Israeli settlement and Appleseed (2004 film): Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Film

{{disputed}}

| name = Appleseed

[[Image:Israelisettlementswestbank.jpg|right|thumb|275px|Map of Israeli settlements, in navy blue, in the West Bank]]

| image = Appleseed.jpg

'''Israeli settlements''' are communities built for [[Jew]]ish [[settler]]s in some of the areas that [[Israel]] [[Israeli-occupied territories|captured]] following the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. Israeli settlements currently exist in the [[West Bank]], [[East Jerusalem]], and the [[Golan Heights]]; settlements formerly existed in the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and [[Gaza Strip]]. The settlements have been declared illegal under [[international law]] by the [[United Nations Security Council]] [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/ba123cded3ea84a5852560e50077c2dc?OpenDocument] [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/0b7116abb4b7e3e9852560e5007688a0?OpenDocument] and the [[International Court of Justice]], [http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/imwp/imwp_advisory_opinion/imwp_advisory_opinion_20040709.htm] a position that is shared by a majority of UN member states [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/e29f7195c53cdda905256729005035e4?OpenDocument&Highlight=2,ES-10%2F6] but not by all international law scholars.

| image_size =

| caption = Promotional poster for ''Appleseed''

| director = [[Shinji Aramaki]]

| producer = [[Fumihiko Sori]]<br/>[[Hidenori Ueki]]<br/>[[Naoko Watanabe]]

| writer = [[Haruka Handa]]<br/>[[Tsutomu Kamishiro]]

| narrator =

| starring = [[Ai Kobayashi]]<br/>[[Jurota Kosugi]]<br/>[[Yuki Matsuoka]]

| music =

| cinematography =

| editing =

| distributor =

| released = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[2004]]<br/>{{flagicon|USA}} [[January 14]], [[2005]]

| runtime = 105 min.

| country = [[Japan]]

| language =

| budget =

| gross =

| preceded_by =

| followed_by = ''[[Appleseed EX Machina]]''

| website = http://www.appleseedthemovie.com/

| amg_id = 1:316288

| imdb_id = 0401233

}}

:''For other uses, see [[Appleseed]].''

The Israeli policy of sponsoring, supporting, or tolerating the establishment of these settlements is one of the most contentious issues in the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]<!--, which [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict timeline|began]] decades earlier, in the 1920s-->.<!--dont see the last sentence as important for an introduction--> In 2004, the Israeli government announced its [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|unilateral disengagement plan]] to dismantle all settlements in the Gaza Strip and four settlements in the West Bank. The withdrawal was completed on [[September 12]], [[2005]].

{{nihongo|'''''Appleseed'''''|アップルシ－ド|Appurushīdo}} is an [[anime]] film, directed by [[Shinji Aramaki]] and originally released in [[Japan]] on [[May 17]], [[2004]]. It is based on the characters created by [[Masamune Shirow]] in the original ''[[Appleseed (manga)|Appleseed]]'' manga series that was published in [[1985]]. Although it shares some characters with the original series, this film's storyline is not connected to it.

== TerminologyPlot outline ==

Set in 2131 AD, Deunan Knute, a young legendary female soldier is a survivor of the Third World War which has brought Earth to the brink of destruction. Alongside her former lover and comrade Briareos, who is now a cyborg, Deunan is brought to a Utopian city called Olympus, also inhabited by a genetically-engineered species called Bioroids. There, she integrates into the prestigious ESWAT organization to serve as the city's guardian. But what she discovers is not the promised land of peace, but rather a deadlier, more elusive battlefield than before.

Terms commonly used to describe this matter are themselves controversial. They include:

*'''[[Settler]]s''' are people who have migrated from the land of their birth to live permanently in colonies controlled militarily by their home country. In modern history, the word "settlers" is synonymous with terms like '''pioneers''', '''[[Colony|colonists]]''', or (as British people once called them) "'''colonials'''".

*'''Settlement''' or '''community''': there is broad agreement that the term settlement implies that these are recently established places, and therein lies the controversy. Although many Israelis concede that the term "settlement" is apt for these reasons, others argue that these are re-established communities, built on Jewish towns and villages that were vacated by force as late as 1948 or much earlier. They also point out that these are highly dissimilar places (see below), and that using one term is misleading.

:In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the common term for the Israeli settlements outside the Green Line is ''hitnakhluyot'' (Hebrew: התנחלויות; singular - ''hitnakhlut'' or ''hitnakhalut'', התנחלות). This term is broadly used in the media and in public, although some think it has acquired a derogatory shade in recent years. Settlers are called ''mitnakhalim'' (Hebrew:מתנחלים; singular - ''mitnakhel'', מתנחל). The settlers themselves and their right-wing sympathizers prefer the term ''yishuvim'' (יישובים; singular - ''yishuv'', יישוב) for settlements and ''mityashvim'' (Hebrew: מתיישבים; singular - ''mityashev'', מתיישב) for settlers, which are more neutral, as they also refer to settlements inside Israel proper. Some think these terms are a euphemism.

Bioroids have a lifespan much shorter than those of humans, due to the suppression of their reproductive capabilities. When the facilities that were used in the Bioroid's life extension processes are destroyed by a secret faction of the Olympus Regular Army in a terrorist attack as part of its demonstration of fear and hatred for the Bioroids, a crisis which requires immediate resolution is formed, and the Appleseed data is revealed to still exist, even though most thought it destroyed.

:In [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the term for settlements is ''mustawtanaat'' (Arabic: المستوطنات) and settlers are ''mustawtineen''<!-- (Arabic: ????????)-->.

