Aerospace engineering and Marfan syndrome: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox_Disease

'''Aerospace engineering''' is the branch of [[engineering]] that concerns [[aircraft]], [[spacecraft]], and related topics. Originally called '''aeronautical engineering''' and dealing solely with aircraft, the broader term "aerospace engineering" has replaced the former in most usage, as flight technology advanced to include craft operating outside the [[Earth]]'s [[atmosphere]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia

| Name = Marfan syndrome

| title = Engineering

| Image = Marfansyndrome.jpg

| author = Stanzione, Kaydon Al

| Caption =

| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica

| DiseasesDB = 7845

| volume = 18

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|87|4|q|80}}

| edition = 15

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|759.82}}

| pages = 560–563

| ICDO | year = 1987

| OMIM = 154700

| ___location = Chicago }}</ref>

| MedlinePlus = 000418

In analogy with "aeronautical engineering", the branch is sometimes referred to as '''astronautical engineering''', although this term usually only concerns craft which operate in [[outer space]].

| eMedicineSubj = ped

| eMedicineTopic = 1372

| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|orthoped|414}}

| MeshID = C17.300.500

}}

'''Marfan syndrome''' is an [[autosomal dominant]] genetic disorder of the [[connective tissue]] characterized by disproportionately long [[limb]]s, long thin fingers, a relatively tall stature, and a predisposition to cardiovascular abnormalities, specifically those affecting the [[heart valves]] and [[aorta]]. The [[disease]] may also affect numerous other structures and organs &mdash; including the [[lung]]s, [[eye]]s, dural sac surrounding the [[spinal cord]], and [[hard palate]]. It is named after [[Antoine Marfan]], the [[France|French]] [[pediatrician]] who first described it in 1899.

==Overview==

Modern flight vehicles must undergo severe conditions such as differences in [[atmospheric pressure]] and [[temperature]], or heavy [[structural load]] applied upon vehicle components; numerous matters must be taken into account. Consequently, they are usually products of complex synthesis of various technologies and sciences, including but not limited to [[aerodynamics]], [[materials science]] and [[electronics]]<!-- EDITORS: Here, I'm not sure if I've selected branches of study which correctly describe aerospace engineering. Feel free to edit the former list, although I recommend to keep the list to three or four items. -->. The knowledge and the process of combining these various branches of studies are what is collectively known as aerospace engineering. This complex characteristic keeps a single aerospace engineer from involving in the entire task;<ref name="princetonreview">{{cite web |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=5 |title=Career: Aerospace Engineer |accessdate=2006-10-08 |work=Career Profiles |publisher=The Princeton Review |quote=Due to the complexity of the final product, an intricate and rigid organizational structure for production has to be maintained, severely curtailing any single engineer's ability to understand his role as it relates to the final project. }}</ref> rather, aerospace engineering is conducted by a team of engineers, each specializing in their own branches of science. The development and manufacturing of a flight vehicle is basically a process to carefully balance and compromise between the abilities, performance, available technology and costs.?

