Thomas Jefferson and User talk:Royalguard11: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox_President | name= "Thomas Junglefever Jefferson"

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| order=Third President

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| term_start=[[March 4]], [[1801]]

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| term_end=[[March 3]], [[1809]]

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| predecessor=[[John Adams]]

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| successor=[[James Madison]]

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| birth_date=[[April 13]], [[1743]]

| birth_place=[[Shadwell (Virginia)|Shadwell, Virginia]]

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| death_date=[[July 4]], [[1826]]

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| death_place=Charlottesville, Virginia

*[[/Archive 1|January 2006-September 2006]]

| spouse= [[Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson]]

*[[/Archive 2|October 2006-Jan 4/07]]

| party=Democratic-Republican

*[[/Archive 3|Jan4/07-March 21/07]]

| vicepresident=Aaron Burr; George Clinton

*[[/Archive 4|March 21/07-]]}}

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'''Thomas Jefferson''' ([[April 13]], [[1743]] [[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]] – [[July 4]], [[1826]]) was the third [[President of the United States]] (1801–1809), author of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] (1776), and one of the most influential [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founders of the United States]]. Major events during his presidency include the [[Louisiana Purchase]] (1803), the [[Embargo Act of 1807]], and the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] (1804–1806).

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A [[Political philosophy|political philosopher]] who promoted [[classical liberalism]], [[republicanism]], and the [[separation of church and state]], he was the author of the [[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom]] (1779, 1786); which was the basis of the [[Establishment Clause of the First Amendment]] of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]]. He was the [[eponym]] of [[Jeffersonian democracy]] and the founder and leader of the [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which dominated [[Politics of the United States|American politics]] for over a quarter-century. (The party is called "Democratic-Republican" in some books and is distinct from the modern Republican party founded in 1854.) Jefferson served as the second [[Governor of Virginia]] (1779&ndash;1781), first [[United States Secretary of State]] (1789&ndash;1795), and second [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] (1797&ndash;1801).

== User Boxes... ==

In addition to his political career, Jefferson was also an [[Agriculture|agriculturalist]], [[Horticulture|horticulturist]], [[architect]], [[etymologist]], [[Archaeology|archaeologist]], [[mathematician]], [[cryptographer]], [[surveyor]], [[paleontologist]], [[author]], [[lawyer]], [[inventor]], [[violinist]], and the [[University of Virginia #History|founder]] of the [[University of Virginia]]. Many people consider Jefferson to be among the most brilliant men ever to occupy the Presidency. President [[John F. Kennedy]] welcomed forty-nine [[Nobel Prize]] winners to the [[White House]] in 1962, saying, "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."

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==Early life and education==

[[User: Sophiakorichi]]

Jefferson was born on [[April 2]], [[1743]] according to the [[Julian calendar]] ("[[Old Style and New Style dates|old style]]") used at the time, but under the [[Gregorian calendar]] ("[[Old Style and New Style dates|new style]]") adopted during his lifetime, he was born on [[April 13]].

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Jefferson was born into a prosperous Virginia family. His father was [[Peter Jefferson]], a planter and surveyor who owned a [[plantation]] in [[Albemarle County, Virginia|Albemarle County]] called Shadwell. His mother was Jane Randolph &ndash; a cousin of [[Peyton Randolph]]. Both parents were from families that had been settled in Virginia for several generations.

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[[Image:Reproduction-of-the-1805-Rembrandt-Peale-painting-of-Thomas-Jefferson-New-York-Historical-Society 1.jpg|thumb|right|Painting of Jefferson by [[Rembrandt Peale]] (1805).]]

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In 1752, Jefferson began attending a local school run by William Douglas, a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[reverend]]. In 1757, when Jefferson was 14 years old, his father died. Jefferson inherited about 5,000 acres (20 km&sup2;) of land and dozens of [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]], out of which he created his home which would eventually be known as [[Monticello]].

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After his father's death, he was taught at the school of the learned [[James Maury]], a reverend, from 1758 to 1760. The school was in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]] [[parish]], twelve miles from Shadwell, and Jefferson boarded with Maury's family. There he received a [[classical education]] and studied [[history]] and [[natural science]]. At the age of nine, Jefferson began studying the [[classical language]]s of [[Latin language|Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] as well as [[French language|French]].

== ''Signpost'' updated for June 18th, 2007. ==

Jefferson entered the [[College of William and Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] at the age of 16 and spent two years there, from 1760 to 1762. There Jefferson studied [[mathematics]], [[metaphysics]], and [[philosophy]] under professor [[William Small]], who introduced the enthusiastic Jefferson to the writings of [[British Empiricists]], including [[John Locke]], [[Francis Bacon]], and [[Issac Newton|Sir Issac Newton]]. At William and Mary, he reportedly studied 15 hours a day, perfected French, carried his Greek grammar book wherever he went, practiced the [[violin]], and favored [[Tacitus]] and [[Homer]].

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In college, Jefferson was a member of the secret [[Flat Hat Club]], now the namesake of the college's daily student newspaper. After graduating in 1762 with highest honors, Jefferson studied law with his friend and mentor, [[George Wythe]], and was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767.

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In 1772 he married a widow, [[Martha Wayles Skelton]] (1748-82). They had six children: [[Martha Jefferson Randolph|Martha Washington]] (1772-1836), Jane Randolph (1774-1775), unnamed son (1777-1777), Mary Wayles (1778-1804), Lucy Elizabeth (1780-1781), and Lucy Elizabeth (1782-1785). Martha Wayles Skelton died September 6, 1782, and Thomas Jefferson never remarried.