* '''[[West Bank]] or [[Judea and Samaria]]''': the term "West Bank" dates from the time that [[Jordan]] controlled the area in question (1948-1967), but is still by far the most common name used in the English-speaking world and by international organizations such as the UN. The terms "Judea" and "Samaria" (English for ''Yehuda'' and ''Shomron'') are historical terms that relate to the political geography of the Roman-era Jewish dominion in the area. Palestinians strongly object to the terms ''Judea'' and ''Samaria'', the use of which they deem to reflect Israeli expansionist aims. Among Palestinians, the specific area is referred to as 'the West Bank', but is commonly known as 'Palestine' or part of the [[Palestinian territories]].

* "'''Occupied'''" or "'''disputed'''" or "'''territories'''": the legal status of the areas is a much debated question (see below) and drives the choice of qualifier for them.

Under the surface, as we can see, Olympus is plagued by conflicting factions. Some believe that Bioroids are a threat to the future advancement of mankind, whilst others believe that humans themselves are the threat. The ultimate question is over everyone's right to life, and whether or not one group deserves life more than the other. At the centre of this battle is Appleseed, the data that is able to extend Bioroid life, by restoring reproductive functions.

== Historical background ==

[[Image:Israeli west bank settlement.jpg|right|thumb|The Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Levona, with a 2003 population of 478, in the West Bank, between Ramallah and Nablus.]]

The [[armistice|cease-fire]] agreement following the [[1967]] [[Six-Day War]] left Israel in control of a number of areas captured during hostilities.

* From [[Jordan]], Israel gained control of the entire western bank of the [[Jordan River]], including parts of [[Jerusalem]] previously controlled by Jordan - [[East Jerusalem]], and the [[West Bank]].

* From [[Egypt]], Israel gained control of the entire [[Sinai]] peninsula up to the [[Suez Canal]], and the [[Gaza]] strip.

* From [[Syria]], Israel gained control of most of the [[Golan Heights]], since [[1981]], administered under the [[Golan Heights Law]].

== Characters ==

Original Israeli policy at that time was to deny any Jewish settlement of these areas or even Jewish resettlement of specific locations where Jews had resided up until the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] such as the Jewish villages listed in this [[List of villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war]] such as Kfar Etzion. Many attempts were made by [[Gush Emunim]] to establish outposts or resettle former Jewish areas and the Israeli government forcibly removed these attempts in the beginning, but in the absence of peace talks to determine the future of these and other disputed territories, Israel implemented different policies on their use, and did not enforce the original ban on settling.

* The municipal borders of Jerusalem were extended in 1967 to include all of the old city as well as other areas. Residents within the new municipal borders were offered the choice between citizenship (if they met Israeli requirements for naturalization) and permanent residency if they wished to retain their Jordanian passports. This annexation has not been recognized by any country.

* The Golan Heights were under Israeli military administration until 1981, when Israel similarly extended its law there, imposed permanent residency and ID cards on the residents and offered them the possibility of citizenship. This annexation was also not recognized by most countries.

* The Sinai, Gaza and the rest of the [[West Bank]] were put under Israeli military administration. Residents were not offered citizenship or residency, though they typically had de facto work permits within Israel and freedom of travel.

===Deunan Knute===

In the absence of a final peace settlement, the continued Israeli administration of areas captured in 1967 is in itself subject to continuing international concern and criticism. However, it is the establishment of Israeli homes and communities in those areas that has often generated condemnation.

The daughter of Carl and Dr. Gilliam Knute, Deunan, who is considered as a beautiful and highly skilled warrior, has spent almost her entire life fighting in a war that was, for the most part, over. It was not until she was rescued by an ES.W.A.T. (Extra Special Weapons And Tactics) team, led by Hitomi and her former lover Briareos, in the middle of a ruined city just after Deunan had a short but fierce battle with unidentified enemies, that she was finally evacuated from the Badlands. When she arrived in Olympus, the change of environment was severe, but it was a greater shock to her when she found that Briareos had lost over 75% of his original body during the last Global War and was now a cyborg.

Israel evacuated her citizens from the Sinai and demolished their homes when the area was returned to Egypt pursuant to the [[Camp David Accords (1978)|Camp David Accords]].

The day after she was brought to the city of Olympus, Deunan learned that over half of the population of the city was composed of artificial humans called Bioroids and that her new friend, Hitomi, was one herself. Deunan also discovers that other people are looking for her, mostly because she possesses, without knowing it, the secret of "Appleseed". That interest will become extremely important when Hitomi's life will be at risk and the "Appleseed Data" will be needed to save her and the entire Bioroid population of Olympus. But the discovery of the "Appleseed Data" could condemn the human population to extinction without Deunan knowing about this detail. But that would mean defying the powerful Olympus Regular Army (O.R.A.), composed entirely of humans and under the command of General Edward Uranus III and Colonel Hades.

The Jewish population in the areas captured in 1967 live in a wide variety of centers:

* Self-contained towns and small cities with a stable population in the tens of thousands, infrastructure, and all other features of permanence (e.g. [[Ma'ale Adummim]], [[Modi'in Illit]], [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]]).

* Jewish neighborhoods that coexist with Arab neighborhoods in the same city (e.g. [[Hebron]] and [[East Jerusalem]]).

* Suburbs to other population centers, especially [[Jerusalem]] (e.g. [[Gilo]]), and the [[Sharon, Israel|Sharon]] area (e.g. [[Karnei Shomron]]).

* Settlement blocs (e.g. [[Gush Etzion]], in the vicinity of [[Ariel (City)|Ariel]], the [[Shechem]]/[[Nablus]] area).

* Frontier villages such as those parallel to the [[Jordan River]].

* Residential outposts, consisting of campers, trailers, and even tents; these are often referred to as "wildcat" outposts (see the Sasson Report below).