==Epidemiology==

Marfan syndrome affects males and females equally,<ref name="marorg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marfan.org/nmf/GetSubContentRequestHandler.do?sub_menu_item_content_id=6&menu_item_id=3|title=The role of heredity and family history|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=National Marfan Foundation|year=1999}}</ref> and the mutation shows no geographical bias. Estimates indicate that approximately 60 000 (1 in 5000, or 0.02% of the population)<ref name="marorg"/> to 200 000<ref name="mednet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=63689|title=New, Deadly Relative of Marfan's Syndrome Discovered|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=MedicineNet.com|year=2006}}</ref> Americans have Marfan syndrome. Each parent with the condition has a 50% chance of passing it on to a child due to its [[autosomal dominant]] nature. Most individuals with Marfan syndrome have another affected family member, but approximately 15-30% of all cases are due to ''[[de novo mutation|de novo]]'' [[genetic mutation]]s<ref name="robspath">{{cite book | title=Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease| last=Cotran| coauthors=Kumar, Collins| publisher=W.B Saunders Company| ___location=Philadelphia| id=0-7216-7335-X}}</ref> &mdash; such spontaneous mutations occur in about 1 in 20 000 births. Marfan syndrome is also an example of [[dominant negative mutation]] and [[haploinsufficiency]].<ref name="Judge_et_al_2004">{{cite journal | last = Judge | first = Daniel P. | coauthors = Nancy J. Biery, Douglas R. Keene, Jessica Geubtner, Loretha Myers, David L. Huso, Lynn Y. Sakai, Harry C. Dietz | title = Evidence for a critical contribution of haploinsufficiency in the complex pathogenesis of Marfan syndrome. | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 172-181 | doi = 10.1172/JCI200420641 | id = PMID 15254584 | url = http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/114/2/172 | accessdate = 2007-02-15}}</ref><ref name="Judge_et_al_2005">{{cite journal | last = Judge | first = Daniel P. | coauthors = Harry C. Dietz | title = Marfan's syndrome. | journal = Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9501 | pages = 1965-76 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67789-6. | id = PMID 16325700 | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16325700 | accessdate = 2007-02-15}}</ref> It is associated with [[incomplete penetrance]], therefore not all persons carrying the mutation develop the disease.

==History Pathogenesis ==

Marfan syndrome has been linked to a defect in the ''FBN1'' [[gene]] on [[chromosome]] 15,<ref>{{cite journal | author = McKusick V | title = The defect in Marfan syndrome. | journal = Nature | volume = 352 | issue = 6333 | pages = 279-81 | year = 1991 | id = PMID 1852198}}</ref> which [[Genetics|encodes]] a [[glycoprotein]] called [[fibrillin]]-1. Fibrillin is essential for the formation of the [[elastic fiber]]s found in connective tissue, as it provides the scaffolding for [[tropoelastin]].<ref name="robspath">{{cite book | title=Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease| last=Cotran| coauthors=Kumar, Collins| publisher=W.B Saunders Company| ___location=Philadelphia| id=0-7216-7335-X}}</ref> Elastic fibers are found throughout the body but are particularly abundant in the [[aorta]], [[ligament]]s and the [[Zonule of Zinn|ciliary zonule]]s of the eye, consequently these areas are among the worst affected. Without the structural support provided by fibrillin many connective tissues are weakened, which can have severe consequences for support and stability.

{{See also|Aviation history}}

The origin of modern-day aerospace engineering can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the [[19th century]] to the [[20th century|20th]]. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering,<ref name="americana">{{cite encyclopedia

| author = Van Every, Kermit E.

| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Americana

| title = Aeronautical engineering

| edition =

| year = 1986

| publisher = Grolier Incorporated

| volume =1

| pages = 226 }}</ref> although the early pioneers were not without theoretical background for their creations ([[fluid dynamics]], a key branch of science related to aviation, was present from the century before). Only a decade after the successful flights by the [[Wright brothers]], the [[1920s]] saw extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of [[World War I]] military aircraft. Meanwhile, researches to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.

A related disease has been found in [[mouse|mice]], and the study of mouse fibrillin synthesis and secretion, and connective tissue formation, has begun to further our understanding of Marfan syndrome in humans. It has been found that simply reducing the level of normal fibrillin-1 causes a Marfan-related disease in mice.<ref name="micefib">{{cite journal | author=Lygia Pereira, ''et al.''| title=Pathogenetic sequence for aneurysm revealed in mice underexpressing fibrillin-1| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| year=1999| volume=96| issue=7| page=3819-3823| url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/96/7/3819}}</ref>

The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February [[1958]].<ref name="britannica"/> The definition considered the Earth's atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft (''aero'') and spacecraft (''space'') under a newly coined word ''[[aerospace]]''.

