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Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development and Slayer: Difference between pages

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{{otheruses|Slayer (disambiguation)}}
'''Kohlberg's stages of moral development''' were developed by [[Lawrence Kohlberg]] to explain the development of [[moral reasoning]]. Kohlberg's theory holds that moral reasoning, which he thought to be the basis for ethical behavior, has [[developmental stage]]s. From his and other colleauges' studies, he concluded that there are six identifiable stages of moral development. Later his model was revised and reduced to five stages given there was a lack reponses owning to the last stage of moral development.
{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Slayer
| Img = Slayerlive2.jpg
| Img_capt = Left to right: Jeff Hanneman, Tom Araya and Kerry King at the Reading Festival, 2006.
| Img_size = 259
| Landscape = yes
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Huntington Park, California|Huntington Park]], [[California]], [[United States]]
| Genre = [[Thrash metal]]<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer"/><br/>[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer">{{cite web
| title = All Music Guide Biography of Slayer
| author = Huey, Steve
| publisher = Allmusicguide.com
| date =
| url = http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:97yvad5kv8w3~T1
| accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref><br/>[[Speed metal]]<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer"/>
| Blackened thrash metal
| Years_active = 1981–present
| Label = [[American Recordings|American]], [[Def Jam]], [[Metal Blade]]
| Associated_acts = [[Exodus (band)|Exodus]]<br/>[[Fantômas (band)|Fantômas]]<br/>[[Grip Inc.]]<br/>[[Testament (band)|Testament]]<br/>[[The Truth About Seafood]]
| URL = [http://www.slayer.net/ Slayer.net]
| Current_members =[[Tom Araya]]<br/>[[Jeff Hanneman]]<br/>[[Kerry King]]<br/>[[Dave Lombardo]]
| Past_members =[[Paul Bostaph]]<br/>[[Jon Dette]]<br/>[[Tony Scaglione]]
}}
'''Slayer''' is an<!--DO NOT ADD GRAMMY WINNING HERE--> [[United States|American]] [[thrash metal]] band founded by [[guitarist]]s [[Jeff Hanneman]] and [[Kerry King]].<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> Slayer rose to fame as a leader of the American thrash metal movement with their 1986 release ''[[Reign in Blood]]'', which has been called "the heaviest album of all time".<ref name="Kerrang! Hall Of Fame">{{cite web|title = Kerrang! Hall Of Fame|author=|publisher=[[Kerrang!]]|date=[[2006-08-24]]|url=http://kerrang.typepad.com/kerrang_awards_2006_blog/2006/08/kerrang_hall_of.html|accessdate = 2006-01-10 }}</ref> The band is credited as one of the "[[Big Four of Thrash|Big Four]]" thrash metal bands, along with [[Megadeth]], [[Metallica]], and [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]].<ref name="Thrash Metal">{{cite web|title = Thrash Metal|author=|publisher=EOL Audio|date=|url = http://www.eraseronline.com/styledisplay.php?Style=93|accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref>
 
Slayer is known for its musical traits, involving fast [[tremolo picking]], [[guitar solo]]s, [[double bass drumming]], and shouting vocals. The band's lyrics and album art, which cover topics such as [[serial killers]], [[Satanism]], [[religion]] and [[war]]fare have generated album bans, delays, lawsuits and strong criticism from religious groups and the public.
 
Since their debut record in 1983, the band has released two [[live album]]s, one [[box set]], two DVDs, two [[EP]]s, and ten albums, four of which have received gold [[RIAA certification|certification]] in the [[USA]]. The band has received two [[Grammy]] nominations, winning one in 2007 for the song "[[Eyes of the Insane]]", and headlined music festivals worldwide, including [[Ozzfest]], [[The Unholy Alliance (tour)|The Unholy Alliance]] and the [[Download Festival]].
==Stages==
Kohlberg's stages were broken into 3 different levels, pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. According to his model it is not possible to regress backwards in stages.
 
==History==
===''Early days'' (1981&ndash;1982)===
Slayer formed in 1981, when guitarist [[Kerry King]] met [[Jeff Hanneman]] while auditioning for a band.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{cite web|title = Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman|author = Davis, Brian |publisher = Knac.com|url = http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153|accessdate = 2006-12-13 }}</ref> The two recruited bassist and vocalist [[Tom Araya]], who had played with King in a band called Quits, and drummer [[Dave Lombardo]] who met King while delivering pizzas.<ref name="Drummerworld - Dave Lombardo"/> The band began playing [[cover version]]s of [[Iron Maiden]] and [[Judas Priest]] songs at clubs and parties in [[Southern California]]. Early shows relied on a [[Satanism|Satanic]] image, which featured [[pentagram]]s, make-up, spikes, and inverted crosses.<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer"/> A rumor has the band originally known as Dragonslayer, after the 1981 movie of the same [[Dragonslayer|name]]. However, when King was asked "How did you come up with the name Dragonslayer?" King responded "We never did; it's a myth to this day."<ref name="Kerry King about the Dragonslayer myth, Christ Illusion, previous albums and experimenting">{{cite web
|title=Kerry King about the Dragonslayer myth, Christ Illusion, previous albums and experimenting |publisher=www.faceculture.nl |date=[[2006-10-20]] |url=http://www.faceculture.nl/slayer/index.htm# |accessdate=2007-04-05}}</ref>
 
The band was offered to open for Bitch at the Woodstock Club in [[Los Angeles]], performing eight songs — six being [[cover version|covers]]. While performing the song "[[The Phantom of the Opera (adaptations)#Music|Phantom of the Opera]]" by Iron Maiden the band was spotted by [[Brian Slagel]], a former [[music journalist]] who had recently founded [[Metal Blade Records]]. Impressed with Slayer's performance, Slagel met with the band backstage and asked them to record an original song, "Aggressive Perfector"({{audio|Aggressive Perfector clip.ogg|sample}}) for his upcoming ''[[Metal Massacre#Metal Massacre III 1983|Metal Massacre III]]'' compilation. The band agreed and the song created underground buzz, which led to Slagel offering the band a [[recording contract]] with Metal Blade.<ref name="INTERVIEW WITH BRIAN SLAGEL">{{cite web|title = Interview with Brian Slagel|author = German, Eric|publisher = Metalupdate.com|url = http://www.metalupdate.com/interviewmetalblade.html|accessdate = 2006-12-04}}</ref>
:Level 1 (Pre-conventional)
 
===''Show No Mercy'' (1983&ndash;1984)===
:::1. Obedience and punishment orientation
Without a recording budget, the band was forced to self-finance its debut album. Combining the savings of Araya, who was employed as a [[respiratory therapist]],<ref name="Live Chat with Tom Araya of Slayer">{{cite web
:::2. Self-interest orientation
|title = Live Chat with Tom Araya of Slayer
|author =
|publisher = ESPguitars.com
|url=http://www.espguitars.com/news/news_tomchat.html
|accessdate = 2006-12-10 }}</ref> and money borrowed from King's father,<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer">{{cite web|title=An exclusive oral history of Slayer|publisher=Decibel Magazine|url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4566|accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref> the band entered the studio in November 1983. The album was rushed into release, hitting shelves three weeks after tracks were completed. ''[[Show No Mercy]]'', released in December 1983 by [[Metal Blade Records]], generated underground popularity for the band, and they began their first national club tour in 1984 to promote the album traveling in Araya's [[Camaro]] towing a [[U-Haul]] trailer.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> The tour gave the band additional popularity; sales of ''Show No Mercy'' reached more than 20,000 in the US and another 20,000 worldwide.<ref name="INTERVIEW WITH BRIAN SLAGEL"/>
[[Image:Slayer - Show No Mercy.jpg|left|thumb|Slayer's ''Show No Mercy'' covered topics such as Satanism, Hell, and the Devil.]]
 
