|
:''For the 1912 ''Treaty of Lausanne'' between Italy and the Ottoman Empire (signed on 18 October, 1912 in [[Ouchy]]), see the [[Italo-Turkish War]].''
This is Dematt's chirohistory2 date page.
[[Image:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria on Treaty of Lausanne.png|280px|thumb|Borders as shaped by the treaty]]
The '''Treaty of Lausanne''' ([[July 24]], [[1923]]) was a [[peace treaty]] signed in [[Lausanne]] that settled the [[Anatolia]]n part of the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] by annulment of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the consequences of the [[Turkish Independence War]] between [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] ([[Turkish national movement]]).
==Overview & negotiations==
If you are here to add something, just put it in the best spot according to date. I'll move it around according to my thinking when I get a chance. Thanks for coming!
{{main|Conference of Lausanne}}
{{Seealso|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish Independence War}}
After the expulsion of the Greek forces by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (later [[Kemal Atatürk]]), the newly-founded Turkish government rejected the recently signed [[Treaty of Sèvres]].
Negotiations performed during [[Conference of Lausanne]] which [[İsmet İnönü]] was the lead negotiator for Turkey and [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was his Greek counterpart. Negotiations took many months. On [[October 20]] [[1922]] the peace conference was reopened, and after strenuous debates, it was once again interrupted by Turkish protest on [[February 4]] [[1923]]. After reopening on [[April 23]], and more protest by Kemal's government, the treaty was signed on [[July 24]] after eight months of arduous negotiation by allies such as US Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]], who served as United States High Commissioner and championed Turkish efforts.
==Other Pages==
==The stipulations of treaty ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dematt/Chirohistory2 Chirohistory2 work page]
The treaty is composed of 141 articles with major sections;<ref name=Mango>Andrew Mango Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey ISBN 158567334X page. 388</ref>
* Convention on the Turkish straits
* Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]])
* [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey]]
* Agreements
* Binding letters.
The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the ethnic [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority in Turkey]] and the mainly ethnically Turkish [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. Much of the Greek population of Turkey was [[Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey|exchanged]] with the Turkish population of Greece. The Greeks of Istanbul, [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] were excluded (about 270,000 in Istanbul alone at that time [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm]), and so were the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 86,000 [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm] in 1922). Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. The republic of Turkey also accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] to the [[British Empire]]. The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]].
===Borders===
__TOC__
The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]], formally ceded all Turkish claims on [[Cyprus]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations. The treaty also led to international recognition of the sovereignty of the new [[Republic of Turkey]] as the [[successor state]] of the defunct Ottoman Empire.
==1895=Agreements===
Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, [[Chester concession]]. US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name=Mango/>
==1896==
==1897==
==1898==
==1899==
==1900==
==1901==
==1902==
===DD went to Calif to help Thomas Storey===
==Aftermath==
BJ writes that DD went to California to cure Thomas Storey of insanity c1904 - notes that he left 1 1/2 years ago.
The Convention on the Turkish straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]]. The custom limitations in the treaty shortly rewoked. Political amnesty is applied. [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|150 persona non grata of Turkey]] slowly acquired the citizenship which the last one was in 1974 to the descendants of the former dynasty.
Since signing the treaty, both Turkey and Greece have claimed that the other has violated its provisions. Greece has seen its ethnic minority population in Turkey diminish from several hundred thousand in 1923 to just a couple of thousands today, and claims that this was caused by the systematic enforcement of anti-minority measures.<ref>[http://chicago.agrino.org/turkish_pogrom_against_the_greeks.htm Measures claimed to have caused the diminish of the Greek minority in Turkey]</ref> Turkey closed the [[Halki seminary]], which is in direct contradiction to the treaty which stipulates religious freedom.
===1902 DD harrassed about stealing osteopathic concept===
Ultimately, [[Winston Churchill]] who had a damaged career because of his failure at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], during which he had urged the Armenian population to rebel with vague promises to divert manpower from his failure during that battle,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,1921272,00.html</ref> and his inability to be able to enforce the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] even though managed to dismantle [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[occupation of Istanbul]] remarked: “In the Lausanne Treaty, which established a new peace between the allies and Turkey, history will search in vain for the name Armenia.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. V, London, 1929, p. 408</ref>
There were political reasons which may have encouraged the elder Palmer to narrow his theory and practice to subluxation only. Members of the osteopathic community had been haranguing Palmer, labeling him a thief who had appropriated portions of Still’s osteopathic concepts and repackaged them as chiropractic. Now DD and his followers would leave to the osteopaths the “rule of the artery,” and concern themselves exclusively with the presumed supremacy of the nervous system in dis-ease. This revision was legally reinforced in a courtroom in LaCrosse, Wisconsin in 1907 when the first acquittal of a chiropractor tried for unlicensed practice of osteopathy was based on the neural vs. circulatory distinction. Shegatoro Morikubo, D.C.’s legal defense (Rehm, 1986) set a theoretical precedent with the power to keep chiropractors out of jail. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/PalmerDD/PalmerDD-Disease_Theory.pdf pg4]
==1903See also==
* [[Aftermath of World War I]]
==1904==
* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]
* [[Treaty of Kars]]
* [[Turks of Western Thrace]]
* [[Muslim minority of Greece]]
* [[Greeks of Turkey]]
* [[Greek refugees]]
==References==
===DD returns to Palmer?===
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
==1905==
{{portal|World War I}}
==1906==
*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html Text of the treaty]
===DD Convicted and goes to jail for practicing med without a license===
*[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm Information about the Treaty (1)]
===UCA created===
*[http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/sources/ Information about the Treaty (2)]
1906 UCA created after DD convicted to protect chiros.[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/StraightMixer/straight_mixer_notes.pdf]pg1-2
*[http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Text and Information about the Treaty]
{{War of Turkish Independence}}<br/>
==1907==
{{First World War treaties}}<br/>
{{World War I}}
[[Category:Peace treaties|Lausanne, Treaty of]]
===Shegetaro Morikubo trial UCA===
[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]]
1907: trial of Shegetaro Morikubo DC in LaCrosse WI (Rehm, 1986); BJ notes in Conflicts clarify (Palmer, 1951, p. 94): Chronology of Diagnosis in Chiropractic Keating "We are always mindful of those early days when UCA...used various expedients to defeat medical court prosecutions. We legally squirmed this way and that, here and there. We did not diagnose, treat, or cure disease. We analyzed, adjusted cause, and Innate in patient cured. All were professional matters of fact in science, therefore justifiable in legal use to defeat medical trials and convictions" BJ Palmer
[[Category:Aftermath of World War I|Lausanne]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece|Lausanne]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey|Lausanne]]
[[Category:Lausanne]]
[[de:Vertrag von Lausanne]]
===1907 Shegatoro Morikua defended with neural v circulatory distinction wins practicing osteopathy without a license suit sets theoretical precedent===
[[el:Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης]]
There were political reasons which may have encouraged the elder Palmer to narrow his theory and practice to subluxation only. Members of the osteopathic community had been haranguing Palmer, labeling him a thief who had appropriated portions of Still’s osteopathic concepts and repackaged them as chiropractic. Now DD and his followers would leave to the osteopaths the “rule of the artery,” and concern themselves exclusively with the presumed supremacy of the nervous system in dis-ease. This revision was legally reinforced in a courtroom in LaCrosse, Wisconsin in 1907 when the first acquittal of a chiropractor tried for unlicensed practice of osteopathy was based on the neural vs. circulatory distinction. Shegatoro Morikubo, D.C.’s legal defense (Rehm, 1986) set a theoretical precedent with the power to keep chiropractors out of jail. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/PalmerDD/PalmerDD-Disease_Theory.pdf pg4]
[[es:Tratado de Lausana]]
[[eo:Traktato de Lausanne]]
==1908==
[[fr:Traité de Lausanne (1923)]]
===Calif Medical law allows few DC's certifications if Naturopathic Ass members===
[[it:Trattato di Losanna]]
1908: Turner (1931, p. 122) suggests: ...there were probably less than ten chiropractors in the state. Exponents of various healing arts, including some of these chiropractors, organized the Naturopathic Association of California, and in 1909 sought legislation to effect the establishment of a licensing board. An amendment to the medical law, having approval of the state medical authorities, was passed, by which anyone showing a certificate of membership in the association might receive the seal of the medical board, and this constituted a license. Educational and professional qualifications were not investigated. Two years later, this absurd law was repealed, but in the meantime, along with many indiscriminate drugless practitioners a number of chiropractors had gained credentials. The latter eventually became at odds with the majority of chiropractors, who under agreements of organization refused to acknowledge medical authority.[9]pg4
[[he:הסכם לוזאן]]
[[nl:Vrede van Lausanne]]
==1909==
[[ja:ローザンヌ条約]]
==1910==
[[ru:Лозаннская конференция]]
===Albert Abrams Spondylotherapy condemned===
[[sr:Лозански мир 1923.]]
