Flag of Argentina and Treaty of Lausanne: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 12:01, 28 June 2007

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:''For the 1912 ''Treaty of Lausanne'' between Italy and the Ottoman Empire (signed on 18 October, 1912 in [[Ouchy]]), see the [[Italo-Turkish War]].''

[[Image:Argentina_flag_large.png|thumb|194px|[[Image:FIAV_63.png]] The flag has a 9:14 ratio]]

[[Image:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria on Treaty of Lausanne.png|280px|thumb|Borders as shaped by the treaty]]

The national [[flag]] of [[Argentina]] dates from [[1812]]. It is composed of three equal horizontal bands coloured light blue, white and light blue. In [[1818]], a yellow sun was added to the centre.

The '''Treaty of Lausanne''' ([[July 24]], [[1923]]) was a [[peace treaty]] signed in [[Lausanne]] that settled the [[Anatolia]]n part of the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] by annulment of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the consequences of the [[Turkish Independence War]] between [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] ([[Turkish national movement]]).

==Overview & negotiations==

The full flag featuring the sun is called the 'Official Ceremony Flag' ([[Spanish language|spanish]]: ''Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia'').

{{main|Conference of Lausanne}}

The flag without the [[Sun of May|sun]] is considered the 'Ornamental Flag' ([[Spanish language|spanish]]: ''Bandera de Ornato''). The ornamental version must always be hoisted below the Official Ceremony Flag.

{{Seealso|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish Independence War}}

In [[vexillology|vexillological]] terms, the Official Ceremony Flag is the civil, state and war flag and ensign, whilst the Ornamental Flag is an alternate civil flag and [[ensign]].

After the expulsion of the Greek forces by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (later [[Kemal Atatürk]]), the newly-founded Turkish government rejected the recently signed [[Treaty of Sèvres]].

Negotiations performed during [[Conference of Lausanne]] which [[İsmet İnönü]] was the lead negotiator for Turkey and [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was his Greek counterpart. Negotiations took many months. On [[October 20]] [[1922]] the peace conference was reopened, and after strenuous debates, it was once again interrupted by Turkish protest on [[February 4]] [[1923]]. After reopening on [[April 23]], and more protest by Kemal's government, the treaty was signed on [[July 24]] after eight months of arduous negotiation by allies such as US Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]], who served as United States High Commissioner and championed Turkish efforts.

Is important to note that both versions are equally considered the national flag.

==The stipulations of treaty ==

==Official description==

The treaty is composed of 141 articles with major sections;<ref name=Mango>Andrew Mango Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey ISBN 158567334X page. 388</ref>

* Convention on the Turkish straits

* Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]])

* [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey]]

* Agreements

* Binding letters.

The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the ethnic [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority in Turkey]] and the mainly ethnically Turkish [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. Much of the Greek population of Turkey was [[Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey|exchanged]] with the Turkish population of Greece. The Greeks of Istanbul, [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] were excluded (about 270,000 in Istanbul alone at that time [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm]), and so were the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 86,000 [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm] in 1922). Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. The republic of Turkey also accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] to the [[British Empire]]. The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]].

===Shape and size===

As of 1978, the flag's official proportions are 9:14, and its official size is 0.9 by 1.4 metres. It features three stripes alternating cerulean blue - white - cerulean blue. Each stripe is 30 centimetres in height.

In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May ([[Spanish language|spanish]]: ''Sol de Mayo''), a golden sun. Flags with proportions of 1:2 and 2:3 are also in use.

===ColoursBorders===

The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]], formally ceded all Turkish claims on [[Cyprus]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations. The treaty also led to international recognition of the sovereignty of the new [[Republic of Turkey]] as the [[successor state]] of the defunct Ottoman Empire.

The [[colour]]s are subject to discussion, and there is no official position on colour usage. The Spanish word ''celeste'' (cerulean blue) is used to describe the colour of the blue stripes. Cerulean blue's is defined by [[Pantone]] as '''N21-01''', which equals '''155, 196, 226''' in [[RGB]] notation.