In August 1984, Slayer released a three song [[extended play|EP]], entitled ''[[Haunting the Chapel]]''. The EP featured a darker, more [[thrash metal|thrash]]-oriented style than its predecessor, and laid the groundwork for the future direction of the band.<ref name="Slayer : Haunting the Chapel">{{cite web|title=Slayer:Haunting the Chapel|author=Rivadavia, Ed|publisher=All Music Guide|url = http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,164341,00.html|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> The opening track, "Chemical Warfare," has become a live staple, played at nearly every show since 1984. After the release of ''Haunting the Chapel'', Slayer made its live European debut at the ''Heavy Sounds Festival'' in [[Belgium]] opening for [[UFO (band)|UFO]],<ref name="SLAYER - Jeff Hanneman">{{cite web|title=Slayer - Jeff Hanneman|author=Lahtinen, Lexi|publisher=Metal-rules.com|date=[[2006-12-18]]|url=http://www.metal-rules.com/zine/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=737&Itemid=60|accessdate=2006-12-27}}</ref> returning to the US to begin the ''Haunting The West Coast'' tour.<ref name="Dark Angel">{{cite web|title=Dark Angel|publisher=Voicesfromthedarkside.com|url=http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/interviews/darkangel2.htm|accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref>
:Level 2 (Conventional)
 
Following the tour, King temporarily left Slayer to join [[Dave Mustaine]]'s new band [[Megadeth]].<ref name="Megadeth History">{{cite web|title = Megadeth History|publisher = Megadeth.com|url =http://www.megadeth.com/index.php?section=history|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref> Hanneman was worried about King's decision, stating in an interview "I guess we’re gonna get a new guitar player".<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> While Mustaine wanted King to stay on a permanent basis, King rejoined Slayer after five shows, stating Megadeth was "taking too much of my time".<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> The split caused a rift between King and Mustaine, which evolved into a long running feud between the two bands.<ref name="cocksucker">{{cite web | url = http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=32802 |title="Slayer's Kerry King Says Dave Mustaine is 'A Cocksucker'" - Feb. 12, 2005|work=Blabbermouth.net|accessdate = October 21 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> Following King's return, the band embarked on the ''1984 Combat Tour'', with [[Venom (band)|Venom]] and [[Exodus (band)|Exodus]], and released a [[live album]] titled ''[[Live Undead]]'' in November.
:::3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (The good boy/good girl attitude)
:::4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality)
 
===''Hell Awaits'' (1985&ndash;1986)===
:Level 3 (Post-conventional)
Slayer released its first live [[home video]] in 1985, dubbed ''Combat Tour: The Ultimate Revenge''. The video featured live footage filmed at [[New York]]'s [[Studio 54]] club, on the band's 1984 tour with Venom and Exodus. By early 1985, ''Show No Mercy'' had sold over 40,000 copies,<ref name="INTERVIEW WITH BRIAN SLAGEL"/> which led to the band returning to the studio to record a second full length album. Metal Blade financed a recording budget, which allowed the band to hire producer [[Ron Fair]].<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/>
{{Sound sample box align right|Music sample:}}
{{Listen
|filename= Hell Awaits clip.ogg
|title="Hell Awaits" (1985)
|description=28 second sample from Slayer's "Hell Awaits".
|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{sample box end}}
Released in September 1985, Slayer's second full length release ''[[Hell Awaits]]'' expanded on the darkness of ''Haunting the Chapel'', with [[hell]] and [[Satan]] as common song subjects. The album was the band's most [[progressive rock|progressive]] offering, featuring longer and more complex song structures.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> The intro is a backwards recording of a demonic-sounding voice repeating "Join us," ending with "Welcome back" before the track begins.<ref name="Why They Rule - #6 Slayer"/>
 
===''Reign in Blood'' (1986&ndash;1987)===
:::5. Social contract orientation
Following the success of ''Hell Awaits'', Slayer was offered a recording contract with [[Rick Rubin]]'s newly founded [[Def Jam Records]], a largely [[hip hop music|rap]]-based label.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> The band accepted and with an experienced producer and [[major label]] recording budget, the band underwent a sonic makeover resulting in shorter, faster songs with clearer production. Gone were the complex arrangements and long songs featured on ''Hell Awaits'', ditched in favor of stripped down, [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] influenced song structures.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/>
:::6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)
[[Image:Reign in blood.jpg|thumb|left|The release of ''[[Reign in Blood]]'' was delayed due to the nature of its artwork and lyrical themes.]]
 
Def Jam's distributor, [[Columbia Records]], refused to release the album ''[[Reign in Blood]]'' due to its graphic cover art and lyrical themes.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> For example, "[[Angel of Death (song)|Angel of Death]]" detailed [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[concentration camp]]s and the [[human experiments]] conducted by Nazi physician [[Josef Mengele]]. The album was distributed by [[Geffen Records]] on [[October 7]], [[1986]]. However, due to the controversy, ''Reign in Blood'' did not appear on Geffen Records’ release schedule.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> Although the album received virtually no radio airplay, it became the band's first to enter the [[Billboard 200]], debuting at #94,<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|title=Slayer's album chart history|publisher= Billboard.com|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=5692&model.vnuAlbumId=789249|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> and the band's first album certified gold in the United States.<ref name="RIAA"/>
 
In October 1986, Slayer embarked on the ''Reign in Pain'' world tour, with [[Overkill (band)|Overkill]] in the US, and [[Malice]] in Europe. The band were added as the opening act on [[W.A.S.P.]]'s US tour, but just one month in, drummer Lombardo left the band: "I wasn't making any money. I figured if we were gonna be doing this professionally, on a major label, I wanted my rent and utilities paid."<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> To continue with the tour, Slayer enlisted [[Tony Scaglione]] of [[Whiplash (band)|Whiplash]]. However, Lombardo's wife convinced Dave to return in 1987.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> At the insistence of Rubin, Slayer recorded a [[cover version]] of [[Iron Butterfly]]'s "[[In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida]]" for the film ''[[Less Than Zero]]''.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> Although the band was not happy with the final product, Hanneman deeming it a poor representation of Slayer and King labeling it "a hunk of shit", it was one of their first songs to garner radio [[airplay]].<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/>
 
===''South of Heaven'' (1988&ndash;1989)===
=== Pre-Conventional ===
Slayer returned to the studio to record their fourth studio album. To contrast the speed of ''Reign in Blood'', the band consciously decided to slow down the [[tempo]] incorporating melodic singing, rather than screaming. Hanneman asserted; "We knew we couldn’t top ''Reign in Blood'', so we had to slow down. We knew whatever we did was gonna be compared to that album, and I remember we actually discussed slowing down. It was weird—we’ve never done that on an album, before or since."<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/>
The pre-conventional level of moral reasoning is especially common in children, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners in the pre-conventional level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences.
The pre-conventional level is divided into two stages:
stage one (''obedience and punishment orientation'');
stage two (''self-interest orientation'').
 
1988's ''[[South of Heaven]]'' received mixed responses from both fans and critics, although it was Slayer's most commercially successful release at the time, debuting at #57 on the [[Billboard 200]],<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web
In stage one, individuals focus on the direct consequences that their actions will have for themselves. For example, they think that an action is morally wrong if the person who commits it gets punished.
|title=Artist Chart History
|publisher=Billboard.com
|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Albums&model.vnuArtistId=5692&model.vnuAlbumId=789249
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> and the second album to receive gold certification in the United States.<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web
|title=Recording Industry Association of America Gold & Platinum Searchable Database|publisher=[[RIAA]]|url=http://www.riaa.com/gp/database/default.asp|accessdate=2007-03-24}}</ref> Press response to the album was mixed, with ''[[All Music Guide]]'' citing the album as "disturbing and powerful",<ref name="South of Heaven">{{cite web|title=South of Heaven|author=Henderson, Alex |publisher=Allmusicguide.com|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:oaq67uy0h0jf|accessdate=2006-12-13}}</ref> and ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' calling it "genuinely offensive satanic drivel".<ref name="Slayer - Album Reviews">{{cite web|title=Slayer - Album Reviews|author=Neely, Kim|publisher=[[Rolling stone]]|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slayer/albums/album/128851/review/5943269/south_of_heaven|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref>
King says "that album was my most lackluster performance," although Araya called it a "late bloomer" which eventually grew on people.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/>
 
===''Seasons in the Abyss'' (1990&ndash;1993)===
Stage two espouses the ''what's in it for me'' position; right behavior being defined by what is in one's own best interest. Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might furthers one's own interests, such as "you scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours." Concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect in stage two.
Slayer returned to the studio with co-producer [[Andy Wallace (producer)|Andy Wallace]] in 1989, to record their fifth studio album. Following the backlash created by ''South of Heaven'', Slayer returned to the "pounding speed of ''Reign in Blood''", while retaining their new found [[melodic]] sense.<ref name="AMGSeasons">{{cite web
|title=Season in the Abyss AMG album review
|author=Huey, Steve
|publisher=All Music Guide
|date=
|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:obkzu3q5an5k
|accessdate=2006-12-13}}</ref> ''[[Seasons in the Abyss]]'', released in October 1990, was the first Slayer album to be released under Rubin's new [[Def American]] label, as he parted ways with Def Jam owner [[Russell Simmons]] over creative differences. The album debuted at #44 on the Billboard 200,<ref name="Billboard" /> and was certified gold in 1992.<ref name="RIAA"/> The [[title track]], spawned Slayer's first music video, which was filmed in front of the [[Giza pyramid complex|Giza pyramids]] in Egypt prior to the [[Gulf War]].
 
