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:''For the 1912 ''Treaty of Lausanne'' between Italy and the Ottoman Empire (signed on 18 October, 1912 in [[Ouchy]]), see the [[Italo-Turkish War]].''
{{Jesus}}
[[Image:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria on Treaty of Lausanne.png|280px|thumb|Borders as shaped by the treaty]]
According to the canonical [[Gospel]]s, [[Jesus]] worked many [[miracle]]s in the course of his ministry. The large bulk of them are various cures, though there are also a large number of [[exorcism]]s, three raisings of dead persons to life, and various other miracles that don't fit into these categories.
The '''Treaty of Lausanne''' ([[July 24]], [[1923]]) was a [[peace treaty]] signed in [[Lausanne]] that settled the [[Anatolia]]n part of the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] by annulment of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the consequences of the [[Turkish Independence War]] between [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] ([[Turkish national movement]]).
==Overview & negotiations==
== Critical scholarship and the miracles of Jesus ==
{{main|Conference of Lausanne}}
Especially since the [[19th century]], the movement of [[higher criticism]] has put the life of Jesus under very fine-grained examination. The [[Tübingen]] school was a major center of this examination. Many critical scholars reject all of the miracles out of hand, because they reject the concept of a God who intervenes in human history. Others are more nuanced in their arguments. The modern [[Jesus Seminar]] holds that the various cures are probably true, since there were many others in the ancient world credited with healing power, but rejects most other miracles, at least in their literal interpretation from the [[Bible]].
{{Seealso|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish Independence War}}
After the expulsion of the Greek forces by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (later [[Kemal Atatürk]]), the newly-founded Turkish government rejected the recently signed [[Treaty of Sèvres]].
Negotiations performed during [[Conference of Lausanne]] which [[İsmet İnönü]] was the lead negotiator for Turkey and [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was his Greek counterpart. Negotiations took many months. On [[October 20]] [[1922]] the peace conference was reopened, and after strenuous debates, it was once again interrupted by Turkish protest on [[February 4]] [[1923]]. After reopening on [[April 23]], and more protest by Kemal's government, the treaty was signed on [[July 24]] after eight months of arduous negotiation by allies such as US Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]], who served as United States High Commissioner and championed Turkish efforts.
The [[exorcism]]s of Jesus are particularly disliked among the critical scholars. As they claim there is no empirical evidence for diabolic possession, they generally conclude that the statement that a person was possessed by the devil really means that that person was suffering from some sort of psychological disturbance, so that most exorcisms can be lumped together with the cures.
==The Miraculousstipulations curesof treaty ==
The treaty is composed of 141 articles with major sections;<ref name=Mango>Andrew Mango Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey ISBN 158567334X page. 388</ref>
The largest group of miracles is his various cures. The manner of his healing varies from one case to the next, according to the reports in the Bible. For instance, often he lays hands on the person to be cured, other times, only a word suffices to perform the cure. One notable cure of a [[Blindness|blind]] man involves the making of a paste of mud and spittle which is rubbed on the blind man's eyes and then washed off (Cf. [[Gospel of John]] 9). The woman with a [[haemorrhage]] was healed simply by touching the fringe of Jesus' garment.
* Convention on the Turkish straits
* Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]])
* [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey]]
* Agreements
* Binding letters.
The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the ethnic [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority in Turkey]] and the mainly ethnically Turkish [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. Much of the Greek population of Turkey was [[Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey|exchanged]] with the Turkish population of Greece. The Greeks of Istanbul, [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] were excluded (about 270,000 in Istanbul alone at that time [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm]), and so were the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 86,000 [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm] in 1922). Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. The republic of Turkey also accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] to the [[British Empire]]. The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]].
There are records of several wandering healers at Jesus' time. However, Jesus allegedly performed a few cures that are not recorded as having been done elsewhere, such as the healing of the man born blind, cited above.
===Borders===
== Dominion over the demons ==
The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]], formally ceded all Turkish claims on [[Cyprus]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations. The treaty also led to international recognition of the sovereignty of the new [[Republic of Turkey]] as the [[successor state]] of the defunct Ottoman Empire.
Belief in supernatural creatures was very common in Jesus' time, especially due to the preaching of the [[Pharisees]]. The Bible records several cases of the expelling of [[demon]]s from the [[Demonic possession|possessed]]. Many critics seek to explain away these demonic influences, reading them as cases of psychological sickness or [[epilepsy]], which would provide the external symptoms without requiring the need for a supernatural force.
