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:''This article is about the Elizabethan naval commander. For other people of the same name see [[Francis Drake (disambiguation)]].''
:''The following discussion is an archived debate of the case of suspected sockpuppetry. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> No further edits should be made to this page. All edits should go to the talk page of this case. If you are seeing this page as a result of an attempt to open a new case of sockpuppetry of the same user, [[Wikipedia:Sock_puppetry/Notes_for_the_accuser|read this]] for detailed instructions.''
{{Infobox Biography
===[[User:Charlie.somerville]]===
| subject_name = Sir Francis Drake
;Suspected sockpuppeteer
| image_name = FrancisDrake.jpg
{{user5|1=Charlie.somerville}}<br>
| image_caption = privateer
| date_of_birth = c. 1540s
| place_of_birth = [[Tavistock]], [[Devon]]
| date_of_death = [[1596-01-28]]
| place_of_death = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]
}}
'''Sir Francis Drake''', [[Vice Admiral]], (c. 1540 – [[January 28]] [[1596]]) was an [[England|English]] [[privateer]], [[Navigation|navigator]], [[slave]] trader, [[politics|politician]] and [[civil engineering|civil engineer]] of the [[Elizabethan era]], considered by many a pirate. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588. He died of [[dysentery]] while unsuccessfully attacking [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] in 1596.
;Suspected sockpuppets
== Birth and early years ==
{{user5|1=Bradlow idiot}}<br>
[[Image:sfdrake42.jpg|thumb|left|[[Portrait miniature|Miniature]] of Drake, age 42 by [[Nicholas Hilliard]] in 1581]]
{{user5|1=58.107.252.48}}<br>
Francis Drake was born in [[Tavistock]], [[Devon]], one of two sons of Edmund Drake (1518–1585), a [[Protestant]] farmer who later became a [[preacher]], and his wife Mary Mylwaye. Francis was a grandson of John Drake and Margaret Cole. He is often confused with his cousin John Drake (1573–1634), who was the son of Edmund's older brother, Richard Drake. (cf. [[John White (surveyor)#endnote Drake|John White, note 2]]). His maternal grandfather was Richard Mylwaye. John Drake and Margaret Cole were also great-grandparents of Sir [[Walter Raleigh]].
;Report submission by
He was reportedly named after his [[Godparent|godfather]] [[Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford]], and throughout his cousins' lineages are direct connections to [[The Crown|royalty]] and famous persons, such as [[Richard Grenville|Sir Richard Grenville]], Amy Grenville, and [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. However, [[James Anthony Froude|James Froude]]<!--in http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10392 --> states, "He told [[William Camden|Camden]] that he was of mean extraction. He meant merely that he was proud of his parents and made no idle pretensions to noble birth. His father was a tenant of the [[John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford|Earl of Bedford]], and must have stood well with him, for Francis Russell, the heir of the earldom, was the boy's godfather."
'''[[User:AAA!|<span style="color:red">AAA!</span>]]''' <small>([[User talk:AAA!|<span style="color:green">AAAA</span>]])</small> 03:34, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
;Evidence
As with many of Drake's contemporaries, the exact date of his birth is unknown and could be as early as 1535, the 1540 date being extrapolated from two portraits: one a [[Portrait miniature|miniature]] painted by [[Nicholas Hilliard]] in 1581 when he was allegedly 42, the other painted in 1594 when he was alleged to be 53 according to the 1921/22 edition of the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', which quotes [[John Barrow (English statesman)|Barrow]]'s ''Life of Drake'' (1843) p. 5. Francis was the second eldest of 12 children; as he was not granted legal right to his father's farm, he had to find his own career.
Bradlow Idiot's {{contribs|Bradlow idiot|contribs}} on my user page ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AAA%21&diff=next&oldid=139874179 diff]) practically match the vandalism [[User:Charlie.somerville|Charlie.somerville]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AAA%21&oldid=137551894 made] on my user page. [[User:58.107.252.48|58.107.252.48]] also [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:AAA%21&diff=139877136&oldid=139875559 vandalised] my user page in the same pattern. If they are not sockpuppets, then I suspect them to be [[WP:MEAT|meatpuppets]].
;Comments
During the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] uprising of 1549, the family was forced to flee to [[Kent]]. At about the age of 13, Francis took to the sea on a cargo [[barque]], becoming master of the ship at the age of 20. He spent his early career honing his [[sailing]] skills on the difficult waters of the [[North Sea]], and after the death of the captain he became master of his own barque. At age 23, Drake made his first voyage to the [[New World]] under the sails of the Hawkins family of [[Plymouth]], in company with his cousin, Sir [[John Hawkins]]. Together, Hawkins and Drake made the first English [[Atlantic slave trade|slave-trading]] expeditions, making his fortune through the sale of West Africans.