{{anime voices|Ai Kobayashi|Amanda Winn Lee}}

Most of these are the result of new construction; but some are based on Jewish communities that were abandoned in 1948 or earlier. Newly constructed developments are largely on hilltops, at some distance from Arab villages, towns, and camps.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A24478-2002Dec7?language=printer][http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010402151.html]

===Briareos Hecatonchires===

==Population==

Except for areas that were effectively annexed in Jerusalem and the Golan, Israeli citizens and others can only move to areas captured in 1967 with the authorization of the Israeli government. According to various statistics, the population distribution can be estimated:

At one time, Briareos was Deunan Knute's lover, as well as a comrade-in-arms in battle. During two years of hard separation for both of them, he was severely injured on the North African front. When Hitomi and the Elders saved him, he had over seventy-five percent of his body replaced by state-of-the-art mechanical components, making him a highly advanced cyborg. During Deunan's stay in Olympus he is assigned by his ES.W.A.T. superiors to protect her and also begins to search for the "Appleseed Data." In the original story, Briareos was a black man who lived in the mediterranean who served under Colonel Carl Knute, Deunan's father. In the original manga, Briareos and Deunan are not separated, and she is well aware of his cyborg body replacement.

{| class="wikitable"

! Jewish population

! 1948

! 1966

! 1972

! 1983

! 1993

! 2004

! 2005

|-

| West Bank (excluding Jerusalem)

| 480 (see [[Gush Etzion]]) || 0 || 800 || 22,800 || 111,600 || 231,800 ||

|-

| Gaza Strip

| 30 (see [[Kfar Darom]]) || 0 || 700 ^* || 900 || 4,800 || 8,000 || 0

<!--|-

| Golan Heights

| 0 || 0 || 900 || 6,800 || 12,600 || 16,000 ||-->

|-

| Parts of Jerusalem annexed in 1967

| 300 (see [[Atarot]], [[Neve Yaakov]]) || 0 || 9,200 || 75,000 || 130,000 || 177,000 ||

|}

: ^* including Sinai

{{anime voices|Jūrōta Kosugi|Jamieson Price}}

According to Israeli government statistics, just under 400,000 Israelis lived in territories captured during the 1967 war [[2000|as of November 2000]]. This number is controversial, as it includes a large number of Israeli citizens who live in "[[East Jerusalem]]", which was once, along with most of western Jerusalem, proposed by the [[United Nations]] to be an international zone under UN administration (former compromise proposal, [[1947 UN Partition Plan|Resolution 181]] (II) of [[29 November]] [[1947]], which the [[Arab]] states rejected); however, if the boundaries of that peace plan were used, then the number of Israeli settlers would be far greater, including inhabitants of the [[Galilee]], the southwest, and many other areas. Maps of West Bank settlements [http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/publications/maps/settleme.htm].

Since the [[Oslo Accords]] 1993 the settlers' number on the West Bank (excluding East Jerusalem) has doubled, from 115,000 to 230,000.

===Athena Areios===

== Impacts on Arab populations ==

[[Image:Hebron settler sticker.jpg|right|thumb|Bumper stickers on main gate of the Israeli settlement of Kiryat Arba, in Hebron, reads in Hebrew: "Either us or them. There is a solution: deport the Arab enemy." 2003. (This is not Israel's official position). Image credit: PLO]]

Arguments that the presence of settlements in the West Bank impacts the local Arab population significantly and negatively include:

* The recent construction of a [[Israeli West Bank barrier|barrier]] is routed inside the green line to encompass a variety of settlements. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs indicates that 10% of the West Bank will fall on the Israeli side of the barrier [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456944/html/nn2page1.stm] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3111159.stm].

* The use of 50+ security checkpoints, with many inside the West Bank, are used by Israel to secure the settlements, but they also significantly restrict Palestinian freedoms and are viewed as humiliating and degrading [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/settlements_checkpoints.stm]. Indeed, Israel Defense Forces' Judge Advocate General, Maj. Gen. Dr. Menachem Finkelstein, states that "there were many - too many - complaints that soldiers manning checkpoints abuse and humiliate Palestinians and that the large number of complaints 'lit a red light' for him" [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=315603&contrassID=2&subContrassID=3&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y]. These checkpoints also significantly impact Palestinian movement and economic activity within the West Bank [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1913607.stm].

* The historical use of curfews in urban areas such as Hebron restricts thousands of Palestinian citizens to their homes for the protection of several hundred Jewish settlers [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/161280.stm].

Prime Minister of Olympus, Athena Areios is a first-generation Bioroid created by Deunan's mother, Dr. Gilliam Knute, and served as her lab assistant until Dr. Knute's death. Because Athena is a first-generation Bioroid, she doesn't have the emotional limitations the second-generation has, so she has greater latitude to use "extraordinary" methods to try to find Deunan. Of course, she also runs the risk that either the Council of Elders or General Uranus would find out and take action against her, so she, along with her chief-of staff Nike, have to be very careful.

== Communities established on the sites of previous recent Jewish communities ==

Some of the 323 settlements were established on sites that had been inhabited by Jewish communities during the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. In the case of [[Hebron]], an association comprised of some descendants of pre-1929 Jewish residents of Hebron published a 1997 statement dissociating themselves from the present settlers in Hebron, calling them an obstacle to peace. [http://www.angelfire.com/il/FourMothers/Yona.html].

{{anime voices|Mami Koyama|Mary Elizabeth McGlynn}}

[[Image:Palestine occupation40.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisement for the new Nof Zion settlement, to open in 2007, in predominantly Arab East Jerusalem [http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2227].]]

