1685 and Treaty of Lausanne: Difference between pages

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:''For the 1912 ''Treaty of Lausanne'' between Italy and the Ottoman Empire (signed on 18 October, 1912 in [[Ouchy]]), see the [[Italo-Turkish War]].''

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[[Image:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria on Treaty of Lausanne.png|280px|thumb|Borders as shaped by the treaty]]

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The '''Treaty of Lausanne''' ([[July 24]], [[1923]]) was a [[peace treaty]] signed in [[Lausanne]] that settled the [[Anatolia]]n part of the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] by annulment of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the consequences of the [[Turkish Independence War]] between [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] ([[Turkish national movement]]).

| align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Years:'''</small><br> [[1682]] [[1683]] [[1684]] - [[1685]] - [[1686]] [[1687]] [[1688]]

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| align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Decades]]:'''</small> <br> [[1650s]] [[1660s]] [[1670s]] - '''[[1680s]]''' - [[1690s]] [[1700s]] [[1710s]]

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| align="center" | <small>'''[[Centuries]]:'''</small> <br> [[16th century]] - '''[[17th century]]''' - [[18th century]] <hr>

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==Overview & negotiations==

{{main|Conference of Lausanne}}

{{Seealso|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish Independence War}}

After the expulsion of the Greek forces by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (later [[Kemal Atatürk]]), the newly-founded Turkish government rejected the recently signed [[Treaty of Sèvres]].

Negotiations performed during [[Conference of Lausanne]] which [[İsmet İnönü]] was the lead negotiator for Turkey and [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was his Greek counterpart. Negotiations took many months. On [[October 20]] [[1922]] the peace conference was reopened, and after strenuous debates, it was once again interrupted by Turkish protest on [[February 4]] [[1923]]. After reopening on [[April 23]], and more protest by Kemal's government, the treaty was signed on [[July 24]] after eight months of arduous negotiation by allies such as US Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]], who served as United States High Commissioner and championed Turkish efforts.

==Events==

*[[February 6]] - James Stuart, Duke of York becomes King [[James II of England]] and [[Ireland]] and King [[James VII of Scotland]].

* [[February 18]] - [[Fort St. Louis]] is established by a Frenchman at [[Matagorda Bay]] thus forming the basis for [[France]]'s claim to [[Texas]].

*[[June 20]] - [[Monmouth Rebellion]]: [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth]], illegitimate son of King [[Charles II of England]], [[Scotland]] and Ireland declares himself King and heir to his father's Kingdoms as James II of [[England]] and Ireland and James VII of Scotland, after already forming his own army and campaigning against his uncle.

*[[July 6]] - Monmouth Rebellion: The [[Battle of Sedgemoor]] between the armies of King James II of England and rebel forces under Monmouth. Monmouth's army is defeated and the Duke himself is captured shortly after the battle.

* [[July 15]] - The Duke of Monmouth is executed at [[Tower Hill, London]]

* [[October 18]]-[[October 19|19]] - [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] declares the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]], which revokes the [[Edict of Nantes]] and declares [[Protestantism]] illegal.

==The stipulations of treaty ==

The treaty is composed of 141 articles with major sections;<ref name=Mango>Andrew Mango Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey ISBN 158567334X page. 388</ref>

* Convention on the Turkish straits

* Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]])

* [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey]]

* Agreements

* Binding letters.

The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the ethnic [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority in Turkey]] and the mainly ethnically Turkish [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. Much of the Greek population of Turkey was [[Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey|exchanged]] with the Turkish population of Greece. The Greeks of Istanbul, [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] were excluded (about 270,000 in Istanbul alone at that time [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm]), and so were the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 86,000 [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm] in 1922). Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. The republic of Turkey also accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] to the [[British Empire]]. The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]].

* [[Adam Baldrigde]] founds a pirate base in [[St Mary Island]] in the [[Madagascar]]

==Births=Borders===

The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]], formally ceded all Turkish claims on [[Cyprus]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations. The treaty also led to international recognition of the sovereignty of the new [[Republic of Turkey]] as the [[successor state]] of the defunct Ottoman Empire.