Looks like a match. Charlie last edited under his own name more than a week ago, and he left an apology note, so blocking his account would be pointless IMO. Bradlow idiot should be indef-blocked as a sock/vandal-only account. The IP has been firmly warned by Fram, and that should be sufficient. [[User:YechielMan|Yechiel]][[User talk:YechielMan|<span style="color:green">Man</span>]] 08:36, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
<br>
<br>
It isn't me. Must be one of my cronies who were around me while I was vandalising your page.<br>
Go ahead and block [[User:Bradlow idiot|Bradlow idiot]] but don't mark it against my account.
[[User:Charlie.somerville|Charlie.somerville]] 03:14, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
;Conclusions
== Conflict in the Caribbean ==
I took a closer look, and I believe that Charlie is innocent. A friendly word of advice to Charlie: it's not a good idea to edit other people's userpages without their permission to write dirty jokes. Even though you reverted it without a fuss, you should not have done it in the first place.
Around 1563 Drake first sailed west to the [[Spanish Main]], on a ship owned by his cousin John Hawkins, with a cargo of slaves from Africa. He took an immediate dislike to the Spanish, at least in part due to their mistrust of non-Spaniards and the Spaniards' Catholicism. His hostility is said to have been increased by an incident at San Juan de Ulua in 1568, when, while delivering his load of slaves, a Spanish fleet came upon him by surprise. Although he was in his enemy's port, it was conventional for the Spanish to 'surrender' for a few hours in order to purchase slaves. Thus it was unusual for a fleet of enemy warships to appear out of the blue. Drake survived the attack in large part because of his ability to swim. From then on, he devoted his life to working against the [[Spanish Empire]]; the Spanish considered him an outlaw [[pirate]] (see also [[Piracy in the Caribbean]]), but to England he was simply a sailor and privateer. On his second such voyage, he fought a battle against Spanish forces that cost many English lives but earned him the favour of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]].
I checked Charlie's editing pattern in the contribution log. He tends to make a few edits in a day, then disappear for two or three weeks, then return for a few more edits. His last edit had been on June 12. Then he returns on June 26, makes three ordinary edits as if nothing happened, and comes to defend himself in this case.
The most celebrated of Drake's [[Caribbean]] adventures was his capture of the Spanish Silver Train at [[Nombre de Dios]] in March 1573. With a crew including many [[France|French]] privateers and [[Maroon (people)|Maroons]] — African slaves who had escaped the Spanish — Drake raided the waters around [[Darién, Panama|Darien]] (in modern [[Panama]]) and tracked the Silver Train to the nearby port of Nombre de Dios. He made off with a fortune in gold, but had to leave behind another fortune in silver, because it was too heavy to carry back to England. It was during this expedition that he climbed a high tree in the central mountains of the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and thus became the first Englishman to see the Pacific Ocean.
Bradlow idiot came along on June 22 and made a throwaway edit to revert to the last vandalism version by Charlie. In order to do that, he needed to be a sockpuppet of ''someone'' - newbies don't know how to navigate page history and revert on their first edit - but that doesn't establish ''whom'' he is impersonating. It could be someone else.
When Drake returned to Plymouth on [[August 9]] [[1573]], a mere 30 Englishmen returned with him, every one of them rich for life. However, Queen Elizabeth, who had up to this point sponsored and encouraged Drake's raids, signed a temporary truce with King [[Philip II of Spain]], and so was unable to officially acknowledge Drake's accomplishment.
It just doesn't make sense to me that Charlie would vandalize as a joke, ''revert his own vandalism'', apologize to [[User:AAA!]] on his talk page, and come back ten days later to revert to the vandalism version. It's totally irrational on many levels.
== Alleged Atrocities in Ireland ==
Charlie, I'm willing to give you a free pass on this as long as you behave yourself and avoid vandalizing pages, even if it's just a joke (unless you wish to fool around in the [[WP:SANDBOX]]. I suppose we could do a checkuser, but I don't think it's necessary.