[[Transforming growth factor]] beta (TGFβ) plays an important role in Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin-1 binds TGFβ and inactivates it. In Marfan syndrome, reduced levels of fibrillin-1 allow activated TGFβ to damage the lungs and heart. A defect in the gene ''TGFβR2'' on [[chromosome]] 3, a [[receptor protein]] of TGFβ, has also been related to Marfan syndrome.<ref name="tgf2beta">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=gene&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7048|title=TGFBR2 transforming growth factor, beta receptor II|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=NCBI|year=2007|author=Entrez Gene|format=Entrez gene entry}}</ref> Marfan syndrome can often be confused with [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]], a similar connective tissue disorder resulting from mutations in the TGFβ receptor genes ''TGFβR1'' and ''TGFβR2''.<ref name="loeysdietz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marfan.org/nmf/GetContentRequestHandler.do?menu_item_id=84|title=Related Disorders: Loeys-Dietz |accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=National Marfan Foundation}}</ref>

{{section-stub}}

==ElementsSymptoms==

There are no signs or symptoms that are unique to Marfan syndrome. It is usually a single apparent sign or symptom that leads doctors to look for others and eventually to diagnose the syndrome, which affects connective tissue in diverse organs and systems. Even affected individuals in the same family might exhibit various combinations and severities of symptoms.

Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:

<ref name="open-site">

{{cite encyclopedia

| encyclopedia = [[Open Site]]

| title = Science: Engineering: Aerospace

| url = http://open-site.org/Science/Engineering/Aerospace/

| accessdate = 2006-10-08

}}</ref>

===Skeletal system===

*[[Fluid mechanics]] - the study of [[fluid]] flow around objects. Specifically [[aerodynamics]] concerning the flow of air over bodies such as [[wing]]s or through objects such as [[wind tunnel]]s (see also [[lift (force)|lift]] and [[aeronautics]]).

The most readily visible signs may be associated with the skeletal system. Many individuals with Marfan syndrome grow to larger than normal height and have long, slender limbs, fingers, and toes. An individual's arms may be disproportionately long. In addition to affecting height and limb proportions, Marfan syndrome can produce other skeletal signs. Abnormal curvature of the [[Vertebral column|spine]] ([[scoliosis]]) is common, as is abnormal indentation ([[pectus excavatum]]) or protrusion ([[pectus carinatum]]) of the [[sternum]]. Other signs include abnormal joint flexibility, a high [[palate]], [[malocclusions]], flat feet, stooped shoulders, and unexplained [[stretch marks]] on the skin. Some people with Marfans have [[speech disorder|speech impediments]] resulting from symptomatic high palates and small jaws.

* [[Astrodynamics]] - the study of [[orbital mechanics]] including manipulation, determination, and prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, several have graduate programs covering this topic (usually in conjunction with the Physics department of said college or university).

* Dynamics and engineering mechanics - the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems.

* [[Mathematics]] - as most subjects within aerospace engineering involve equations and mathematical manipulation and derivations, a solid and comprehensive study of mathematics is required to enable effective learning in the other modules.

* [[Electrotechnology]] - the study of electronics within engineering.

* Propulsion - the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by [[internal combustion engine]]s, [[jet engine]]s and [[turbomachinery]], or [[rocket]]s (see also [[propeller]] and [[spacecraft propulsion]]). A more recent addition to propulsion is ion thrust (or electric) propulsion.

* [[Control engineering]] - the study of mathematical modelling of systems and designing them in order that they behave in the desired way. As [[aircraft flight control systems]] are becoming increasingly complex, they can be studied as a separate module.

* [[Aircraft structures]] - design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims very much at keeping structures lightweight.

* [[Materials science]] - related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance.

* [[Aeroelasticity]] - the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing [[flutter]], divergence, etc.

* [[Avionics]] - specifically concerning the design and programming of any computer systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the simulation of systems. Navigation equipment may be the focus of this study.

* [[Reliability engineering|Risk and reliability]] - the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods.

* [[Noise control]] - the study of the mechanics of sound transfer. Required as noise levels are a massive consideration in the current aerospace industry.

* [[Flight test]] - the discipline of designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and [[handling qualities]] data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements.

===Eyes===

The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical [[mathematics]], such as [[fluid dynamics]] for aerodynamics or the [[equations of motion]] for [[flight dynamics]]. However, there is also a large [[empiricism|empirical]] component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in [[computing]] have enabled the use of [[computational fluid dynamics]] to simulate the behavior of fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing.