[[fi:Lausannen sopimus]]
1910: Turner (1931, p. 295) writes: The publication of Dr. Albert Abrams' Spondylotherapy in 1910 brought the condemnation of the American Medical Association This book advanced the theory that the organs of the body were governed by nerve centers in the spinal cord and could be made to dilate or contract by stimulating the nerve centers through the manipulation of the vertebrae. Dr. Abrams was vice-president of the California State Medical Society, president of Emanuel Polyclinic, president of the San Francisco Medical-Chirurgical Society, professor of pathology at Cooper Medical College and professor at Leland Stanford University. He was graduated as a doctor of medicine at University of Heidelberg before he had reached the age of twenty. He studied in Berlin, Vienna, Paris and London, and for many years was regarded as one of the foremost minds in his profession.[10]pg7
[[sv:Lausannefreden]]
[[tr:Lozan Antlaşması]]
==1911==
[[ur:معاہدہ لوزان]]
===TJ Ratledge starts straight school in Calif===
1911 (July 12): JH Lelande, County Clerk of Los Angeles, issues copies of Articles of Incorporation of the Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools; signed by WC Watson, Deputy Clerk (Ratledge papers-SFCR Archives); TF Ratledge opens his fourth chiro school in LA; "Upon looking over the situation here in California, where at that time chiropractic was only available through the 'bootleg' channel and had received some very bad and recent publicity, all of which was medically inspired propaganda, I decided that where chiropractic was not, there I should be, so, I decided to open a school in California and establish chiropractic in California. That was in 1911, March. In September that year I opened the Los Angeles branch of the Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools which I conducted continuously until Dr. Cleveland of Kansas City, Mo. bought me out in 1951." (1955 letter from TF Ratledge to RR Robbins; SFCR Archives)...[12]pg7
===ACA members Cale and Richardson from Calif Ch Coll(CCC)===
1911 (Oct 1): The American Drugless Healer (1[2]: 26), published
by the American Chiropractic Association (headquartered in
Oklahoma City, C. Sterling Cooley DC, Vice-President) includes
for the first time in its "Directory of Chiropractors": "'''Chas. A.
Cale, D.C.''', 1012 Pico St., Los Angeles, Calif." and "A.W.
Richardson, 11434 South Olive St., Los Angeles, Calif." (no
degree or title given for Richardson); also included in the
directory are "'''A.A. Gregory, M.D., D.C.''' at 521.5 N. Broadway,
Oklahoma City, Okla.", '''Joe Shelby Riley, D.O., D.C.,''' at 521.5
N. Broadway, Oklahoma City, '''L.E. Fuller, D.O., D.C.''' at 511-
013 Meridian Life Bldg., Indianapolis, "G.H. Patchen, M.D.,
D.C., 147 W. 23rd St., New York, N.Y."; and "Cooley &
Cooley, Enid, Okla." [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/](p. 7)
==1912==
===ICA from UCC and upset with BJ Palmer===
The question of legislation for Chiropractic is today the paramount issue, but the American Medical Trust is not our worst enemy in our fight for laws. '''The worst enemy is the faker in the Chiropractic school business, and the prince of all of them is B.J. Palmer. There is little doubt but what when you go before the legislature with a prayer for laws you will be met by your enemy with the advertising matter of the "Fountain Head". This same individual has done more to degrade the profession and Chiropractic than all other agents combined.''' So far as we know the International Chiropractic Association is the only association in existence that has stood uncompromisingly for legislation for Chiropractic. It is well officered, not run in the interests of any school or individual and has a large membership, and we believe that it is today in the best position to lend yeoman service to the Science of Chiropractic than any other association, and regret exceedingly that instead of organizing other association the champion of legislation for Chiropractic did not join forced with it instead of dividing the members of the profession. However, every honest endeavor along this line has our best wishes so we sincerely hope that in your endeavor for laws you will be successful.
Thanking you, we are
Very truly yours,
U.C.C. -- The School of Quality
==1913==
===Calif SB430 law dies===
1913 (May 14): Fountain Head News (FHN) (2[19]) reports:
-item on chiropractic bill in state house (p. 9):
CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION
We have just learned that Senate Bill 430 of California died a
natural death by a dose of anti-toxin given it in the Senate to the
tune of 38 against to 14 for. More than 2.5 aginst to 1 for. This
bill was the call for a straight and separate Chiropractic board of
examiners. As there are several 'Chiropractic bills' pending, we
cannot say that this state is lost. They might pass favorably on
some other.
More news follows as we get it.
-item on medical legislation (p. 11):
The following is a newspaper squib from the West. It agian
sounds the key-note:-
With a warning to his professional brethren to avoid the
temptation to tinker with the state laws regarding their own field,
Dr. OD Hamlin of Oakland, (Cali) President of the State
Medical Society, formally opened the forty-third annual session.
'A peculiar condition now exists. There is an antagonistic
condition of unrest. Warring fanatics are trying to bring the
medical profession into disrepute. Thirty bills are now before
the legislature regarding the profession, and all of them, with the
exception of a few proposed by the physicians, put a peg into the
medical standard.
Protecting measures SHOULD NOT come from members of
the medical profession, BUT FROM THE PEOPLE WHOSE
SERVICES WE STAND. When we before legislature, asking
for laws, we ARE SIMPLY GETTING IN OUR OWN WAY.