In 1575 Drake was present at [[Rathlin Island]], part of the English plantation effort in [[Ulster]] when 600 men, women and children were massacred after surrendering.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland#Early_Plantations]
{Disclosure: I am YechielMan above. I changed my usernaeme.) [[User:Shalom|Shalom]] <sup>[[User talk:Shalom|Hello]]</sup> 03:36, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
Francis Drake was in charge of the ships which transported John Norris' Troops to Rathlin Island, commanding a small frigate called "Falcon", with a total complement of 25. At the time of the massacre, he was charged with the task of keeping Scottish vessels from bringing reinforcements to Rathlin Island. The people who were massacred were, in fact, the families of [[Sorley Boy MacDonnell]]'s followers. (see John Sugden, "Sir Francis Drake", Simon+Schuster/New York, ISBN 0-671-75863-2)
:The friend explanation actually makes sense here, so I'll give the benefit of the doubt this time around, given that Charlie.somerville has been editing constructively. Charlie, if you just want a page to screw around with, you can create a subpage in your userspace (such as [[User:Charlie.somerville/sandbox]]) and do whatever test edits you like to it. [[User:Seraphimblade|Seraphimblade]] <small><sup>[[User talk:Seraphimblade|Talk to me]]</sup></small> 00:33, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
== Circumnavigation of the globe ==
[[Image:NPG_Drake.jpg|thumb|Sir Francis Drake, circa 1581. After Drake became famous, portraits of him were in demand. This portrait may have been copied from [[Nicholas Hilliard|Hilliard's]] [[:Image:Sfdrake42.jpg|miniature]]—note that the shirt is the same — and the somewhat oddly proportioned body added by an artist who did not have access to Drake.<!--Source: Sugden's biography.-->]]
This can make sense actually. You might not know, but me and Charlie know each other in person, and we also go to the same school. I saw Charlie on Wikipedia, and he had the vandalised diff on a separate notepad document (this was before he apologized to me, by the way). It is possible that he may have given that to his friends, and they created accounts, edited the page, and replaced it with the vandalised edit that was on the doc. So it's possible that they could be [[WP:MEAT|meatpuppets]] or even just [[Wikipedia:Single-purpose account|single-purpose accounts]]. Hope that shined some light on that.
===Entering the Pacific===
In [[1577]], Drake was commissioned by Queen Elizabeth to undertake an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas. He set sail from Plymouth, England, in [[December 13]] aboard the ''Pelican'', with four other ships and over 150 men. After crossing the Atlantic, one of the ships had to be abandoned on the east coast of South America.
And Charlie, I'd like to let you know that I'm not doing this for revenge; I'm doing it because you broke some of Wikipedia's rules, such as [[WP:VAND|this]], [[WP:NPA|this]], and possibly [[WP:SOCK|this]]; and it alerted my suspicions since those edits on my page were practically the same ones you made. Heck, if it was someone in Canada who did the exact same thing on my user page, I'd still have taken the same measures that I took against you. If I wanted revenge, I would've talked to you in person or something similar, and not get Wikipedia involved (because there's no point to do it on Wikipedia when we can simply do it in person). Hope there are no hard feelings between us. --'''[[User:AAA!|<span style="color:red">AAA!</span>]]''' <small>([[User talk:AAA!|<span style="color:green">AAAA</span>]])</small> 00:37, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
The three remaining ships departed for the [[Magellan Strait|Strait of Magellan]] at the southern tip of the continent. This course established "[[Drake's Passage]]", but the route south of [[Tierra del Fuego]] around [[Cape Horn]] was not discovered until 1616. Drake crossed from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Magellan Strait, after which a storm blew his ship so far south that he realized that Tierra del Fuego was not part of a southern continent, as was believed at that time. This voyage established Drake as the first Antarctic explorer, as his furthest south of at least 56 degrees (as evidenced by astronomical data quoted in Haklyut's "The Principall Navigators", 1589) was not surpassed until James Cook's voyage of 1773, and was the first known occasion that any explorer had travelled further south than any other human being.
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A few weeks later Drake made it to the Pacific, but violent storms destroyed one of the ships and caused another to return to England. He pushed onward in his lone flagship, now renamed the ''[[Golden Hind]]'' in honour of Sir [[Christopher Hatton]] (after his [[heraldry|coat of arms]]). The ''Golden Hind'' sailed northward alone along the Pacific coast of South America, attacking Spanish ports like [[Valparaíso]] as it went. Some Spanish ships were captured, and Drake made good use of their more accurate charts.
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<!-- DO NOT EDIT THE "----" NOR THE </div> KEEP THEM WHERE THEY ARE. REMEMBER TO SIGN! USING FOUR TILDES -->
===Nova Albion===
On [[June 17]], [[1579]], Drake landed somewhere north of Spain's northern-most claim at [[Point Loma]]. He found an excellent port, landed, repaired and restocked his vessels, then stayed for a time, keeping friendly relations with the natives. It is said that he left behind many of his men as a small colony, but his planned return voyages to the colony were never realized. He claimed the land in the name of the Holy [[Trinity]] for the English Crown as called ''[[Nova Albion]]'' — [[Latin]] for "New England."