Marfan syndrome can also seriously affect the eyes and vision. [[myopia|Nearsightedness]] and [[astigmatism]] are common, but farsightedness can also result. Periodic eye exams can lead to an [[ophthalmologist]] or [[optometrist]] discovering dislocation, or [[subluxation]], of the crystalline [[lens (anatomy)|lens]] in one or both eyes ([[ectopia lentis]]) by carefully observing these structures using a [[Slit lamp|slit-lamp]] biomicroscope. This can be differentiated from the similar condition [[homocystinuria]], where the dislocation is inferonasal; in Marfan's the dislocation is superotemporal. Sometimes eye problems appear only after the weakening of connective tissue has caused [[retinal detachment|detachment of the retina]].<ref name="mayo-gen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/marfan-syndrome/DS00540/DSECTION=2|title=Marfan Syndrome|accessdate=2007-01-12|publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Early onset [[glaucoma]] can be another complication.

===Cardiovascular system===

Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, life time), leading to extraordinary challenges and solutions specific to the ___domain of aerospace systems engineering. It is uncommon for an aerospace engineer to view and comprehend all the components of the involved project.<ref name="princetonreview">{{cite web |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=5 |title=Career: Aerospace Engineer |accessdate=2006-10-08 |work=Career Profiles |publisher=The Princeton Review |quote=Due to the complexity of the final product, an intricate and rigid organizational structure for production has to be maintained, severely curtailing any single engineer's ability to understand his role as it relates to the final project. }}</ref>

The most serious conditions associated with Marfan syndrome involve the cardiovascular system. Undue fatigue, shortness of breath, [[heart palpitations]], [[tachycardia|racing heartbeats]], or [[angina|pain in the left chest, back, shoulder, or arm]], can bring an individual into the doctor's office. A [[heart murmur]] heard on a [[stethoscope]], an abnormal reading on an [[electrocardiogram]], or symptoms of [[angina]] can lead a doctor to order an [[echocardiogram]]. This can reveal signs of leakage or [[prolapse]] of the mitral or aortic [[heart valve|valves]] that control the flow of blood through the heart. However, the major sign that would lead a doctor to consider an underlying condition is a dilated aorta or an [[aortic aneurysm]]. Sometimes, no heart problems are apparent until the weakening of the connective tissue in the [[aorta|ascending aorta]] causes an [[aortic aneurysm]] or even [[aortic dissection]]. During pregnancy, even in the absence of preconceived cardiovascular abnormality, women with Marfan syndrome are at significant risk of acute [[aortic dissection]], which can be lethal if untreated. For this reason, women with Marfan syndrome should recieve a thorough assessment prior to conception, and [[echocardiography]] should be performed every 6-10 weeks during pregnancy, to assess the aortic root diameter. Most women however tolerate pregnancy well and safe vaginal delivery is possible.<ref name="emed">{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/fulltopic/topic1372.htm#section~Miscellaneous|title=Marfan Syndrome, special concerns|accessdate=2007-06-25}}</ref>

===Lungs===

See [[List of aerospace engineering topics]].

Marfan syndrome is a [[risk factor]] for spontaneous [[pneumothorax]]. In spontaneous unilateral pneumothorax, air escapes from a lung and occupies the [[pleural]] space between the chest wall and a [[lung]]. The lung becomes partially compressed or collapsed. This can cause pain, shortness of breath, [[cyanosis]], and, if not treated, death. Marfan syndrome has also been associated with [[sleep apnea]] and [[idiopathic]] obstructive lung disease.

===Central nervous system===

==Popular culture==

Another condition that can reduce the quality of life for an individual, though not life-threatening, is [[dural ectasia]], the weakening of the connective tissue of the dural sac, the membrane that encases the [[spinal cord]]. Dural ectasia can be present for a long time without producing any noticeable symptoms. Symptoms that can occur are lower [[back pain]], leg pain, [[abdominal pain]], other neurological symptoms in the lower extremities, or [[headaches]]. Such symptoms usually diminish when the individual lies flat on his or her back. These types of symptoms might lead a doctor to order an [[X-ray]] of the [[lumbar|lower spine]]. Dural ectasia is usually not visible on an X-ray in the early phases. A worsening of symptoms and the lack of finding any other cause should eventually lead a doctor to order a upright [[MRI]] of the lower spine. Dural ectasia that has progressed to the point of causing these symptoms would appear in a upright MRI image as a dilated pouch that is wearing away at the [[lumbar vertebrae]].<ref name="mayo-gen" /> Other spinal issues associated with Marfan include degenerative disk disease and spinal cysts.