===Agreements===
Nonetheless, many Christians accept these exorcisms as having really happened. The [[Roman Catholic Church]], in particular, still maintains a detailed protocol of what is to be done to perform an exorcism. This is only done with the explicit permision of the [[bishop]] and after eliminating all possible natural causes of the behavior attributed to demonic possession.
Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, [[Chester concession]]. US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name=Mango/>
==Aftermath==
== Power over nature ==
The Convention on the Turkish straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]]. The custom limitations in the treaty shortly rewoked. Political amnesty is applied. [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|150 persona non grata of Turkey]] slowly acquired the citizenship which the last one was in 1974 to the descendants of the former dynasty.
Another group of Jesus' miracles reported in the Bible show his sovereign power over the created world. Jesus was reportedly able to feed large multitudes with very little bread, and to change water into wine. With a word, he calmed a storm at sea, and himself walked on the surface of the sea. Catholics, [[Orthodox]] and some [[Anglican communion|Anglicans]] would add the changing of bread and wine into his body and blood to this group.
Since signing the treaty, both Turkey and Greece have claimed that the other has violated its provisions. Greece has seen its ethnic minority population in Turkey diminish from several hundred thousand in 1923 to just a couple of thousands today, and claims that this was caused by the systematic enforcement of anti-minority measures.<ref>[http://chicago.agrino.org/turkish_pogrom_against_the_greeks.htm Measures claimed to have caused the diminish of the Greek minority in Turkey]</ref> Turkey closed the [[Halki seminary]], which is in direct contradiction to the treaty which stipulates religious freedom.
== Power over life and death ==
The Gospels report three cases where Jesus calls a dead person back to life. In one, the daughter of Jairus had just died, and Jesus says she was only sleeping and wakes her with a word. Another case involves a young man being brought out for burial. When Jesus sees his widowed mother, he has pity and raises him from the dead. The third case involves a close friend of Jesus, [[Lazarus]], who has been four days in the tomb.
Ultimately, [[Winston Churchill]] who had a damaged career because of his failure at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], during which he had urged the Armenian population to rebel with vague promises to divert manpower from his failure during that battle,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,1921272,00.html</ref> and his inability to be able to enforce the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] even though managed to dismantle [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[occupation of Istanbul]] remarked: “In the Lausanne Treaty, which established a new peace between the allies and Turkey, history will search in vain for the name Armenia.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. V, London, 1929, p. 408</ref>
To these must be added Jesus' own [[resurrection]] from the dead, if the Gospels are to be taken at face value. Most Christians accept this as fact without question, indeed almost defining being a Christian with belief in the resurrection. Others, like [[Rudolf Bultmann]], claim that the resurrection was not a historical event. Most secular scholars would point to a lack of evidence and precedent and reject the resurrection.
==See also==
== List of the miracles of Jesus ==
* [[Aftermath of World War I]]
* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]
* [[Treaty of Kars]]
* [[Turks of Western Thrace]]
* [[Muslim minority of Greece]]
* [[Greeks of Turkey]]
* [[Greek refugees]]
==References==
It is not always clear when two reported miracles refer to the same event. An attempt has been made to indicate those that probably are related.
