Human iron metabolism and List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France: Difference between pages

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'''French [[Ancien Régime]] [[Roman Catholic]] [[diocese]]s and ecclesiastical provinces''' were heirs of Late Roman [[civitates]] (themselves created out of [[Gaul]]ish tribes) and provinces.

'''''(This article is currently a work in progress started by [[User:Joewright]], who welcomes collaborators.)'''''

[[Image:France ecc 1789 1802.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Ecclesiastical provinces (colored) and dioceses of France in 1789]]

==Historical sketch==

Most of them were created during the first christianization of Gaul, in the 3rd to 5th centuries.

But, at several occasions during the Middle Ages or the Ancien Régime, new dioceses were created, replacing older ones or carved out of them. For instance, fighting against the [[Cathar]] heresy entailed the creation of many new dioceses in the early 14th century. All the same, in 1789, on the eve of the [[French Revolution]], the ecclesiastical map of France still very much recalled that of [[Roman Gaul]]. This explains why many dioceses and provinces did not coincide with French borders, with their head cities lying in present-day [[Belgium]], [[Germany]] or [[Switzerland]].

==Why iron regulation is important==

In 1790, this map was entirely revised to fit the new administrative map: dioceses were now to coincide with [[département]]s (the new administrative units). Ancien Régime dioceses all disappeared, then, in 1790. Many former bishoprics remained heads of the new dioceses, but many cities lost their bishop. Even so, in those cities, the former cathedral very often kept its rank as a cathedral church. This explains why many post-Revolutionary episcopal sees bear the name of several cities. For instance, in the département of the [[Drôme]], only the city of [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]] retained its bishop, the former episcopal sees of Die and Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux being suppressed, but the bishop retained the title of bishop of Valence, Die and Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux.

[[Iron]] is an essential element for most life on Earth, including [[human beings]].

Here follows a list of Ancien Régime dioceses, as of 1789, on the eve of the Revolution. With the exception of those dioceses which were created in the Late Roman period (before the 6th century), whose date of creation generally cannot be established, we provide the date of creation and, when appropriated of suppression of the bishopric. Dioceses whose sees were not within the borders of the kingdom of France are in brackets.

For human purposes, it's most important to understand that iron is not just an absolute requirement for life for humans but also most [[bacteria]]l species, including bacteria that cause human [[disease]]s. And because [[plants]] and [[animals]] all use iron, iron can be found in a wide variety of food sources.

==Listing of dioceses by church province==

Iron is essential because of its unique ability to serve as both an [[electron donor]] and [[electron acceptor|acceptor]]. This property makes iron potentially toxic on its own, because iron can [[catalysis|catalyze]] the conversion of [[hydrogen peroxide]] into [[free radicals]], which in turn can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures. So life forms bind iron to [[proteins]] in order to be able to use the benefits of iron while limiting its ability to do harm. {{ref|Andrews}}

=== Province of [[Aix-en-Provence|Aix]] (Narbonensis Secunda) ===

*[[Archdiocese of Aix]]

*[[Diocese of Apt]]

*[[Diocese of Fréjus]]

*[[Diocese of Gap]]

*[[Diocese of Riez]]

*[[Diocese of Sisteron]]

=== Province of [[Arles]] (Viennensis Secunda) ===

Most notably, [[heme]] molecules contain iron at their centers. Humans and most bacteria use variants of [[heme]] to carry out [[redox]] reactions and [[electron transport]] processes that are essential to producing energy via [[cytochrome]] complexes. Humans also use iron in the [[hemoglobin]] of [[red blood cells]], in order to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to export carbon dioxide back to the lungs. And iron is an essential component of [[myoglobin]] to store oxygen in muscle cells.