Slayer returned as a live act in September 1990 to co-headline the European ''Clash of the Titans'' tour with [[Megadeth]], [[Suicidal Tendencies]], and [[Testament (band)|Testament]]. With the popularity of American thrash at its peak, the tour was extended to the US beginning in May 1991, with Megadeth, [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]] and opening act [[Alice in Chains]]. The band released a double live album, ''[[Decade of Aggression]]'' in 1991, to celebrate ten years. The compilation debuted at #55 on the Billboard 200.<ref name="Billboard"/>
=== Conventional ===
The conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adults and older children. Persons who reason in a conventional way judge the morality of actions by comparing these actions to social rules and expectations.
 
In May 1992, Lombardo quit the band due to conflicts with other members, as well as arguments over his wish to bring his wife on tour.<ref name="Meet the new Slayer, same as the old Slayer'l">{{cite web|title=Meet the new Slayer, same as the old Slayer|author=Patrizio, Andy|publisher= [[IGN]]|date=[[2006-08-14]]|url=http://au.music.ign.com/articles/725/725459p1.html|accessdate =2006-12-01}}</ref> Lombardo formed his own band [[Grip Inc]], with [[Voodoocult]] guitarist [[Waldemar Sorychta]],<ref name="Waldemar Sorychta interview">{{cite web|title = Waldemar Sorychta interview| publisher=antenna.nu|url=http://www.antenna.nu/gripinc/interview1.php|accessdate =2006-01-10}}</ref> and Slayer recruited former [[Forbidden (band)|Forbidden]] drummer [[Paul Bostaph]] to fill his place.
The conventional level is divided into two stages:
Slayer made its debut appearance with Bostaph at the 1992 [[Monsters of Rock]] festival at [[Castle Donington]]. Bostaph's first studio effort was a medley of three [[Exploited]] songs, "War", "UK '82", and "Disorder", with rapper [[Ice-T]], for the ''[[Judgment Night (film)|Judgment Night]]'' movie soundtrack in 1993.<ref name="Legendary rapper and longtime metal advocate moves on with the Body Count">{{cite web
stage three (''conformity orientation'');
|title=Legendary rapper and longtime metal advocate moves on with the Body Count
stage four (''law-and-order morality'').
|author=Bennett, J
|publisher=Decibelmagazine.com
|date=
|url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features_detail.aspx?id=4908
|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref>
 
===''Divine Intervention'' (1994&ndash;1995)===
Individuals whose moral reasoning is in stage three seek approval from other people. They try to be a ''good boy'' or ''good girl'' having learned that there is inherent value in doing so. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a person's relationships.
In 1994 Slayer released ''[[Divine Intervention (album)|Divine Intervention]]'', the band's first record with drummer Bostaph. The record became the band's highest charting at that time, debuting at #8 on the Billboard 200.<ref name="Billboard" /> The album featured songs boasting about [[Reinhard Heydrich]], an architect of the Holocaust, [[Jeffrey Dahmer]], "213" his apartment number where he murdered, raped, and tortured seventeen victims. Other themes included murder, the evils of church, and the lengths to which governments will go to wield power, Araya's interest in serial killers inspired much of the lyrical content.<ref name="Live Chat with Tom Araya of Slayer"/><ref name="Divine Intervention - Slayer">{{cite web
|title=Divine Intervention - Slayer
|author=Henderson, Alex
|publisher=All Music Guide
|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:n7lvadsky8w6
|accessdate=2007-06-21}}</ref>
{{Sound sample box align left|Music sample:}}
{{Listen
|filename= Slayer_SS3_clip.ogg
|title="SS-3" (1994)
|description=SS-3 is about Reinhard Heydrich, an architect of the Holocaust. SS-3 refers to the license plate number of the car he was killed in.
|format=[[Ogg]]}}
{{sample box end}}
Slayer geared up for a world tour in 1995, with openers [[Biohazard (band)|Biohazard]] and [[Machine Head]]. A video of concert footage, ''[[Live Intrusion]]'' was released, featuring a joint [[cover song|cover]] of [[Venom (band)|Venom's]] "Witching Hour" with Machine Head. Relations between Slayer and Machine Head have since badly deteriorated.<ref name="Machine head diary, 2004">{{cite web|title=Machine head diary, 2004|author=[[Robert Flynn]]|publisher=Machinehead1.com|date=[[2004-04-29]]|url= http://www.machinehead1.com/diary_2004.html|accessdate=2006-11-28}}</ref> Following the tour, Slayer were billed fourth at the 1995 [[Monsters of Rock]] festival, headlined by [[Metallica]].
 
===''Undisputed Attitude'' (1996&ndash;1997)===
Stage four, individuals think it is important to obey the [[law]]s and social conventions because of its importance to maintaining society. Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for approval exhibited in stage three.
In 1996, ''[[Undisputed Attitude]]'', an album of [[Punk rock|punk]] [[cover version|covers]], was released. The band covered songs by [[Minor Threat]], [[TSOL|T.S.O.L.]], [[D.R.I.]], [[D.I.]], [[Dr. Know]], [[Verbal Abuse]] and [[The Stooges]]. The album featured three original tracks, "Gemini", "Can't Stand You", "Ddamm" written by Hanneman in 1984–1985 for a side project entitled "Pap Smear". Bostaph left Slayer shortly after the album's release to work on his own project, The Truth about Seafood. With Bostaph's departure, Slayer recruited [[Testament (band)|Testament]] drummer [[Jon Dette]], and headlined the 1996 Ozzfest alongside [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Danzig]], [[Biohazard (band)|Biohazard]], [[Sepultura]], and [[Fear Factory]]. Dette was fired after a year, due to a fallout with band members; Bostaph returned to continue the tour.<ref name="Jon Dette has left Slayer and is being replaced by Paul Bostaph!">{{cite web|title = Jon Dette has left Slayer and is being replaced by Paul Bostaph!|author=Hellqvist, Janek|publisher=Slaytanic.com|date=[[1997-01-27]]|url = http://www.slaytanic.com/news.html|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref>
 
A lawsuit was brought against the band in 1996, by the parents of [[Elyse Pahler]], who accused the band of encouraging their daughter's murderers through their lyrics.<ref name="The Elyse Marie Pahler Foundation, In Memory of Our Loving Daughter"/> Elyse was drugged, strangled, stabbed, trampled on, and raped as a [[sacrifice]] to the devil by three fans of the band.<ref name="The Elyse Marie Pahler Foundation, In Memory of Our Loving Daughter"/> The case was unsealed by the court on [[May 19]], [[2000]], stating Slayer and related business markets distribute harmful products to teens, encouraging violent acts through their lyrics,<ref name="The Elyse Marie Pahler Foundation, In Memory of Our Loving Daughter">{{cite web|title = The Elyse Marie Pahler Foundation, In Memory of Our Loving Daughter|publisher=elysemarie.org|url=http://www.elysemarie.org/|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref> and "none of the vicious crimes committed against Elyse Marie Pahler would have occurred without the intentional marketing strategy of the death-metal band Slayer".<ref name="Slayer named in lawsuit">{{cite web|title=Slayer named in lawsuit|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date =[[2001-01-24]]|url=http://www.fradical.com/slayer_named_in_lawsuit.htm|accessdate=2006-12-29}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed in 2001, for multiple reasons including "principles of free speech, lack of a duty and lack of foreseeability".<ref name="Slayer: Out Of The Dock"/> A second lawsuit was filed by the parents, an amended complaint for damages against Slayer, their label, and other industry and label entities. The lawsuit was dismissed; Judge E. Jeffrey Burke stated "I do not consider Slayer's music obscene, indecent or harmful to minors."<ref name="Slayer: Out Of The Dock">{{cite web|title=Slayer: Out Of The Dock|publisher=[[Metal Hammer]]|date=[[2001-10-31]]|url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/article/?id=39564|accessdate=2006-10-15}}</ref>
=== Post-Conventional ===
The post-conventional level is divided into two stages:
stage five (''social contract orientation''); stage six (''principled conscience'').
 