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In 1778, Jefferson's "Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge" led to several academic reforms at his ''alma mater'', including an elective system of study--the first in an American university. In 1779, at Jefferson's behest, William and Mary appointed [[George Wythe]] to be the first Professor of Law in an America university. Furthermore, as Governor, he oversaw the transfer of the state capitol from [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] to [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] in [[1780]]. In 1783, Jefferson was awarded the honorary degree of [[Doctor of Laws]] by William and Mary. As [[Governor of Virginia]], Jefferson continued to advocate educational reforms at that college including the nation's first elective system of course study and student-policed [[honor code]]. Dissatisfied with the rate of changes he wanted to push through, he would go on later in life to become the [[Thomas Jefferson #Father of a university|"father"]] and founder of the first university at which higher education was completely separate from religious doctrine, the [[University of Virginia]].

==Political career to 1800==

[[Image:Jefferson Memorial with Declaration preamble.jpg|thumb|right|Rudolph Evans' statue of Jefferson with the [[Declaration of Independence (United States)|Declaration of Independence]] preamble to the right]]

Jefferson practiced law and served in the Virginia [[House of Burgesses]]. In 1774, he wrote ''A Summary View of the Rights of British America'' which was intended as instructions for the Virginia delegates to a national congress. The pamphlet was a powerful argument of American terms for a settlement with Britain, helped speed the way to independence, and marked Jefferson as one of the most thoughtful patriot spokesmen.

Jefferson was the primary author of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], and a source of many other contributions to American political and civil culture. The [[Continental Congress]] delegated the task of writing the Declaration to a committee that unanimously solicited Jefferson to prepare the draft of the Declaration alone.

During the [[American Revolution]], Jefferson served as [[governor of Virginia]] (1779-1781), and afterwards as minister to [[France]] (1785–1789). He did not attend the [[United States Constitutional Convention|Constitutional Convention]]. He did generally support the new Constitution, although he thought the document flawed for lack of a [[Bill of Rights]].

After returning from France, Jefferson served as the first [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] under [[George Washington]] (1790&ndash;1793). After battling inside the cabinet with [[Alexander Hamilton]], Jefferson, along with [[James Madison]], founded and led the original [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)| Republican Party]]. (The modern Republican party, founded in 1854, adopted the name.) Jefferson strongly supported France against Britain when war broke out between those powerful nations in 1793. However when the [[Jay Treaty]] proved that Washington and Hamilton supported Britain, Jefferson retired to Monticello. He was elected [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] (1797&ndash;1801), writing [http://www.constitution.org/tj/tj-mpp.htm ''A Manual of Parliamentary Practice''] that is still in use.

With a [[Quasi-War]] with France underway (that is, an undeclared naval war), the [[Federalists]] under John Adams started a navy, built up the army, levied new taxes, readied for war and also enacted the [[Alien and Sedition Acts]] in 1798. Jefferson interpreted the Alien and Sedition Acts as an attack on his party more than on dangerous enemy aliens. He and Madison rallied support by anonymously writing the [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]] that declared that the Constitution only established an agreement between the central government and the states and that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it. Should the federal government assume such powers, its acts under them could be voided by a state. The Resolutions' importance lies in being the first statements of the [[states' rights]] theory that led to the later concepts of [[nullification]] and [[interposition]].

Working closely with [[Aaron Burr]] of New York, Jefferson rallied his party, attacking the new taxes especially, and [[U.S. presidential election, 1800|ran for the Presidency]] in 1800. Federalists counterattacked Jefferson, a [[Deist]], as an [[atheist]] and enemy of Christianity. He tied with Burr for first place in the [[Electoral College]], leaving the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (where the Federalists still had some power) to decide the election.

[[Alexander Hamilton|Hamilton]] convinced his Federalist friends that Jefferson would be much less of a threat than Burr. The issue was resolved by the House, on February 17, 1801, when Jefferson was elected President and Burr Vice President.

==Presidency==

[[image:frank_bond_1912_louisiana_and_the_louisiana purchase.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Louisiana Purchase]] doubled the size of the United States.]]

Jefferson's Presidency, from 1801 to 1809, was the first to start and end in the [[White House]]; it was also the first Republican presidency.

Jefferson's term was marked by his belief in [[agrarianism]], [[individual liberty]], and [[limited government]], sparking the development of a distinct American identity defined by [[republicanism]]. During this term, Jefferson made the [[Louisiana Purchase]] and commissioned the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. Jefferson was re-elected in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1804|1804 election]]. His second term was dominated by foreign policy concerns, as American neutrality was imperiled by war between Britain and France.

Jefferson was a [[strict constructionist]] who compromised on his original principles during his Presidency. He strayed from the principles of keeping a small navy, agrarian economy, strict constructionalism, and a small/weak government. A group called the [[tertium quids]] criticised Jefferson for his abandonment of his early principles.

===Inauguration===

[[Image:United States nickel, obverse, 2005.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Jefferson is commemorated on the [[Nickel (U.S. coin)|U.S. Nickel]].]]

Thomas Jefferson, a powerful advocate of [[equality]] and [[liberty]], gave his [[inaugural address]] on [[March 4]], [[1801]] in Washington, DC. The principles of this address can mainly be categorized as [[unity]] and strength. At the time of Jefferson’s inauguration, the country was very much divided, mainly politically between [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalists]] and Democratic-Republicans.

===Events during his Presidency===

*[[Louisiana Purchase]] (1803)

*[[Marbury v. Madison]] (1803)

*Creation of the [[Orleans Territory]] (1804)

*[[Land Act of 1804]]

*[[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified (1804)

*[[Lewis and Clark expedition]] (1804-1806)

*Creation of the [[Louisiana Territory]] (later renamed the [[Missouri Territory]]) in 1805

*[[Tertium quids]] create a divide in the [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Democratic-Republican Party]]

*[[Embargo Act of 1807]], an attempt to force respect for U.S. [[neutrality]] by ending trade with the belligerents in the [[Napoleonic War]]

*Abolition of the external [[slave trade]] in 1808

===Cabinet===

{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"

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|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''

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| align="left" | '''Volume 3, Issue 25''' || align ="center" | '''[[18 June]] [[2007]]''' || align="right" | '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About|About the Signpost]]'''

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|align="left"|[[President of the United States|President]]||align="left" |'''[[Thomas Jefferson]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1809