Popular culture has not been unaffected by this branch of engineering. The term "[[wikt:rocket scientist|rocket scientist]]" is at times used to describe a person of remarkable or in the considered context higher than average intelligence. Aerospace engineering has also been represented as the more "glittery" pinnacle of engineering. The movie ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'' depicts the ground team as a group of heroes in a Hollywood fashion glorifying the intelligence and competence of ''white shirt and tie'' professionals as a sharp contrast to pop culture trends. This was later extended in more detail in the spin-off series ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (HBO)|From the Earth to the Moon]]''.

==Management==

==Aerospace engineering degrees==

There is no cure for Marfan syndrome, but life expectancy has increased significantly over the last few decades. The syndrome is treated by addressing each issue as it arises, and, in particular, considering prophylactic medication, even for young children, to slow progression of aortic dilation.

Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied at the [[bachelor's degree|bachelors]], [[master's degree|masters]], and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others.

Regular checkups by a [[cardiologist]] are needed to monitor the health of the heart valves and the aorta. The goal of treatment is to slow the progression of aortic dilation and damage to heart valves by eliminating [[Cardiac arrhythmia|arrythmias]], minimizing the [[heart rate]], and minimizing [[blood pressure]]. [[Beta blocker]]s have been used to control [[Cardiac arrhythmia|arrythmias]] and slow the [[heart rate]]. Other medications might be needed to further minimize [[blood pressure]] without slowing the [[heart rate]], such as [[ACE inhibitors]] and [[angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]s, also known as angiontensin receptor blockers (ARBs). If the dilation of the aorta progresses to a significant diameter [[aneurysm]], causes a dissection or a rupture, or leads to failure of the aortic or other valve, then surgery (possibly a composite aortic valve graft [CAVG] or valve-sparing procedure) becomes necessary. Although aortic graft surgery (or any vascular surgery) is a serious undertaking it is generally successful if undertaken on an elective basis. Surgery in the setting of acute aortic dissection or rupture is considerably more problematic. Elective aortic valve/graft surgery is usually considered when aortic root diameter reaches 50 millimetres, but each case needs to be specifically evaluated by a qualified cardiologist. New valve-sparing surgical techniques are becoming more common.<ref name="mayo-heart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/marfan-syndrome/heartsurgery.html|title=Heart Surgery for Marfan Syndrome|accessdate=2007-01-12|publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> As Marfan patients live longer, other vascular repairs are becoming more common, e.g. repairs of descending thoractic aortic aneurysms and aneurysms of vessels other than the aorta.

==Aerospace Engineers==

Aerospace engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the production of these products. Those who work with aircraft are called aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are astronautical engineers. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space exploration, often specializing in areas such as structural design, guidance, navigation and control, instrumentation and communication, or production methods. They also may specialize in a particular type of aerospace product, such as commercial aircraft, military fighter jets, helicopters, spacecraft, or missiles and rockets, and may become experts in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion, acoustics, or guidance and control systems.

The skeletal and ocular manifestations of Marfan syndrome can also be serious, although not life-threatening. These symptoms are usually treated in the typical manner for the appropriate condition. This can also affect height, arm length, and life span. The [[Nuss procedure]] is now being offered to people with Marfan syndrome to correct 'sunken chest' or ([[pectus excavatum]]).<ref name="chkd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chkd.org/services/nussprocedure/Overview.aspx|title=Overview of the Nuss Procedure for Pectus Excavatum|accessdate=2007-01-12|publisher=Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters}}</ref> Because Marfan may cause spinal abnormalities that are asymptomatic, any spinal surgery contemplated on a Marfan patient should only follow detailed imaging and careful surgical planning, regardless of the indication for surgery.