===Nike===

''partial listing only''

* [[Jerusalem]] &ndash; various surrounding communities and neighborhoods, including [[Kfar Shiloah]] - settled by Yemeni Jews in 1882, Jewish residents evacuated in 1938, settled again in 2004{{fact}}

* [[Gush Etzion]] communities - established between 1943-1947, destroyed 1948, reestablished beginning 1967

* [[Hebron]] - Jewish presence since biblical times, evacuated 1929 (because of massacre), resettled in 1967

* [[Kfar Darom]] - established in 1946, evacuated in 1948, resettled in 1970, evacuated in 2005 as part of the withdrawal of the [[Gaza Strip]].

Nike is Athena Areios's chief-of-staff, as well as being commander-in-chief of ES.W.A.T. Although she is a second-generation Bioroid, and being such having her emotions controlled, she is fiercely loyal to Athena, not to mention the Bioroids' prime purpose: the salvation of humanity.

== Motivations for settlements ==

Complicating this issue, a number of reasons are cited from both sides for the establishment of settlements.

*Palestinians argue that the policy of settlements constitute an effort to pre-empt or even sabotage a peace treaty that includes Palestinian sovereignty, and claim that the settlements are built on land that belongs to Palestinians [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4367787.stm] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4141484.stm].

*The UN, various European governments, a vocal Israeli minority, and many NGOs view settlements similarly, arguing that they violate international law by making life difficult for Palestinians in the areas. [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1999-2001/68%20United%20Nations%20General%20Assembly%20Resolution%2054-7][http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/4131e7543cff25f885256e370056f5af!OpenDocument][http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/archives/L/1997/B/un971118.html]

* Prior to the eruption of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the late eighties, even until the signing of the [[Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace|Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty]] in 1994, Israeli governments on the left and right argued that the settlements were of strategic and tactical importance. The ___location of the settlements was primarily chosen based on the threat of an attack by the bordering hostile countries of [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], and [[Egypt]] and possible routes of advance into Israeli population areas.

*Supporters of the settlements argue that the settlements are of strategic and tactical importance to Israel's security.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010402151.html][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4436739.stm][http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/index.jsp?section=papers&code=94-D_23][http://experts.about.com/q/Israel-Middle-East-352/settlements-1.htm][http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/index.jsp?section=papers&code=96-D_130]

*Many Israelis, assert the historical Jewish connection to at least some of the areas in dispute, arguing that their claim is at least equal to that of the Palestinians.

*Most religious Jews, assert the biblical Jewish connection to the areas in dispute, arguing that their claim to build is equal to the biblical Jewish connection to the other areas in Israel.

{{anime voices|Miho Yamada|Mimi Woods}}

As it turns out, the settlers themselves have varying reasons for choosing to reside where they do. While some live in the territories out of religious and/or political idealism and the lower price of rural real estate, others were attracted by tax incentives that were given, in general, to Israelis living in rural, periphery areas, but these were revoked entirely in 2003. [http://www.fmep.org/reports/vol07/no6/03-settlements_gain_maximum_incentives.html][http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1269880,00.html]

===Hitomi===

== Legal background ==

A second-generation Bioroid, Hitomi is charged with recruiting new members of ES.W.A.T.. She had led the rescue mission of Deunan Knute in the Badlands, as well as aiding her getting settled in Olympus. Although her emotions are regulated, she has interest in the emotion of love, and is disturbed by hate, as expressed by the human soldiers of the O.R.A, especially towards the Bioroids.

=== Land ownership ===

Israel claims that the majority of the land currently taken by the new settlements was either vacant, belonging to the state (from which it was leased) or bought fairly from the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], arguing that there is nothing illegal about acquiring land in these ways. Further, Israel argues that these lands were conquered in a defensive war and are held legitimately as [[War reparations|reparation]]. However, the recent use of the Absentee Property Law to seize Arab land in East Jerusalem without compensation has been criticized both within and outside Israel [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4226497.stm].

{{anime voices|Yuki Matsuoka|Karen Strassman}}

Opponents dispute at least one of these bases, saying that vacant land had either belonged to Arabs who had fled or was communal land, that had belonged collectively to an entire village. That practice had formed under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, although the British and the Jordanians have unsuccessfully tried to stop it since the late 1920s.

===Yoshitsune Miyamoto===

[[B'Tselem]] (an Israeli NGO) claims that the Israeli government used the absence of modern legal documents for the communal land as an excuse to seize it. Altogether, around 42% of the area of the West Bank (total of about 2,400 km²) is controlled by Israelis.

Also a second-generation Bioroid, Yoshitsuni Miyamoto... or "Yoshi" as he is referred to, is ES.W.A.T.'s chief mechanic and Land Strider designer. He also would like to further examine Briareos' cybernetic armor more closely, if Briareos would allow it. His knowledge of mechanical workings would become useful later in the film. Yoshi seems to care for Hitomi.

=== Legal status of the territories ===

Although all areas in question were captured by [[Israel]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], Israel has treated them in three different ways:

* "[[East Jerusalem]]" - [[Jerusalem]] and its surroundings were envisioned as an international area under [[United Nations|UN]] administration in the 1947 partition plan. In 1948, [[Jordan]] captured and annexed the eastern half of Jerusalem, while Israel captured and annexed the west. Following the war in 1967 Israel annexed the eastern part, together with several villages around it.

* The Israeli [[Golan Heights Law]] of 1981 applied Israel's "laws, jurisdiction and administration" in the [[Golan Heights]], which were captured from Syria in 1967, but Israel has not stated that it has annexed the area.

* The [[Gaza Strip]] and [[West Bank]], a section of the areas awarded by the UN to a prospective Arab state of Palestine, remained in [[Arab]] hands while the rest of that area was taken by Israel. The former was administered by [[Egypt]] while the latter was annexed by [[Jordan]].