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{| align="center" cellspacing="20" width=90% style="background-color:transparent;"

| colspan=3 align="center" | '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/From the editor|From the editor]]'''

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| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/Brandt merger|Wikipedia critic's article merged]]

|align="left"|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||align="left"|'''[[Aaron Burr]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1805

| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/Board elections|Board election series: Election information]]

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| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/Account compromised|Admin account apparently compromised, blocked]]

|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[George Clinton (politician)|George Clinton]]'''||align="left"|1805&ndash;1809

| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/RfA withdrawn|Controversial RfA withdrawn, bureaucrats fail to clarify consensus]]

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| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/Features and admins|Features and admins]]

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| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/Technology report|Bugs, Repairs, and Internal Operational News]]

|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]||align="left"|'''[[James Madison]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1809

| width=50% | [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-06-18/Arbitration report|The Report on Lengthy Litigation]]

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| align="left" | '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Home]]''' &nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Archives|Archives]] &nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom|Newsroom]] &nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom/Suggestions|Tip Line]] &nbsp;|&nbsp; [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Tools/Single|Single-Page View]]

|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]||align="left"|'''[[Samuel Dexter]]'''||align="left"|1801

| align = "right" | <small>[[Wikipedia:Shortcut|Shortcut]] : [[WP:POST]]</small>

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|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Albert Gallatin]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1809

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|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]||align="left"|'''[[Henry Dearborn]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1809

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|align="left"|[[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]||align="left"|'''[[Levi Lincoln]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1804

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|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Robert Smith (U.S. politician)|Robert Smith]]'''||align="left"|1805

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|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[John Breckinridge]]'''||align="left"|1805&ndash;1806

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|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Caesar A. Rodney]]'''||align="left"|1807&ndash;1809

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|align="left"|[[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||align="left"|'''[[Joseph Habersham]]'''||align="left"|1801

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|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Gideon Granger]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1809

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|align="left"|[[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]||align="left"|'''[[Benjamin Stoddert]]'''||align="left"|1801

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|align="left"|&nbsp;||align="left"|'''[[Robert Smith (U.S. politician)|Robert Smith]]'''||align="left"|1801&ndash;1810

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===Supreme Court appointments===

Jefferson appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:

*[[William Johnson (1771-1834)|William Johnson]] - 1804

*[[Henry Brockholst Livingston]] - 1807

*[[Thomas Todd]] - 1807

===States admitted to the Union===

* [[Ohio]] - 1803

==Father of a university==

[[Image:UVa_Rotunda.jpg|thumb|225px|[[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda]], [[University of Virginia]]]]

After leaving the Presidency, Jefferson continued to be active in public affairs. He also became increasingly obsessed with founding a new institution of higher learning, specifically one free of church influences where one could specialize in [[University of Virginia #History|many new areas]] not offered at other universities. A letter to [[Joseph Priestley]], in January 1800, indicated that he had been planning the university for decades before its establishment.

His dream was realized in 1819, with the founding of the [[University of Virginia]]. Upon its opening in 1825, it was then the first university to offer a full slate of elective courses to its students. One of the largest construction projects to that time in North America, it was notable for being centered about a library, rather than a church. In fact, no campus chapel was included in his original plans.

Until his death, he invited university students and faculty of the school to his home, [[Edgar Allan Poe]] among them.

==Jefferson's death==

Jefferson died on the [[Fourth of July]], [[1826]], the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the same day as [[John Adams]]' death. He is buried on his [[Monticello]] estate. Jefferson was the first President to be buried in a [[grave (burial)|grave]] as opposed to a [[crypt]], as both Washington and Adams were. His [[epitaph]], written by him with an insistence that only his words and "not a word more" be inscribed, reads:

:''Here was buried ''

:''Thomas Jefferson ''

:''Author of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of American Independence]] ''

:''of the [[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom|Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom]] ''

:''& Father of the [[University of Virginia]]''

==Personal characteristics and views==

===Appearance and temperament===

[[Image:ThomasJefferson.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Gilbert Stuart]] portrait of Thomas Jefferson seated at his desk (1805).]]

Jefferson was six feet, two-and-one-half inches (189 cm) in height, large-boned, slender, erect and sinewy. He had angular features, very poor posture, a very ruddy complexion, [[strawberry blonde]] hair and hazel-flecked, grey eyes. In later years he was negligent in dress and loose in bearing.

There was grace, nevertheless, in his manners; and his frank and earnest address, his quick sympathy (though he seemed cold to strangers), and his vivacious, desultory, informing talk gave him an engaging charm. Beneath a quiet surface he was fairly aglow with intense convictions and a very emotional temperament. Yet he seems to have acted habitually, in great and little things, on system.

Though it is a biographical tradition that he lacked wit, ''[[Don Quixote]]'' and the works of [[Molière]] seem to have been his favorites; and though the utilitarian wholly crowds [[romanticism]] out of his writings, he had enough of that quality in youth to prepare to learn [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] in order to translate [[Ossian]], and sent to [[James Macpherson]] for the originals.

As President he discontinued the practice of delivering the [[State of the Union Address]] in person, instead sending the address to Congress in writing (the practice was eventually revived by [[Woodrow Wilson]]); he ended up giving only two public speeches during his Presidency. His reluctance to speak in public is usually attributed to his taciturnity, though some historians believe it was due to a lisp. In addition, he burned all of his letters between himself and his wife at her death, creating the portrait of a man who at times could be very private.

===Interests and activities===

[[Image:Monticellosmall.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Monticello]].]]