The public must make its own police protection against quacks and charlatans.[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]pg9
===Ratledge talks to Governor opposed to medical board rule===
1913 (May 29): TF Ratledge makes an address "before Governor
Johnson May 29, 1913, as follows: 'I don't believe and don't
feel like these people (Medical Board) ought to be permitted to
direct us, what we shall study and the way we shall study
when we have principles of our own science which are
absolutely and diametrically opposite those of medicine'"
(according to CB Pinckham MD's letter to TF Ratledge on
8/19/15; Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives)[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]pg9
===DD Dies in CA===
at home in Los Angeles
==1914==
===CCC offers six week course===
1914 (June 15): at CCC "...a six weeks' summer course
commencing June 15th, and closing July 24, 1914, consisted
of twenty-three graduates in both Post Graduates' diplomas,
the graduates in both classes consisting of Osteopaths,
M.D.'s, trained nurses and Chiropractors, as well as new
beginners" (CCC, 1917-18).[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]
==1915==
===Ernst DuVal of Canadian Ch Coll and BJ explain straight to Justice- not impressed===
1915-1917: according to Sutherland (1985): ...Mr. Justice Hodgkins says: Dr. Ernst DuVal, representing the Canadian Chiropractic College in Hamilton, explained in his submissions that: Chiropractic is a unique science. It has nothing in common with any other method, class, school or cult, neither in its science, philosophy, art, doctrine or principle upon which it is based. Dr. DuVal further stated: Chiropractic does not claim to treat, cure or heal anything or anybody of ailments or diseases and further: Chiropractors have no earthly use for diagnosis, as such, for the practice of chiropractic is unlike the majority of the other healing professions, to whom diagnosis is a necessity... Dr. B.J. Palmer reinforced these views during his presentation at one of the Commission's sessions and is reported by Mr. Justice Hodgins to have said, in respect to bacteriology: The chiropractor did not believe in bacteria, and that bacteriology was the greatest of all gigantic farces ever invented for ignorance and incompetency, and as to analysis of blood and urine, he considered it of no value. After hearing the chiropractors' presentation and weighing all the evidence submitted to him, the Commissioner reported: Those who appeared before me saw no necessity for preparatory qualifications, ridiculed and repudiated diagnosis, bacteriology and chemistry; admitted that a chiropractor acts in all cases upon his cardinal principle, without examination. Mr. Justice Hodgins, in announcing his decision, stated that he could not accept: a system which denies the need of diagnosis, refers 95 per cent of disease to one and the same cause, and turns its back resolutely upon all modern scientific methods as being founded on nothing and unworthy even to be discussed...[8]pg2
===Benedict Lust MD,ND opens Chiro dept in Naturo School===
1915: Benedict Lust MD, ND establishes department of
chiropractic at his naturopathic school in NYC; FW Collins
takes correspondence course from PSC and organizes the
New Jersey School of Chiropractic, later renamed the Mecca
College of Chiropractic, associates with Francis W. Allen; notes
also that the National School of Chiropractic discontinued its
correspondence course in 1915 (Carver, unpublished, pp 190-).[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]
===Ratledge asks Med Board requirements in CA, only CCC passed===
1915 (Aug 17): TF Ratledge writes to Charles B. Pinckham MD,
sec'y of the Board of Medical Examiners (BME); letterhead
indicates RSCS schools in "Topeka, Kansas, Oakland and
Los Angeles"; Ratledge writes a "follow-up" letter requesting
the requirements a school must meet to be approved by the
BME, and notes that "one school of a drugless character" has
been approved [Richardson's CCC] (Ratledge papers, SFCR
Archives)
1915 (Aug 19): Charles B Pinckham MD (now sec'y-treasurer of
the CA BME, although letterhead says WW Vanderburgh DO
is Treasurer) writes to TF Ratledge in response to inquiry of
8/17/15; notes Ratledge's "address you made before Governor
Johnson May 29, 1913, as follows: "I don't believe and don't
feel like these people (Medical Board) ought to be permitted
to direct us, what we shall study and the way we shall study
when we have principles of our own science which are
absolutely and diametrically opposite those of medicine";
Pinkham also indicates that in June, 1915 the BME had
"approved the California Chiropractic College for one thousand
hours, such approval continuing until December 1st, 1915
and being contingent upon the proper conduct of the
institution. After carefully examining and personally visiting
each institution professing to teach a drugless system in this
state, the Board determined that the California Chiropractic
College was the only one which came anywhere near meeting
the requirements of an institution professing to qualify
applicants for examination for a drugless certificate under the
exactions of the Medical Practice Act." (Ratledge papers,
SFCR Archives)
===Ratledge complains to WHJ about Richardson at CCC===
1915 (Sept 9): TF Ratledge writes to someone with initials "WHJ"
(first page of 3 missing) re: Richardson's CCC; TF notes of BME
that:
The Richardson school was only approved for 1000 hours, and for
that only until Dec. 1st, 1915, and I have every reason to believe
that it will not be continued over a longer period of time. Then,
you can see that it is a scheme to get us under their thumb and then
crush us out of existence. First they make a pretense to approve a
Chiropractic school, although they say 'that it was far from
deserving such approval' then they withdraw that approval after we
have been all led up to the chopping block and politically
decapitated... (Ratledge papers, SFCR Archives)
-TF recommends the best protection against BME is to join the
UCA, and that no entanglements with BME (such as
Richardson's CCC's collaboration)
-TF asks WHJ to say hello to Dr. Bullis [presumably of the
Oakland Chiropractic College; see Autumn 1911 and 1915; see
SRI, 1960, p. 215][http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]13
===Ratledge complains to Willard Carver about Richardson's plan for medical examination board for DC's===
1915 (Oct 5): TF Ratledge writes to Willard Carver (Ratledge
papers, SFCR Archives):
One 'AW Richardson,' who is the chief of traitors to Chiropractic
and the 'ward-heeler' for the Medics here and is one of Gregory's
ardent followers....many of his statements have been found to be
untrue. Another statement which I also think is false is that he is a
graduate in Chiropractic from the same school from which you
graduated and as I cannot remember the name of said school or who
had charge of it, I cannot check it up in any way other than asking
your assistance....he claims seven years practice as a Chiropractor,
and in 1913 he claimed the same years, which if true then should
be nine years now...
He is now trying to get all the Chiropractors here to go before
the Medical Board for examination under a bill which is somewhat
of the same Character of the Ohio bill, and many of them are for it,
and it is going to be a great injury to our contentions that they are
incompetent to examine us and will make it appear that we are
provided for in law. I, with a few of the tried and true are going to
resist all such to the last and now anticipate enjoining the Board to
prevent them giving the examination and harrass them as much as
possible and all the information I can get relative to the fraud of
this fellow will help to show that the Medical men have combined
with the incompetent crooks in our profession to get the advantage
of us and destroy chiropractic in this State.][http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]13
==1916==
===Ratlegde writes BJ from Jail===
===Ratledge can't compete with Cale and Richardson cheap and shorter schools===
===Richardson in jail for perjury===
1916 (June 23): TF Ratledge DC writes to BJ Palmer from Los
Angeles County Jail (Ratledge papers-SFCR):
....the laws of California being such that it has not been at all
attractive to persons who otherwise would have entered the school,
and they when they DID get interested through our school enough
to take it up in spite of the law they would be led, for the most part,
into taking up a course in either Richardson's or Cale's school because
of the short time or the very much less amount of tuition required
before getting a 'Chiropractic' diploma, and the fact that I would not
discontinue our school because I did not want it to be said that
these other schools were representative Chiropractic schools in
California....
The California 'Chiropractic' College with the support and approval of
the State Medical Board is gone, '''Richardson, it's President and
'friend of the Medical Board' is under arrest at Sacramento, arrested
BY the Medical Board on a charge of perjury and all of his followers
floundering upon the rocks of disappointment and disgraceful
failure'''; Cale's school IS and that is all, it being completely
discredited while we are just the same as when we started except
that the people now know where Chiropractic is represented in
California. We have only six or seven students, but, they are made
out of the kind of material that stands for what we demand....
-[above would seem to explain what was going on while Charles
and Linnie Cale were taking coursework at LACO]
"Thank goodness, whoever, wherever you find the
spurious, you'll also find the real. And wherever you find the
real, you'll find them fighting for the good straight stuff.
"The P.S.C. CHIROPRACTORS of San Francisco lost no time
in making a statment, over their signatures, as follows: -
"PRACTITIONER FLAYED BY CHIROPRACTORS
""Grossly inaccurate inferences are sure to be drawn" from the
suit of Miss Mae Chesterly against Dr. George Richardson, a
CHIROPRACTOR, according to a communication received by "The
Examiner" and signed by several CHIROPRACTORS. Miss
Chesterly accused Dr. Richardson with striking her with a mallet
during the course of a CHIROPRACTIC treatment.
