Thomas Ewing and Treaty of Lausanne: Difference between pages

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:''For the 1912 ''Treaty of Lausanne'' between Italy and the Ottoman Empire (signed on 18 October, 1912 in [[Ouchy]]), see the [[Italo-Turkish War]].''

:''This article is about the [[United States]] [[politician]]. For the [[Australia]]n politician, see [[Thomas Ewing (Australian politician)]].''

[[Image:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria on Treaty of Lausanne.png|280px|thumb|Borders as shaped by the treaty]]

The '''Treaty of Lausanne''' ([[July 24]], [[1923]]) was a [[peace treaty]] signed in [[Lausanne]] that settled the [[Anatolia]]n part of the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] by annulment of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the consequences of the [[Turkish Independence War]] between [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] ([[Turkish national movement]]).

==Overview & negotiations==

[[Image:Thomas_ewing.jpg|right]]'''Thomas Ewing''' ([[December 28]], [[1789]]–[[October 26]], [[1871]]) was a [[United States National Republican Party|National Republican]] and [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] politician from [[Ohio]]. He served in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] as well as serving as the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] and [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]].

{{main|Conference of Lausanne}}

{{Seealso|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish Independence War}}

After the expulsion of the Greek forces by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (later [[Kemal Atatürk]]), the newly-founded Turkish government rejected the recently signed [[Treaty of Sèvres]].

Negotiations performed during [[Conference of Lausanne]] which [[İsmet İnönü]] was the lead negotiator for Turkey and [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was his Greek counterpart. Negotiations took many months. On [[October 20]] [[1922]] the peace conference was reopened, and after strenuous debates, it was once again interrupted by Turkish protest on [[February 4]] [[1923]]. After reopening on [[April 23]], and more protest by Kemal's government, the treaty was signed on [[July 24]] after eight months of arduous negotiation by allies such as US Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]], who served as United States High Commissioner and championed Turkish efforts.

Born in [[West Liberty, West Virginia|West Liberty]], [[Ohio County, West Virginia|Ohio County]], [[Virginia]] (now [[West Virginia]]). After studying at [[Ohio University]], Ewing commenced the practice of law in [[Lancaster, Ohio]] in [[1816]]. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in [[1830]] as a Whig and served a single term. He was unsuccessful in seeking a second term in [[1836]]. Ewing served as Secretary of the Treasury from [[March 4]], [[1841]]–[[September 11]], [[1841]], serving under Presidents [[William Henry Harrison]] and [[John Tyler]]. Ewing was later appointed to serve as the first Secretary of the Interior by President [[Zachary Taylor]]. Ewing served in the position from [[March 8]], [[1849]]-[[July 22]], [[1850]] under Taylor and [[Millard Fillmore]]. Ewing was then appointed to the Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of [[Thomas Corwin]], and served from [[July 20]], [[1850]]-[[March 3]], [[1851]]. Ewing was unsuccessful in seeking re-election in 1851. Ewing was appointed by President [[Andrew Johnson]] to a third post as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] in [[1868]] following the firing of [[Edwin Stanton]] but the Senate, still outraged at Johnson's firing of Stanton - which had provoked Johnson's impeachment - refused to act on the nomination.

==The stipulations of treaty ==

{{start box}}

The treaty is composed of 141 articles with major sections;<ref name=Mango>Andrew Mango Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey ISBN 158567334X page. 388</ref>

{{succession box |

* Convention on the Turkish straits

before=[[Jacob Burnet]]|

* Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]])

title=[[List of United States Senators from Ohio|U.S. Senators from Ohio]]|

* [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey]]

years=[[1831]]&ndash;[[1837]]|

* Agreements

after=[[William Allen (governor)|William Allen]]

* Binding letters.