{{anime voices|Toshiyuki Morikawa|Dave Wittenberg}}

The annexation of East Jerusalem and the [[Golan Heights Law]] have both been deemed illegal by the [[UN Security Council]] (resolutions [[UN Security Council Resolution 267|267]] and [[UN Security Council Resolution 497|497]] respectively), and have not been recognized by other states.

===Edward Uranus III===

Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt (removing all Israeli settlements and returning the [[Sinai Peninsula]] to Egyptian sovereignty), and Jordan (returning small sections to Jordanian sovereignty); there are currently no peace treaties governing Israel's borders related to the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. Israel therefore asserts that the armistice lines (known as the Green Line) of 1949 have no other legal status.

Supreme commander of the O.R.A., General Edward Uranus III has a great distrust of the Bioroids, and wishes to either control them or totally eliminate them. But unlike his subordinate Hades, he is not given to irrationality. A friend of the Knute family, Uranus deeply regrets the death of Dr. Gilliam Knute and wants to persuade Deunan to help him in his quest.

Palestinians object to this view as the Israel-Jordan peace treaty was not to alter the status of any territories coming under Israeli control during the hostilities of 1967 (article 3(2) of the Israel-Jordan peace treaty [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/jordan_treaty.htm]).

However, when General Uranus was made aware about about the Council of Elder's plans to replace humans with Bioroids, then sterilize the humans using the "D-tank", he voluntarily surrendered, rather than be used as a pawn in the Council's plans.

===Legal status of the settlements ===

Arguments regarding the legality of the settlements have typically been based on the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]], particularly Article 2, which extends the Convention to "all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party", and Article 49(6), which insists that "The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies".[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/6756482d86146898c125641e004aa3c5] The latter paragraph is intended to prevent the [[World War II]] practice of an occupying power transferring "portions of its own population to occupied territory for political and racial reasons or in order, as they claimed, to colonize those territories" which in turn "worsened the economic situation of the native population and endangered their separate existence as a race". [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/380-600056?OpenDocument]

{{anime voices|Yuzuru Fujimoto|Michael McConnohie}}

The [[International Court of Justice]], in an advisory (i.e. non-binding) opinion to the [[UN General Assembly]], argued that according to article 2 of the Geneva Convention the convention applies if “there exists an armed conflict” between “two contracting parties”, regardless of the territories status in international law prior to the armed attack. It also argued that "no territorial acquisition resulting from the threat or use of force shall be recognized as legal" according to [[customary international law]] (and defined by "Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations" (General Assembly Resolution 2625).

===Hades===

The establishment and expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip has been described as illegal by the [[UN Security Council]] many times, for example in resolutions [[UN Security Council Resolution 446|446]], [[UN Security Council Resolution 452|452]], [[UN Security Council Resolution 465|465]] and [[UN Security Council Resolution 471|471]]. Since resolutions 446 and 465 were made under Chapter VI, not Chapter VII, of the [[United Nations Charter]], they hold no binding force under international law, <ref>"The UN distinguishes between two sorts of Security Council resolution. Those passed under Chapter Six deal with the peaceful resolution of disputes and entitle the council to make non-binding recommendations. Those under Chapter Seven give the council broad powers to take action, including warlike action, to deal with “threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression”. Such resolutions, binding on all UN members, were rare during the cold war. But they were used against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait. None of the resolutions relating to the Israeli-Arab conflict comes under Chapter Seven." [http://www.economist.com/world/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1378577 Iraq, Israel and the United Nations:

Double standards?], October 10, 2002.</ref> and Israel chose not to heed them. Vera Gowlland-Debbas, a professor of Public International Law, has argued that Security Council resolutions outside of Chapter VII should also be considered legally binding upon member states.[http://student.cs.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0002338.txt] The Security Council itself takes great care to make the distinction in its resolutions.

Colonel Hades is Gen. Uranus's subordinate. Like Uranus, he has a great distrust of the Bioroids. However, his distrust has evolved into an irrational, all-consuming hatred, and wishes to see the Bioroids destroyed.

International [[human rights]] groups [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] denounced the settlements as illegal[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE150212005?open&of=ENG-ISR][http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/12/27/isrlpa12346.htm], though the [[Anti-Defamation League]] has argued that they are legal. <ref>[http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/how_to_respond/settlements.asp?xflag=1 How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel: Israeli Settlements], [[Anti-Defamation League]] website. URL accessed April 10, 2006.</ref>

Originally, Hades served under Carl Knute, Deunan's father, in Los Angeles' S.W.A.T., but was thrown out by Carl because of his extreme methods. He held a grudge with Carl, and is furious that Carl's D.N.A. is in all the Bioroids.

Israel and others respond that [[International Red Cross]]'s authoritative commentary to the Convention confirms that the principle was intended to cover ''forcible'' transfers, and to protect the local population from displacement. Israel points out that the Israelis who live in the settlements have moved there voluntarily, and argues that settlements are not intended to, nor have ever resulted in, the displacement of Palestinians from the area. Israel also argues that West Bank and Gaza have never been part of a sovereign state since the defeat of the Ottoman Empire (apparently considering the annexation of the West Bank by [[Jordan]] as invalid), and do not therefore meet the definitions of the Geneva conventions article 2. In addition, the Geneva Conventions only apply in the absence of an operative peace agreement and between two powers accepting the Geneva Convention. Since the [[Oslo accords]] leave the issue of settlements to be negotiated later, proponents of this view argue that there is no basis for declaring them illegal. <ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Israeli+Settlements+and+International+Law.htm?DisplayMode=print Israeli Settlements and International Law], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs website, 20 May 2001. URL accessed April 11, 2006.</ref> <ref>Helmreich, Jeffrey. [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief2-16.htm Diplomatic and Legal Aspects of the Settlement Issue], [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]], ''Jerusalem Issue Brief'', Volume 2, Number 16, January 19, 2003.</ref> <ref>Hollander, Ricki. [http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=36&x_article=259 BACKGROUNDER: Jewish Settlements and the Media], [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America]], October 5, 2001. URL accessed April 12, 2006.</ref> <ref>Dann, Moshe. [http://www.tzemachdovid.org/Facts/islegal3.shtml Legality of the settlements], ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', May 22, 2001.</ref> <ref>[http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_current_settlements.php What is the background of Jewish settlements in Palestinian Arab areas?], Palestine Facts website, 2006. URL accessed April 12, 2006.</ref>

