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Line 1: {{Infobox Defunct Company Dr '''Rupert Sheldrake''' (born [[1942]]) is a controversial [[United Kingdom\|British]] [[biologist]] and author. He developed a hypothesis of [[morphogenetic field]]s, and has produced related research and publications, on topics such as animal and plant development and behaviour, [[telepathy]], [[perception]] and [[metaphysics]]. He has a popular public following, particularly because of his books aimed at the general reader, but he is shunned by many in the scientific establishment. Taking science "as a set of methods for finding out about anything at all that admits of systematic investigation" ([[John Searle]]), he is trying to extend science into realms it has neglected so far. \| company_name = Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway \| company_logo = \| slogan = \| fate = [[Railways Act 1921\|1923 railway amalgamation]] \| successor = <!--company merged into etc.--> \| foundation = 1847 \| defunct = 1923 \| ___location = \| industry = [[Railway company]] \| key_people = \| products = <!--some of company's notable products--> \| num_employees = <!--peak number of employees--> \| parent = <!--former parent companies, if any--> \| subsid = <!--former subsidiaries, if any--> }} The '''Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway''' (L&YR) was a major [[History of rail transport in Great Britain\|British railway company]] before the [[Railways Act 1921\|1923 Grouping]]. It was unique amongst the pre-grouping companies in that its main traffic flow was to and from east and west. ~~Sheldrake held a [[fellowship]] and taught biology at [[Cambridge University]], and was a Research Fellow of the [[Royal Society]].~~ The intensity of its service was reflected in the 1,650 locomotives that it owned and that one third of its 738 signal boxes controlled junctions which averaged out at 1 in every 3 ½ miles. No two stations were more than 5⅛ miles apart and its 1904 passenger services occupied 57 pages in Bradshaw, a number exceeded only by the [[Great Western Railway]], the [[London and North Western Railway]] and the [[Midland Railway]]. It amalgamated with the [[London and North Western Railway]] on 1st January 1922, the general manager, secretary and chief mechanical engineer positions of the expanded company being taken by L&Y men. The company was a constituent of the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]. In 1981, Sheldrake trailed his hypothesis of formative causation in an article in ''New Scientist'' magazine. The piece was provocatively headlined: "Scientific proof that science has got it all wrong". An editorial introduction admitted that, to modern science, an idea such as Sheldrake’s was "completely scatty", but justified its publication on the grounds that first, "Sheldrake is an excellent scientist; the proper, imaginative kind that in an earlier age discovered continents and mirrored the world in sonnets," and secondly, "the science in his ideas is good. … This does not mean that it is right but that it is testable". ==Pre-grouping history== A week later, in his well-known book ''[[A New Science of Life]]'', he put forward the hypothesis of ''formative causation'' or ''morphogenetic fields'' (also called ''morphic fields''), which proposes that phenomena — particularly biological ones — become more probable the more often they occur, and therefore that biological growth and behaviour are guided into patterns laid down by previous similar organisms. He suggests that this underlies many aspects of science, from [[evolution]] to [[laws of nature]]. The L&YR was incorporated in 1847, being an amalgamation of several important lines, the chief of which was the [[Manchester & Leeds Railway]] (itself having been incorporated in 1836). ==The system== This was mid-June, and over the summer Sheldrake’s ideas were subjected to much discussion in journals and newspapers, and his book was reviewed in a variety of scientific and religious publications. Attitudes were predictably mixed and by no means all negative. Then came the bombshell in ''Nature''. In September 1981 the prestigious scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)\|Nature]]'' carried an unsigned editorial (subsequently acknowledged to be by the journal’s senior editor, [[John Maddox]]) titled "A book for burning?" (Maddox, 1981). It reviewed and damned Rupert Sheldrake’s then recently published book. The system consisted of many branches and alternative routes, so that it is not easy to determine where its "main line" was. For working purposes it was divided into three divisions: * ''Western Division'': [[Manchester]] to [[Blackpool]] and [[Fleetwood]]; Manchester to [[Bolton]], [[Wigan]], [[Southport]] and [[Liverpool]]; and the direct line to Liverpool; * ''East Lancashire'' or ''Central Division'' ** Manchester to [[Oldham]], [[Bury]], [[Rochdale]], [[Todmorden]], [[Accrington]], [[Barnsley]] and [[Colne]]. It also included the connection to the LNWR at Stockport for through traffic to London. * ''Eastern Division'': ** Todmorden to [[Halifax, West Yorkshire\|Halifax]], [[Bradford]], [[Leeds]], [[Huddersfield]], [[Wakefield]], [[Normanton, West Yorkshire\|Normanton]], [[Goole]], and [[Doncaster]]. Whereas there were various lines between the Central and Western Divisions there was only one route between the Eastern and Central Divisions. This cut through the [[Pennines]] between Lancashire and Yorkshire: because of that there were a number of long tunnels: the longest being [[Summit Tunnel]], 2885 yd (2597 m) in length, near Rochdale. There were six others over 1000 yd (910 m) long. ==Liveries== Nowhere did the editorial actually say the book under review ought to be burned. Indeed, it said the exact opposite: "Books rightly command respect … even bad books should not be burned; … [Dr Sheldrake’s] book should not be burned." But it also contained the comment "[Sheldrake’s] book is the best candidate for burning there has been formany years" and — probably the real clincher — there was that headline: "A book for burning?" Dozens will read a headline who never read the text, and how many of those troubled to note the question mark at the end of the heading? Thus the idea was born: ''Nature'' says Sheldrake’s book should be burned. ===Locomotives=== [[Locomotives of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway\|L & Y Locomotives]] were originally painted dark green with ornate brass work and copper capped chimneys. Lining was black and white. In 1876 the dark green was changed to a light green and goods engines were painted plain black. 1878 saw the start of the goods locomotives also appearing in light green. This livery was discontinued from 1883 when all locomotives were painted black. Lining was red and white for passenger locomotives and red only, or none, for goods locomotives ===Carriages=== ~~Accoding to [[Journal of Consciousness Studies]] editor [[Anthony Freeman]], this is when the controversy started.~~ Coaching stock was originally painted teak, changing in 1875 to an overall light brown. In 1879 it was decided to use ‘a little brighter shade’. Finally in June 1881 it was announced that the lower panels were to be painted ‘lake colour’. Between 1896 and 1914 the upper panels became buff with the lower in purple-brown, ends were dark brown. Roofs were normally dark grey but some did appear in red oxide. ===Goods stock=== Wagons were unpainted until 1902 except for the ironwork which was black. After 1902 it was painted dark grey. The illiterate symbol of an inverted solid triangle within a circle was replaced from 1902-3 with the letters LY. Break/Brake vans were black and special traffic wagons were painted in various colours e.g. Gunpowder- red, Fish – white, Butter – pale blue etc. . ==Electrification== The L&Y was the first in the country to electrify a mainline route. ===Liverpool area=== The 4th Rail system was used at 600vdc, although it was later converted to 3rd Rail. * [[Liverpool Exchange railway station\|Liverpool Exchange]] - [[Southport]] and [[Crossens]]: 22nd March 1904 * Liverpool - [[Aintree]] (two routes): July and December 1906 * Southport - [[Meols Cop railway station]]: 1909 * Aintree - [[Ormskirk]]: 1913 Suburban lines in the Liverpool area were electrified to reach a total of 37 route miles: Sheldrake has been