1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State and Template:Salvador Allende: Difference between pages

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[[Image:1905-projet.png|thumb|The first page of the bill, as brought before the [[French National Assembly|''Chambre des Députés'']] in 1905]]

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[[Image:1905loi2.gif|thumb|1905 caricature depicting the separation of the church and state. The man in the middle is [[Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin]], Minister of Education at the time]]

|title = [[Salvador Allende]]

On [[9 December]] [[1905]], a law was passed in [[France]] [[separation of church and state|separating]] the [[church]] and the [[state]]. This law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of exercise of religion, and public powers related to the church. This law is seen as the backbone of the French principle of [[laïcité]]. The law famously states "The Republic neither recognizes, nor salaries, nor subsidizes any religion".

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|group1 = Life and politics

==Effects==

|list1 = [[Salvador Allende|Biography]]{{·}} [[Chilean presidential election, 1952|1952 election]]{{·}} [[Chilean presidential election, 1958|1958 election]]{{·}} [[Chilean presidential election, 1964|1964 election]]{{·}} [[Chilean presidential election, 1970|1970 election]]{{·}} [[Chile under Allende]]{{·}} [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]]{{·}} [[Death of Salvador Allende|Death]]

Prior to this law, the French national government funded four official religions: [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[Protestantism]], [[Lutheran]] Protestantism, and [[Judaism]]. It built churches, ''temples'', synagogues and other religious buildings from taxes levied from the whole population (not just those affiliated with those religions).

|group2 = Policies

The law put an end to the funding of all religious groups and declared all religious buildings property of the state and local governments; the government puts such buildings at the disposal of religious organisation at no expense to these, provided that they continue to use the buildings for worship purposes. Other articles of the law included prohibiting affixing religious signs on public buildings, and laying down that the republic no longer names French archbishops or bishops.

|list2 = [[Vuskovic plan]]{{·}} [[Economy of Chile|Economic policy]]{{·}} [[DINA]]{{·}} [[Operation Condor]]{{·}} {{nowrap|[[Operation Colombo]]}}

|group3 = Perceptions

Because [[Alsace-Lorraine]] was at the time occupied by Germany, the 1905 law, as well as some other pieces of legislation, do not apply there (see [[Alsace-Moselle]]). Similarly, the 1905 law was not extended to [[French Guiana]], at the time a [[colony]] — and to this day the local government of French Guiana funds Roman Catholicism.

|list3 = [[Chicago Boys]]{{·}} [[Rettig Report]]{{·}} [[Valech Report]]{{·}} {{nowrap|[[Caravan of Death]]}}

|group4 = Family

==Politics==

|list4 = {{nowrap|[[Lucía Hiriart]]}}{{·}} [[Lucía Pinochet]]

The leading figures in the creation of the law were [[Aristide Briand]], [[Émile Combes]], [[Jean Jaurès]] and [[Francis de Pressens]].

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Initially, the [[Roman Catholic|Roman Catholics]] were seriously affected, as the law declared churches property of the state and local governments. One point of friction is that public authorities had to hand over the buildings to religious organisations (''associations cultuelles'') representing layment, instead of putting them directly under the supervision of the church hierarchy. This caused [[civil disobedience]] and even [[riots]] by Catholics. The [[Holy See]] urged Catholic priests to fight in the name of Catholicism. [[Pope Pius X]] issued the [[Vehementer Nos]] [[encyclical]] denouncing the law as contrary to the constitution of the church.

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One may see the situation from another angle, namely that this law currently ''[[de facto]]'' favours traditional French religions, in particular Roman Catholicism, at the expense of religions of more recent expansion in France, such as [[Islam]]: while most Catholic churches were built before 1905, and thus are maintained largely at the expense of the government, followers of Islam and other religions have to pay the full price of founding and maintaining religious facilities. This is the reason why certain French politicians, such as [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], favour funding other religions. The 1905 law, however, is often considered politically untouchable. Rivals of Sarkozy, such as [[Jacques Chirac]] and [[Dominique de Villepin]] made a point that no change was foreseen to the law. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/24/AR2005102400699.html]

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==References==

*{{fr icon}} [[s:fr:Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Églises et de l'État|Law of December 9, 1905, concerning the separation of the Churches and the State]] ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/texteconsolide/MCEBW.htm updated official version] from [[Légifrance]])

*{{fr icon}} [http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/eglise-etat/sommaire.asp Dossier] from the [[French National Assembly]]

==See also==

*[[Concordat of 1801]]

* [[Catholic Church in France]]

*[[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools]]

*[[French legislation for the prevention and repression of cultic groups]]

[[Category:History of Catholicism in France]]

[[Category:Secularism]]

[[Category:Religion and politics]]

[[Category:French law]]

[[Category:1905 in law]]

[[fr:Séparation des Églises et de l'État en 1905]]