Jefferson was an accomplished [[architect]] who was extremely influential in bringing the [[Neo-Classical]] style he encountered in France to the United States. He felt that it reflected the ideas of [[republic]] and [[democracy]] where the prevalent [[United Kingdom|British]] styles represented the [[monarchy]]. Jefferson designed his famous home, [[Monticello]], near [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]; it included automatic doors, the first [[swivel chair]], and other convenient devices invented by Jefferson. Nearby is the only university ever to have been founded by a President, the [[University of Virginia]], of which the original [[curriculum]] and architecture Jefferson designed. Today, Monticello and the University of Virginia are together one of only four man-made [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]] in the United States of America. Jefferson is also credited with the architectural design of the [[Virginia State Capitol]] building, which was modeled after the [[Maison Carrée]] at Nîmes in southern France, an ancient [[Roman temple]]. Jefferson's buildings helped initiate the ensuing American fashion for [[Federal style architecture]].

Jefferson's interests included archeology, a discipline then in its infancy. He has sometimes been called the ''"[[List of people known as the father or mother of something|father of archeology]]"'' in recognition of his role in developing [[excavation]] techniques. When exploring an [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] burial mound on his Virginia estate in 1784, Jefferson avoided the common practice of simply digging downwards until something turned up. Instead, he cut a wedge out of the mound so that he could walk into it, look at the layers of occupation, and draw conclusions from them.

Jefferson was also an avid wine lover and noted gourmet. During his years in [[France]] (1784-1789) he took extensive trips through French and other [[Europe]]an wine regions and sent the best back home. He is noted for the bold pronouncement: "We could in the United States make as great a variety of wines as are made in Europe, not exactly of the same kinds, but doubtless as good." While there were extensive vineyards planted at Monticello, a significant portion were of the European wine grape ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' and did not survive the many vine diseases native to the Americas.

After the British burned Washington and The [[Library of Congress]] in August 1814, Jefferson offered his own collection to the nation. In January 1815, Congress accepted his offer, appropriating $23,950 for his 6,487 books, and the foundation was laid for a great national library.

The range of his interests is remarkable. For many years he was President of the [[American Philosophical Society]].

He said in a ''letter to Colonel Carrington'': "I am convinced that those societies (as the Indians) which live without government, enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments." However, Jefferson believed anarchism to be "inconsistent with any great degree of population." (''[http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl53.htm Letter to James Madison], 30 Jan 1787''). Hence, he did advocate government for the American expanse provided that it exists by "consent of the governed."

===Political philosophy===

[[Image:1818 letter Jefferson to Mordecai Noah.jpg|thumb|In his May 28, 1818 letter to [[Mordecai Manuel Noah]], Jefferson expresses his faith in humankind and views on the nature of democracy.]]

Jefferson's vision for America was that of an agricultural nation of [[yeoman]] farmers minding their own affairs. It stood in contrast to the vision of [[Alexander Hamilton]], who envisioned a nation of commerce and manufacturing. Jefferson was a great believer in the uniqueness and the potential of America and can be seen as the father of [[American exceptionalism]] Jefferson was influenced heavily by the ideas of many European Enlightenment thinkers. His political principles were heavily influenced by [[John Locke]] (particularly relating to the principles of [[inalienable rights]] and [[popular sovereignty]]) and [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''[[Common Sense]]''.

Jefferson believed that each individual has "certain [[inalienable rights]]." That is, these rights exist with or without government; man cannot create or take them away. It is the right of "[[liberty]]" on which Jefferson is most notable for expounding. He defines it by saying "rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. I do not add ‘within the limits of the law’, because law is often but the tyrant’s will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual." (''Letter to Isaac H. Tiffany, 1819'') Hence, for Jefferson, though government cannot ''create'' a right to liberty, it can indeed violate it. And, the limit of an individual's rightful liberty is not what law says it is, but is simply a matter of stopping short of prohibiting other individuals from having the same liberty. A proper government, for Jefferson, is one that not only prohibits individuals in society from infringing on the liberty of other individuals, but also restrains ''itself'' from diminishing individual liberty. Jefferson said that "a democracy is nothing more than mob rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine." As a result of his concern of pure democracy endangering individual rights, he advocated a [[republicanism|republic]] where individual liberty is protected from democratic rule by a Constitution.

Jefferson believed that individuals have an innate sense of [[morality]] that prescribes right from wrong when dealing with other individuals --that whether they choose to restrain themselves or not, they have an innate sense of the natural rights of others. He even believed that moral sense to be reliable enough that an anarchist society could function well, provided that it was reasonably small. On several occasions he expressed admiration for the governmentless society of the native American Indians:

(''[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/JefVirg.html Notes on Virginia]'')

In the Preamble to the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], Jefferson wrote:

:''We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are [[Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness|Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness]]. &ndash;That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the [[consent of the governed]]; That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.''

[[Image:TJeffersonrpeale.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of [[Thomas Jefferson]] by [[Rembrandt Peale]] in [[1800]].]]

Jefferson's dedication to "consent of the governed" was so thorough that he believed that individuals could not be morally bound by the actions of preceding generations. This included debts as well as law. He said that "no society can make a perpetual constitution or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs always to the living generation." He even calculated what he believed to be the proper cycle of legal revolution: "Every constitution then, and every law, naturally expires at the end of 19 years. If it is to be enforced longer, it is an act of force, and not of right." He arrived at 19 years through calculations with expectancy of life tables with taking into account what he believed to be the age of "maturity" when an individual is able to reason for himself (''[http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl81.htm Letter to James Madison], 6 September 1789''). He also advocated that the [[National Debt]] should be eliminated. However, he did not believe that living individuals had a moral obligation to repay the debts of previous generations. He said that repaying such debts was "a question of generosity and not of right" (''[http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl81.htm Letter to James Madison], 6 Sep 1789).

Jefferson's very strong defense of [[States' Rights]], especially in the [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]] of 1798, set the tone for hostility to expansion of federal powers down to 1860. However, some of his foreign policies did in fact strengthen the government. Most important was the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1803, when he used the implied powers to annex a huge foreign territory and all its French and Indian inhabitants. His enforcement of the [[Embargo Act]], while it failed in terms of foreign policy, demonstrated that the federal government could intervene with great force at the local level, in controlling trade.