*[[Archdiocese of Arles]]

*[[Diocese of Marseille]]

*[[Diocese of Orange]]

*[[Diocese of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux]]

*[[Diocese of Toulon]]

out of which (1475):

Because of the necessity of iron for oxygen transport and indeed, the production and survival of all [[cells]], human bodies tightly regulate iron [[absorption]] and [[recycling]]. Iron is such an essential element of human life, in fact, that humans have no physiologic regulatory mechanism for [[excretion|excreting]] iron. Most humans prevent [[iron overload]] solely by regulating iron absorption. Those who are not able to do so end up with disorders of [[iron overload]], in which the toxicity of iron begins to overwhelm the body's ability to bind and store it. {{ref|SchrierBacon}}

===== Province of [[Avignon]] =====

==Where iron resides in the body==

*[[Archdiocese of Avignon]] — became a metropolitan see in 1475.

*[[Diocese of Carpentras]]

*[[Diocese of Cavaillon]]

*[[Diocese of Vaison]]

=== Province of [[Auch]] (Novempopulania) ===

Most well-nourished people in developing countries have 3-4 grams of iron in their bodies. Of this, perhaps 2.5 g is bound up in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood. Another 400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen ([[myoglobin]]), or performing energy-producing [[redox]] reactions ([[cytochrome]]s). And around 3-4 mg circulates through the [[plasma]], bound to [[transferrin]]. {{ref|Schrier}} Because so much iron is required for hemoglobin, [[iron deficiency anemia]] is the first and primary clinical manifestation of [[iron deficiency]].

*[[Archdiocese of Auch]] — became head of the province between 7th and 9th century, following the demise of the former metropolitan see, [[Eauze]]

*[[Diocese of Aire]]

*[[Diocese of Bazas]]

*[[Diocese of Dax]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Bayonne]] — created late 8th century.

*[[Diocese of Lectoure]]

*[[Diocese of Lescar]]

*[[Diocese of Oloron]]

*[[Diocese of Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges]]

*[[Diocese of Saint-Lizier]]

*[[Diocese of Tarbes]]

=== Province of [[Besançon]] (Maxima Sequanorum) ===

Finally, some iron is stored. Physiologically, iron is stored in large [[ferritin]] molecules residing in cells of the liver [[hepatocytes]]), the [[bone marrow]] or the [[spleen]]. [[Macrophages]] of the [[reticuloendothelial system]] also store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed [[red blood cells]].

*[[Archdiocese of Besançon]]

*[[Diocese of Basel]]

*[[Diocese of Belley]] — moved to Belley in 537 (former see in [[Nyon]]).

*[[Diocese of Lausanne]]

=== Province of [[Bordeaux]] (Aquitania Secunda) ===

Apparently pathologically, iron is also stored in [[hemosiderin]]. This molecule appears to be mainly the result of cell damage and is often found engulfed by [[macrophages]] that are scavenging regions of damage. It can also be found among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body.

*[[Archdiocese of Bordeaux]]

*[[Diocese of Agen]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Condom]] — Created 1317.

*[[Diocese of Angoulême]]

*[[Diocese of Périgueux]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Sarlat]] — Created 1317.

*[[Diocese of Poitiers]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Luçon]] — Created 1317.

**[[Diocese of La Rochelle]] — Created in 1317 with its see in [[Maillezais]]. Was moved to La Rochelle in 1648.

*[[Diocese of Saintes]]

=== Province of [[Bourges]] (Aquitania Prima) ===

Men tend to have more stored iron than women, particularly women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through [[menstruation]], [[pregnancy]] or [[lactation]].

*[[Archdiocese of Bourges]]

*[[Diocese of Clermont]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Saint-Flour]] — Created 1317.

*[[Diocese of Limoges]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Tulle]] — Created 1317.

*[[Diocese of Le Puy]]

out of which (1678):

==How the body gets its iron==

===== Province of [[Albi]] =====

Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the [[reticuloendothelial system]] which breaks down aged [[red blood cells]]. However, people lose a small but steady amount by [[sweat]]ing and by shedding cells of the [[skin]] and the [[mucosa]]l lining of the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. The total amount loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 1 mg a day for men, and 1.5-2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods. People in developing countries with gastrointestinal parasitic infections often lose more. {{ref|Andrews}}

*[[Archdiocese of Albi]] — became a metropolitan see in 1678. Out of which:

**[[Diocese of Castres]] — created 1317.

*[[Diocese of Cahors]]

*[[Diocese of Mende]] — moved to Mende in the 6th century (former see was in [[Gévaudan|Javols]]).