===Agreements===

{| border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;" cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 width=100%

Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, [[Chester concession]]. US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name=Mango/>

|- bgcolor=#C1D8FF

!Colour

!RGB

!HTML

!HSV

!Lab

!CMYK

!Sample

==Aftermath==

|-

The Convention on the Turkish straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]]. The custom limitations in the treaty shortly rewoked. Political amnesty is applied. [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|150 persona non grata of Turkey]] slowly acquired the citizenship which the last one was in 1974 to the descendants of the former dynasty.

|Cerulean Blue

|align=center|156, 196, 226

|align=center|#9BC4E2

|align=center|201, 31, 89

|align=center|77, -9, -20

|align=center|37, 12, 3, 0

|bgcolor=9BC4E2|

|-

|Cerulean Blue (Websafe)

|align=center|153, 205, 255

|align=center|#99CCFF

|align=center|210, 40, 100

|align=center|80, -3, -31

|align=center|35, 10, 0, 0

|bgcolor=99CCFF|

|-

|White

|align=center|255, 255, 255

|align=center|#FFFFFF

|align=center|0, 0, 100

|align=center|100, 0, 0

|align=center|0, 0, 0, 0

|bgcolor=FFFFFF|

|-

|Golden Yellow

|align=center|255, 205, 51

|align=center|#FFCD33

|align=center|45, 80, 100

|align=center|85, 8, 76

|align=center|1, 19, 89, 0

|bgcolor=FFCD33|

|-

|Black

|align=center|0, 0, 0

|align=center|#000000

|align=center|0, 0, 0

|align=center|0, 0, 0

|align=center|75, 68, 67, 90

|bgcolor=000000|

|}

Since signing the treaty, both Turkey and Greece have claimed that the other has violated its provisions. Greece has seen its ethnic minority population in Turkey diminish from several hundred thousand in 1923 to just a couple of thousands today, and claims that this was caused by the systematic enforcement of anti-minority measures.<ref>[http://chicago.agrino.org/turkish_pogrom_against_the_greeks.htm Measures claimed to have caused the diminish of the Greek minority in Turkey]</ref> Turkey closed the [[Halki seminary]], which is in direct contradiction to the treaty which stipulates religious freedom.

===The sun===

The sun, called [[Sun of May]], is a replica of an engraving on the first Argentine coin, approved in [[1813]], whose value was eight ''escudos'' (one Spanish dollar).

Ultimately, [[Winston Churchill]] who had a damaged career because of his failure at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], during which he had urged the Armenian population to rebel with vague promises to divert manpower from his failure during that battle,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,1921272,00.html</ref> and his inability to be able to enforce the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] even though managed to dismantle [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[occupation of Istanbul]] remarked: “In the Lausanne Treaty, which established a new peace between the allies and Turkey, history will search in vain for the name Armenia.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. V, London, 1929, p. 408</ref>

In [[1978]] the sun colour was specified to be golden yellow (''amarillo oro''), to have an inner diameter of 10 centimeters, and an outer diameter of 25 centimeters (the diameter of the sun equals <math>5/6th</math> the height of the white stripe. The sun's face is <math>2/5th</math> of its height)

==See also==

It features 32 rays, 16 undulated and 16 straight, in alternation.

* [[Aftermath of World War I]]

* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]

* [[Treaty of Kars]]

* [[Turks of Western Thrace]]

* [[Muslim minority of Greece]]

* [[Greeks of Turkey]]

* [[Greek refugees]]

==References==

In the Official Ceremony Flag, the sun must be embroidered.

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

==History==

{{portal|World War I}}

===Creation===

*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html Text of the treaty]

According to legend, during the Argentine wars of independence General [[Manuel Belgrano]] was commanding a battle in [[Rosario, Argentina|Rosario]]. He noticed that both [[the Crown]]'s forces and the independence forces were using the same colors ([[Spain]]'s yellow and red).

*[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm Information about the Treaty (1)]

After realizing this, Belgrano created a new flag using the colors that were used by the [[creole|criollo]] during the [[May Revolution]] in [[1810]].