considered a [[heretic]] by many in the academic establishment who often consider his work as bordering on [[New Age]] thinking. He continues to publish scientific papers in a variety of scientific journals. ===The Holcombe Brook branch=== In later work he has developed his ideas further and also conducted experiments (documented in his books) on phenomena which he believes could be explained by morphogenetic fields. Some of these experiments have apparently produced striking results, though many scientists remain unconvinced. Sheldrake encourages such experiments to be carried out by ordinary people, and many have been, including some conducted by [[BBC]] TV's popular science programme [[Tomorrow's World]], and investigations into the "sense of being stared at" involving thousands of schoolchildren in several countries. In 1912 [[Dick, Kerr & Co.]]‘s [[Preston]] factory were considering tendering for a Brazilian contract and approached the L&Y to use the branch for test purposes at Dick, Kerr’s expense. The line from [[Bury Bolton Street railway station\| Bury, Bolton Street Station]] to [[Holcombe, Bury\|Holcombe Brook]] was electrified with the overhead 3.5kvdc system , rolling stock was also supplied at their cost. After prolonged trials the trains entered public use on 29 July 1913. The L&Y purchased the equipment and stock on the successful completion of the trials in [[1916[[. During 1917 work started on the branch to convert to 3rd Rail to match the Manchester – Bury system. 3rd Rail trains started to run on 29th March 1918. ===Manchester area=== ~~==Bibliography==~~ In 1913 a decision was taken to electrify the Manchester to Bury route at 1.2kvdc using the 3rd Rail system in an attempt to overcome competition from the trams. * ''A New Science of Life'' (1981, second edition 1985) Electric trains began running on 17th April 1916 but as [[Horwich]] was by then involved in war work deliveries of the new electric stock was delayed and it was August 1916 before steam trains were withdrawn from the route. * ''The Presence of the Past'' (1988) In 1920 the L&Y was considering electrifying the Manchester-Oldham-Shaw and Royton lines but no work was carried out. * ''The Rebirth of Nature'' (1990) * ''[[Seven Experiments That Could Change the World]]'' (1994) * ''[[Dogs that Know When Their Owners are Coming Home]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Sense Of Being Stared At]]'' (2003) ~~With [[Ralph Abraham]] and [[Terence McKenna]]:~~ * ''Trialogues at the Edge of the West'' (1992) * ''The Evolutionary Mind'' (1988) * ''Chaos, Creativity and Cosmic Consciousness'' ~~With [[Matthew Fox (priest)]]:~~ * ''Natural Grace'' (1996) * ''The Physics of Angels'' (1996) ====See [[LYR electric units]]==== ~~==External links==~~ ==Shipping== * [http://www.sheldrake.org Sheldrake Online] The L&YR had the largest fleet of all the pre-grouping railway companies. * [http://www.nautis.com Nautis Project] In 1913 the L&Y owned 26 vessels with 2 more being built plus a further 5 that were in joint ownership with the [[London and North Western Railway]]. The L&YR ran steamers between [[Liverpool]] and [[Drogheda]] in [[Ireland]]; between [[Kingston upon Hull\|Hull]] and [[Zeebrugge]]; and between [[Goole]] and many Continental ports, including [[Amsterdam]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Hamburg]], and [[Rotterdam]]. The jointly owned vessels were between Fleetwood, [[Belfast]] and [[Derry\|Londonderry]]. * [http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs_12_6.html Special issue of ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'': SHELDRAKE AND HIS CRITICS: The Sense Of Being Glared At] * [http://www.gwup.org/skeptiker/archiv/2004/3/morphogenetische_felder.html GWUP on Sheldrake] (a critical article in German) [http://world.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_pagecontent?