===''Diabolus in Musica'' (1998&ndash;2000)===
Persons in stage five have certain principles to which they may attach more value than laws, such as human rights or social justice. In this reasoning, actions are wrong if they violate these ethical principles. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than dictums, and must be changed when necessary (provided there is agreement). By this reasoning laws that do not promote general social welfare, for example, should be changed. (Democratic governments are ostensibly based on stage five reasoning.)
''[[Diabolus in Musica]]'' (Latin for "The Devil in Music")<ref name="Diabolus in Musica, The Tritone of Musick">{{cite web|title = Diabolus in Musica, The Tritone of Musick|author=Cherubim, David|publisher = Thelemicmusick.net|url= http://thelemicmusick.net/davidcherubim/tritone.htm|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> was released in 1998, and debuted at #31 on the Billboard 200, selling over 46,000 copies.<ref name="SLAYER: 'Christ Illusion' Lands At No. 5 On BILLBOARD Chart!">{{cite web|title = Slayer: 'Christ Illusion' lands at No. 5 on Billboard chart!|publisher = Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-08-16]]|url= http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=56559|accessdate=2006-01-10}}</ref>
The album received a mixed critical reception and was criticized for adopting characteristics of [[nu-metal]] music such as tuned down guitars, murky chord structures, and churning beats. ''Blabbermouth.net'' reviewer Borijov Krgin described the album as "a feeble attempt at incorporating updated elements into the group's sound, the presence of which elevated the band's efforts somewhat and offered hope that Slayer could refrain from endlessly rehashing their previous material for their future output.",<ref name="Blabbermouth Review">{{cite web
|title= SLAYER God Hates Us All (American) |author=Krgin, Borivoj |publisher=Blabbermouth.net
|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/showreview.aspx?reviewID=50|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> while ''[[New York Time]]'''s Ben Ratliff had similair sentiments by saying "eight of the 11 songs on ''Diabolus in Musica,'' a few of which were played at the show, are in the same gray key".<ref name="NYTReview">{{cite news | last = Ratliff| first = Ben| title =New CD's| work =| pages =| publisher = New York Times | date = 1998-06-22 | url =|accessdate=}}</ref> However, Adrien Begrand of ''[[PopMatters]]'' said the songs "Bitter Peace", "Death's Head", and "Stain of Mind"; "blow away anything that young pretenders like [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] have put out."<ref name="The Devil in Music">{{cite web|title =The Devil in Music| author = Begrand, Adrien| publisher= Popmatters.com|date=2004-01-23|url=http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/s/slayer-soundtrack.shtml|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref>
 
The album was the band's first with [[drop D tuning]], as featured on the lead track, "Bitter Peace",({{audio| Slayer_Bitter_Peace.ogg|sample}}) making use of the musical interval referred to in the Middle Ages as the [[tritone]] or Devil's scale.<ref name="The Devil's Music">{{cite web|title=The Devil's Music|author=Rohrer, Finlo|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=[[2006-05-28]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4952646.stm|accessdate=2006-01-22}}</ref> Slayer teamed up with [[digital hardcore]] group [[Atari Teenage Riot]] to record a song for the ''[[Spawn (film)|Spawn]]'' soundtrack titled "No Remorse (I Wanna Die)". The band later paid tribute to [[Black Sabbath]] by recording a cover of "Hand of Doom" for the second of two tribute albums, entitled [[Nativity in Black II]]. A world tour followed to support the new album, with Slayer making an appearance at the United Kingdom [[Ozzfest#1998:|Ozzfest 1998]] alongside [[Black Sabbath]], [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Foo Fighters]], [[Pantera]], [[Soulfly]], [[Fear Factory]], and [[Therapy?]].
In stage six, the final stage, moral reasoning is based on the use of abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. While Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, he had difficulty finding participants who use it. It appears that people rarely if ever reach stage six of Kohlberg's model.
 
===''God Hates Us All'' (2001&ndash;2005)===
=== Other ===
[[Image:Slayer-GodHatesUsAll.jpg|thumb|left|The original cover of ''God Hates Us All'' was deemed "too graphic", so a slip-insert was created to allow the album to be distributed.]]
After delays regarding remixing and artwork,<ref name="Slayer Nails Down Release Date For 'God'">{{cite web|title=Slayer Nails Down Release Date For 'God'|author=Weiss, Neal|publisher=[[Yahoo Music]]|date=[[2001-06-07]]|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12056099|accessdate =2006-12-26}}</ref> including slip covers created to cover the original artwork as it was deemed "too graphic", ''[[God Hates Us All]]'' was released on [[September 11]], [[2001]]. The band received its first [[Grammy]] nomination for the lead track "Disciple", although the Grammy was awarded to [[Tool (band)|Tool]], for "Schism".<ref name=" 44th Grammy Awards - 2002">{{cite web|title=44th Grammy Awards - 2002|publisher=Rockonthenet.com|date=[[2002-02-27]]|url =http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2002/grammys.htm|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref>
Promotional material announcing the album title and release drew an unintended connection with the [[September 11 terrorist attacks]].
 
The attacks jeopardized the 2001 European tour ''Tattoo the Planet'' originally set to feature [[Pantera]], [[Static X]], [[Biohazard (band)|Biohazard]] and [[Vision of Disorder]]. Dates were canceled or postponed due to flight restrictions, with a majority of bands deciding to withdraw, leaving Slayer and Static X remaining for the European leg of the tour.<ref name="Tattoo The Planet Officially Postponed">{{cite web|title=Tattoo The Planet officially postponed|publisher=[[Kerrang!]]|date=[[2001-10-13]]|url=http://www.kerrang.com/nav?page=kerrang.reviews.artist.news&fixture_news=111046&resource=111046&fixture_artist=149178|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref>
Kohlberg also observed that there is a stage 4½ or 4+ which is a transition from stage four to stage five. This stage is where people have become disaffected with the arbitrary nature of ''law and order'' reasoning and become [[moral relativism|moral relativists]]. This transition stage may result in either progress to stage five or in regression to stage four.
Pantera, Vision of Disorder and Biohazard were replaced by [[Cradle of Filth]] and other bands dependent on ___location; [[Amorphis]], [[In Flames]], [[Moonspell]], [[Children of Bodom]], and [[Necrodeath]]. Drummer Bostaph left Slayer before Christmas in 2001, due to a chronic elbow injury which would hinder his ability to play.<ref name=Slayer: Lombardo's back!>{{cite web|title=Slayer: Lombardo's back!|publisher = [[Kerrang!]]|date=[[2002-01-03]]|url=http://www.kerrang.com/nav?page=kerrang.reviews.artist.news&fixture_news=111297&resource=111297&fixture_artist=149178|accessdate=2006-12-02}}</ref> Slayer's "God Hates Us All" tour was unfinished so King contacted original drummer Lombardo, and asked if he would like to finish the remainder of the tour. Lombardo accepted the offer, and stayed as a permanent member.<ref name=Slayer: Lombardo's back!/>
 
Slayer toured playing ''[[Reign in Blood]]'' in its entirety throughout the fall of 2003, under the tour banner "Still Reigning". Their playing of the final song "[[Raining Blood]]" culminated with the band drenched in a rain of fake blood. Live footage of this was recorded at the Augusta Civic Center in [[Augusta, Maine]], on [[July 11]], [[2004]] and released on the 2004 DVD ''[[Still Reigning]]''. The band also released ''[[War at the Warfield]]'' and a box set, ''[[Soundtrack to the Apocalypse]]'' featuring rarities, live CD and DVD performances and various Slayer paraphernalia.
Kohlberg further speculated that a seventh stage may exist (Transcendental Morality) which would link [[religion]] with moral reasoning (See [[James Fowler]]'s stages of faith).
 
From 2002 to 2004 the band performed over 250 tour dates, headlining major music festivals including H82k2, Summer tour, [[Ozzfest#2004:|Ozzfest 2004]], the [[Download Festival]] and a European tour with [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]. While preparing for the Download Festival in England, [[Metallica]] drummer [[Lars Ulrich]] was rushed to hospital with a mysterious illness, and was unable to perform.<ref name="Metallica's Lars Ulrich Hospitalized In Switzerland, Misses Show"/> Metallica vocalist [[James Hetfield]] searched for volunteers at the last minute to replace Ulrich; Lombardo and Slipknot drummer [[Joey Jordison]] volunteered, with Lombardo performing the songs "[[Battery (song)|Battery]]" and "[[The Four Horsemen (song)|The Four Horsemen]]".<ref name="Metallica's Lars Ulrich Hospitalized In Switzerland, Misses Show">{{cite web|title=Metallica's Lars Ulrich Hospitalized In Switzerland, Misses Show|publisher=[[Yahoo Music]]|date=[[2004-06-07]]|url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12054238|accessdate=2006-12-09}}</ref>
==Examples==
 