In the end, he is killed by Deuan's pistol, which was her father's.

Israel further points out that in the [[Oslo Accords]], the Palestinians accepted the temporary presence of Israeli settlements pending further negotiation; therefore the violent attacks carried out by Palestinians against settlements are not only wrong because of settlers being civilians (a claim others dispute), but also constitute a breach of the Oslo Accords. These attacks, however, are frequently carried by organizations such as [[Hamas]] which do not accept the Oslo accords. As well, the Accords did not address the question of settlements, and Israel continued the development of existing settlements and creation of new settlements after the Oslo Accords [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1338357.stm#map] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2000/mideast_peace_process/340237.stm] [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15280] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3210533.stm].

{{anime voices|Takehito Koyasu|Jack Aubree}}

Some legal scholars have also argued that the settlements are legal under international law, <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/middleeast/settlements.html FAQ on Israeli settlements], [[CBC]] News Online, February 26, 2004. URL accessed April 10, 2006.</ref> including prominent international law expert <ref>Pomerance, Michla. [http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2003/284/legal-iraq.html The Legality of the Iraq War: Beyond legal pacifism], ''The Review'', April 2003. URL accessed April 11, 2006.</ref> <ref>[http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/deliverdocument.asp?citeid=438604 International Law: Blaming Big Brother: Holding States Accountable for the Devastation of Terrorism], 56 ''Oklahoma Law Review'' 735, __ __.</ref> [[Julius Stone]], and [[Eugene V. Rostow|Eugene Rostow]], Dean of [[Yale Law School]], [[Under Secretary for Political Affairs]] under President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and one of the dafters of [[UN Security Council Resolution 242]]. Stone states that the settlements do not breach the Fourth Geneva Convention on a number of grounds, both technical and legal. His primary arguments are:

*that the Convention itself does not apply because (contrary to Article 2) there is no "High Contracting Party";

*even if the Convention did apply, Article 49 of the Convention was written to stop transfers of population on various grounds which are clearly not met by the settlements (e.g. the settlers are not forcibly moved to the settlements).<ref>Lacey, Ian, ed. [http://www.aijac.org.au/resources/reports/international_law.pdf International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict] (pdf) - Extracts from ''Israel and Palestine - Assault on the Law of Nations'' by [[Julius Stone]], Second Edition with additional material and commentary updated to 2003, [[AIJAC]] website. URL accessed April 10, 2006.</ref>

Rostow's arguments focus more narrowly on Article 49 of the Convention; <ref>[[Eugene Victor Debs Rostow|Rostow, Eugene]]. "[http://www.tzemachdovid.org/Facts/islegal1.shtml Resolved: are the settlements legal? Israeli West Bank policies]", ''[[The New Republic]]'', October 21, 1991. </ref> according to Rostow "the Jewish right of settlement in the area is equivalent in every way to the right of the local population to live there." <ref>''American Journal of International Law'', 1990, volume 84, page 72.</ref>

===Kudoh===

== Tensions, mistrust and accusations ==

Kudoh is one of the top members of ES.W.A.T. He participates in some training sessions with Deunan and eventually earns her respect. When she and Briareos head to Dr. Gilliam Knute's old lab, Kudoh comes along. After they are betrayed by a fellow ES.W.A.T. member who is sympathetic towards the O.R.A., Kudoh stays behind, keeping his gun trained on Hades so that Deunan and Briareos can escape.

[[Image:GushKatif2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Gush Katif]] was a bloc of 16 Israeli settlements in the southern [[Gaza Strip]]. Its 8,000 residents were forced to leave and had their homes demolished in August 2005 as part of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]].]]

The settlements have on several occasions been a source of tension between Israel and the U.S. In 1991 there was a clash between the Bush administration and Israel, where the U.S. delayed a subsidized loan in order to pressure Israel not to proceed with the establishment of settlements for instance in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem corridor. [[Jimmy Carter]], who brokered the 1978 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, has said that "Israel's colonization of Palestine" is the "preeminent obstacle to peace" [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/695187.html]. The current [[George W. Bush|Bush]] administration, while generally supportive of Israel, has said that settlements are "unhelpful" to the peace process, that they violate United States policy and prejudges the outcome of future negotiations, although President Bush has put forward the view that major Israeli population centers needs to be taken into account when determining final borders. Generally, U.S. efforts have at most temporarily delayed further expansion of established Israeli communities in the territories. U.S. public opinion is also divided: the strongest support for the Israeli position can be found among evangelical Christians. Public opinion outside the U.S. and Israel strongly opposes Israeli settlement and expansion of communities in the territories.

Shortly after this, Kudoh is gunned down by numerous O.R.A. soldiers and collapses dead against the wall of a hallway. Deunan expresses great distress over his death, but Briareos drags her away reluctantly, the O.R.A. hot on their trail.