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwup.org%2Fskeptiker%2Farchiv%2F2004%2F3%2Fmorphogenetische_felder.html&lp=de_en Babelfish automatic translation] ==Post-grouping history== * [http://www.csicop.org/si/2000-09/staring.html The psychic staring effect: An artifact of pseudo randomization] The LYR had initially amalgamated with the [[London and North Western Railway]] on 1st January 1922 prior to the 1923 Grouping, which involved the expanded LNWR forming part of the new [[London Midland and Scottish Railway]]. The LMS did little to develop the former LYR routes. Nationalisation followed in 1948 followed by a period of rationalisation and modernisation. [http://murl.microsoft.com/videos/msr/msr2003/Sheldrake_Extended_OnDemand_100_100K_320x240Slides.htm Sheldrake introduces 'The Extended Mind: Recent Experimental Evidence'] (Video at Microsoft Research) The LYR system has survived largely intact, although the following routes have been closed [http://skepdic.com/morphicres.html Skeptic's Dictionary article on 'morphic resonance'] [http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/11/23/sheldrake/print.html Rupert Sheldrake: The delightful crackpot] - November 1999 article in Salon magazine Manchester to Bury (converted to [[Manchester Metrolink]] operation). [http://shiftinaction.com/discover/luminaries/rupert_sheldrake Rupert Sheldrake articles and MP3 audio] - from ''Shift in Action'', sponsored by [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]] Preston to Southport Bury to Accrington and Bacup North Lancs Loop – Blackburn to Burnley via Great Harwood and Padiham Most ex-LYR routes are now operated by [[Northern Rail]]. [[Manchester Victoria]] station has been rebuilt in a more modest form but retaining the former terminal building. ==Manchester Victoria station== [[Manchester Victoria station\|Victoria station]] was one of the largest in the country: it occupied 13.5 acres (55,000 m²), and had 17 platforms with a total length of 9,332 ft.. After the Grouping a structural change led No. 11 platform to run through and combined with No. 3 platform in the adjacent [[Manchester Exchange station]] to form the longest railway platform in Britain. (2,194 ft between the ramps) ==Trivia== {{Trivia\|date=June 2007}} The [[football (soccer)\|football]] team of the L&YR Carriage and Wagon works at [[Newton Heath]], Manchester, evolved into [[Manchester United F.C.]]. ==See also== [[Caldervale Line]]: a service operated by [[Metro (West Yorkshire)]], which uses a large part of the former L&YR. == References == * Blakemore, Michael (1984) ''The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway'', Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-1401-9 * Coates, Noel (1997) ''150 Years of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway'', Hawkshill Publishing, ISBN 1-900349-11-6 * Earnshaw, Alan (1992) ''The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway: Then & Now'', Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2058-2 * Haigh, A (1978) ''Railways in West Yorkshire'', Dalesman Books, ISBN 0-85206-459-4 * Marshall, John (1969, 1970, 1972) ''The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway'', David & Charles (3 Volumes) * Mason, Eric (1975) ''The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway in the Twentieth Century'', 2<sup>nd</sup> Ed., Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-0656-3 * Nock, O.S. (1969) ''The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway - A Concise History'', Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-0130-8 ==External links== * [http://www.lyrs.org.uk/ Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Society] * [http://www.lyrs.org.uk/LYMAP.GIF Map of the LYR] * [http://www.lyrtrust.org.uk/ L&Y Trust, restoring engines & coaches] {{Bigfour}} ~~{{Integral theory3}}~~ [[Category:~~1942~~Lancashire ~~births\|Sheldrake,~~and ~~Rupert~~Yorkshire Railway\|*]] [[Category:Pre-grouping British ~~biologists\|Sheldrake,~~railway ~~Rupert~~companies]] [[Category:~~British~~LMS ~~non-fiction writers\|Sheldrake, Rupert~~constituents]] ~~[[Category:Telepathy\|Sheldrake, Rupert]]~~ ~~[[Category:Parapsychology\|Sheldrake, Rupert]]~~ ~~[[Category:Parapsychologists\|Sheldrake, Rupert]]~~ [[de:~~Rupert~~Lancashire ~~Sheldrake~~and Yorkshire Railway]] ~~[[eo:Rupert SHELDRAKE]]~~ ~~[[hr:Rupert Sheldrake]]~~ ~~[[pt:Rupert Sheldrake]]~~

Rupert Sheldrake and Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway: Difference between pages