===''Christ Illusion'' (2006&ndash;present)===
Kohlberg used moral dilemmas to determine which stage of moral reasoning a person uses. The dilemmas are short stories in which a person has to make a moral decision. The participant is asked what this person should do. A dilemma that Kohlberg used in his original research was the druggist's dilemma:
The album ''[[Christ Illusion]]'' was originally scheduled for release on [[June 6]], [[2006]], and would be the first album with original drummer Lombardo since 1990's ''Seasons in the Abyss''.<ref name="KingUltimateGuitar">{{cite web|title=Slayer's Kerry King: The Art Of Writing Songs That Nobody Else Can Write|author=Matera, Joe|publisher=UltimateGuitar.com|date=[[2006-08-04]]|url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/interviews/slayers_kerry_king_the_art_of_writing_songs_that_nobody_else_can_write.html?200608041041|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref>. However, the band decided to delay the release of the record as they did not want to be among the many, according to King, "half-ass, stupid fucking loser bands" releasing records on June 6,<ref name="SLAYER Recount VENOM 'Pissing' Incident">{{cite web|title=Slayer Recount Venom 'Pissing' incident|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-06-25]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=54174|accessdate=2006-01-16}}</ref> although ''[[USA Today]]'' reported the idea was thwarted because the band failed to secure sufficient studio recording time.<ref name="Petrecca">{{cite web
| title = Marketers hope 666 will be their lucky number
| author = Petrecca, Laura
| publisher = USAToday.com
| date = [[2006-06-02]]
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2006-05-31-omen-marketing-usat_x.htm
| accessdate = 2007-02-22 }}</ref> Instead, Slayer released ''[[Eternal Pyre]]'' on June 6 as a limited-edition [[extended play|EP]]. ''Eternal Pyre'' featured the song "Cult", a live performance of "War Ensemble" in Germany, video footage of the band recording "Cult", and a five minute video of a Slayer fan carving the band's name onto his forearm. Five thousand copies were released and sold exclusively through [[Hot Topic]] chain stores, and sold out within hours of release.<ref name="'Eternal Pyre">{{cite web|title=Eternal Pyre|publisher = Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-06-17]]|url= http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=53810|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> On June 30, [[Nuclear Blast Records]] released a 7" vinyl picture disc version limited to a thousand copies.<ref name="SLAYER: 'Eternal Pyre' 7 Vinyl Picture-Disc Single To Be Released This Month">{{cite web
| title = SLAYER: 'Eternal Pyre' 7" Vinyl Picture-Disc Single To Be Released This Month
| author =
| publisher = Blabbermouth.net
| date = [[2006-06-27]]
| url = http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=53810
| accessdate = 2007-02-15 }}</ref>
 
''Christ Illusion'' was released on [[August 8]], [[2006]], and debuted at #5 on the [[Billboard Top 200|Billboard 200]], selling over 62,000 copies in its first week.<ref name="Slayer's 'Christ Illusion' Is Band's Highest-Ever Billboard Chart Debut Entering at #5">{{cite web|title=Slayer's "Christ Illusion" Is Band's Highest-Ever Billboard Chart Debut Entering at #5|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|date=[[2006-08-16]]|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/060816/0154755.html|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> The album became Slayer's highest charting, improving on its previous highest charting album, ''Divine Intervention'', which had debuted at #8. However, despite its high positioning, the album dropped to #44 in the following week.<ref name="Metal, Rock and Alternative Music Doing Well In Billboard">{{cite web|title=Metal, Rock and Alternative Music Doing Well In Billboard|publisher=Metalunderground.com|date=[[2006-08-23]]|url=http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=21264|accessdate=2006-11-25}}</ref> Three weeks after the album's release Slayer were inducted into the [[Kerrang!]] Hall of Fame for their influence to the heavy metal scene.<ref name="Lostprophets scoop rock honours">{{cite web|title= Lostprophets scoop rock honours|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=[[2006-08-25]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5282780.stm|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref>
:A woman was near death from a unique kind of cancer. There is a drug that might save her. The drug costs $4,000 per dosage. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2,000. He asked the doctor scientist who discovered the drug for a discount or let him pay later. But the doctor scientist refused.
 
[[Image:SlayerliveunholySNM.jpg|thumb|right|Slayer performing at The Unholy Alliance Tour]]
:''Should Heinz break into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why or why not?''
A worldwide tour dubbed ''[[The Unholy Alliance (tour)|The Unholy Alliance]]'', was undertaken to support the new record. The tour was originally set to launch on June 6, but was postponed to June 10, as Araya had to undergo [[gall bladder]] surgery.<ref name="SLAYER Frontman Undergoes Gallbladder Surgery, Band Reschedule Early 'Unholy Alliance' Dates">{{cite web|title = Slayer frontman undergoes gallbladder surgery, Band Reschedule Early 'Unholy Alliance' Dates
|publisher=Blabbermouth.net
|date=[[2006-05-10]]
|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=52111
|accessdate=2006-12-09}}</ref> [[In Flames]], [[Mastodon (band)|Mastodon]], [[Children of Bodom]], [[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]], and [[Thine Eyes Bleed]], Which features Araya's brother [[Johnny Araya]], were supporting Slayer.<ref name="Slayer's 'Unholy Alliance' tour grows">{{cite web|title = Slayer's 'Unholy Alliance' tour grows|author =Zahlaway, Jon |publisher =Livedaily.com|date=[[2006-03-31]]|url=http://www.livedaily.com/news/Slayers_Unholy_Alliance_tour_grows-9852.html?t=1|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> The tour made its way through America and Europe and the bands who participated, apart from Thine Eyes Bleed, reunited to perform at [[Japan|Japan's]] Loud Park Festival on [[October 15]], [[2006]].<ref name="Loud Park 2006 Unholy Alliance Stage">{{cite web|title=Loud Park 2006 Unholy Alliance Stage|publisher=Loudpark.com|date=[[2006-09-04]]|url=http://www.loudpark.com/artist.html|accessdate=2006-12-24}}</ref>
 
The video for the album's first single, "[[Eyes of the Insane]]", was released on [[October 30]], [[2006]].<ref name="Eyes_of_the_Insane">{{cite web|title = Slayer release video for "Eyes Of the Insane"|publisher=Punknews.org|date=[[2006-10-30]]|url=http://www.punknews.org/article/20607|accessdate=2006-12-02}}</ref> The track was featured on the [[Saw III]] soundtrack, and won a Grammy-award for "[[Best Metal Performance]]" at the 49th Grammy Awards, although the band were unable to attend due to touring obligations.<ref name="SLAYER Wins GRAMMY In 'Best Metal Performance' Category ">{{cite web|title =Slayer wins Grammy in 'Best Metal Performance' Category|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2007-02-11]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=66845|accessdate=2007-02-12}}</ref> A week later, the band visited the 52nd Services Squadron located on the Spangdahlem U.S. Air Force Base in [[Germany]] to meet and play a show. This was the first visit ever to a military base for the band.<ref name="SLAYER To Visit U.S. Troops; U.S">{{cite web|title=Slayer To Visit U.S. Troops; U.S|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-10-31]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=61345|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> The band made its first [[network TV]] appearance on the show [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]] on January 19, playing the song "Eyes of the Insane", and four additional songs for fans after the show, although footage from "[[Jihad (song)|Jihad]]" was cut due to its controversial lyrical themes.<ref name="SLAYER On 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!': 'Eyes Of The Insane' Performance Posted Online">{{cite web
From a theoretical point of view, it is not important what the participant thinks that Heinz should do. The point of interest is the justification that the participant offers. Below are examples of possible arguments that belong to the six stages. It is important to keep in mind that these arguments are only examples. It is possible that a participant reaches a completely different conclusion using the same stage of reasoning:
|title= Slayer on 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!': 'Eyes Of The Insane' performance posted online|publisher= Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2007-01-20]]
|url= http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=65652
|accessdate= 2007-02-28}}</ref> Slayer toured Australia and New Zealand in April with Mastodon, and appeared at the [[Download Festival]] and [[Rock Am Ring]].<ref name="SLAYER, MARILYN MANSON, KILLSWITCH ENGAGE Confirmed For U.K.'s DOWNLOAD Festival">{{cite web|title = Slayer, Marilyn Manson, Killswitch Engage confirmed For U.K.'s Download Festival|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2007-02-13]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=66979|accessdate=2007-02-16}}</ref> The band planned to attend the Heineken Jammin' Festival,<ref name="IRON MAIDEN, SLAYER, AEROSMITH To Perform At Italy's HEINEKEN JAMMIN' FESTIVAL">{{cite web|title=Iron Maiden, Slayer, Aerosmith to perform at Italy's Heineken Jammin' Festival|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2007-02-08]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=66691|accessdate =2007-02-16}}</ref> Switzerland's Greenfield Festival, and a summer tour with [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]].<ref name="SMASHING PUMPKINS, MARILYN MANSON, SLAYER Confirmed For Switzerland's GREENFIELD FESTIVAL">{{cite web|title=Smashing Pumpkins, Marilyn Manson, Slayer Confirmed For Switzerland's Greenfield Festival|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2007-02-06]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=66565|accessdate =2007-02-16}}</ref> In May 2007, Blabbermouth.net announced that a 'first English language Slayer biography' was being written by British author [[Joel McIver]], although no release date was announced.<ref name="Exclusive: First English-Language SLAYER Biography On The Way">{{cite web
|title=Exclusive: First English-Language Slayer Biography On The Way
|author=
|publisher=Blabbermouth.net
|date=[[2007-05-24]]
|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=73165
|accessdate=2007-06-13}}</ref>
 