*[[Diocese of Rodez]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Vabres]] — created 1317.

=== Province of [[Embrun, Hautes-Alpes|Embrun]] (Alpes Maritimæ) ===

This steady loss means that people must continue to absorb iron. They do so via a tightly regulated process that under normal circumstances protects against iron overload.

*[[Archdiocese of Embrun]]

*[[Diocese of Digne]]

*[[Diocese of Entrevaux]] — Actually in the hamlet of Glandèves.

*[[Diocese of Grasse]] — Moved to Grasse in 1244 (former see in [[Antibes]]. Belonged to the province of Aix-en-Provence down to 1057.

*[[Diocese of Nice]]

*[[Diocese of Senez]]

*[[Diocese of Vence]]

=== Province of [[Genoa]] ===

'''Absorbing iron from the diet'''

(Province created in 1133: Northern Corsican sees belonged to this province)

*Diocese of Mariana — The bishop resides in [[Bastia]]

*Diocese of Nebbio — The bishop resides in [[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]]

=== Province of [[Lyon]] (Lugdunensis Prima) ===

Like most mineral nutrients, iron from digested food or supplements is almost entirely absorbed in the [[duodenum]] by [[enterocyte]]s of the duodenal lining. To be absorbed, dietary iron must be in its Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes' [[brush border]], [[Dcytb]], reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+. A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 [DMT1], which transports all kinds of [[divalent]] metals into the body, then transports it across the enterocyte's [[cell membrane]] and into the cell. The cell can then either store the iron as ferritin (in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell is sloughed off into [[feces]]), or move it into the rest of the body with a protein called [[ferroportin]]. Regulation of each of these steps is part of the regulation of iron homeostasis; for instance, cells produce more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to [[iron deficiency anemia]]. {{ref|FlemingBacon}}

*[[Archdiocese of Lyon]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Saint-Claude]] — Created 1742.

*[[Diocese of Autun]]

*[[Diocese of Langres]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Dijon]] — Created 1731.

*[[Diocese of Chalon-sur-Saône]]

*[[Diocese of Mâcon]]

=== Province of [[Mainz]] (Germania Prima) ===

The rates of iron absorption appear to be related to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the [[bone marrow]] is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. Iron absorption is also reduced during [[inflammation]]; along these lines, recent discoveries demonstrate that [[hepcidin]] regulation of ferroportin (see below) is responsible for the syndrome of [[anemia of chronic disease]].

*(Diocese of [[Speyer]])

*[[Diocese of Strasbourg]]

*other dioceses wholly in [[Germany]]

=== Province of [[Narbonne]] (Narbonensis Prima) ===

While Dcytb and DMT1 are unique to iron transport across the duodenum, [[ferroportin]] is distributed throughout the body on all cells which store iron. Thus, regulation of [[ferroportin]] is the body's main way of regulating the amount of iron in circulation.

*[[Archdiocese of Narbonne]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Alet]] — Created 1317.

**[[Diocese of Carcassonne]] — Created late 6th century.

**[[Diocese of Montpellier]] — Created late 6th century. Moved to Montpellier in 1536 (former see in [[Maguelonne]]).

**[[Diocese of Perpignan]] — Created late 6th century. Moved to Perpignan in 1602 (former see in [[Elne]]).

**[[Diocese of Saint-Pons]] — Created 1317.

*[[Diocese of Agde]]

*[[Diocese of Béziers]]

*[[Diocese of Lodève]]

*[[Diocese of Nîmes]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Alès]] — Created 1694

*[[Diocese of Uzès]]

out of which (1317):

'''Reasons for iron deficiency'''

===== Province of [[Toulouse]] =====

*Archdiocese of Toulouse — Became a metropolitan see in 1317. Out of which:

**[[Diocese of Lavaur]] — Created 1317

**Diocese of [[Lombez]] — Created 1317

**Diocese of [[Montauban]] — Created 1317

**Diocese of [[Pamiers]] — Created 1295, out of which:

***Diocese of [[Mirepoix, Ariège|Mirepoix]] — Created 1317

***Diocese of [[Rieux-Volvestre|Rieux]] — Created 1317

**Diocese of [[Saint-Papoul]] — Created 1317

=== Province of [[Reims]] (Belgica Secunda) ===

Functional or actual [[Iron deficiency (medicine)]] can result from a variety of causes, explained in more detail in the article dedicated to this topic. These causes can be grouped into several categories:

*[[Archdiocese of Reims]], out of which

* Increased demand for iron, which the diet is not able to accomodate.