Aerospace engineers are expected to have slower-than-average growth in employment over the projection period. Although increases in the number and scope of military aerospace projects likely will generate new jobs, increased efficiency will limit the number of new jobs in the design and production of commercial aircraft. Even with slow growth, the employment outlook for aerospace engineers through 2014 appears favorable: the number of degrees granted in aerospace engineering declined for many years because of a perceived lack of opportunities in this field, and, although this trend is reversing, new graduates continue to be needed to replace aerospace engineers who retire or leave the occupation for other reasons.

Clinical trials have been conducted of the drug [[acetazolamide]] in the treatment of symptoms of [[dural ectasia]]. The treatment has demonstrated significant functional improvements in some sufferers.<ref name="spine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article922.html|title=Dural Ectasia in the Marfan Spine: Symptoms and Treatment|accessdate=2007-01-12|publisher=Scoliosis Research Society}}</ref> Other medical treatments, as well as physical therapy, are also available.

Earnings for engineers vary significantly by specialty, industry, and education. Even so, as a group, engineers earn some of the highest average starting salaries among those holding bachelor’s degrees. The following tabulation shows average starting salary offers for engineers, according to a 2005 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

Starting Salaries:<BR>Bachelor's - $50,993<BR>Master's - $62,930<BR>Ph. D. - $72,529

Treatment of a spontaneous [[pneumothorax]] is dependant on the volume of air in the pleural space and the natural progression of the individual's condition. A small pneumothorax might resolve without active treatment in 1 to 2 weeks. Recurrent pneumothoraxes might require chest surgery. Moderately sized pneumothoraxes might need [[Chest tube|chest drain]] management for several days in hospital. Large pneumothoraxes are likely to be medical emergencies requiring emergency decompression.

[http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm US Department of Labor Engineer Statistics]

Research in laboratory [[mouse|mice]] has suggested that the [[angiotensin II receptor antagonist]] [[losartan]], which appears to block TGF-beta activity, can slow or halt the formation of aortic aneurysms in Marfan syndrome.<ref name="scimag">{{Cite journal | last = Habashi | first = Jennifer P. | coauthors = Daniel P. Judge, Tammy M. Holm, Ronald D. Cohn, Bart L. Loeys, Timothy K. Cooper, Loretha Myers, Erin C. Klein, Guosheng Liu, Carla Calvi, Megan Podowski, Enid R. Neptune, Marc K. Halushka, Djahida Bedja, Kathleen Gabrielson, Daniel B. Rifkin, Luca Carta, Francesco Ramirez, David L. Huso, and Harry C. Dietz | date = [[April 7]], [[2006]] | title = Losartan, an AT1 Antagonist, Prevents Aortic Aneurysm in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome | volume = 312 | issue = 5770 | pages = 117 - 121 | doi = 10.1126/science.1124287 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/312/5770/117 | abstract = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;312/5770/117 | news = http://www.news-medical.net/?id=17249}}</ref> A large [[clinical trial]] sponsored by the [[National Institutes of Health]] comparing the effects of losartan and [[atenolol]] on the aortas of Marfan patients is scheduled to begin in early 2007, coordinated by Johns Hopkins.<ref name="trial">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marfan.org/nmf/GetSubContentRequestHandler.do?sub_menu_item_content_id=147&menu_item_id=91|title=Atenolol vs. Losartan in Individuals with Marfan Syndrome Clinial Trial|accessdate=2007-01-12|publisher=National Marfan Foundation}}</ref>

== References ==

<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags and the tag below -->

<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

Genetic counseling and specialized clinics are available at many academic medical centers for affected persons and family members.

== See also ==

* [[Aerospace]]

* [[List of aerospace engineering topics]]

* [[List of aerospace engineers]]

* [[List of aerospace engineering schools]]

* [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]

* [[Flight test]]

==Well known people==

=== Major aerospace corporations ===

Below is a list of prominent figures known or believed to have had Marfan syndrome:

* [[Airbus]]

* [[Euell Gibbons]], outdoorsman & health food proponent.