==Influence==
* Stage one (''obedience''): Heinz should not steal the medicine, because otherwise he will be put in prison.
Slayer is credited as one of the “Big four” thrash metal bands along with [[Megadeth]], [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]] and [[Metallica]], all of which rose to fame in the early 1980s.<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer"/> These four bands have had a great influence on [[thrash metal|thrash]] and [[death metal]] scenes. "Their downtuned rhythms, infectious guitar licks, graphically violent lyrics and grisly artwork set the standard for dozens of emerging thrash bands." and "Slayer's music was directly responsible for the rise of death metal" states [[MTV]], ranking Slayer as the sixth "greatest metal band of all time,"<ref name="Why They Rule - #6 Slayer">{{cite web|title=Why They Rule - #6 Slayer|publisher=[[MTV]]|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index7.jhtml|accessdate =2006-01-18}}</ref> also ranking number 50 on [[VH1]]'s "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".<ref name="The Greatest: 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock">{{cite web|title=The Greatest: 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock|publisher=VH1.com|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/62186/episode_wildcard.jhtml?wildcard=/shows/dynamic/includes/wildcards/the_greatest/hardrock_list_full.jhtml&event_id=862767&start=41|accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref>
* Stage two (''self-interest''): Heinz should steal the medicine, because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence.
Hanneman and King ranked number 10 in [[Guitar World]]'s "100 greatest metal guitarists of all time" in 2004,<ref name="GUITAR WORLD's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists Of All Time">{{cite web
* Stage three (''conformity''): Heinz should steal the medicine, because his wife expects it.
| title = Guitar World's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists Of All Time|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2004-01-23]]| url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=18446| accessdate=2006-01-18}}</ref> and were voted "Best Guitarist/Guitar Team" in [[Revolver (magazine)|Revolver's]] reader's poll. Lombardo was also voted "Best Drummer" and the band entered the top five in the categories "Best Band Ever," "Best Live Band," "Album of the Year" (for ''Christ Illusion''), and "Band of the Year."<ref name="The fans have spoken: Slayer comes out on top in readers' polls">{{cite web
* Stage four (''law-and-order''): Heinz should not steal the medicine, because the law prohibits stealing.
|title=The fans have spoken: Slayer comes out on top in readers' polls
* Stage five (''human rights''): Heinz should steal the medicine, because everyone has a right to live, regardless of the law. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine, because the scientist has a right to fair compensation.
|author=
* Stage six (''universal human ethics''): Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the property rights of another person. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine, because that violates the golden rule of honesty and respect.
|publisher=Blabbermouth.net
* Stage seven (''transcendental morality''): Heinz should not steal the medicine, because he and his wife should accept the sickness as part of the natural cycle of life-and-death and instead enjoy their time left together.
|date=[[2007-03-01]]
|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=68001
|accessdate=2007-03-16}}</ref>
 
The band's 1986 release, ''[[Reign in Blood]]'' has been an influence to extreme and thrash metal bands since its release. The album was hailed the "heaviest album of all time" by ''[[Kerrang!]] Magazine'',<ref name="Kerrang! Hall Of Fame"/> a "genre-definer" by ''[[Stylus Magazine]]'',<ref name="Slayer">{{cite web|title=Slayer|author=Jarvis, Clay|publisher=[[Stylus Magazine]]|date=[[2003-09-01]]|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/slayer/reign-in-blood.htm|accessdate=2006-01-19}}</ref> and a "stone-cold classic upon its release" by ''[[All Music Guide]]''.<ref name="Reign in Blood">{{cite web|title=Reign in Blood|author=Huey, Steve|publisher=All Music Guide|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:oaq67ub0h0jf|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> In 2006 it was named the best metal album of the last 20 years by ''[[Metal Hammer]]''.<ref name="Golden Gods Awards Winners">{{cite web|title=Golden Gods Awards Winners|publisher=[[Metal Hammer]]|date=[[2006-06-13]]|url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/article/?id=44410|accessdate=2007-01-10}}</ref> [[Richard Christy]], former member of [[Death (band)|Death]] was blown away by Dave's performance on the album ''[[Reign in Blood]]'',<ref name="A Conversation With Richard Christy">{{cite web|title= A Conversation With Richard Christy|author= Bowar, Chad|publisher= about.com|url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/richardchristy_3.htm
==Theoretical assumptions==
|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref> as was [[Cannibal Corpse]] drummer [[Paul Mazurkiewicz]].<ref name="Interview With Paul Mazurkiewicz of Cannibal Corpse">{{cite web|title=Interview With Paul Mazurkiewicz of Cannibal Corpse|author=L. Wilson, David|publisher=Metal-Rules.com|date=[[1998-12-13]]|url=http://www.metal-rules.com/interviews/cannibal.htm
|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref>
 
Drummer Lombardo has been an influence on many modern metal drummers including [[Raymond Herrera|Ray Herrera]] of [[Fear Factory]],<ref name="Fear Factory screams through the U.S. on Machines At War Tour">{{cite web|title=Fear Factory screams through the U.S. on Machines At War Tour|author= Wolf, DC |publisher= Tuftsdaily.com|date=[[2006-11-16]]|url= http://media.www.tuftsdaily.com/media/storage/paper856/news/2006/11/16/Weekender/Weekender.Interview.Fear.Factory-2463687.shtml
The stages of Kohlberg's model refer to ''[[reasoning]]'', not to actions or to people themselves.
|accessdate= 2007-02-22}}</ref> [[Pete Sandoval]] of [[Morbid Angel]],<ref name="MORBID ANGEL interview">{{cite web|title= MORBID ANGEL interview|author= Cortez, Rick |publisher=Voicesfromthedarkside.de |url= http://www.voicesfromthedarkside.de/|accessdate= 2007-02-22}}</ref> former [[Cradle of Filth]] drummer [[Adrian Erlandsson]],<ref name=" INTERVIEW WITH ADRIAN ERLANDSSON">{{cite web|title= INTERVIEW WITH ADRIAN ERLANDSSON|author=Tobin, Dan|publisher= Earache.com|url= http://www.earache.com/WickedWorld/interview/cradle_of_filth/cradle_of_filth.html
Kohlberg insists that the ''form'' of moral arguments is independent of the ''content'' of the arguments. According to Kohlberg, [[moral reasoning]] is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for [[moral action]]. Additionally, Piaget's stages of cognitive development are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the development of moral reasoning. It is important to remember that he posits [[justice]] as the ''[[A priori|a priori]] [[List of Latin phrases|summum bonum]]'' (justice is assumed to be equal with moral virtue).
|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref> and [[Krisiun]] drummer [[Max Kolesne]].<ref name="Krisiun">{{cite web|title= Krisiun|author= German, Eric|publisher=Metalupdate.com|url=http://www.metalupdate.com/interviewkrisiun.html|accessdate= 2007-02-22}}</ref> Patrick Grün of [[Caliban (band)|Caliban]]'s inspiration to play drums came from Lombardo,<ref name="Caliban - Living The Dream">{{cite web|title=Caliban - Living The Dream|author=Day, Tom|publisher=MusicOHM.com|url=http://www.musicomh.com/interviews/caliban.htm|accessdate=2007-02-22}}</ref> with [[Jason Bittner]] of [[Shadows Fall]] inspired by Lombardo's double bass, utilizing double bass when starting his own music career.<ref name=" Proving Speed, Power, And Musicality Can Go Hand In Hand">{{cite web|title= Proving Speed, Power, And Musicality Can Go Hand In Hand|author= Haid, Mark |publisher= Moderndrummer.com|url= http://www.moderndrummer.com/updatefull/200001128|accessdate= 2007-02-23}}</ref>
 