Although the [[Oslo Accords|Oslo accords]] did not include any obligation on Israel's part to stop building in the "settlements", Palestinians argue that Israel has undermined the Oslo accords, and the peace process more generally, by continuing to expand the settlements after the signing of the Accords. Palestinians and others regularly accuse Israel of attacking refugee camps and villages in an attempt to scare off Palestinians and claim the land as theirs. Israel justifies these attacks by saying that it only fights against terrorist organisations, and if there were no terrorists, there would be no military operations.

{{anime voices|Tadahisa Saizen|Jack Aubree}}

Israel previously also had settlements in the [[Sinai]], but these were withdrawn as a result of the peace agreement with [[Egypt]]. Most proposals for achieving a final settlement of the Middle East conflict involve Israel dismantling a large number of settlements in the West Bank and Gaza strip.

===Dr. Gilliam Knute===

Most Israeli and U.S. proposals for final settlement have also involved Israel being allowed to retain long established communities in the territories near Israel and in "[[East Jerusalem]]" (the majority of the settler population is near the "Green Line"), with Israel annexing the land on which the communities are located. This would result in a transfer of roughly 5% of the West Bank to Israel, with the Palestinians being compensated by the transfer of a similar share of Israeli territory (i.e. territory behind the "Green Line") to the [[Palestinian state]]. Palestinians complain that this would legitimize what they see as an illegitimate land grab, and that the land offered in exchange is situated in the southern desert, whereas the areas that Israel seeks to retain are among the West Bank's most fertile areas, including major aquifers. Israel, however, sees the current "Green Line" as unacceptable from a security standpoint - Israel would have at some points no more than 17 kilometers from the border to the sea - which was an important motivation for the placing of these settlements. For more details, see [[Proposals for a Palestinian state]].

Dr. Gilliam Knute was the scientist that created the Bioroids, as well as the "D-tank" virus, which is capable to redering normal humans sterile. It was during the creation of the first generation that she realized that the Council of Elders wanted to use the Bioroids to replace normal humanity altogether. Therefore, she arranged that the Bioroids would not be able to reproduce but kept the formula to activate their reproductive systems - codenamed "Appleseed" - in a pendant, which after she had her assistant Athena evacuated, she had given to her young daughter Deunan, with the promise to give it to Athena if she asked. Dr. Knute was later captured by the military - and mistakenly killed by a soldier in front of Deunan.

=== Dismantlement of settlements ===

Given the dispute over the territories where the settlements were built, the issue of dismantling them has been considered. Arab parties to the conflict have demanded the dismantlement of the settlements as a condition for peace with Israel. As part of the [[Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty]], Israel was required to evacuate its settlers from the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. The evacuation, which took place in 1982, was done forcefully in some instances, such as the evacuation of [[Yamit]]. The settlements were demolished, as it was feared that settlers may try to return to their homes after the evacuation.

{{anime voices|Emi Shinohara|Mia Bradly}}

During the peace process with the [[Palestinians]], the issue of dismantling the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] settlements has been raised. Although never officially discussed in the [[Oslo Accords]], many Israelis believed that a final status accord would require the dismantlement of at least some of these communities.

==Music==

As part of the [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|Disengagement Plan]], Israel has evacuated the [[Gaza Strip]] and part of the [[West Bank]], including all 21 settlements in Gaza and four in the West Bank, while retaining control over Gaza's borders, coastline, and airspace. Most of these settlements have existed since the early 80's, some are over 30 years old, and with a total population of more than 10,000. There was significant opposition to the plan among parts of the Israeli public, and especially those living in the territories. American President [[George W. Bush]] has said that a permanent peace deal would have to reflect "demographic realities" in the West Bank regarding Israel's settlements. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4382343.stm]

The original soundtrack and music to the series features an [[electronic music|electronic]], [[techno music|techno]] and [[trance music|trance]] theme, with the likes of [[Paul Oakenfold]], [[Basement Jaxx]], [[Boom Boom Satellites]], [[Akufen]], [[Carl Craig]], [[T. Raumschmiere]] and [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]] handling the music.

==Sequel==

Some Israelis believe the settlements need not necessarily be dismantled and evacuated, even if Israel withdraws from the territory where they stand, as they can remain under Palestinian rule. These ideas have been expressed both by people from the left ([http://web.archive.org/web/19991006195817/http://www.jpost.co.il/com/Advertising/Ysadeh/]), who see this as a possible situation in a two-state solution, and by extreme right-wingers and settlers [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5EB5E1B3-B64F-43DF-A588-1C40FDDB0A83.htm] that, while object to any withdrawal, claim stronger links to the land than to the state of Israel. Such ideas are not widely accepted in Israel, and most Israelis consider an evacuation of settlements inevitable in territories Israel withdraws from.

Director [[Shinji Aramaki]] will also be directing the sequel to the 2004 movie, titled [[Appleseed EX Machina]], which is set to be released in fall 2007 in Japan. The movie will once again feature animated [[computer-generated imagery]] and [[John Woo]] is fully involved in the production.

== The Sasson Report ==

[[Image:Talia Sesson.jpg|right|frame|Sasson delivering her report.]]

An official Israeli government report published on March 8, 2005 has revealed that Israeli state bodies have been secretly diverting millions of shekels to build West Bank settlements and outposts which were illegal under Israeli law. The report, commissioned by Prime Minister [[Ariel Sharon]], was headed by the former head of the State Prosecution Criminal Department [[Talia Sasson]]. The report details how officials in the ministries of defence and housing and the settlement division of the [[World Zionist Organization]] spent millions of shekels from state budgets to support the illegal outposts. Ms. Sasson called it a "blatant violation of the law" and said "drastic steps" were needed to rectify the situation. It describes secret cooperation between various ministries and official institutions to consolidate "wildcat" outposts, which settlers began erecting more than a decade ago. Sasson added that the problem is ongoing, saying "the process of outpost expansion is profoundly under way."[http://news.ft.com/cms/s/67ba9b06-8ff9-11d9-9a51-00000e2511c8,stream=FTSynd,s01=2.html].