"The signers of the communication, Doctors Ray S. LaBarre,
Marena G. LaBarre, F.J. Freenor, Simon Mueller and George A.
Bradley, declare they have no knowledge of the facts involved in
Miss Chesterly charges, but in defense of the CHIROPRACTIC
school add: -
"No mallet or other instrument of any kind or character is
ever used as a part of CHIROPRACTIC technique. Only the
hands are used in giving a CHIROPRACTIC adjustment and they
Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D. Chronology of the LACC
are not employed to strike, massage, stretch, twist or otherwise
injure the patient." - San Francisco Examiner, Sept. 29, 918.[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]18
==1917==
===Califirnia DC's vote to go to Jail rather than pay fines===
1917: in California: "The Alameda County Chiropractors' Association, organized in 1917 by Dr. James Compton, adopted a constitution by which its members were required to go to jail rather than pay a fine. The association was advised by Tom Morris, chief counsel of the Universal Chiropractors' Association, and former lieutenant governor of Wisconsin, that it was illegal to maintain a constitutional decree against paying a fine, but the officers of the Alameda association would not revise the ruling. This organization became the hotbed of agitation..." (Turner, 1931, p. 126)
===International Assoc of Chiro Schools (IACS) formed to reconcile education around PCS===
1917 (Aug): "the International Association of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges was organized at Davenport, Iowa. It was an attempt to reconcile the educational policies of all schools of recognized standing, presumably in accordance with the regime of the "Fountain Head", the Palmer School of Chiropractic. A close affiliation, however, proved difficult to bring about, although some advance was made towards unifying educational methods in several important schools." (Turner, 1931, pp. 168, 288)[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/NatChiroAssoc_UCA/uca_chronology.pdf pg]
===Associated Colleges and Schools of Chirorpactic (ACSC) formed===
1917 (Nov 3): FHN [7(8); A.C. 23] notes:
-formation of Associated Colleges and Schools of Chiropractic (ACSC), which include: (p 2)
-NJ College of Chiropractic amalgamated witht he Mecca College of Chiropractic
-New England College of Chiropractic amalgamated with the Washington School of Chiropractic [JS Riley]
-St Paul College of Chiropractic
-Palmer-Gregory College of Chiropractic
-Empire College of Chiropractic
-New York School of chiropractic
-Davenport School of Chiropractic
===BJ notes ACSC falsely list UCC and Carver as members===
-BJ notes that ACSC has been falsely listing the UCC and the Carver College among their membership; quotes Francis W. Allen DC of the Mecca College, who says an association of schools was first proposed but rejected by BJ in 1914; Allen compares BJ to the German Kaiser
-correspondence between Ruland W Lee DC and Edward W Collins of Mecca Chiropractic College notes course in naturopathy at Mecca CC (p 2) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/UniversalCC/universal_chronology.pdf pg5]
==1918==
==1919==
===Cale notes BJ supports Calif Chiropractic Bill===
-Charles A Cale's letter (Cale, 1919) re: efforts for state licensure is
published by FHN; Cale notes that on 10/5/1919 at Mission Inn
Hotel in Riverside CA BJ promised not to oppose the current
initiative campaign to enact a chiro law; re: BJ and the bill
Cale writes (p. 4):
...His position as president of the "Fountain Head" School of
Chiropractic and as secretary of the Universal Chiropractors'
Association makes him the recognized leader of the chiropractic
profession the world over. Any movement that has his opposition
might just as well be abandoned, on account of his weighty
influence.
-Charles A. Cale notes BJ's comment that "no one can work with TF
Ratledge" and suggests (p. 5):
...I hope no one will ever ask me again if Dr. Ratledge and I have
gotten together.
===Cale notes that Ratledge not cooperating with Calif bill===
There are five Chiropractic school presidents in California and all of
them but Dr. Ratledge are working harmoniously together for the
Chiropractic Petition. Since four out of five agree upon the Bill,
and since "BJ" says he will not oppose the Bill, can any reasonable
person see any cause for discouragement in our fight for the
adoption of our bill....
"BJ" Knows
If our Chiropractic Bill were a vicious one, does anyone suppose
for one minute that "BJ" would not oppose it? HIS LIFE FOR
TWENTY YEARS HAS BEEN ONE CONSTANT BATTLE
AGAINST THINGS WHICH WOULD INJURE CHIROPRACTIC.
He certainly would fight our bill if it was very detrimental to
Chiropractic.
===BJ writes Ratledge a has been - supporting mixer Cale of LACC===
-BJ writes (p. 6):
....Ratledge is a straight, specific, pure and unadulterated
Chiropractor. He's for the same as I am. He practically insults
every Chiropractor he wants support of and from. He can't concede
any strength or viewpoint of value in any other person's ideas OF
HOW THINGS OUGHT TO BE DONE. They could be agreed on
principle and then he would insult them on policy....
Another way of expressing the local conditions, between the
two local men, is to say that Ratledge has ideals but no ability or
ambition or accomplishments. Dr. Cale, on the reverse, hasn't the
Chiropractic ideals vision, but he has the ability, ambition and
accomplishment. Given the two I would rather have Dr Cale's
contrast, for the ability to accomplish WILL come the ideals, for
men can't work to the end of nothing all the time.
In the given years that each of these men have had to show what
they were or could do, or even tried to do, it appears to me now that
Dr. Cale has tried to do much, much of which I don't agree with,
and Dr. Ratledge has argued and talked much, with all of which I
agree, but he hasn't accomplished a thing but gotten practically all
the chiropractors disgusted, dissatisfied and discouraged with him
and his tactics.
As is see it, Dr. Ratledge is being regarded as a has-been, a oncerunner,
a cold-potato. Having failed, they are now looking to Cale
to see if he can pony up to the scratch, make a home-run. Whether
he will, with his mixing of Chiropractic, remains to be seen. But he
can't do any worse than Ratledge, so let's take a fling and give him
the opportunity.
-BJ reports (p. 6):
Last night, at the Gamut Club, Dr. Cale had his eighth birthday
anniversary celebration. The Los Angeles College of Chiropractic was just
eight years old, and it was celebrated by speaking, music; a play
and dancing followed.[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/LosAngelesCC/]20
==1920==
===Tennessee Supreme court Judge rules Chiro's don't have to examined by medical board===
1920: Judge Landsden of the Supreme Court of Tennessee rules (Smallie, 1990): The Court thinks that Chiropractors cannot be classed along with charlatans and fakirs. This science is well developed and recognized in many jurisdictions and many believe in its efficacy......The requirement that they study and be examined on subjects in no way pertaining to their occupation is an arbitrary and unreasonable attempt to restrict their liberties and the liberty of the people who wish to patronize them.[13]22
==1921==
==1922==
===UCA decides on UCA Model Bill defined as science of palpating and adjusting human spinal column only..===
===BJ urges rejection of mixer DC's and mixer Organizations===
===BJ gives states time to Clean House or UCA will set up associations to compete with them in their states===
1922 (Oct 6): "Report of Conference of Presidents of State Associations, held on B.J.'s Porch" (date illegible); meeting called to order by George Newsalt DC, president of UCA; reports from various states; a "UCA Model Bill" for creation of state boards and DC licensing is appended, which includes: "Chiropractic is defined to be the science or palpating and adjusting the articulations of the human spinal column by hand only..."; BJ urges rejection of mixer DCs and mixer DC organizations; policy enacted:
The UCA has withdrawn all affiliations with State Associations that allow mixers in their ranks. If State Associations will Clean House the UCA will cooperate with them, and if the State Associations refuse to clean then the UCA will voluntarily come into the respective state and organize a branch in opposition to the State Association, requiring affidavits from members they are straight chiropractors, also the complete endorsement of UCA Principles.