===Religious views===

During the Revolution, Jefferson played a leading role in implementing the separation of church and state in Virginia. In Virginia, prior to the American Revolution, the Anglican Church was government sanctioned and funded, and its doctrine was made mandatory for Christians. As he wrote in his Notes on Virginia, a law was in effect in Virginia that "if a person brought up a Christian denies the being of a God, or the Trinity …he is punishable on the first offense by incapacity to hold any office …; on the second by a disability to sue, to take any gift or legacy …, and by three year' imprisonment." Prospective officer-holders, presumably including Jefferson, were required to swear that they did not believe in transubstantiation, a measure intended to exclude Roman Catholics from office. In 1779, toward the end of the Revolution, Jefferson drafted "A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom," and he regarded passage of this bill as a high achievement. However, the dis-establishment of the official church did not come easily, and Jefferson described the debates as "…the severest contests in which I have ever been engaged," because even though a majority of Virginia's citizens were dissenting Christians, Anglican churchmen controlled a majority of the legislature.

For Jefferson, separation of church and state was not an abstract right, but a necessary reform of a religious "Tyranny" of one Christian sect over many other Christians. He also regarded separation as being a very personal freedom, and for example he noted that individual members of a given congregation should not be compelled by law to support financially their own parish church.

[[Image:Original Declaration of Independence NARA.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] incorporates concepts from [[Deism]].]]

On matters of [[religion]], Jefferson was sometimes accused by his political opponents of being an [[atheist]]; however, he is generally regarded as a believer in [[Deism]], a philosophy shared by many other notable intellectuals of his time. Jefferson repeatedly stated his belief in a [[Creator god|creator]], and in the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] uses the terms "Creator", "Nature's God", and "Divine Providence". Jefferson believed, furthermore, it was this Creator that endowed [[humanity]] with a number of [[human rights|inalienable rights]], such as "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". His experience in France just before the Revolution made him deeply suspicious of (Catholic) priests and bishops as a force for reaction and ignorance.

Jefferson was raised in the [[Church of England]], at a time when it was the [[State religion|established church]] in Virginia and only denomination funded by Virginia tax money. Before the [[American Revolution]], Jefferson was a [[vestryman]] in his local church, a lay position that was part of political office at the time. Jefferson later expressed general agreement with his friend [[Joseph Priestley]]'s [[Unitarianism]].

Jefferson did not believe in the divinity of [[Jesus]], but he had high esteem for Jesus' moral teachings, which he viewed as the "principles of a pure deism, and juster notions of the attributes of God, to reform [prior Jewish] moral doctrines to the standard of reason, justice & philanthropy, and to inculcate the belief of a future state." (Letter to Joseph Priestley, April 9, 1803.)

Like most deists, Jefferson did not believe in [[miracle]]s. He labored on an edited version of the [[Gospel]]s, removing references to the miracles of Jesus and material he considered preternatural, leaving only Jesus' moral philosophy, of which he approved. This compilation was published after his death and became known as the ''[[Jefferson Bible]]''.

<blockquote>"It [the [[Jefferson Bible]] ] is a document in proof that I am a real Christian, that is to say, a disciple of the doctrines of Jesus." (wrote this in a letter to Charles Thomson Jan 9, 1816.)</blockquote>

From 1784 to 1786, Jefferson and [[James Madison]] worked together to oppose [[Patrick Henry]]'s attempts to again assess taxes in Virginia to support churches. Instead, in 1786, the [[Virginia General Assembly]] passed Jefferson's ''[[Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom|Bill for Religious Freedom]]'', which he had first submitted in 1779, and was one of only three accomplishments he put in his own epitaph. Virginia thereby became the first state to disestablish religion.

Jefferson also supported what he called a "wall of [[separation between church and state|separation between Church and State]]", which he believed was a principle expressed within the [[First Amendment]] (see Letter to the [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]] [[Baptist]] Association, 1802, and Letter to Virginia Baptists, 1808).

:"Because religious belief, or non-belief, is such an important part of every person's life, freedom of religion affects every individual. State churches that use government power to support themselves and force their views on persons of other faiths undermine all our civil rights. Moreover, state support of the church tends to make the clergy unresponsive to the people and leads to corruption within religion. Erecting the 'wall of separation between church and state,' therefore, is absolutely essential in a free society.

:"We have solved ... the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws. And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries."

:&mdash; as quoted in the Letter to the Virginia Baptists (1808). This is his second use of the term "wall of separation," here quoting his own use in the Danbury Baptist letter. This wording was cited several times by the Supreme Court in its interpretation of the [[Establishment Clause]]: Reynolds (98 U.S. at 164, 1879); Everson (330 U.S. at 59, 1947); McCollum (333 U.S. at 232, 1948).

He further developed his thoughts in the ''Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom'' (1779), quoted from Merrill D. Peterson, ed., ''Thomas Jefferson: Writings'' (1984), p. 347:

:"[N]o man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities."

During his Presidency, Jefferson refused to issue proclamations calling for days of prayer and thanksgiving. Moreover, his private letters indicate he was skeptical of too much interference by [[clergy]] in matters of civil government. His letters contain the following observations: "History, I believe, furnishes no example of a priest-ridden people maintaining a free civil government" (Letter to [[Alexander von Humboldt]], [[December 6]], [[1813]]), and, "In every country and in every age, the priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the [[despot]], abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own" (Letter to [[Horatio G. Spafford]], [[March 17]], [[1814]]). "May it be to the world, what I believe it will be, (to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally to all), the signal of arousing men to burst the chains under which monkish ignorance and superstition had persuaded them to bind themselves, and to assume the blessings and security of self-government" (Letter to [[Roger C. Weightman]] [[June 24]], [[1826]]). Jeffersons harshest comments however, seemed to have been directed toward the spiritual descendants of [[John Calvin]]. In a letter to [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mtj:@field(DOCID+@lit(ws03101)) William Short, April 13, 1820], Jefferson made the following remarks:"The serious enemies are '''the priests of the different religious sects,''' to whose spells on the human mind it's improvement is ominous. Their pulpits are now resounding with denunciations against the appointment of Dr. Cooper whom they charge as Monarchist in opposition to their tritheism. Hostile as these sects are in every other point, to one another, they unite in maintaining their mystical theology against those who believe there is one God only. '''The Presbyterian clergy are the loudest. The most intolerant of all sects, the most tyrannical, and ambitious;''' ready at the word of the lawgiver, if such a word could be now obtained, to put the torch to the pile, and to rekindle in this virgin hemisphere, the flames in which their oracle [[Calvin]] consumed the poor ''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus Servetus]'''...".