* [[Boeing]]

* [[Flo Hyman]], silver medal in Women's Volleyball (1984 Olympics)<ref name="flo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.volleyhall.org/hyman.html|title=Flo Hyman|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=Volleyball Hall of Fame}}</ref>

* [[Bombardier]]

* [[Jonathan Larson]], Tony Award-winning playwright ([[Rent (musical)|Rent]]); he died in 1996 of [[aortic dissection]] on the eve of his musical's premiere<ref name="larson">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnbc.com/drmaxgomez/5421112/detail.html|title=Marfan's Syndrome Is Deadly, Elusive|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=WNBC.com}}</ref>

* [[BAE Systems]]

* [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]], blues singer and guitarist<ref name="robertj">{{Cite journal | last = Connel | first = David | date = [[September 2]], [[2006]] | title=Retrospective blues: Robert Johnson—an open letter to Eric Clapton | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 333 | issue = 7566 | pages = 489 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1557967|accessdate=2007-01-11}}</ref>

* [[EADS]] (including its [[Airbus]] subsidiary)

*[[Mike Dunleavy]], professional basketball player for the [[Portland Trailblazers]]

* [[Embraer]]

* [[Vincent Schiavelli]], actor<ref name="schiavelli">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marfan.org/nmf/PreviewPressReleaseInfoRequestHandler.do?press_release_id=24|title=NMF Mourns the Loss of its Honorary Co-Chair, Vincent Schiavelli|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=National Marfan Foundation}}</ref>

* [[United Technologies Corporation]]

* [[Sir John Tavener]],<ref name="bbc">Richard Morrison, ''99 Names for God: John Tavener turns his back on Orthodoxy'', BBC Music, November 2004, page 30</ref> contemporary British composer

* [[General Dynamics]]

* Bradford Cox, frontman of the punk rock band [[Deerhunter]]<ref name="deerhunter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/43085-interview-deerhunter|title=Pitchfork Feature: Interview: Deerhunter}}</ref>

* [[Lockheed Martin]]

* [[Joey Ramone]], of the punk rock band [[The Ramones]].

* [[Northrop Grumman]]

* [[Raytheon]]

* [[Honeywell]]

===Spurious or conjectural claims===

{{Technology-footer}}

There are a number of historical persons believed to have suffered from Marfan's syndrome, but as proper Marfan diagnosis was not available before well into the 20th century most such claims can only be considered as speculation based on sparse medical records and pictures.

* [[Akhenaten]], Egyptian Pharaoh, who was the father of King [[Tutankhamun]] (spurious claim based on early Amarna art style. Tutankhamun, who didn't have syndrome, was also portrayed this way)<ref name="pharaoh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marfan.ca/pharaoh.html|title=Did Akhenaten Suffer from Marfan's Syndrome?|accessdate=2007-01-11|publisher=Canadian Marfan Association}}</ref>

[[Category:Aerospace engineering| ]]

* [[Osama bin Laden]] may suffer from Marfan Syndrome (speculation based on tall size, use of cane and rumoured heart-disease; almost certainly in error)<ref>http://archive.salon.com/people/feature/2001/11/09/marfan/index.html</ref>

[[cs:Aerokosmická technologie]]

[[es:Ingeniería aeronáutica]]

* [[Charles de Gaulle]] (conjectural)<ref>http://archive.salon.com/people/feature/2001/11/09/marfan/index.html</ref>

[[fa:مهندسی هوافضا]]

[[fr:Aérospatiale]]

* [[Nicollo Paganini]] (Conjectural) <ref>[http://tafkac.org/celebrities/paganini_stories_myths.html], main reference being an article in the AMA journal by Dr. Myron R. Shoenfeld dated 2 January, 1978.</ref>

[[it:Ingegneria aerospaziale]]

[[he:הנדסת חלל]]

* It was once believed that [[Abraham Lincoln]] suffered from Marfan Sydrome, although recent research has argued that he probably didn't.

[[hi:वैमानिक अभियान्त्रिकी]]

[[lv:Aeroinženierija]]

* [[Johnny Appleseed]], a pioneer nurseryman in America living during the 18th century; he has become an almost mythical popular culture icon in America.