The National Board of Examiners countenance no mixers...
Nebraska, Minnesota and New York as well as other States are due for UCA Cleaning...
The UCA is willing to allow the different organizations as well as Chiropractors a reasonable amount of time to Clean House... (Cleveland papers, CCC/KC); see also MSCA, June 1922 [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/UniversalCC/universal_chronology.pdfpg 7]
===ACA created in response to UCA===
1922 ACA created in response to harsh treatment by UCA and BJ.[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/StraightMixer/straight_mixer_notes.pdf]pg4
===22 states have chiro boards===
===15000 prosecutions against DC's in 30 years===
1922 (Oct): Turner (1931, pp. 292-3) writes:
By 1922 eleven supreme courts had upheld the legality of chiropractic boards....By October, 1922, twenty-two states had established chiropractic examining boards and their legality had been upheld by eleven supreme courts. Other supreme court decisions had declared that the practice of chiropractic was not the practice of medicine....More than 15,000 prosecutions against chiropractors are said to have occurred in the United States during the first thirty years of chiropractic. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/UniversalCC/universal_chronology.pdf pg8]
==1923==
==1924==
===NCM officially unveiled at PSC Lyceum===
1924 (Aug): Neurocalometer (NCM) officially unveiled at PSC lyceum (Keating, 1991) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/UniversalCC/universal_chronology.pdf pg14]
===NCM Lease plan to 5000 qualified DC's===
3. ...the LEASE PLAN. This plan restricts the leases exclusively to
chiropractors. It limits the number of sales to our profession. It limits
it to but a limited percentage of our profession, for all are not
competent or qualified. Out of 20,000 gross, we can discount 10,000
as being unworthy; then, out of the remaining 10,000, 5,000 can save
themselves yet by studying Chiropractic at some competent and
qualified school. Out of the remaining 5,000, probably 3,000 can now
afford to buy at reasonable terms, beginning tomorrow, at eight o'clock
in Room 12. This will cull about 5,000 good out of 20,000, and lease
a substantial number of competent and qualified chiropractors to
construct a professional house that would be worth living in
(applause), where we think and talk the same language and feel
acquainted on the same subject. (Palmer, 1924, p. 10-11) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg6]
===NCM restrictions to protect competent DC's===
a) the non-restrictive (LEASE) plan (Palmer, 1924, p. 11):
....a non-restrictive letting down all bars, letting everybody do anything
they pleased, thus using it as a method of further ruining
chiropractors...
b) ....the restrictive plan, keeping up the personal, educational ,
professional, financial as well as legislative bars high, permitting
certain things to be done only in certain ways, thus protecting
Chiropractic against chiropractors as well as protecting competent
chiropractors against incompetent chiropractors.... (Palmer, 1924, p. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg6]
===BJ will no longer train MD's, DO's postgrad===
-BJ reiterates announcement that PSC will no longer offer postgraduate
courses to non-PSC alumni; MDs and DOs must take
the full 3-year course (FHN, 5/3/24; 19-20:1 [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg6]
===NCM only to Palmer grads===
-non-Palmer graduates will not have access to the NCM: "Future
graduates of the PSC will have the privilege of Neurocalometer
service in their practice" (FHN, 9/6/24; 1:16) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg6]
===NCM scientific financial solution===
The Neurocalometer is providential. It is a scientific financial solution
to all our school and field problems. (Palmer, 1924, p. 6) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg6]
===NCM speech fueled PSC contoversy===
BJ's 1924 lyceum speech was like gasoline thrown on this fire
smoldering in the profession. Adding fuel to the controversy was the
fact that the Palmer School of Chiropractic, which BJ owned, had
purchased patents on the NCM. The NCM was available only to
graduates of Palmer (in a day when there were many chiropractic
schools engaged in fierce competition), and only at a price of $2,200
for a lease. A cash down payment of $1,000 was required, with the
balance payable at ten dollars per month for the next ten years.
Leasees were also required to charge patients ten dollars per NCM
reading - conservatively equivalent to charging sixty dollars for that
service today (Crisp, 1984).
-Betty Finger (319-326-9729), 21 years employed at NCM
Instrument Repair at PCC; telephone interview with J. Keating
on 3/19/91; phone is answered "NCM", Ms. Finger notes that new
contracts on NCM ceased to be issued "about a year ago", her
department continues to service NCMs for field doctors; she will
send catalog of products and/or a picture of an NCM [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg9]
===BJ's right poem===
BJ's Right Again!*
I "cussed" BJ with all my might
I hated all his ways;
I could not see the light he held
But now - I sing his praise.
Like others, I admit I thought
These efforts for his gain
But now I see he's protected me
When I would him have slain
The new Neurocalometer -
This contract I must sign -
This "technique" and this "red tape" stuff -
The whole "mess" made me whine!
I "ripped him up the back" a few -
Would have "cussed" him was he here;
But now, I sing a different tune,
My madness turns to fear.
I see a different light just now -
'Twould all have meant my ruin;
It makes me take another vow
To cut out so much stewin'.
The things we worry most about -
These things which kill our song -
They never happen half the time,
So this time we were wrong!
The M.D.'s and the Osteopaths
And every Tom and Dick
Would have owned a "Neurocal,"
Had not BJ been slick.
Now, as it is, he protects us
And all our true profession,
He thinks ten miles ahead of us
While we trail the procession.
He lifts our science from the mire -
To it a new life gives.
Now every tortured sufferer
May look to it and live.
Thus dawns an era new and bright
And Chiropractic's fame
Proclaims a new hope for the sick,
To honor BJ's name.
No more groping in the dark,
A new light now appears
To guide the chiropractor's hand
And stay the patient's fears.
So we can say to those who sick
And suffering roam the earth:
An exact science now we have -
'Twas BJ gave it birth.
You will agree now (when you see
'Twas not all done for "self"),
Instead of kicking B.J.P.
We all should kick ourself.
B.K. Vance, D.C., Ph.C.
South Bend, Ind., 7-14-'24
[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Neurocalometer/ncm_chronology.pdf pg13]
==1925==
===UCA accepts BJ resignation===
before leaving you in an official capacity, as your secretary, I want each and every one of you staunch and loyal members of The UCA to know that I am just as much, if not more interested, in you and your interests, as I have ever been. I am just as vitally interested in the great principles, for which I have fought for twenty years, that vitally affect your welfare in the field, such as STRAIGHT CHIROPRACTIC, STRAIGHT LEGISLATION, and CLEAN CHIROPRACTIC BOARDS. I will not be able to help you as an officer in the future. But, in any way that you feel you need me, and I can assist you as a private individual, I shall be glad to cooperate to the fullest of my ability. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg 2]
===Tom Morris to run UCA===
1925: according to BJ (Palmer, 1931a, p. 5):
In 1924, BJ made a trip around the world. While the cat was away, the mice got their heads together into a conspiracy. They resented that firm and deliberate hand which had held them to objectives for 20 years; they rebelled against him who would not let them put thier hands into its exchequer and take its monies for personal use; they schemed against him who took power from the Board of Directors who wanted to hold semi-annual beer and booze parties at its expense, running into thousands of dollars. The objectives of the UCA did not include loot for its elected officers.
When BJ returned, the skids were greased. BJ was to go. Rather than be forced out, BJ took the hemlock and and resigned.