==Style==
According to Kohlberg, a person who progresses to a higher stage of moral reasoning cannot skip stages. For example, a person cannot jump from being concerned mostly with peer opinions (stage three) to being a proponent of social contracts (stage five). However, when persons encounter a moral dilemma and find their current level of moral reasoning unsatisfactory, they will look to the next level. Discovery of the limitations of the current stage of thinking promotes moral development.
Early works were praised for their "breakneck speed and instrumental prowess," combining the structure of [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] tempos and [[speed metal]] the band released fast, aggressive material.<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer"/> The album ''Reign in Blood'' is the band's fastest, performed at an average of 250 [[beats per minute]].<ref name="Andrew Haug speaks with Dave Lombardo from Slayer">{{cite web
|title=Andrew Haug speaks with Dave Lombardo from Slayer
|author=Haug, Andrew
|publisher=Abc.net.au
|date=[[2006-10-13]]
|url=http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/racket/listen/audio_alpha_S.htm
|accessdate=2007-02-09}}</ref> The album ''[[Diabolus in Musica]]'' was the band's first with [[drop D tuning]], ''[[God Hates Us All]]'' the first with drop B tuning - utilizing [[seven-string guitar]]s.<ref name="SlayerBIOGRAPHY">{{cite web|title=Slayer - BIOGRAPHY|publisher=hardcoresounds.net|url=http://www.hardcoresounds.net/modules.php?name=Band_List&file=viewer&func=356|accessdate=2006-01-19}}</ref> ''[[All Music Guide]]'' cited the album as "abandoning the extravagancies and accessibility of their late-'80s/early-'90s work and returning to perfect the raw approach",<ref name="Slayer - God Hates us all">{{cite web|title=Slayer - God Hates us all|author=Birchmeier, Jason|publisher=[[All Music Guide]]|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:4oj4eaw54xs7|accessdate=2006-01-18}}</ref> with some fans labeling it [[nu-metal]].<ref name=" PAUL BOSTAPH of Exodus, ex-Slayer">{{cite web |title= PAUL BOSTAPH of Exodus, ex-Slayer |author=Syrjälä, Marko |publisher=Metal-Rules.com |date=[[2007-02-05]] |url=http://www.metal-rules.com/zine/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=797&Itemid=60
|accessdate=2007-03-07}}</ref>
 
Hanneman’s and King’s dual [[guitar solos]] have been called "wildly chaotic,"<ref name="All Music Guide Biography of Slayer"/> and "twisted genius."<ref name="Slayer - Reign in Blood">{{cite web|title=Slayer - Reign in Blood|author=Horatio|publisher=Kickedintheface.com|url=http://www.kickedintheface.com/reviews/Slayer-Reign_In_Blood.htm|accessdate=2006-01-18}}</ref> Drummer Lombardo uses two bass drums, instead of the [[Double-bass drum#Double bass|double kick]] which is used on a single bass drum. Lombardo's speed and aggression earned him the title of the “godfather of double bass” by Drummerworld.<ref name="Drummerworld - Dave Lombardo">{{cite web|title=Drummerworld - Dave Lombardo|publisher=Drummerworld.com|url=http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Dave_Lombardo.html|accessdate =2007-01-30}}</ref> Lombardo states his reasons for using two bass drums: "When you hit the bass drum the head is still resonating. When you hit it in the same place right after that you kinda get a "slapback" from the bass drum head hitting the other pedal. You're not letting them breathe." When playing the double bass Lombardo uses the "heel-up" technique, angling his pedals.<ref>Dave Lombardo Modern Drummer Festival 2000</ref> dowahdittydumdittydoo
==Criticism==
 
==Writing lyrics and music==
One criticism of Kohlberg's theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values. As a consequence of this, it may not adequately address the arguments of people who value other moral aspects of actions. For example, [[Carol Gilligan]] has argued that Kohlberg's theory is overly male-centric. His theory was the result of empirical research using only male particants. Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory therefore did not adequately describe the concerns of women. She developed an alternative theory of moral reasoning that is based on the value of care. Although recent research has generally not found any gender differences in moral development, Gilligan's theory illustrates that theories on moral development do not need to focus on the value of justice.
Hanneman, King and Araya contribute to the band's lyrics, and Lombardo, King and Hanneman create the music.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman"/> Araya's first contribution to lyrical content was 1988's ''South of Heaven'', forming a lyric writing partnership with Hanneman, which can overshadow the creative input of King.<ref name="An exclusive oral history of Slayer"/> Hanneman states writing lyrics and music is a "free for all"; "It’s all just whoever comes up with what. Sometimes I’ll be more on a roll and I’ll have more stuff, same with Kerry — it’s whoever's hot, really. Anybody can write anything; if it’s good we use it, if not we don’t."<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{cite web|title=Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman|author=Davis, Brian|publisher=Knac.com|url=http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3153|accessdate =2006-12-13}}</ref>
 
When writing new material the band writes the music before incorporating lyrics. King or Hanneman will use a [[Multitrack recording|24-track]] and [[drum machine]] to show band members the riff they have created, and to get their opinion. Either King or Hanneman and Lombardo will mention if any alterations can be made. The band will play the riff to get the basic song structure, and figure out where the lyrics and solos will be placed.<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman"/>
Other psychologists have challenged the assumption that moral action is primarily reached by [[formal reasoning]]. For example, [[social intuitionism|social intuitionists]] assume that people often make moral judgments without weighing concerns such as fairness, law, human rights and abstract ethical values. If this is true, the arguments that Kohlberg and other rationalist psychologists have analyzed are often no more than post-hoc rationalizations of intuitive decisions. This would mean that moral reasoning is less relevant to moral action than it seems.
 
==Feuds==
[[Category:Human development]][[Category:Ethics]][[Category:Cognition]][[Category:Learning]]
[[2007|As of 2007]], Araya and King have an ongoing feud with [[Dave Mustaine]] of [[Megadeth]]. It began when Mustaine attempted to convince King to stay with Megadeth rather than the "lame spikes" and "eyeliner" with the "poseurs" in 1984.<ref name="Dave Mustaine Slamming Slayer, Metallica, Kirk Hammett In 1984 Interview Surfaces!">{{cite web|title=Dave Mustaine Slamming Slayer, Metallica, Kirk Hammett In 1984 Interview Surfaces!|publisher=Pitriff.com|date=[[2004-11-14]]|url= http://www.pitriff.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1348&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0|accessdate=2006-01-18}}</ref> Mustaine proceeded to tell Araya he liked it when he "sucked his dick" at the 1991 "Clash of the Titans" tour.<ref name="Clash of the Titans">{{cite web|title = Clash of the Titans|author = Kuipers, Dean|publisher = Rockmetal|url=http://megadeth.rockmetal.art.pl/articles_spin1991.html|accessdate=2006-01-18}}</ref> Araya rebutted calling him a “[[Homosexual|homo]]” on stage.<ref name="Clash of the Titans"/> Since their falling out at the tour, King lashed out at Mustaine in several interviews stating he is a "cocksucker",<ref name="cocksucker"/> "everybody hates him",<ref name="Exclusive! Interview With Slayer Guitarist Kerry King ">{{cite web|title=Exclusive! Interview With Slayer Guitarist Kerry King|author=Davis, Brian|publisher=KNAC.com|date=[[2004-11-10]]|url=http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3346|accessdate =2006-01-18}}</ref> and he is a "dictator".<ref name="SLAYER's KERRY KING: DAVE MUSTAINE Is A Dictator">{{cite web|title = Slayer's Kerry King: Dave Mustaine is a dictator|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2004-07-09]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=24565|accessdate=2006-01-10}}</ref>
Recently in [[Guitar World|GuitarWorld.com's]] ''Dear Guitar Hero'', King "admires him to this day" but as a guitarist, even though he considers Mustaine as a "hypocrite".<ref name="Dear Guitar Hero: Kerry King">{{cite web|title = "Dear Guitar Hero: Kerry King">|publisher=[[Guitar World]]|date=[[2007-2-23]]|url=http://www.guitarworld.com/article/dear_guitar_hero_kerry_king|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref>
 
Relations between [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]] and Slayer deteriorated when King labeled Machine Head as "sell-outs" after the release of its 2001 album [[Supercharger (album)|Supercharger]]. King continued to criticize the band stating "They're responsible for [[rap-metal]]", "they fooled me into thinking they're metal", "'they have no integrity left."<ref name="MACHINE HEAD's FLYNN: 'I'm Disappointed In SLAYER's KERRY KING">{{cite web|title=Machine Head's Flynn: 'I'm Disappointed In Slayer's Kerry King|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-03-09]]|url =http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=10389|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref> Machine Head front man [[Robb Flynn]] stated King was not provoked, and these comments had come from nowhere.<ref name="MACHINE HEAD's FLYNN: 'I'm Disappointed In SLAYER's KERRY KING"/> Flynn, who once idolized King rebutted “Oh, Mr. [[Sum 41|SUM 41]] video has so much fuckin' integrity now!? Shit?!” after King appeared in Sum 41's music video "[[What We're All About]]",<ref name="MACHINE HEAD's FLYNN: 'I'm Disappointed In SLAYER's KERRY KING"/> also stating "King's eaten so many cheeseburgers his brain's starting to clog up."<ref name="KERRY KING's Eaten So Many Cheeseburgers">{{cite web|title = Kerry King's eaten so many cheeseburgers his brain's starting to clog up|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2002-06-20]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=4275|accessdate=2006-01-22}}</ref> However, on June 16, 2007 Flynn reported that the two sorted out their 'beef' at the Metal Hammer Awards, at which Slayer won an award for 'Metal Icon'.<ref name="Robb Flynn diary entry">{{cite web
|title=Robb Flynn diary entry
|author=Flyyn, Robb
|publisher=Machinehead1.com
|date=[[2007-06-16]]
|url=http://www.machinehead1.com/diary.html
|accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref>
 