**[[Diocese of Laon]] — Created late 5th century.

* Increased loss of iron (usually through any of a number of causes of loss of blood).

*[[Diocese of Amiens]]

* Nutritional deficiency. This can either be the result of failure to eat iron-containing foods, a diet heavy in food that reduces the absorption of iron, or both.

*[[Diocese of Beauvais]]

* Inability to absorb iron because of damage to the intestinal lining. Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum, or diseases like [[Crohn's]] or [[celiac sprue]] which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption.

*[[Diocese of Châlons-en-Champagne]]

* Inflammation leading to [[hepcidin]]-induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes (see below).

*[[Diocese of Senlis]]

*[[Diocese of Soissons]]

*[[Diocese of Noyon]]

*[[Diocese of Thérouanne]] — Suppressed 1553, out of which:

**[[Diocese of Boulogne]] — Created 1567.

**[[Diocese of Saint-Omer]] — Created 1559.

out of which (1559):

'''The possibility of too much iron'''

===== Province of [[Cambrai]] =====

While the body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa, it does not seem to be able to entirely eliminate the actions of the iron transport process. In addition, in situations in which excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption), even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of [[iron intoxication]], in which free iron in the circulation causes damage to critical cells in the [[liver]], the [[heart]] and other metabolically active organs.

*[[Archdiocese of Cambrai]] — Became a metropolitan see in 1559.

*[[Diocese of Arras]]

*[[Diocese of Tournai]])

*other dioceses in present-day [[Belgium]], created in 1559.

===== Province of [[Mechelen]]/Malines =====

Generally speaking, iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of [[transferrin]] available to bind it. {{ref|Baker}}

*Province and diocese of Mechelen created in 1559.

**(Diocese of [[Ypres]]) — Created 1559.

*other dioceses in present-day [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]], created in 1559.

=== Province of [[Pisa]] ===

However, since the body is able to regulate its iron uptake quite vigorously, frank iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet overdose rather than variations in [[diet]]. Iron toxicity is more commonly the result of more chronic [[iron overload]] syndromes associated with genetic defects, repeated transfusions or other causes.

(Province created out of the Province of [[Rome]] in 1092: central and Southern Corsican sees belonged to this province)

*[[Diocese of Ajaccio]]

*Diocese of [[Aléria]] — The bishop resides in [[Cervione]]

*Diocese of Sagone — The bishop resides in [[Vico, Corse-du-Sud|Vico]]

=== Province of [[Rouen]] (Lugdunensis Secunda) ===

==Regulating the amount of circulating iron==

*[[Archdiocese of Rouen]]

*[[Diocese of Avranches]]

*[[Diocese of Bayeux]]

*[[Diocese of Coutances]]

*[[Diocese of Évreux]]

*[[Diocese of Lisieux]]

*[[Diocese of Sées]]

=== Province of [[Tours]] (Lugdunensis Tertia) ===

Ferroportin regulates the amount of iron released from cells that store it. Ferroportin, in turn, is regulated by [[hepcidin]]. The discovery of hepcidin, a [[peptide hormone]] secreted by the liver, appears to be a profound breakthrough in the understanding of iron metabolism, since it appears to be the long-pursued master regulator of iron [[homeostasis]]. (The story of the discovery of hepcidin and its role in iron metabolism is told at the [[hepcidin]] article.)