Tom Morris was competent legally to run The UCA, but he was not competent Chiropractically. Tom Morris assumed the legal reins and tried to carry both sides on. Plots were laid against him, for he, too, had spent 20 years in building up its objectives into a successful organization for the right of the sick to get well with Chiropractic. He defeated them fairly well, but they eventually got him.... [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/UniversalCC/universal_chronology.pdf pg 19]
===BJ says NCM will keep medical classes out of PSC===
1925 (July 13): BJ writes to Sylva L. Ashworth DC, says NCM will help to eliminate medical subjects in chiro schools; [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg1]
===First Basic Science law passed===
1925: first basic science law is passed in Connecticut; at Cleveland College Homecoming in 1949 John J. Nugent DC is misquoted; following quote includes handwritten note from Carl Jr. indicating it was sent to BJ Palmer at Vinton Logan's request (Cleveland papers, CCC/KC):
Quoting---Dr. John Nugent at Cleveland Chiropractic College
"Homecoming" --- 1949
I'm not for Basic Science Boards. I've been accused in this State of being for Basic Science Boards, and my words have been distorted -- twisted -- taken out of context. When you don't answer a man you ballywack him. You lie about it -- yhou haven't got the real answer.
The real answer was -- I made that statement before Congress, I said that I had written the Basic Science act in Connecticut. And I did. I wrote it. I wrote it on my own little typewriter. Why? Because there had been a terrific scandal in the eclectic profession and a man had been killed on an operating table and the whole state of Conn. was in furor, and nineteen ?prefectors? in the State demanded some sort of qualifications for all practitioners, and Liberty magazine and Colliers were writing articles about Conn. and when I saw the powers that be they said, "Now look Doctor, we're supposed to be political leaders in this state but we can't stem this tide. There's got to be some sort of device. The State Chambe of Commerce, Kiwanis Club and all the Civic Clubs were up in arms about it and we were going to get a Basic Science Law. So I said to Mr. Roarback, who was the political boss of the State who was a Chiropractic patient -- I said to him, "Well, if we have to have the damn thing then let's have a fair one." He said, "Can you write such a bill," and I said "yes." And I wrote that bill. I put it in my pocket and that's the Bill that came out. Yes I wrote thathing -- and I wish that I'd had an opportunity to write every other one of the Basic Science bills too. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Colleges/UniversalCC/universal_chronology.pdf pg 21]
==1926==
===BJ tries to get re-elected to UCA but fails===
===BJ starts and becomes pres of Chiropractic Health Bureau (CHB)===
==1927==
===CS Cleveland works on Model Bill in other states===
1927 (Mar 3): Carl S. Cleveland DC writes to BJ, notes his
"local" perspective on efforts to eliminate physio-therapy from
chiropractic profession; notes local attitude of DCs is that
battles among schools retards passage of chiro legislation;
believes state boards (including "Ellsworth of Oregon or
Washington", Anna Foy of KS, mother-in-law Dr. Ashworth of
NE) will pass broad scope laws "use the whip" unless straight
schools unite under CHB or PSC; '''believes if this unification of straight schools took place and "Model Bill" with standard curriculum were adopted, the osteopaths and medical boards would be less contentious towards chiropractic'''; notes
(Cleveland papers, CCC/KC):
Gruenewald of the Seattle College, and Harring of the Missouri saw
the necessity of such an alliance a few months ago....I believe that
Palmer, Texas, Eastern, Missouri, Lincoln, Ross, Universal, Seattle,
Doughty-Marsh, Standard, Ratledge and this school could agree.
Carver and the Colvin and other little hole in the wall schools that
follow him are hard to handle and could not agree on definition, etc.
[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg 5]
-Lyndon E. Lee DC, VP of NYSCS, authors "Force the Issue",
thanks ACA for help in dealing with organized medicine,
disparages the "rule or ruin policy of the Palmer-UCA
combination" (pp. 11-12)
[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg 5]
===Attempt to merge ACA, UCA and CHB associations fails===
1927 (Sept 1): Bulletin of the ACA [4(5)] notes:
-amalgamation meeting at the ACA convention included
representatives from ACA and CHB, but not UCA; BJ Palmer
spoke for CHB (p. 2):
During his remarks Dr. Palmer had forcefully intimated that there
were leaders who were publicly working for amalgamation and
privately opposed to it....The questions was then put as to whether or
not he would name that individual. He replied that he would and
named Dr. FR Margetts, President of the ACA. When questioned as
to proof of his assertion he replied that Dr. Margetts had made such a
remark in his private office in the presence of Dr. Frank Elliott and
himself and that Dr. Margetts had also made such a remark, privately,
to Attorney Fred Hartwell of the CHB, at a Wisconsin Convention.
No other proof was offered.... Dr. Margetts denied the charges made
by Dr. Palmer, and classed the entire affair as nothing more than a
dastardly frame-up on the part of the two individuals named, and as an
effort on their part to discredit him before the Chiropractic profession.
--but see Margetts, 8/1/29 [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg 5]
==1928==
===ACA calls for BJ to step aside===
1928 (Jan): Bulletin of the ACA [5(1)] notes:
-Craig M. Kightlinger DC, PhC, President of New York-Eastern
Chiropractic Institute (recently amalgamated), authors
"Natural Law" (pp. 9-10):
Chiropractic was discovered by one man and developed by
another, and we must give full credit to him who discovered it and still
greater credit to him who has developed it. We cannot forget the many
trying times that the developer of our science went through to keep it
alive and to bring it to a point where it could stand on its feet. To him
we owe more than we can ever repay and to him is due the fact that
the Science of Chiropractic is where it is today. He took us through
the Dark Ages of the development, but now the time has come when
once again the Natural Law must be taken into account and the leader
of old must either sit at the council table and consult with the minds of
Chiropractic Health Bureau/ICA Notes Keating 6
the many or take his place on the side lines and let the march of
Progress pass. We need him but we need as much and more the ideas
that result from the clear thinking of the interested members of our
profession. We must have the cool logic of the best minds and the
greatest brains of the entire profession. The dictates of the one, no
matter how sincere and honest they may be, can serve no more. No
one mind can see and appreciate the wants and needs of the
Chiropractic profession. We may need a general to guide and direct us
but we need a staff to do the planning.
Nature is not a pleasing master and Natural Law is many times
cruel, but it is the result of truth and it will prevail. It is not the nicest
spectacle to see the old leader of the herd beaten and his leadership
taken by a younger and stronger opponent and it is not the most
pleasant thought to know that, sooner or later, the old leader must
place his mantle on the shoulders of the best minds of the many. It is
a fact and facts must be faced....
There is nothing the matter with Chiropractic. There is a great deal
the matter with Chiropractors. They have never been used to thinking
for themselves. The time has arrived when they must think for
themselves and must lead themselves, or they will go the way of all
who oppose the progress of Natural Law and be forced into oblivion...
[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg6]
===no PSC grads pass basic science boards Missouri CC students all pass===
1928 (May 14): BJ writes to Cleveland College at 1417 Linwood
Blvd to inqure re: topic of a BJ letter of 5/14/26 directed to the
Missouri Chiro College (MCC)...MCC had apparently
advertised that none of their students had been refused
licensure, even in those states with Basic Science laws; BJ
notes that no PSC grad has yet passed a Basic Science board
(Cleveland papers, CCC/KC)
[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg6]
===ICC formed===
1928 (Sept 3-5): International Chiropractic Congress (ICC) is
organized at meeting in Chicago; the ICC "is represented in 34
states" (Turner, 1931, pp. 169-70, 288); ICC "organized, to
consist of the presidents of such colleges, the State
Examining Board representatives, and also representatives of
State Associations" (Metz, 1965, pp. 54-5) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg6]
===Fred Hartwell atty for CHB dies===
===Tom Morris of UCA dies===
==1929==
===Stock market crash causes some straight schools to turn mixer or close===
==1930==
===ACA_UCA merge===
1930 (Nov): UCA and ACA "merged to form the National
Chiropractic Association" (Metz, 1965, p. 55); Sylva L.