==Controversy==
[[Image:JosefMengele1.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The lyrics of "Angel of Death" were inspired by the acts of Josef Mengele during World War II]]
Slayer has been accused of holding [[Nazism|Nazi]] sympathies, due to the band's eagle logo bearing resemblance to the [[Eagle atop swastika]], [[Schutzstaffel]] stickers on guitars, and the lyrics of "[[Angel of Death (song)|Angel of Death]]".<ref name="Kerry King: Maniac. Guitar Legend. Botanist?">{{cite web|title=Kerry King: Maniac. Guitar Legend. Botanist?|author = Hess, Mike|publisher=Nighttimes.com|date=[[2003-07-23]]|url=http://www.nighttimes.com/nt_main.asp?aID=388|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref> The lyrics of "Angel of Death" were inspired by the acts of [[Josef Mengele]],<ref name="Knac.com interview with Jeff Hanneman">{{cite web|title=Interview with Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman|author=Steffens, Charlie|publisher=Knac.com|date=[[2006-05-30]]|url=http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=4653|accessdate=2006-12-10}}</ref> the doctor who conducted [[human experiments]] on Jewish and Roma prisoners during [[World War II]] at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], and was dubbed the "Angel of Death" by inmates.<ref name="moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century - Josef Mengele">{{cite web|title=moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century - Josef Mengele|publisher=Moreorless.com|date=[[2001-04-30]]|url=http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/mengele.html|accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> Throughout their career, the band members were asked about these accusations, and have stated numerous times they do not condone Nazism, and are merely interested in the subject.<ref name="Slayer’s Tom Araya on Satanism, serial killers and his lovable kids">{{cite web|title=Slayers Tom Araya on Satanism, serial killers and his lovable kids|author=Cummins, Johnson|publisher=MontrealMirror.com|url=http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2002/012402/music1.html|accessdate=2006-12-02}}</ref>
 
Slayer's cover of [[Minor Threat|Minor Threat's]] "Guilty Of Being White" raised questions about a possible message of [[white supremacy]] in the band's music. The controversy surrounding the cover involved the changing of the refrain "guilty of being white" to "guilty of being right", at the song's ending. This incensed Minor Threat frontman [[Ian MacKaye]], who stated "that is so offensive to me".<ref>Blush, Steven ''American Hardcore: A Tribal History by Steven Blush'' (New York: Feral House, 2001), "Guilty of Being White", in an interview with Ian MacKaye, 30–31.</ref>
 
In a 2004 interview with Araya, when asked, "did critics realize you were wallowing in parody?", Araya replied, "No. People thought we were serious!...back then you had that [[PMRC]], who literally took everything to heart, when in actuality you're trying to create an image. You're trying to scare people on purpose".<ref name="Westword interview with Tom Araya">{{cite web|title=Westword interview with Tom Araya|author=La Briola, John|publisher=Westword.com|date=[[2004-07-22]]|url=http://www.westword.com/2004-07-22/music/slay-ride/|accessdate=2006-12-07}}</ref> Araya also denied rumors that Slayer members are [[Satanists]], but they find the subject of Satanism interesting and "we are all on this planet to learn and experience".<ref name="Slayer’s Tom Araya on Satanism, serial killers and his lovable kids">{{cite web|title=Slayers Tom Araya on Satanism, serial killers and his lovable kids|author=Cummins, Johnson |publisher=MontrealMirror.com|url=http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2002/012402/music1.html|accessdate=2006-12-02}}</ref>
 
[[Image:Slayer - Christ Illusion.jpg|thumb|right|The controversial cover of "Christ Illusion"]]
The song "[[Jihad (song)|Jihad]]" of the album ''Christ Illusion'' sparked controversy among families of the [[September 11]] victims.<ref name="SLAYER SPARK 9/11 CONTROVERSY">{{cite web|title=Slayer spark 9/11 Controversy|publisher = Contactmusic.com|date=[[2006-05-26]]|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/slayer%20spark%20911%20controversy_26_05_2006|accessdate=2006-11-29}}</ref> The song deals with the attack from the perspective of a religious terrorist. The band stated the song is spoken through perspective without being sympathetic to the cause, and supports neither side.<ref name="SLAYER SPARK 9/11 CONTROVERSY"/> Seventeen bus benches promoting the album in [[Fullerton, California]] were deemed offensive by city officials. They felt the Antichrist and skull were inappropriate, and felt the name "Slayer" pertains to a murderer. City officials contacted the band's record label and demanded that the ads be removed.<ref name="Exclusive: City Of Fullerton Demands That SLAYER Bus Benches Be Removed ">{{cite web|title=Exclusive: City Of Fullerton demands that Slayer bus benches be removed|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-08-01]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=55902|accessdate=2006-01-17}}</ref> All seventeen benches were removed.<ref name="SLAYER 'Christ Illusion' Bus Benches Removed From Fullerton">{{cite web|title=Slayer 'Christ Illusion' bus benches removed from Fullerton|publisher=Blabbermouth.net|date=[[2006-08-08]]|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=56141|accessdate=2006-01-17}}</ref>
 
In [[India]], the album was recalled by [[EMI]] India after protests with [[Muslim]] and [[Christian]] religious groups due to the nature of the graphic artwork. The album cover depicts [[Christ]] mutilated, missing arms and an eye, in a sea of blood with severed heads.<ref name="EMI">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6039976.stm|title=India bans 'offensive' rock album|date=[[2006-10-11]]|accessdate=2006-10-11|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On [[October 11]], [[2006]] EMI announced that all stocks had been destroyed,<ref name="EMI" /> noting it had no plans to re-release the record in India in the future.<ref name="EMI" />
 
==Discography==
{{main|Slayer discography}}
{|
|valign=top|
===Studio albums===
*1983: ''[[Show No Mercy]]''
*1985: ''[[Hell Awaits]]''
*1986: ''[[Reign in Blood]]'' #94 US<ref name="Billboard" />
*1988: ''[[South of Heaven]]'' #57 US<ref name="Billboard" />
*1990: ''[[Seasons in the Abyss]]'' #40 US<ref name="Billboard"/>
*1994: ''[[Divine Intervention (album)|Divine Intervention]]'' #8 US<ref name="Billboard" />
*1996: ''[[Undisputed Attitude]]'' #34 US<ref name="Billboard" />
*1998: ''[[Diabolus in Musica]]'' #31 US<ref name="Billboard" />
*2001: ''[[God Hates Us All]]'' #28 US<ref name="Billboard" />
*2006: ''[[Christ Illusion]]'' #5 US<ref name="Billboard" />
|valign=top|
 
===EPs/Box Sets===
*1984: ''[[Haunting the Chapel]]''
*2003: ''[[Soundtrack to the Apocalypse]]''
*2006: ''[[Eternal Pyre]]''
 
===DVDs/Live CDs===
*1984: ''[[Live Undead]]''
*1991: ''[[Decade of Aggression]]''
*1995: ''[[Live Intrusion]]''
*2003: ''[[War at the Warfield]]''
*2004: ''[[Still Reigning]]''
|}
 
==Band members==
===Current members===
*[[Tom Araya]] - bass, lead vocals (1981–present)
*[[Jeff Hanneman]] - guitar (1981–present)
*[[Kerry King]] - guitar (1981-present)
*[[Dave Lombardo]] - drums (1981–1986, 1987–1992, 2001–present)
 
===Former members===
*[[Paul Bostaph]] - drums (1992–1996, 1997–2001)
*[[Jon Dette]] - drums (1996–1997)
*[[Tony Scaglione]] - drums (1986–1987)
*[[Aaron Biddle]] - lead guitar (1992-1994)
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
{{commons|Slayer}}
*[http://www.slayer.net/ Official Slayer website]
*{{MusicBrainz artist|id=bdacc37b-8633-4bf8-9dd5-4662ee651aec|name=Slayer}}
*{{MySpace-music|Slayer|Slayer}}
*[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?&cr=artist&or=ASCENDING&sf=length&pid=5692&kw=Slayer Slayer ]at [[Billboard]]
 
{{Slayer}}
 
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