Jefferson's desire to erect a "wall of separation" did not include a desire to inhibit the personal religious lives of public officials. Jefferson himself attended certain public Christian services during his Presidency. He also had friends who were clergy, and he supported some churches financially. Moreover, he personally believed, as did Deist [[John Locke]], that [[human rights]] were endowed by a God: "Can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are a gift of God? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just; that His justice cannot sleep forever" (''Notes on the State of Virginia'', 1781-1785 Query 18). Though not religious himself, he viewed religious opinions in others, including public officials, as a purely personal matter with which the state should not interfere:

:"Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a [[wall of separation]] between church and State" ([[Wikisource:Jefferson letter to Neremiah Dodge and others|Letter to Danbury Baptist Association, CT]], [[January 1]], [[1802]]).

===Jefferson and slavery===

Jefferson's personal records show he owned 187 [[slavery|slaves]], some of whom were inherited from his wife at her death. Some find it hypocritical that he both owned slaves and yet was publicly outspoken in his belief that slavery was immoral. Many of his slaves were considered property that was held as a [[lien]] for his many accumulated debts.

His ambivalence regarding slavery can be seen, for example, in the first draft of the [[Declaration of Independence (United States)|Declaration of Independence]], which Jefferson wrote, in which he condemned the British crown for sponsoring the importation of slavery to the colonies, charging that the crown "has waged cruel war against [[human nature]] itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another [[hemisphere]]..." This language was dropped from the Declaration at the request of delegates from [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. In 1769, as a member of the Virginia state legislature, Jefferson proposed for that body to emancipate slaves in Virginia, but he was unsuccessful. In 1778, the legislature passed a bill he proposed to ban further importation of slaves into Virginia; although this did not bring complete [[emancipation]], in his words, it "stopped the increase of the evil by importation, leaving to future efforts its final eradication."

===The Sally Hemings controversy===

A subject of considerable controversy since Jefferson's own time was whether Jefferson was the father of any of the children of his slave [[Sally Hemings]]. A full account of the controversy can be found in the [[Sally Hemings]] article.

Two major, mutually contradictory studies were released in the early [[2000]]s. A [http://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/appendixj.html study by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation] states that "it is very unlikely that Randolph Jefferson or any Jefferson other than Thomas Jefferson was the father of her children," while [http://www.cap-press.com/books/1179 a study by an independent Scholars Commmission] concludes that the Jefferson paternity thesis is not persuasive.

David N. Mayer, a member of the Scholars Commission, says in [http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayer-hemings.html his own writings] that there is "the possibility that Jefferson's brother Randolph or one of Randolph Jefferson's five sons could have fathered one or more of Sally Hemings' children." He also states that, "Indeed, eight of these 25 Jefferson males lived within 20 miles (a half-day's ride) of Monticello—including Thomas Jefferson's younger brother, [[Randolph Jefferson]], and Randolph's five sons, who ranged in age from about 17 to 26 at the time of [[Eston Hemings|Eston]]'s birth." All of these men could have passed down the Y chromosome used as "proof". Professor Mayer's independent report also suggests that the ''Foundation'' report is flawed by biases and faulty assumptions (including the assumption that only one man fathered all of Sally Hemings' children).

Significantly, everyone who has researched the issue -- regardless which side they take on the Jefferson-Hemings paternity question -- agree that there is no evidence supporting the original allegation, published by Thomas Callender in 1802, that Jefferson fathered Sally Hemings' first child in France prior to 1790. All the documentary evidence shows that Hemings' first child, Harriet, was born in 1795 -- years after the mythical child "Tom" that Callender alleged.

==Monuments and memorials==

[[Image:Jefferson memorial 1.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Jefferson Memorial]] in [[Washington, DC]].]]

On April 13, 1943, the 200th anniversary of Jefferson's birth, the [[Jefferson Memorial]] was dedicated in [[Washington, D.C.]] The memorial combines a low [[neo-classical]] saucer [[dome]] with a [[portico]]. The interior includes a 19 foot statue of Jefferson and engravings of passages from his writings. Most prominent are the words which are inscribed around the monument near the roof: "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man."

Jefferson is one of four US Presidents (along with [[George Washington]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]]) engraved on [[Mount Rushmore]], near [[Keystone, South Dakota]].

Jefferson's portrait appears on the U.S. [[United States Two dollar bill|$2 bill]], [[Nickel (U.S. coin)|nickel]], and the $100 Series EE [[Treasury security|Savings Bond]].

The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Church ([[Unitarian Universalist]]) is located in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]].

==Trivia==

*Jefferson was ranked #64 on [[Michael H. Hart]]'s [[The 100|list of the most influential figures in history]].

*Jefferson and [[John Adams]] were the only signers of the Declaration of Independence to become Presidents.

==See also==

'''''For more related articles see [[:Category:Thomas Jefferson]].'''''