[[nl:Luchtvaarttechniek]]

[[ja:航空宇宙工学]]

==Related disorders==

[[pl:Astronautyka]]

The following disorders have similar signs and symptoms of Marfan syndrome:

[[sr:Космичко-ваздухопловна индустрија]]

[[th:วิศวกรรมอวกาศยาน]]

*[[Arachnodactyly|Congenital Contractural Arachnodactyly (CCA) or Beals Syndrome]]

*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]

*[[Homocystinuria]]

*[[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]

*[[MASS phenotype]]

*[[Stickler syndrome]]

The following conditions that can result from having Marfan syndrome may also occur in people without any known underlying disorder:

<div style="width:30%; float:left; padding:0 3% 0 0; border:none; overflow:hidden; clear:left;">

*[[Aortic aneurysm|Aortic aneurysm or dilitation]]

*[[Arachnodactyly]]

*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]]

*[[Cysts]]

*[[Craniosynostosis]]

*[[Cystic medial necrosis]]

*[[Dural ectasia]]

*[[Ectopia lentis]]

</div>

<div style="width:30%; float:left; padding:0 3% 0 0; border:none; overflow:hidden; ">

*[[Flat feet]]

*[[Gigantism]]

*[[Glaucoma]]

*[[Hernias]]

*[[Hyperflex|Hypermobility of the joints]]

*[[Malocclusion]]

*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]

*[[Myopia]]

</div>

<div class="editmode" style="width:30%; float:left; padding:0 3% 0 0; border:none; overflow:hidden; ">

*[[COPD|Obstructive lung disease]]

*[[Osteoarthritis]]

*[[Pectus carinatum]] or [[pectus excavatum|excavatum]]

*[[Pneumothorax]]

*[[Retinal detachment]]

*[[Scoliosis]]

*[[Sleep apnea]]

*[[Stretch marks]]

</div><br clear="left" />

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

*[http://marfanworld.org/ International Federation of Marfan Syndrome Organisations]

*[http://www.marfan.org/ National Marfan Foundation (USA)]

*[http://www.marfan.org.za/diagnosis.html Marfan diagnosis criteria]

*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Marfan.html National Institute for Health Marfan syndrome page (USA)]

*[http://www.medicinenet.com/marfan_syndrome/index.htm Marfan Syndrome Center at medicinenet.com]

*[http://marfansyndrome.researchtoday.net/ Marfan Syndrome Research] - recent literature on Marfan Syndrome

*[http://www.supportmarfan.com Marfan support]

*[http://www.marfan.ca/ Canadian Marfan Association]

*[http://www.marfan.org.uk/ Marfan Association UK]

*[http://www.marfan.org.mx/ Marfan de Mexico]

*[http://www.marfan.no/ Norwegian Marfan Organization]

*[http://www.marfanlife.net Marfan Life blog] - mostly links to news articles about Marfan Syndrome

*[http://www.marfanlife.net/lists/ Marfan-List] - email discussion list for people and families with Marfan Syndrome

*[http://www.marfan.org.za/ South African Marfan Syndrome Organisation] - support group for Africa

*[http://www.medstudents.com.br/original/revisao/marfan/marfan.htm Eye Findings in Marfan's syndrome]

[[Category:Cardiology]]

[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]

[[Category:Syndromes]]

[[ar:متلازمة مارفان]]

[[de:Marfan-Syndrom]]

[[es:Síndrome de Marfan]]

[[fr:Syndrome de Marfan]]

[[ko:마르팡 증후군]]

[[it:Sindrome di Marfan]]

[[he:תסמונת מרפן]]

[[nl:Syndroom van Marfan]]

[[ja:マルファン症候群]]

[[nn:Marfans syndrom]]

[[pl:Zespół Marfana]]

[[pt:Síndrome de Marfan]]

[[ru:Синдром Марфана]]

[[sr:Марфанов синдром]]

[[fi:Marfanin oireyhtymä]]

[[sv:Marfans syndrom]]

[[uk:Синдром Марфана]]