Ancona and Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Defunct Company

'''Ancona''' is a city and a seaport in [[Marches]], northeastern [[Italy]], population 100,507 (2001). Ancona is situated on the [[Adriatic Sea]] and is the center of an eponymous province.

| company_name = Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway

| company_logo =

| slogan =

| fate = [[Railways Act 1921|1923 railway amalgamation]]

| successor = <!--company merged into etc.-->

| foundation = 1847

| defunct = 1923

| ___location =

| industry = [[Railway company]]

| key_people =

| products = <!--some of company's notable products-->

| num_employees = <!--peak number of employees-->

| parent = <!--former parent companies, if any-->

| subsid = <!--former subsidiaries, if any-->

}}

The '''Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway''' (L&YR) was a major [[History of rail transport in Great Britain|British railway company]] before the [[Railways Act 1921|1923 Grouping]]. It was unique amongst the pre-grouping companies in that its main traffic flow was to and from east and west.

The city is located 132 miles northeast of [[Rome]] and 127 miles southeast of [[Bologna]].

The intensity of its service was reflected in the 1,650 locomotives that it owned and that one third of its 738 signal boxes controlled junctions which averaged out at 1 in every 3 ½ miles. No two stations were more than 5⅛ miles apart and its 1904 passenger services occupied 57 pages in Bradshaw, a number exceeded only by the [[Great Western Railway]], the [[London and North Western Railway]] and the [[Midland Railway]]. It amalgamated with the [[London and North Western Railway]] on 1st January 1922, the general manager, secretary and chief mechanical engineer positions of the expanded company being taken by L&Y men. The company was a constituent of the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]].

The town is finely situated on and between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of [[Monte Conero]], Monte Astagno, occupied by the citadel, and Monte Guasco, on which the [[Duomo]] stands (300 feet). The latter, dedicated to St. Ciriaco, is said to occupy the site of a temple of Venus, who is mentioned by [[Catullus]] and [[Juvenal]] as the [[tutelary]] deity of the place.

==Pre-grouping history==

Among the many monuments, the ''Lazzaretto'' (''Laemocomium'' or "Mole Vanvitelliana"), planned by architect [[Luigi Vanvitelli]] in [[1732]]. It is a pentagonal building covering more than 20,000 sq.m., built to protect the military defensive authorities from the risk of contagious diseases eventually reaching the town with the ships. Later it was used also as a military hospital or as barracks.

The L&YR was incorporated in 1847, being an amalgamation of several important lines, the chief of which was the [[Manchester & Leeds Railway]] (itself having been incorporated in 1836).

==The system==

The name ''Ancona'' comes from [[Greek language|Greek]] and means "elbow".

The system consisted of many branches and alternative routes, so that it is not easy to determine where its "main line" was. For working purposes it was divided into three divisions:

* ''Western Division'':

** [[Manchester]] to [[Blackpool]] and [[Fleetwood]];

** Manchester to [[Bolton]], [[Wigan]], [[Southport]] and [[Liverpool]]; and the direct line to Liverpool;

* ''East Lancashire'' or ''Central Division''

** Manchester to [[Oldham]], [[Bury]], [[Rochdale]], [[Todmorden]], [[Accrington]], [[Barnsley]] and [[Colne]]. It also included the connection to the LNWR at Stockport for through traffic to London.

* ''Eastern Division'':

** Todmorden to [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[Bradford]], [[Leeds]], [[Huddersfield]], [[Wakefield]], [[Normanton, West Yorkshire|Normanton]], [[Goole]], and [[Doncaster]].

Whereas there were various lines between the Central and Western Divisions there was only one route between the Eastern and Central Divisions. This cut through the [[Pennines]] between Lancashire and Yorkshire: because of that there were a number of long tunnels: the longest being [[Summit Tunnel]], 2885 yd (2597 m) in length, near Rochdale. There were six others over 1000 yd (910 m) long.

==Ancona sightsLiveries==

===Locomotives===

[[Locomotives of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway|L & Y Locomotives]] were originally painted dark green with ornate brass work and copper capped chimneys. Lining was black and white. In 1876 the dark green was changed to a light green and goods engines were painted plain black. 1878 saw the start of the goods locomotives also appearing in light green. This livery was discontinued from 1883 when all locomotives were painted black. Lining was red and white for passenger locomotives and red only, or none, for goods locomotives

===Carriages===

The cathedra was consecrated in [[1128]] and completed in [[1189]]. Some writers suppose that the original church was in the form of a Latin cross and belonged to the 8th century. An early restoration was completed in 1234. It is a fine Romanesque building in grey stone, built in the form of a Greek cross, with a dodecagonai dome over the centre slightly altered by Margaritone d'Arezzo in 1270. The façade has a Gothic portal, ascribed to [[Giorgio da Corno]] (1228), which was intended to have a lateral arch on each side.