[[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Democratic-Republican Party]]

*[[Jeffersonian democracy]]

*[[Clay S. Jenkinson]]

*[[Philip Mazzei]]

*[[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)]]

*[[List of places named for Thomas Jefferson]]

==References==

===Primary sources===

*''Thomas Jefferson: Writings: Autobiography / Notes on the State of Virginia / Public and Private Papers / Addresses / Letters'' (1984, ISBN 094045016X) The Library of America edition; see discussion of sources at [http://www.loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=67&section=notes]. There are numerous one-volume collections; this is perhaps the best place to start.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107255488 ''Thomas Jefferson, Political Writings'' ed by Joyce Appleby and Terence Ball. Cambridge University Press. 1999] 620 pages

* [http://www.constitution.org/tj/jeff.htm Lipscomb, Andrew A. and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds. ''The Writings Of Thomas Jefferson'' 19 vol. (1907)] not as complete nor as accurate as Boyd edition, but covers TJ from 1801 to his death. It is out of copyright, and so is online free.

* Boyd, Julian P. et al, eds. ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson.'' The definitive multivolume edition; available at major academic libraries. 31 volumes covers TJ to 1800, with 1801 due out in 2006. See description at [http://www.princeton.edu/~tjpapers/index.html]

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/foley/ ''The Jefferson Cyclopedia'' (1900)] large collection of TJ quotes arranged by 9000 topics; searchable; copyright has expired and it is online free.

* The Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606-1827, 27,000 original manuscript documents at the Library of Congress. Online at [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/]

* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/JefVirg.html Jefferson, Thomas. ''Notes on the State of Virginia'']

* Adams, Dickinson W., ed. ''Jefferson's Extracts from the Gospels'' (1983). All three of Jefferson's versions of the Gospels, with relevant correspondence about his religious opinions. Valuable introduction by Eugene Sheridan.

* Bear, Jr., James A., ed. ''Jefferson's Memorandum Books'', 2 vols. (1997). Jefferson's account books with records of daily expenses.

* Betts, Edwin Morris and James A. Bear, Jr., ''The Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson'' (1986). Correspondence of Jefferson with his children and grandchildren.

* Cappon, Lester J., ed. ''The Adams-Jefferson Letters'' (1959).

* Chinard, Gilbert, ed. ''The Commonplace Book of Thomas Jefferson: A Repertory of His Ideas on Government'' (1926). Jefferson's legal commonplace book.

* Howell, Wilbur Samuel, ed. ''Jefferson's Parliamentary Writings'' (1988). Jefferson's Manual of Parliamentary Practice, written when he was vice-President, with other relevant papers.

* Shuffelton, Frank, ed. ''Notes on the State of Virginia'' (1999).

**Online, ''Notes on the State of Virginia'' [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefVirg.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=14&division=div1]

* Smith, James Morton, ed. ''The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826'', 3 vols. (1995).

* Wilson, Douglas L., ed. ''Jefferson's Literary Commonplace Book'' (1989).

<small>You are receiving this message because you have signed up for the [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Tools/Spamlist|''Signpost'' spamlist]]. If you wish to stop receiving these messages, simply remove your name from the list. [[User:Ralbot|Ralbot]] 09:10, 19 June 2007 (UTC)</small>

===Secondary scholarly sources===

* Adams, Henry. ''History of the United States of America during the Administration of Thomas Jefferson'' (1889; [http://www.loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=16&section=notes Library of America edition 1986)] famous multivolume history [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62025192 partly online]

* Appleby, Joyce. ''Thomas Jefferson'' (2003), short interpretive essay by leading scholar.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=65989719 Beard, Charles A. ''Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy''(1915)]

* Bernstein, R. B. ''Thomas Jefferson''. (2003) Well regarded biography.

** Bernstein, R. B. ''Thomas Jefferson: The Revolution of Ideas'' (2004). for a middle school audience.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6635526 Channing, Edward. ''The Jeffersonian System: 1801-1811'' (1906)] older bu7t solid coverage of politics

* Cunningham, Noble E. ''In Pursuit of Reason'' (1988) good short biography

* Dunn, Susan. ''Jefferson's Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism'' (2004).

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59152800 Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick. ''The Age of Federalism'' (1995)] in-depth coverage of politics of 1790s.

* [[Joseph Ellis|Ellis, Joseph J.]] ''American Sphinx'' (1996). Prize winning essays; assumes prior reading of a biography.

** [[Joseph Ellis|Ellis, Joseph J.]] "American Sphinx: The Contradictions of Thomas Jefferson." essay by leading scholar online at [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjessay1.html]

* Ferling, John. ''Adams Vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800'' (2004).

* Finkelman, Paul. ''Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson'' (2001), esp ch 6-7.

* Hitchens, Christopher. ''Thomas Jefferson: Author of America'' (2005). Short essay by journalist.

* Jayne, Allen. ''Jefferson's Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy and Theology'' (2000); traces TJ's sources and emphasizes his incorporation of Deist theology into the Declaration.

* Lewis, Jan Ellen, and Onuf, Peter S., eds. ''Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, Civic Culture''. (1999).

* Matthews, Richard K. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4975.2004.00081.x ''The Radical Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson: An Essay in Retrieval''] Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XXVIII (2004).

* McDonald, Forrest. ''The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson'' (1987) intellectual history approach to TJ's Presidency

* [[Dumas Malone|Malone, Dumas]]. ''Jefferson and His Time'', 6 vols. (1948-82). The standard scholarly multi-volume biography of TJ by leading expert; [http://members.aol.com/historiography/jefferson.html A short version is online].

* Mayer, David N. ''The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson'' (2000).

* Onuf, Peter S. ''Jefferson's Empire: The Languages of American Nationhood''. (2000). [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=23482982861596 Online review]

* Onuf, Peter S., ed. ''Jeffersonian Legacies''. (1993). Important collection of scholarly essays.

* Onuf, Peter "The Scholars' Jefferson," ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 3d Series, L:4 (October 1993), 671-699. Historiographical review or scholarship about TJ; online through JSTOR at most academic libraries.

* Onuf, Peter. [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH35/onuf1.html "Thomas Jefferson, Federalist" (1993)]

* Peterson, Merrill D. ''The Jefferson Image in the American Mind'' (1960), how Americans interpreted and remembered TJ.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=82266123 Peterson, Merrill D. ''Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation'' (1992)] Standard scholarly biography

* Peterson, Merrill D. ed. ''Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography'' (1986), 24 essays by leading scholars on aspects of TJ's career.