*[[January 7]] - [[Jonas Alströmer]], Swedish industrialist (d. [[1761]])

*[[January 9]] - [[Tiberius Hemsterhuis]], Dutch philologist (d. [[1766]])

*[[February 8]] - [[Charles-Jean-François Hénault]], French historian (d. [[1770]])

*[[February 10]] - [[Aaron Hill]], English writer (d. [[1750]])

*[[February 23]] - [[George Frideric Handel]], German composer (d. [[1759]])

*[[March 12]] - [[George Berkeley]], English philosopher (d. [[1753]])

*[[March 18]] - [[Ralph Erskine (preacher)|Ralph Erskine]], Scottish minister (d. [[1752]])

*[[March 21]] - [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], German composer (d. [[1750]])

*[[June 30]] - [[John Gay]], English writer (d. [[1732]])

*[[July 3]] - [[Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet]], British cavalry officer (d. [[1768]])

*[[August 18]] - [[Brook Taylor]], English mathematician (d. [[1731]])

*[[October 1]] - [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] (d. [[1740]])

*[[October 26]] - [[Domenico Scarlatti]], Italian composer (d. [[1757]])

*[[November 17]] - [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye]], French-Canadian trader and explorer (d. [[1749]])

*[[December 17]] - [[Thomas Tickell]], English writer (d. [[1740]])

==Deaths=Agreements===

Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, [[Chester concession]]. US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name=Mango/>

*[[January 2]] - [[Harbottle Grimston]], English politician (b. [[1603]])

*[[February 6]] - [[King Charles II of England]], Scotland and Ireland (b. [[1630]])

*[[February 11]] - [[David Teniers III]], Flemish painter (b. [[1638]])

*[[February 24]] - [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle]], English politician and military leader (b. [[1629]])

*[[March 22]] - [[Emperor Go-Sai of Japan]] (b. [[1638]])

*[[May 26]] - [[Karl II, Elector Palatine]] (b. [[1651]])

*[[July 15]] - [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth]], illegitimate son of [[Charles II of England]] (beheaded) (b. [[1649]])

*[[July 28]] - [[Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington]], English statesman (b. [[1618]])

*[[September 1]] - [[Leoline Jenkins]], Welsh lawyer and diplomat (b [[1625]])

*[[October 12]] - [[Christoph Ignaz Abele]], Austrian jurist (b. [[1628]])

*[[October 30]] - [[Michel le Tellier]], French statesman (b. [[1603]])

*[[December 12]] - [[John Pell]], English mathematician (b. [[1610]])

==Aftermath==

[[Category:1685]]

The Convention on the Turkish straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]]. The custom limitations in the treaty shortly rewoked. Political amnesty is applied. [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|150 persona non grata of Turkey]] slowly acquired the citizenship which the last one was in 1974 to the descendants of the former dynasty.

Since signing the treaty, both Turkey and Greece have claimed that the other has violated its provisions. Greece has seen its ethnic minority population in Turkey diminish from several hundred thousand in 1923 to just a couple of thousands today, and claims that this was caused by the systematic enforcement of anti-minority measures.<ref>[http://chicago.agrino.org/turkish_pogrom_against_the_greeks.htm Measures claimed to have caused the diminish of the Greek minority in Turkey]</ref> Turkey closed the [[Halki seminary]], which is in direct contradiction to the treaty which stipulates religious freedom.

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[[ar:1685]]

Ultimately, [[Winston Churchill]] who had a damaged career because of his failure at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], during which he had urged the Armenian population to rebel with vague promises to divert manpower from his failure during that battle,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,1921272,00.html</ref> and his inability to be able to enforce the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] even though managed to dismantle [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[occupation of Istanbul]] remarked: “In the Lausanne Treaty, which established a new peace between the allies and Turkey, history will search in vain for the name Armenia.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. V, London, 1929, p. 408</ref>

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==See also==

[[be:1685]]

* [[Aftermath of World War I]]

[[bs:1685]]

* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]

[[ca:1685]]

* [[Treaty of Kars]]

[[ceb:1685]]

* [[Turks of Western Thrace]]

[[cv:1685]]

* [[Muslim minority of Greece]]

[[cs:1685]]

* [[Greeks of Turkey]]

[[cy:1685]]

* [[Greek refugees]]

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[[de:1685]]

==References==

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{{Reflist}}

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== External links ==

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{{portal|World War I}}

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*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html Text of the treaty]

[[fr:1685]]

*[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm Information about the Treaty (1)]

[[gl:1685]]

*[http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/sources/ Information about the Treaty (2)]

[[ko:1685년]]

*[http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Text and Information about the Treaty]

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{{War of Turkish Independence}}<br/>

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{{First World War treaties}}<br/>

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{{World War I}}

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[[Category:Peace treaties|Lausanne, Treaty of]]

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[[Category:Forced migration]]

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[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]

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[[ru:Лозаннская конференция]]

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[[sr:Лозански мир 1923.]]

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[[tlfi:1685Lausannen sopimus]]

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