The precise ___location of the port was carefully guarded to keep it secret from the Spaniards, and several of Drake's maps may even have been altered to this end. All first hand records from the voyage, including logs, paintings and charts were lost when [[Whitehall Palace]] burned in [[1698]]. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drake's claim to the new lands, fitting the description in Drake's own account, was discovered in [[Marin County]]. This so-called [[Drake's Plate of Brass]] was later declared a hoax.
Another ___location often claimed to be Nova Albion is [[Whale Cove (Oregon)]], although to date there is no evidence to suggest this, other than a general resemblance to a single map penned a decade after the landing were "From Sea to Sea". The colonial claims were established with full knowledge of Drake's claims, which they reinforced, and remained valid in the minds of the English colonists on the Atlantic coast when those colonies became free states. Maps made soon after would have "''Nova Albion''" written above the entire northern frontier of New Spain. These territorial claims became important during the negotiations that ended the [[Mexican-American War]] between the United States and Mexico.
===Continuing the journey===
Drake now headed westward across the Pacific, and a few months later reached the [[Moluccas]], a group of islands in the southwest Pacific, east of [[Indonesia]]. While there, the ''Golden Hind'' became caught on a reef and was almost lost. After three days of waiting for expedient tides and dumping cargo, the bark was miraculously freed. Drake and his men befriended a sultan king of the Moluccas and involved themselves in some intrigues with the Portuguese there.
He made multiple stops on his way toward the tip of Africa, eventually rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]], and reached [[Sierra Leone]] by [[July 22]], [[1580]]. On [[September 26]] the ''Golden Hind'' sailed into Plymouth with Drake and 59 remaining crew aboard, along with a rich cargo of spices and captured Spanish treasures. The Queen's half-share of the cargo surpassed the rest of the crown's income for that entire year. Hailed as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth (and the second such voyage overall, after [[Magellan]]'s in 1520), Drake was knighted by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] aboard the ''Golden Hind'' on [[April 4]], [[1581]], and became the Mayor of Plymouth and a Member of Parliament.
The Queen ordered all written accounts of Drake's voyage to be considered [[classified information]], and its participants sworn to silence on pain of death; her aim was to keep Drake's activities away from the eyes of rival Spain.
== The Spanish Armada ==
War broke out between Spain and England in 1585. Drake sailed to the New World and sacked the ports of [[Santo Domingo]] and [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]. On the return leg of the voyage, he captured the Spanish fort of [[St. Augustine, Florida|San Augustíne]] in Florida. These exploits encouraged Philip II of Spain to order the planning for an invasion of England.
In a pre-emptive strike, Drake "singed the King of Spain's beard" by sailing a fleet into [[Cadiz]], one of Spain's main ports, and occupied the harbour for three days, capturing six ships and destroying 31 others as well as a large quantity of stores. The attack delayed the Spanish invasion by a year.
Drake was [[vice admiral]] in command of the English fleet (under [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]]) when it overcame the [[Spanish Armada]] that was attempting to invade England in 1588. As the English fleet pursued the Armada up the English Channel in closing darkness, Drake put duty second and captured the Spanish galleon ''Rosario'', along with Admiral [[Pedro de Valdés]] and all his crew. The Spanish ship was known to be carrying substantial funds to pay the Spanish Army in the Low Countries. Drake's ship had been leading the English pursuit of the Armada by means of a lantern. By extinguishing this for the capture, Drake put the fleet into disarray overnight. This exemplified Drake's ability, as a privateer, to suspend strategic purpose if a tactical profit were on offer.
On the night of [[29 July]], along with Howard, Drake organised fire-ships, causing the majority of the Spanish captains to break formation and sail out of [[Calais]] into the open sea. The next day, Drake was present at the [[Spanish Armada#Battle of Gravelines|Battle of Gravelines]].
The most famous (but probably apocryphal) anecdote about Drake relates that, prior to the battle, he was playing a game of [[bowls]] on [[Plymouth Hoe]]. On being warned of the approach of the Spanish fleet, Drake is said to have remarked that there was plenty of time to finish the game and still beat the Spaniards. This battle was the high point of the remarkable mariner's career. In fact tidal conditions caused some delay in the launching of the British fleet as the Spanish drew nearer{{fact}} so it is easy to see how a popular myth of Drake's cavalier attitude to the Spanish threat may have originated.
In 1589, the year after defeating the Armada, Drake was sent to support the rebels in [[Portugal]], which opposed the [[personal union]] of Spain and Portugal under King Philip II of Spain in 1580. En route, he sacked the city of [[La Coruña]] in Spain. This massive combined naval and land expedition (see "[[English Armada]]") was a dismal failure, attributed to a grievous lack of organization, poor training, and paltry supplies. It was a crucial turning point in the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)]].