*[http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/sources/ Information about the Treaty (2)]

*[http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Text and Information about the Treaty]

{{War of Turkish Independence}}<br/>

Excited by the notion of having a national flag, Belgrano dispatched a letter addressed to the [[Primera Junta|First Junta]], informing them of the newly created flag. The Junta, fearing the Spanish Crown, sent a warn to Belgrano not to fight under the flag but by the time the reply had arrived, Belgrano had moved on, and was flying the flag on the battlefield.

{{First World War treaties}}<br/>

{{World War I}}

[[Category:Peace treaties|Lausanne, Treaty of]]

The flag was hoisted for the first time in [[Buenos Aires]] atop the Saint Nicholas of Bari Church on [[August 23]], [[1812]] (where nowadays the Obelisk is located).

[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]]

[[Category:Aftermath of World War I|Lausanne]]

[[Category:Forced migration]]

[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]

[[Category:Treaties of Greece|Lausanne]]

[[Category:Treaties of Turkey|Lausanne]]

[[Category:Lausanne]]

[[de:Vertrag von Lausanne]]

After the declaration of independence on [[July 9]], [[1816]], the flag was adopted as a symbol by the Argentine Congress.

[[el:Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης]]

[[es:Tratado de Lausana]]

===Changes===

[[eo:Traktato de Lausanne]]

On [[February 25]], [[1818]], a sun was added to the battle flag. The sun was copied after the one that the first Argentine coin featured in [[1813]]. It was subsequently decided to be part of the regular flag afterwards, and thus the sun no longer represents war.

[[fr:Traité de Lausanne (1923)]]

[[it:Trattato di Losanna]]

On [[June 8]], [[1938]], president [[Roberto Ortiz]] sanctioned a law declaring [[June 20]] '[[Flag Day]]', a national holiday (the date was decided after the anniversary of Belgrano's death).

[[he:הסכם לוזאן]]

[[nl:Vrede van Lausanne]]

In [[1978]] it was specified, among other measurements, that the Official Ceremony Flag should be 1.4 meters in width and 0.9 meters in height, and that the sun must be embroidered.

[[ja:ローザンヌ条約]]

[[ru:Лозаннская конференция]]

==Myths about the flag==

[[sr:Лозански мир 1923.]]

[[fi:Lausannen sopimus]]

The most accepted interpretation of the flag is that it represents the [[sky]], [[cloud]]s and [[sun]]. However, there are several folk stories about the colors of the flag. One story says that the blue symbolizes the [[Río de la Plata]] (River Plate) and the white symbolizes [[silver]] (the name 'Argentina' comes from the Latin word for silver, ''argentum''). Another story states that the colors are based on those of the [[House of Bourbon]], and a third suggests that they are derived from the clothing of the Virgin Mary.

[[sv:Lausannefreden]]

[[tr:Lozan Antlaşması]]

It is not known with certainty that Belgrano created the flag, but during the wars of independence against Spain, he was the first to use it, even though the [[creole|criollo]] government didn't approve it.

[[ur:معاہدہ لوزان]]

Another popular belief is that the version with the sun is a war flag while the sunless version is not, but while this was originally the case after the approval of Congress in [[1818]], it was changed afterwards.

{{nationalflags}}<!-- to edit this table, go to [[Template:Nationalflags]] -->

==External links==

*{{FOTW|id=ar|title=Argentina}}

*[http://www.portalargentino.net/simbolos/bandera.htm More information (in Spanish)]

[[Category:Argentina|Flag]]

[[Category:National flags|Argentina]]

[[ca:Bandera de l'Argentina]]

[[de:Flagge Argentiniens]]

[[el:&#931;&#951;&#956;&#945;&#943;&#945; &#964;&#951;&#962; A&#961;&#947;&#949;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#957;&#942;&#962;]]

[[es:Bandera de Argentina]]

[[fr:Drapeau de l'Argentine]]

[[it:Bandiera argentina]]

[[he:&#1491;&#1490;&#1500; &#1488;&#1512;&#1490;&#1504;&#1496;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492;]]

[[ja:&#12450;&#12523;&#12476;&#12531;&#12481;&#12531;&#12398;&#22269;&#26071;]]

[[pt:Bandeira da Argentina]]

[[sv:Argentinas flagga]]