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11882040 Schachner, Nathan. ''Thomas Jefferson: A Biography'' (1957)]

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10531237 Sears,Louis Martin. ''Jefferson and the Embargo'' (1927)] state by state impact

* Sloan, Herbert J. ''Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt'' (1995). Shows the burden of debt in TJ' personal finances and poltical thought.

* Smelser, Marshall. ''The Democratic Republic: 1801-1815'' (1968) good overview by a scholar who greatly admired TJ

* Tucker, Robert W. and David C. Hendrickson. ''Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson'' (1992) best guide to foreign policy

* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2350128 Wiltse, Charles Maurice. ''The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy'' (1935)] very good analysis of TJ's political philosophy

* [http://www.pbs.org/jefferson/archives/interviews/frame.htm PBS interviews with 24 historians]

== Wikipedia Weekly Episode 20 ==

===Online sources===

* [http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/historiography/tj.html Jefferson: Man of the Millenium]

* [http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/ Quotations from Jefferson]

* [http://www.constitution.org/tj/tj-categ.htm ''Writings of Thomas Jefferson'', Albert Ellery Bergh, ed., 19 vol. (1905).] 5145KB zipped ASCII file

* [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jeflxx.htm Selected letters]

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== External links ==

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*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/Presidents/tj3.html Biography on White House website]

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*[http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/biog/lj01.htm University of Virginia biography]

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*[http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/grizzard Frank E. Grizzard, Jr.'s Thomas Jefferson Webpages]

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*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/jeffpap.htm The Papers of Thomas Jefferson] at the Avalon Project (includes Inaugural Addresses, State of the Union Addresses, and other material)

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*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/mtjhtml/mtjtime1.html Library of Congress: Jefferson timeline]

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*[http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/grizzard "The Hobby of My Old Age": Jefferson's University of Virginia]

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*[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/jefferson/biog/index.html B. L. Rayner's 1829 ''Life of Thomas Jefferson'', an on-line etext]

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* [http://www.luc.edu/depts/polisci/research/katz.html Thomas Jefferson's Liberal Anticapitalism] by Claudio J. Katz

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*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=544 Thomas Jefferson at Find-A-Grave]

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*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6435 Plaque at University of Missouri at Find-A-Grave]

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'''Good news, everyone: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject WikipediaWeekly|<font color="blue">Wikipedia</font> <font color="red">Weekly</font>]] [[Wikipedia:WikiProject WikipediaWeekly/Episode20|Episode 20]] has been released!'''

'''.mp3''' and '''.ogg''' versions can be found at '''http://wikipediaweekly.com/2007/06/19/wikipedia-weekly-20-return-of-the-podcast/''' and as always, you can download old episodes and more at '''http://wikipediaweekly.com/'''.

{{start box}}

{{succession box| title=[[List of Governors of Virginia|Governor of Virginia]] | before=[[Patrick Henry]] | after=[[William Fleming]] | years=1779 &ndash; 1781}}

{{succession box| title=United States Minister Plenipotentiary to France | before=[[Benjamin Franklin]] | after=[[William Short]] | years=1785 &ndash; 1789}}

{{succession box| title=[[United States Secretary of State]]| before=[[John Jay]]<br>''(as United States Secretary for Foreign Affairs)''| after=[[Edmund Randolph]] | years=[[March 22]], [[1790]] &ndash; [[December 31]], [[1793]]}}

{{succession box| title=[[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] [[President of the United States|Presidential]] candidate| before=''(none)''| after=[[James Madison]] | years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1796|1796]] (won Vice Presidency)^(a),<br>[[U.S. presidential election, 1800|1800]] (won Presidency),<br>[[U.S. presidential election, 1804|1804]] (won)}}

{{succession box| title=[[Vice President of the United States]] | before=[[John Adams]] | after=[[Aaron Burr]] | years=[[March 4]], [[1797]] &ndash; [[March 3]], [[1801]]<!-- Prior to the passage of the 20th Amendment, vice Presidential terms ended at 11:59:59 on March 3. -->|}}

{{succession box| title=[[President of the United States]] | before=[[John Adams]] | after=[[James Madison]] | years=[[March 4]], [[1801]] &ndash; [[March 3]], [[1809]]<!-- Prior to the passage of the 20th Amendment, Presidential terms ended at 11:59:59 on March 3. -->|}}

{{succession footnote| marker=^(a)| footnote=Prior to the passage of the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]] in 1804, each Presidential elector would cast two ballots; the highest vote-getter would become President and the runner-up would become Vice President. Thus, in 1796, the [[Democratic-Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] fielded Jefferson as a Presidential candidate, but he came in second and therefore became Vice President.}}

{{end box}}

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[[Category:Polymaths]]

[[Category:Presidents of the United States|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:Thomas Jefferson| ]]

[[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:U.S. Secretaries of State|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:Unitarian Universalists|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:United States presidential candidates|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:University of Virginia|Jefferson]]

[[Category:Vice Presidents of the U.S.|Jefferson, Thomas]]

[[Category:Welsh-Americans|Jefferson, Thomas]]

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[[am:ቶማስ ጄፈርሰን]]

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[[ar:توماس جفرسون]]

[[bg:Томас Джеферсън]]

[[bn:থমাস জেফারসন]]

[[ca:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[da:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[de:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[eo:Thomas JEFFERSON]]

[[es:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[et:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[eu:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[fi:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[fr:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[ga:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[gl:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[he:תומס ג'פרסון]]

[[hr:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[id:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[it:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[ja:トーマス・ジェファーソン]]

[[ko:토머스 제퍼슨]]

[[nl:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[nn:Thomas Jefferson]]

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[[pt:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[ru:Джефферсон, Томас]]

[[simple:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[sq:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[sr:Томас Џеферсон]]

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[[vi:Thomas Jefferson]]

[[zh:托玛斯·杰弗逊]]