== Final years ==
Drake's seafaring career continued into his mid fifties. In 1595, following a disastrous campaign against Spanish America, where he suffered several defeats in a row, he unsuccessfully attacked [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]. The Spanish gunners from [[El Morro Castle]] shot a cannonball through the cabin of Drake's flagship, but he survived. In 1596, he died of [[dysentery]] while again unsuccessfully attacking [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], where some Spanish treasure ships had sought shelter. He was buried at sea in a lead coffin, near [[Portobelo]], [[Panama]].
==Cultural impact==
Drake's exploits as an explorer have become an irrevocable part of the world's subconsciousness, particularly in Europe. Numerous legends, myths, stories, and fictional adaptations of his adventures exist to this day. Considered a hero in England, it is said that if England is ever in peril, beating [[Drake's Drum]] will cause Drake to return to save the country. This is a variation of the [[King in the mountain|sleeping hero]] folk-tale.
During his circumnavigation of the globe, Drake left a plate upon leaving his landing place on the west coast of North America, claiming the land for England. In the 1930s, it appeared that Drake's plate had been found near San Francisco. Forty years later, scientists confirmed that the plate was a [[hoax]], as had been suspected. Later information attributed the hoax to [[E Clampus Vitus]].
Drake's adventures, though less known in the United States, still have some effect. For instance, a major east-west road in [[Marin County, California]] is named Sir Francis Drake Boulevard. It connects Point San Quentin on [[San Francisco Bay]] with [[Point Reyes]] and [[Drakes Bay]]. Each end is near a site considered by some to be Drake's landing place.
Though England considers him a hero, Spaniards regard him as a cruel and bloodthirsty pirate who used to sack defenceless Spanish harbours. Drake, or ''Draco'' ("[[dragon]]") or "El Draqui," to use Spanish names for him, was used as a [[bogeyman]] for centuries after his "vicious" raids. Children through the Spanish-speaking world are still raised to fear "El Draqui."
==References==
* [[Samuel Bawlf|Bawlf, R. Samuel]]. ''The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580.''(Douglas & McIntyre, 2003)
* Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. ''Heroes: A History of Hero Worship.'' Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York, 2004. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.
* [[Garett Mattingly|Mattingly, Garett]], ''[[The Defeat of the Spanish Armada]]'', ISBN 0-395-08366-4 – a detailed account of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, it received a special citation from the Pulitzer Prize committee in 1960.
* [[N. A. M. Rodger|Rodger, N.A.M.]] ''The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660-1649.'' (London, 1997).
* Mrs. Charles Merideth, ''Notes and Sketches of New South Wales, during a residence in that colony from 1839 to 1844; BOUND WITH: "Life of Drake" by [[Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet|John Barrow]]'' (1st ed, 1844) [xi, 164; and xii, 187 pp. respectfully]
* James Anthony Froude, ''English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century'', London 1896, available as a free [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18209 eText] from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* Coote, Stephen, ''Drake'', Simon & Schuster, 2003, ISBN 0-7432-2007-2.
==External links==
*The Circumnavigation
**[http://www.goldenhinde.org/ Golden Hinde Educational Trust]
**[http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/free_stuff/google_earth/drake/index.htm Google Earth Tour of Drake's Circumnavigation]
**[http://tre.ngfl.gov.uk/server.php?request=cmVzb3VyY2UuZnVsbHZpZXc%3D&resourceId=10330 Lesson plans for classroom use]
*[http://www.biographyshelf.com/sir_francis_drake_biography.html Biography resources dedicated to Sir Francis Drake]
*General Sites
**[http://www.mcn.org/2/oseeler/drake.htm Oliver Seeler's website "Sir Francis Drake"]
**[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUDdrakeF.htm Francis Drake]
**[http://sirfrancisdrakehistory.net/ Francis Drake History]
**[http://www.indrakeswake.co.uk In Drake's Wake] - "The world's best Drake resource"
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/england/1650689.stm Mission to rescue Drake's body]
**[http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdkhome.html Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress]
**[http://www.floridamemory.com/FloridaHighlights/mapstaug.cfm Hand-colored map depicting Sir Francis Drake's attack on Saint Augustine] from the State Archives of Florida
[[Category:English sailors|Drake, Francis]]
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[[Category:Explorers of the Pacific|Drake, Francis]]
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[[Category:1540 births|Drake, Francis]]
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[[Category:16th-century explorers|Drake, Sir Francis]]
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