Coaching stock was originally painted teak, changing in 1875 to an overall light brown. In 1879 it was decided to use ‘a little brighter shade’. Finally in June 1881 it was announced that the lower panels were to be painted ‘lake colour’. Between 1896 and 1914 the upper panels became buff with the lower in purple-brown, ends were dark brown. Roofs were normally dark grey but some did appear in red oxide.

===Goods stock===

Wagons were unpainted until 1902 except for the ironwork which was black. After 1902 it was painted dark grey. The illiterate symbol of an inverted solid triangle within a circle was replaced from 1902-3 with the letters LY. Break/Brake vans were black and special traffic wagons were painted in various colours e.g. Gunpowder- red, Fish – white, Butter – pale blue etc.

.

==Electrification==

The L&Y was the first in the country to electrify a mainline route.

===Liverpool area===

The 4th Rail system was used at 600vdc, although it was later converted to 3rd Rail.

* [[Liverpool Exchange railway station|Liverpool Exchange]] - [[Southport]] and [[Crossens]]: 22nd March 1904

* Liverpool - [[Aintree]] (two routes): July and December 1906

* Southport - [[Meols Cop railway station]]: 1909

* Aintree - [[Ormskirk]]: 1913

Suburban lines in the Liverpool area were electrified to reach a total of 37 route miles:

The interior, which has a crypt in each transept, in the main preserves its original character. It has ten columns which are attributed to the temple of Venus, and there are good screens of the 12th century, and other sculptures.

===The Holcombe Brook branch===

In the dilapidated episcopal palace [[Pope Pius II]] died in 1464. An interesting church is St. Maria della Piazza, with an elaborate arcaded façade (1210). The Palazzo del Comune, with its lofty arched substructures at the back, was the work of Margaritone d'Arezzo, but has been since twice restored.

In 1912 [[Dick, Kerr & Co.]]‘s [[Preston]] factory were considering tendering for a Brazilian contract and approached the L&Y to use the branch for test purposes at Dick, Kerr’s expense. The line from [[Bury Bolton Street railway station| Bury, Bolton Street Station]] to [[Holcombe, Bury|Holcombe Brook]] was electrified with the overhead 3.5kvdc system , rolling stock was also supplied at their cost. After prolonged trials the trains entered public use on 29 July 1913. The L&Y purchased the equipment and stock on the successful completion of the trials in [[1916[[. During 1917 work started on the branch to convert to 3rd Rail to match the Manchester – Bury system. 3rd Rail trains started to run on 29th March 1918.

===Manchester area===

There are also several fine late [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] buildings, among them the churches of S. Francesco and S. Agostino, the Palazzo Benincasa, and the Loggia dei Mercanti, all by Giorgio Orsini, usually called da Sebenico (who worked much at Sebenico, though he was not a native of it), and the [[prefecture]], which has [[Renaissance]] additions.

In 1913 a decision was taken to electrify the Manchester to Bury route at 1.2kvdc using the 3rd Rail system in an attempt to overcome competition from the trams.

The portal of S. Maria della Misericordia is an ornate example of early Renaissance work.

Electric trains began running on 17th April 1916 but as [[Horwich]] was by then involved in war work deliveries of the new electric stock was delayed and it was August 1916 before steam trains were withdrawn from the route.

In 1920 the L&Y was considering electrifying the Manchester-Oldham-Shaw and Royton lines but no work was carried out.

====See [[LYR electric units]]====

The archaeological museum contains interesting pre-Roman objects from tombs in the district, and two Roman beds with fine decorations in ivory.

==Shipping==

To the east of the town is the harbour. It was originally protected only by the promontory on the north, from the elbow-like shape of which (Gk. O/VKUIV) the ancient town, founded by Syracusan refugees about 390 B.C., took the name which it still holds.

The L&YR had the largest fleet of all the pre-grouping railway companies.

In 1913 the L&Y owned 26 vessels with 2 more being built plus a further 5 that were in joint ownership with the [[London and North Western Railway]]. The L&YR ran steamers between [[Liverpool]] and [[Drogheda]] in [[Ireland]]; between [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] and [[Zeebrugge]]; and between [[Goole]] and many Continental ports, including [[Amsterdam]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Hamburg]], and [[Rotterdam]]. The jointly owned vessels were between Fleetwood, [[Belfast]] and [[Derry|Londonderry]].

