from Assault |journal=Journal of Legal Studies |year=1972 |volume=1 |pages=pp. 97-123}}
</div>
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