The report states:

*The housing ministry supplied 400 mobile homes for outposts on private Palestinian land

*The defence ministry approved the positioning of trailers to begin new outposts

*The education ministry paid for nurseries and their teachers

*The energy ministry connected outposts to the electricity grid

*Roads to outposts were paid for with taxpayers' money

The report mentions 150 communities in the West Bank with incomplete or nonexistent permits, but Sasson cautions that this list is not exhaustive, due to the lack of cooperation of some ministries and government offices which she says failed to hand over some important documents. She has recommended that the Housing Ministry be stripped of authority over construction of settlements in the West Bank, and that this power be transferred to the cabinet. The housing minister at the time of the tabling the report, [[Isaac Herzog]] ([[Labour (Israel)|Labour]]), said following the release of the report that every expense earmarked for the settlements would subsequently need the approval of the ministry's director-general. Up until then, the heads of each department at the ministry had been able to sign off on expenses for various construction and infrastructure matters at the settlements.

The report is seen as potentially embarrassing to the Prime Minister because, when he was foreign minister under [[Binyamin Netanyahu]] in 1998, he publicly urged settlers to seize hilltops in order to break up the contiguity of Palestinian areas and prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state (as reported by the BBC), saying: "Let everyone get a move on and take some hilltops! Whatever we take, will be ours, and whatever we don't take, will not be ours!" The report explicitly ignored Sharon's complicity and his name is absent from the report. Settler leaders have rejected criticism of illegality and wrong-doing, protesting that they were participating in officially-sanctioned community planning initiatives. [http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Politics/5126.htm] Settler leader Shaul Goldstein said Mr Sharon should be the one to face questioning over the report's findings, adding "It's obvious that the one who sent us in order to protect the roads and land is the prime minister so he should look in the mirror. Mr Sharon has to be questioned - not us." It remains to be seen whether the Prime Minister and other [former and current] government officials will face any legal repercussions for their alleged official involvement in the funding of illegal settlements, as [[Peace Now]] [http://www.peacenow.org/shalom/news.asp?rid=0&cid=277] and other groups have called for. According to the ''[[Haaretz]]'' newspaper, Herzog claimed that "the main responsibility for the building of illegal outposts in recent years falls with my predecessor, [[Effi Eitam]] and his director general." He also added that when he took up the position earlier this year, he ordered that no funds be transferred to the illegal outposts, as well as the establishment of a joint Defense Ministry and Prime Minister's Office team to coordinate the budgets for the settlements. Eitam replied in reaction to the report and the associated comments, saying that all illegal outposts he had approved during his time in office were approved in coordination with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, had his full backing and were sometimes initiated by him.[http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/spages/549577.html] Eitam claimed that Talia Sasson was not an objective surveyor and that the report was politically motivated. [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=78204]

Sasson has recommended that Sharon consider criminal investigations against those suspected of involvement.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4328817.stm]

Deputy Defence Minister [[Zeev Boim]] (formely [[Likud]]) told Israeli Army Radio that the outposts "must be removed", but that the government's plan to withdraw from Gaza had priority over any dismantling of illegal outposts in the West Bank. At a cabinet meeting on March 13, the government restated its commitment to visiting [[UN]] head [[Kofi Annan]] to remove illegal outposts, but did not give a timetable. The [[Road map for peace|Road map peace plan]] calls for removal of only those outposts erected since Sharon came to office. The report, however, states many outposts installed before that time are illegal under Israeli law. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4345413.stm] Palestinian officials reacted angrily to the report. "It is time for the international community to say 'enough' to Israel and work with the same determination as on other matters," said Palestinian Prime Minister [[Ahmed Qurei]]. A US embassy spokesman in Tel Aviv also repeated Washington's longstanding call for Israel to remove the outposts.

==References==

*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0401233/ IMDB's Appleseed article]

<div style="font-size:90%">

==External links==

<references/>

*[http://www.appleseedthemovie.com/ Official ''Appleseed'' (2004) movie website]

</div>

* ''[http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/appleseed Appleseed]'' at [[MetaCritic]]

*[http://imdb.com/title/tt0401233/ Details of the 2004 anime] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Appleseed}}

==External links==

* [http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp470.htm An unofficial Israeli position paper]

* [http://www.cartercenter.org/viewdoc.asp?docID=137&submenu=news Analysis by former U.S. president Jimmy Carter]

* [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/settletoc.html A compilation of facts on the settlements, as presented by a joint Israeli-American Organization]

* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EVIU-69HJYR?OpenDocument Discusses the legal status of Israeli settlements under International Humanitarian Law]

*[http://www.btselem.org/English/Settlements/ The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories]

* [http://www.geocities.com/m_yericho/yishuvim.htm Jewish Communities in Yesha ]

* [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=7142 Jewish Settlements in "the Territories" Aren't the Problem] by [[Chaim Herzog]].

* [http://www.forward.com/articles/7261 "At Israeli Outpost, Showdown Looms for Settlers, Government" article by Gershom Gorenberg, January 27, 2006, Forward Online]

[[Category:Arab-Israeli2004 conflictfilms]]

[[Category:History of IsraelAppleseed]]

[[Category:IsraeliFilms settlements|**broadcast by Animax]]

[[Category:Anime of the 2000s]]

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[[Category:Science fiction action films]]

[[Category:Action thriller films]]

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[[de:Israelische Siedlung]]

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[[pl:Appleseed]]

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