==Post-grouping history==

==History==

The LYR had initially amalgamated with the [[London and North Western Railway]] on 1st January 1922 prior to the 1923 Grouping, which involved the expanded LNWR forming part of the new [[London Midland and Scottish Railway]]. The LMS did little to develop the former LYR routes. Nationalisation followed in 1948 followed by a period of rationalisation and modernisation.

The LYR system has survived largely intact, although the following routes have been closed

*Manchester to Bury (converted to [[Manchester Metrolink]] operation).

Greek merchants established a purple factory here (''Sil. Ital.'' viii. 438). Even in Roman times it kept its own coinage with the punning device of the bent arm holding a palm branch, and the head of Aphrodite on the reverse, and continued the use of the Greek language.

*Preston to Southport

*Bury to Accrington and Bacup

*North Lancs Loop – Blackburn to Burnley via Great Harwood and Padiham

Most ex-LYR routes are now operated by [[Northern Rail]]. [[Manchester Victoria]] station has been rebuilt in a more modest form but retaining the former terminal building.

When it became a [[Roman empire|Roman]] colony is doubtful. It was occupied as a naval station in the Illyrian war of 178 B.C. (Liv. xli. i). [[Julius Caesar]] took possession of it immediately after crossing the Rubicon. Its harbour was of considerable importance in imperial times, as the nearest to [[Dalmatia]], and was enlarged by [[Trajan]], who constructed the north quay, his architect being Apollodorus of Damascus. At the beginning of it stands the marble [[triumphal arch]] with a single opening, and without bas-reliefs, erected in his honour in A.D. 115 by the senate and people.

==Manchester Victoria station==

[[Pope Clement II]] prolonged the quay, and an inferior imitation of Trajan's arch was set up; he also erected a lazaretto at the south end of the harbour, Vanvitelli being the architect-in-chief. The southern quay was built in 1880, and the harbour was protected by forts on the heights.

[[Manchester Victoria station|Victoria station]] was one of the largest in the country: it occupied 13.5 acres (55,000 m²), and had 17 platforms with a total length of 9,332 ft.. After the Grouping a structural change led No. 11 platform to run through and combined with No. 3 platform in the adjacent [[Manchester Exchange station]] to form the longest railway platform in Britain. (2,194 ft between the ramps)

==Trivia==

After the fall of the Roman empire Ancona was successively attacked by the [[Goths]], [[Lombards]] and [[Saracens]], but recovered its strength and importance. It was one of the cities of the Pentapolis under the exarchate of [[Ravenna]], the other four being [[Fano]], [[Pesaro]], [[Senigallia]] and [[Rimini]], and eventually became a semi-independent republic under the protection of the popes, until Gonzaga took possession of it for [[Pope Clement VII]] in 1532.

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

The [[football (soccer)|football]] team of the L&YR Carriage and Wagon works at [[Newton Heath]], Manchester, evolved into [[Manchester United F.C.]].

==See also==

From 1797 onwards, when the French took it, it frequently appears in history as an important fortress, until Lamoriciere capitulated here on the 29th of September 1860, eleven days after his defeat at Castelfidardo.

[[Caldervale Line]]: a service operated by [[Metro (West Yorkshire)]], which uses a large part of the former L&YR.

== References ==

* Blakemore, Michael (1984) ''The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway'', Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-1401-9

* {{1911}}

* Coates, Noel (1997) ''150 Years of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway'', Hawkshill Publishing, ISBN 1-900349-11-6

* Earnshaw, Alan (1992) ''The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway: Then & Now'', Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-2058-2

* Haigh, A (1978) ''Railways in West Yorkshire'', Dalesman Books, ISBN 0-85206-459-4

* Marshall, John (1969, 1970, 1972) ''The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway'', David & Charles (3 Volumes)

* Mason, Eric (1975) ''The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway in the Twentieth Century'', 2^nd Ed., Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-0656-3

* Nock, O.S. (1969) ''The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway - A Concise History'', Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-0130-8

[[Category:Cities in Italy]]

==External links==

[[fr:Ancône]]

* [http://www.lyrs.org.uk/ Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Society]

[[it:Ancona]]

* [http://www.lyrs.org.uk/LYMAP.GIF Map of the LYR]

[[la:Ancona]]

* [http://www.lyrtrust.org.uk/ L&Y Trust, restoring engines & coaches]

[[ja:&#12450;&#12531;&#12467;&#12490;]]

[[ro:Ancona]]

{{Bigfour}}

[[Category:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway|*]]

[[Category:Pre-grouping British railway companies]]

[[Category:LMS constituents]]

[[de:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]]