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
{{portal|World War I}}
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*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html Text of the treaty]
|Miracle
*[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm Information about the Treaty (1)]
|[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]
*[http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/sources/ Information about the Treaty (2)]
|[[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]
*[http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Text and Information about the Treaty]
|[[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]
|[[Gospel of John|John]]
|Other sources
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|Clay pigeons brought to life
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|[[Gospel of James|Infancy Narrative of James]]
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|Playmate killed and raised from dead
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|[[Gospel of James|Infancy Narrative of James]]
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|Water made wine
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|Jn 2:1-11
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|Cure of royal official's (centurion's) son (servant)
|Mt 8:5-13
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|Lk 7:1-10
|Jn 4:46-54
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|Miraculous catch of fish
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|Lk 5:1-11
|Jn 21:1-14
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|Cure of a [[demon]]iac
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|Mk 1:23-28
|Lk 4:33-37
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|Peter's mother-in-law
|Mt 8:14-15
|Mk 1:29-31
|Lk 4:38-39
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|Cure of a leper
|Mt 8:1-4
|Mk 1:40-45
|Lk 5:12-19
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|Cure of a paralytic at Capharnaum
|Mt 9:1-8
|Mk 1:40-45
|Lk 4:12-19
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|Cure at Bethesda
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|Jn 5:1-15
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|Man with a withered hand
|Mt 12:9-13
|Mk 3:1-6
|Lk 6:6-11
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|Raising of the son of the widow of Nain
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|Lk 7,11-17
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|Blind and dumb demoniac
|Mt 12,22
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|Calming a storm at sea
|Mt 8:23-27
|Mk 4:35-41
|Lk 8:22-25
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|Expulsion of demons in Gadara
|Mt 8:29-34
|Mk 4:35-41
|Lk 8:26-39
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|Raising (curing) Jairus' daughter
|Mt 9:18-26
|Mk 5:21-43
|Lk 8:40-56
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|Woman with a hemorrhage
|Mt 9:20-22
|Mk 5:24-34
|Lk 8:43-48
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|Two blind men
|Mt 9:27-31
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|Mute demoniac
|Mt 9:32-34
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|Feeding of the 5000
|Mt 14:13-21
|Mk 6:34-44
|Lk 9:12-17
|Jn 6:1-15
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|Walking on water
|Mt 14:22
|Mk 6:45-52
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|Jn 6:16-21
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|Canaanite (Syro-Phoenecian) woman
|Mt 15:21-28
|Mk 7:24-30
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|Healing a deaf-mute
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|Mk 7:31-37
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|Feeding of the 4000
|Mt 15:32-38
|Mk 8:1-9
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|Blind man at Bethsaida
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|Mk 8:22
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|[[Transfiguration]]
|Mt 17:1-8
|Mk 9:1-7
|Lk 9:28-36
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|2 Pet 1:17-18
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|Possessed boy
|Mt 17:14-21
|Mk 9:13-28
|Lk 9:37-43
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|Payment of temple tax
|Mt 17:23-26
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|Healing of the blind man Bartimaus
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|Jn 9:1-38
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|Large numbers of crippled, blind and mute
|Mt 15:29
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|Healing of a woman on the Sabbath
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|Lk 13:10-17
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|Raising of [[Lazarus]] from the dead
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|Jn 11:1-44
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|Man with dropsy
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|Lk 14:1-6
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|Ten lepers
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|Lk 17:11-19
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|Blind men of Jericho
|Mt 20:29-34
|Mk 10:46-52
|Lk 18:35-43
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|Cursing of a fig tree
|Mt 21:18-22
|Mk 11:12-14
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|Converting bread and wine into his Body and Blood (not accepted by all Christians)
|Mt 26:26-30
|Mk 14:22-26
|Lk 22:14-20
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|1 Cor 11:23-26
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|Healing of High Priest's servant's ear
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|Lk 22:49-51
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|[[Saint Veronica|Veronica's veil]]
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|[[Acts of Pilate]]
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|[[Image of Edessa]]
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|[[Eusebius of Caesarea]]
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|[[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
|Mt 28:1-10
|Mk 16:1-8
|Lk 24:1-12
|Jn 20:1-18
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{{War of Turkish Independence}}<br/>
There are 40 miracles of Jesus during his life-time which were recorded in the bible, 37 of them are recorded in the Gospel and 3 other miracles were recorded in other sources.
{{First World War treaties}}<br/>
[[Category:Jesus]]
{{World War I}}
[[Category:Peace treaties|Lausanne, Treaty of]]
[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War I|Lausanne]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece|Lausanne]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey|Lausanne]]
[[Category:Lausanne]]
[[de:Vertrag von Lausanne]]
[[el:Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης]]
[[es:Tratado de Lausana]]
[[eo:Traktato de Lausanne]]
[[fr:Traité de Lausanne (1923)]]
[[it:Trattato di Losanna]]
[[he:הסכם לוזאן]]
[[nl:Vrede van Lausanne]]
[[ja:ローザンヌ条約]]
[[ru:Лозаннская конференция]]
[[sr:Лозански мир 1923.]]
[[fi:Lausannen sopimus]]
[[sv:Lausannefreden]]
[[tr:Lozan Antlaşması]]
[[ur:معاہدہ لوزان]]
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