Ashworth DC is charter member of NCA (Rehm, 1980); AB
Cochrane DC, president of ACA and Lee W. Edwards MD, DC,
president of the UCA "stepped aside in order that Lillard
Marshall might be the first president of the merged, unified
national association, the NCA" (Edwards, 1938); see also
Turner (1931, p. 288) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg 8]
==1931==
==1932==
==1933==
===Second NBCE===
1933 (Oct): The Chiropractic Journal (NCA) [1(10)] notes:
-JE Slocum DC is appointed "Chairman of Public Relations",
previously served as chair of the "Central Committee of Five of
the Professional Code Conference at Denver," president of
ICC and "President of the National Board of Chiropractic
Examiners" (p. 7); this is the second NBCE, the first formed
by BJ circa 1922 [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg11]
===BJ and 6 MD's testify against mixer DC's in CA===
1933 (Dec): The Chiropractic Journal (NCA) [1(12)] publishes:
-C.O. Hunt, D.C., secretary of the California BCE, authors “At the
crossroads – six medicos and B.J. testify against
chiropractors!” (pp. 5, 23); discusses Steele case: [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg12]
===Carver testimony fights BJ and Chiropractic League in trial - DD adjusted all joints not just spine===
Dr. Carver further testified that he had seen the founder of
Chiropractic, Dr. D.D. Palmer, adjust hip joints, shoulder joints,
Chiropractic Health Bureau/ICA Notes Keating 14
wrists, elbows, ankles, legs, feet, and toes, all for the purpose of
removing impingement or interference from nerves and all as
being Chiropractic. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg14]
Judge James, who
==1934==
===CA case limits DC's to no modalities in practice===
===BJ offers to HELP CA DC's be better Chiropractors===
1934 (Mar): The Chiropractic Journal (NCA) [3(3)] notes:
-“Chiropractic fratricide is indicated in California modality ruling”
(pp. 9, 38); discusses recent court decision in Steele case
limiting DCs from using modalities; includes letter from B.J.
Palmer, D.C.:
PERSONAL FROM B.J.
To All California Chiropractors:
You are face to face with a victory on one side of a question; and
with a defeat on the other. It has been a policy of my life to first,
Fight for CHIROPRACTIC in its purity for posterity; second, Help
any, every and all CHIROPRACTORS to be BETTER chiropractors.
In pursuance with that policy, knowing the problem you face, let
me suggest a sane, sensible program. 1st. Save your money. Quit
wasting it on foolish professional and legally questionable methods.
Save it and spend it judiciously on securing a consistent education IN
CHIROPRACTIC and spend the difference IN ADVERTISING
CHIROPRACTIC and build an honorable business that will net you a
profit.
In that spirit of helping I come to KEEP you in Chiropractic; to
HELP you stay in.
Judge James has handed down his decision. In helping secure this
decision, I offer no apologies for fighting TO PRESERVE
CHIROPRACTIC. I stand ready to HELP YOU become better
chiropractors, with the same sincerity that I helped last October to
destroy modalities AS Chiropractic in California.
The Superior Court has said (and the Supreme Court will confirm)
that you can’t practice modalities under a CHIROPRACTIC license.
That means that modalities go out and Chiropractic must come in.
Many of you need know more CHIROPRACTIC to make it work and
win a business for you.
If there IS sufficient interest, now that we face the cross-roads, I
will come to Los Angeles between march 18th and 25th and put on a
week’s three sessions daily course IN CHIROPRACTIC. The course
which will be ALL “PALMER,” the kind the law approves and the
courts sustain. After this week’s work you will be educationally
equipped to meet your conscience, face Chiropractic honorably, and be
in tune with law, not as a criminal fighting against it as many of you
have been in the past – and might prefer to be in the future.
Chiropractic Health Bureau/ICA Notes Keating 15
The cost of this course will be $25 – 3 sessions a day. Covering all
fundamental subjects. A certificate will be issued for attendance.
I shall send forth only this ONE letter. Tear off the coupon below
and mail it at ONCE.
As ever, B.J. [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg14]
===BJ helps AMA defeat DC's use of modalities in IOWA===
1934 (June): CO Watkins' Montana Chirolite reports on
injunction in Iowa court against Charles J. Boston DC's use of
physiotherapy, mechanical methods and dietary
recommendations; Watkins suggests that the case was
instigated (p. 4):
...by the PSC, HIO and AMA" to uphold the "so-called Model
Chiropractic Law which was advocated by Palmer a few years
ago....The decision which was handed down against Dr. Boston shows
the effects of the argument of the counsel for the state which
represented the side of Palmer and the AMA. After such an
overwhelming defeat tendered the Chiropractors of Iowa on the recent
basic science legislation, an Iowa court could feel free to hand down
a decision very favorable to the AMA; which it did... [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg14]
===JAMA report on cults===
1934 (July): CO Watkins' Montana Chirolite reports that:
-notes JAMA's (5/5/34) report that "The cults scored heavily
against public health interests in 1933. Independent
Chiropractic examining and licensing boards were created
for the first time in Colorado and Michigan, and Chiropractic
acts in Montana, New Mexico, N. Carolina and North Dakota
were amended so as to enlarge the scope of Chiropractic
practice" (p. 2)
-neither NCA nor CHB protested Morris Fishbein MD's (JAMA
Editor) radio broadcast "Character of a Quack" to the Federal
Radio Commission (p. 3) ..It was attempted to determine from whom the prosecution
attorneys were to obtain their fee, but they refused to answer the
question. However, it is rumored that the American Medical
Association will pay them $5,000.00 if they win the decision. It is
also reported that the CHB has set aside $1,500.00 of its funds for the
purpose of prosecuting this case and carrying it to the Supreme Court,
if necessary. What is that old saying, “Birds of a feather…”? It seems
very applicable in this case.[http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg15]
==1935==
===BJ and AMA defeat healing arts amendment in Oregon===
1935 (Feb): The Chiropractic Journal (NCA) [4(2)] includes:
-W.A. Budden, D.C., N.D., president of Western States College,
authors “Medical propaganda aided by B.J. Palmer, defeats
healing arts amendment” (pp. 9-10, 38) [http://www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/ChiroHealthBureau/CHB_ICA_Chronology.PDF pg16]
The committee went to work. Preliminary filings were made, and
the Attorney-General issued a ballot title. This stated exactly what
that document aimed at. The opening clauses of the '''amendment were that it was “to prevent monopoly and to encourage competition in the healing arts.”''' Attorney General Van Winkle’s title merely reiterated this.
===Medical propoganda to defeat the antimonopoly amendment===
The medics were immediately aroused. They appealed to the
Supreme Court and prayed for relief. Arguments were forthwith
heard, and it was at once apparent that there were breakers ahead.
This was demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt when that body
struck out Van Winkle’s title and substituted one of its own. This
substitution was a veritable stumbling block to the amendment.
Indeed, so far did the court go that the title submitted was predicated
upon a different section of the code than the one dealt with the
amendment. This error was not corrected after its discover on the day
the decision was rendered. Competent lawyers are of the opinion that
the title drafted by the court did not even accurately describe the
matter to be voted upon. In any event, when the voting time came,
many of the friends of the measure did not vote at all because of the
confusion set up in their minds by the action of the court.