*[[Archdiocese of Tours]]

*[[Diocese of Angers]]

*[[Diocese of Le Mans]]

*[[Diocese of Nantes]]

Some dioceses of this province were part, in the 9th and 10th centuries, of an autonomous but

Current understanding of this system offers two [[teleological]] explanations for the tight control of iron levels. First, discussed above, is the need to protect against the possible toxicity of iron. The second is as a strategy to defend against [[bacterial infection]]. As explained above, most forms of life on Earth depend on iron to catalyze biochemical reactions that are necessary for life. This is as true for bacteria that cause human disease as it is for human cells.

===== Short-lived Province of [[Dol-de-Bretagne|Dol]] =====

If bacteria are to survive, then, they must get iron from the environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in a variety of ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called [[siderophores]] and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder they have to work to get iron, however, the greater a [[metabolic]] price they must pay. Iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly. Hence, our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against bacterial infection, and people with increased amounts of iron are more susceptible to infection. {{ref|Ganz}}

*Diocese of Dol — Created 6th century, was an autonomous archbishopric for about 1 1/2 centuries after the mid 9th century.

*Diocese of [[Quimper]] — Created 6th century.

*Diocese of [[Rennes]] — Out of which a short-lived diocese of [[Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine|Redon]] in the 15th century.

*Diocese of [[Saint-Brieuc]] — Created 6th century.

*Diocese of [[Saint-Malo]] — Moved to Saint-Malo in the 12th century (former see was in [[Alet]]).

*Diocese of [[Saint-Pol-de-Léon]] — Created 6th century.

*Diocese of [[Tréguier]] — Created 6th century.

*Diocese of [[Vannes]]

=== Province of [[Sens]] (Lugdunensis Quarta) ===

==References==

*[[Archdiocese of Sens]]

#{{note|Andrews}} Andrews NC. Disorders of iron metabolism. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. 341(26):1986-1995. December 23, 1999. Also, see related correspondence, published in NEJM 342(17):1293-1294, Apr 27, 2000.

*[[Diocese of Auxerre]]

#{{note|FlemingBacon}} Fleming RE and Bacon BR. Orchestration of iron homeostasis. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. 352(17):1741-1744. April 28, 2005.

*[[Diocese of Nevers]]

#{{note|SchrierBacon}} Schrier SL and Bacon BR. Iron overload syndromes other than hereditary hematochromatosis. [http://www.uptodate.com ''Up-to-Date''] (Subscription required). Accessed December 2005.

*[[Diocese of Troyes]]

#{{note|Schrier}} Schrier SL. Regulation of iron balance. [http://www.uptodate.com ''Up-to-Date''] (Subscription required). Accessed December 2005.

#{{note|Baker}} Baker MD. Major trauma in children. ''Rudolph's Pediatrics'', 21st Ed. McGraw-Hill. 2003.

out of which (1622):

#{{note|Ganz}} Ganz T. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism and mediator of anemia of inflammation. ''Blood'' 102(3): 783-788. 1 Aug 2003.

===== Province of [[Paris]] =====

*[[Archdiocese of Paris]] — Became a metropolitan see in 1622.

*[[Diocese of Chartres]], out of which:

**[[Diocese of Blois]] — Created 1697.

*[[Diocese of Meaux]]

*[[Diocese of Orléans]]

=== Province of [[Moûtiers|Tarentaise]] (Alpes Grææ et Pœninæ) ===

*[[Archdiocese of Tarentaise]] — Its see was in [[Moûtiers]].

*other sees in present-day Italy ([[Aosta]]) and Switzerland ([[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]).

=== Province of [[Trier]] (Belgica Prima) ===

*([[Archdiocese of Trier]])

*[[Diocese of Metz]]

*[[Diocese of Toul]], out of which:

**Diocese of [[Nancy]] — Created 1777.

**Diocese of [[Saint-Dié]] — Created 1777.

*[[Diocese of Verdun]]

=== Province of [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]] (Viennensis Prima) ===

*[[Archdiocese of Vienne]]

*[[Diocese of Die]]

*[[Diocese of Geneva]]) — In the 16th century, following the Reformation, the see was moved to [[Annecy]] but kept its name.

*[[Diocese of Grenoble]]

*[[Diocese of Maurienne]]

*[[Diocese of Valence]]

*[[Diocese of Viviers]]

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