}}

{{succession box |

before=[[Levi Woodbury]]|

title=[[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]|

years=[[1841]]|

after=[[Walter Forward]]

}}

{{succession box |

before=''None''|

title=[[United States Secretary of the Interior]]|

years=[[1849]]&ndash;[[1850]]|

after=[[Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan]]

}}

{{succession box |

before=[[Thomas Corwin]]|

title=[[List of United States Senators from Ohio|U.S. Senators from Ohio]]|

years=[[1850]]&ndash;[[1851]]|

after=[[Benjamin F. Wade]]

}}

{{end box}}

{{USSecTreas}}

{{USSecInterior}}

The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the ethnic [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority in Turkey]] and the mainly ethnically Turkish [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. Much of the Greek population of Turkey was [[Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey|exchanged]] with the Turkish population of Greece. The Greeks of Istanbul, [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] were excluded (about 270,000 in Istanbul alone at that time [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm]), and so were the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 86,000 [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm] in 1922). Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. The republic of Turkey also accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] to the [[British Empire]]. The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]].

[[Category:1789 births|Ewing, Thomas]]

[[Category:1871 deaths|Ewing, Thomas]]

===Borders===

[[Category:U.S. Secretaries of the Interior|Ewing, Thomas]]

The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]], formally ceded all Turkish claims on [[Cyprus]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations. The treaty also led to international recognition of the sovereignty of the new [[Republic of Turkey]] as the [[successor state]] of the defunct Ottoman Empire.

[[Category:U.S. Secretaries of the Treasury|Ewing, Thomas]]

[[Category:U.S. Senators from Ohio|Ewing, Thomas]]

===Agreements===

Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, [[Chester concession]]. US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name=Mango/>

==Aftermath==

The Convention on the Turkish straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]]. The custom limitations in the treaty shortly rewoked. Political amnesty is applied. [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|150 persona non grata of Turkey]] slowly acquired the citizenship which the last one was in 1974 to the descendants of the former dynasty.

Since signing the treaty, both Turkey and Greece have claimed that the other has violated its provisions. Greece has seen its ethnic minority population in Turkey diminish from several hundred thousand in 1923 to just a couple of thousands today, and claims that this was caused by the systematic enforcement of anti-minority measures.<ref>[http://chicago.agrino.org/turkish_pogrom_against_the_greeks.htm Measures claimed to have caused the diminish of the Greek minority in Turkey]</ref> Turkey closed the [[Halki seminary]], which is in direct contradiction to the treaty which stipulates religious freedom.

Ultimately, [[Winston Churchill]] who had a damaged career because of his failure at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], during which he had urged the Armenian population to rebel with vague promises to divert manpower from his failure during that battle,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,1921272,00.html</ref> and his inability to be able to enforce the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] even though managed to dismantle [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[occupation of Istanbul]] remarked: “In the Lausanne Treaty, which established a new peace between the allies and Turkey, history will search in vain for the name Armenia.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. V, London, 1929, p. 408</ref>

==See also==

* [[Aftermath of World War I]]

* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]

* [[Treaty of Kars]]

* [[Turks of Western Thrace]]

* [[Muslim minority of Greece]]

* [[Greeks of Turkey]]

* [[Greek refugees]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{portal|World War I}}

*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html Text of the treaty]

*[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm Information about the Treaty (1)]

*[http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/sources/ Information about the Treaty (2)]

*[http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Text and Information about the Treaty]

{{War of Turkish Independence}}<br/>

{{First World War treaties}}<br/>

{{World War I}}

[[Category:Peace treaties|Lausanne, Treaty of]]

[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]]

[[Category:Aftermath of World War I|Lausanne]]

[[Category:Forced migration]]

[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]

[[Category:Treaties of Greece|Lausanne]]

[[Category:Treaties of Turkey|Lausanne]]

[[Category:Lausanne]]

[[de:Vertrag von Lausanne]]

[[el:Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης]]

[[es:Tratado de Lausana]]

[[eo:Traktato de Lausanne]]

[[fr:Traité de Lausanne (1923)]]

[[it:Trattato di Losanna]]

[[he:הסכם לוזאן]]

[[nl:Vrede van Lausanne]]

[[ja:ローザンヌ条約]]

[[ru:Лозаннская конференция]]

[[sr:Лозански мир 1923.]]

[[fi:Lausannen sopimus]]

[[sv:Lausannefreden]]

[[tr:Lozan Antlaşması]]

[[ur:معاہدہ لوزان]]