Realizing that they had received a set-back, the committee
nevertheless went to work with the circulation of petitions to put the
matter upon the ballot. The response was instant and encouraging, and
in less than two months 60,000 signatures were secured. The
amendment was on the ballot with a bang. In fact, in spite of the
disabilities of the initiative law, the committee filed 47,000 odd
signatures with the secretary of state. This was actually the largest
petition ever received by that official since the law was enacted some
twenty years ago.
There was rejoicing; all the more so when it was realized that only
some 4,000 of these signatures were obtained by professional
circulators; all the rest were garnered by friends and patients.
The fight to pass the proposal now began in earnest. The first
publicity matter to make a stir was the voters’ pamphlet. This
document is printed by the state and contains arguments written by
proponents and opponents of the various measures, provided they can
pay the one hundred dollars per page which the state charges to cover
the cost of printing.
The argument of the drugless committee was to the point and was
confined entirely to a discussion of the amendment. The medical
outburst covering three pages (they seem to have had a great deal of
money) was composed of false statements and unjustified inferences.
Lest we be accused of distorting the record, let us quote from the
original document:
“If this measure should carry, every accredited Oregon hospital
would immediately lose its national rating as an approved or
standardized hospital.”
“If this proposal is adopted it would be impossible for such
projects (the Bonneville dam) to be carried on within our state. The
probable result would be that thousands of our people would be
thrown out of employment or forced to leave Oregon for other
states, none of which suffer from such vicious legislation.”
“If this bill passes, Oregon will soon be known throughout the
country as a state unsafe for tourist travel.”
It is perhaps needless to state that the hospitals were specially
exempted from the amendment and, in any case, protected by the right
of contract, that tourist travel could not under the most extreme
interpretation of the measure have been affected, and that the
statement that this amendment would stop the building of the great
federal dam at Bonneville or increase unemployment is incredibly
stupid. Such, however, was the nature of the propaganda issued, alas,
over the signatures of ministers of the gospel and attorneys.
It was indeed an astonishing campaign. The writer has in the
course of a long life seen some tough political encounters, but never
before has he witnessed prostitution of mentality, debauching of the
avenues of information, wholesale falsification, slander, libel, and
wanton calumny so extensively and so callously used. No doubt, there
were medical men and decent citizens who felt utterly ashamed as they
were compelled to contemplate the barrage of twaddle and verbal
garbage which was let loose. Certainly, many of the better
practitioners of medicine voted for the amendment, as did a large
number of druggists and dentists; some medical men of note in the
state came out openly for it.
The monopoly propaganda machine said amongst other things:
“Students of drugless schools go to school only six months and
then graduate to become dope peddlers. If this amendment passes,
The closing days of the campaign were perhaps the most painful,
not because of the attitude of the medics, but because they brought to
light what appeared to be clear evidence that an erstwhile leader of
the Chiropractic world had gone over to the enemy irrevocably –
that he had, in fact, burned his boats.
Two days before the election the state newspapers carried large
advertisements advising the people that “America’s Leading
Chiropractor, B.J. Palmer – agrees with the entire medical profession
of Oregon” in urging people to vote against the amendment and for the
strengthening of medical monopoly.
It was a difficult situation. A few days before the medical machine
had filed a new suit in the circuit court at Salem with the avowed
intention of asking the Supreme Court to strike the amendment from
the ballot. Between these cross fires and the lack of money, the
committee put forth its utmost endeavor to hold the line. To denounce
the gentleman from Davenport for what he so evidently is would cost
much more money than was available, seeing that all funds had been
depleted to fight the legal battle then developing.
===Council of State Examining Boards formed with new school standards===
Dr. BJ Palmer was also contacted with
similar intent. However, the astute qualities usually ascribed to
him were evidently lacking upon this occasion as he was
unwilling to even listen 'to anything that smacked of NCA' - in
spite of repeated declarations that the Council of State Examining
Boards on the contrary was separate and distinct from any and all
other organizations....
The revised draft was completed and forwarded to members of the
joint committee. Other incorporations and modifications were listed.
However, it was not possible to incorporate all suggestions.
It is interesting to note that the schools' opinions were still sharply
defined and divergent - while the State Boards were unanimously in
favor of higher standards.
A synopsis of the Joint Committee's findings is as follows:
1. - It will be necessary to rate schools teaching the orthodox
methods and those teaching the more liberal methods in separate
categories as regards list of class hours and equipment.
2. - All authorities agree, two thousand sixty-minute hours is the
maximum that can be taught in three years of six months. This basis,
although somewhat less intent, is used in compiling the scale and
setting it as regards to curriculum.
3. - It must be comparable with other professions' standards.
4. - The Schools being commercial in character (with very few
exceptions) it is necessary to give due consideration to financial
stability of the Institutions.
5. - In accordance with the tendency of all state laws, wherever
amended, the trend being upward from the three years of six months
level, it became obvious the scale minimum for grade A probationary
rating must be twenty-four months for the fundamental course and
four years of eight months for the liberal course.
6. - In order that all schools may have an opportunity to meet the
final requirements of fundamental (three years of nine months) and the
liberal (four years of nine), one calendar year - until Jan 1, 1937, is
given for probationary ratings of all Chiropractic Schools and colleges.
7. - The scale must be so constructed as to include from the
minimum of set requirements to the maximum as taught by an
Chiropractic school of today.
The Council of State Boards will not enter into a discussion of the
definition of chiropractic. Suffice it to say that each type of thought is
recognized and given opportunities to develop. We, therefore, have
divided the schools into two groups - the Basic or Fundamental
Schools (teaching only Chiropractic) and the Liberal or Physical
Therapy Schools (teaching Chiropractic and Physical Therapy)...
==1936==
==1937==
==1938==
==1939==
===formation of Allied Chiropractic Educational Institutions for straights===
1939 (Aug 19): letter to BJ Palmer from TF Ratledge (Ratledge
papers, SFCR):
Dear B.J.:
I attended the meeting called by Carver in Dallas on July 22, 1939,
for the purpose of organizing those schools which teach only
chiropractic.
After several sessions we organized an adoption of motion by Dr.
Jacobs of the Eastern College "that we do now organize ourselfes
into the ALLIED CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS with the idea and purpose of preserving
chiropractic in its purity for posterity and that we are reseolved to
cooperate with all chiropractic organizations with similar purposes."
It becomes my duty as Secretary to invite all chiropractic schools
who are willing to promulgate chiropractic alone into the association,
and as you were not represented at the time of organizing, you are
hereby invited and urged to join us and help us to better serve the great
cause for which we have, too much, separately strived in the past.
It is my personal opinion that whenever and wherever we find a
group of men or institutions committing themselves to the task which
is also ours, that we may do well to lend them encouragement by our
cooperation.
The membership, to date, includes Carver, Cleveland, Eastern,
O'Neil, Ratledge and Texas, all of whom were personally
represented at the time of the organization and the Columbia
Institute, N.Y., New York School, Standard School of N.Y., and
the University of Chiropractic, Seattle.
The issues transcend personalities and though any of us might not
have the kindliest feeling toward, or interest in, some of the individuals
or institutions so associated, I still believe that it is a step in the right
direction and will bear fruit sufficient to compensate the effort which
we may severally put into it.
Chiropractic Health Bureau/ICA Notes Keating 19
Personally, B.J. I would enjoy your association in the work of
such an organization and I hope that you do join.
May I have your reply as soon as you have had time to give the
matter careful consideration.
Dr. Weiser of Texas College was elected President of ACEI and
Dr. Jacobs of the Eastern Vice President.
With kindest regards and good wishes,
I am, Yours very truly...
==1940==
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