Kevin White (politician) and Treaty of Lausanne: Difference between pages

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:''For the 1912 ''Treaty of Lausanne'' between Italy and the Ottoman Empire (signed on 18 October, 1912 in [[Ouchy]]), see the [[Italo-Turkish War]].''

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Kevin White.jpg|thumb|Mayor Kevin White at a press conference.]] -->

[[Image:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria on Treaty of Lausanne.png|280px|thumb|Borders as shaped by the treaty]]

{{For|the athletic director of Notre Dame|Kevin White (coach)}}

The '''Treaty of Lausanne''' ([[July 24]], [[1923]]) was a [[peace treaty]] signed in [[Lausanne]] that settled the [[Anatolia]]n part of the [[partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]] by annulment of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] signed by the [[Ottoman Empire]] as the consequences of the [[Turkish Independence War]] between [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] ([[Turkish national movement]]).

==Overview & negotiations==

'''Kevin Hagan White''' (born [[September 25]], [[1929]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]) is an American politician best known as the longest-serving [[Mayor]] of Boston, a position he held from [[1968]] to [[1983]].

{{main|Conference of Lausanne}}

{{Seealso|Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Turkish Independence War}}

After the expulsion of the Greek forces by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal (later [[Kemal Atatürk]]), the newly-founded Turkish government rejected the recently signed [[Treaty of Sèvres]].

Negotiations performed during [[Conference of Lausanne]] which [[İsmet İnönü]] was the lead negotiator for Turkey and [[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was his Greek counterpart. Negotiations took many months. On [[October 20]] [[1922]] the peace conference was reopened, and after strenuous debates, it was once again interrupted by Turkish protest on [[February 4]] [[1923]]. After reopening on [[April 23]], and more protest by Kemal's government, the treaty was signed on [[July 24]] after eight months of arduous negotiation by allies such as US Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]], who served as United States High Commissioner and championed Turkish efforts.

==Early years==

White was educated at [[Tabor Academy]], [[Williams College]] (AB, [[1952]]), [[Boston College]] Law School (LLB, [[1955]]) and the [[Harvard]] [[Kennedy_School_of_Government|Graduate School of Public Administration]] (now known as the John F. Kennedy School of Government). Prior to his term as Mayor of Boston, he served as [[Secretary of State (U.S. state government)|Secretary of the Commonwealth]] from [[1960]]&ndash;[[1967]].

==The stipulations of treaty ==

==Early political life==

The treaty is composed of 141 articles with major sections;<ref name=Mango>Andrew Mango Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey ISBN 158567334X page. 388</ref>

White successfully ran for Mayor in [[1967]] on a populist platform that included support for [[rent control]]. One of his slogans was "When landlords raise rents, Kevin White raises hell." Rent control became the law in Boston in [[1970]].[http://tenant.net/Alerts/Guide/papers/dreier/dreier1.html] White beat [[Louise Day Hicks]] who had taken a strong anti-desegregation position as a member of the Boston School Committee. Hicks' slogan was the coded "You know where I stand." White won by approximately 12,000 votes after he was endorsed by the [[Boston Globe]], the paper's first political endorsement in decades.

* Convention on the Turkish straits

* Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]])

* [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey]]

* Agreements

* Binding letters.

The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the ethnic [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek minority in Turkey]] and the mainly ethnically Turkish [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. Much of the Greek population of Turkey was [[Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey|exchanged]] with the Turkish population of Greece. The Greeks of Istanbul, [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] were excluded (about 270,000 in Istanbul alone at that time [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm]), and so were the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 86,000 [http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/musmingr.htm] in 1922). Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. The republic of Turkey also accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] to the [[British Empire]]. The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]].

==Other political races==

In 1970, White unsuccessfully ran for [[Governor of Massachusetts]] against [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Francis W. Sargent|Frank Sargent]]. White's running mate was [[Michael Dukakis]], who later challenged and defeated Sargent for the Governor's office in [[1974]].

===Borders===

In [[1972]], he was on the verge of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s [[Vice President of the United States|vice-presidential]] nomination. After a number of better known politicians, including Senators [[Ted Kennedy]] and [[Gaylord Nelson]], and Governor [[Reubin O'Donovan Askew|Reubin Askew]], turned down the position, White briefly became the front-runner for the post. However, when Kennedy, famed [[economics|economist]] [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] and others in the Massachusetts delegation voiced their opposition to White's nomination, the offer was withdrawn. Presidential nominee Senator [[George McGovern]] went on to select Senator [[Thomas Eagleton]], who was later embroiled in a [[Political scandals of the United States|controversy]] over his failue to disclose having received electric shock therapy for depression, and finally former Chicago School Board President and later Ambassador R. [[Sargent Shriver]].

The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]], formally ceded all Turkish claims on [[Cyprus]], [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]], and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations. The treaty also led to international recognition of the sovereignty of the new [[Republic of Turkey]] as the [[successor state]] of the defunct Ottoman Empire.

===Agreements===

==Boston in the 1970's==

Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, [[Chester concession]]. US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and consequently Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name=Mango/>

The 1970's were a turbulent time for Boston. In [[1974]], Judge [[Arthur J. Garrity]] found that the Boston School Committee had followed a practice of segregating the city's public schools by race, including building new schools in districts tailored to white constituents. As a remedy, Garrity ordered the city's schools desegregated, leading to a system of [[desegregation busing]]. The desegregation did not go peacefully, and violence was not uncommon. In one famous incident during a demonstration outside [[Boston City Hall]], a black attorney was attacked with an American flag.

==Aftermath==

White also worked for the revitalization of Boston's downtown. In [[1976]], he achieved perhaps his biggest success in that area with the re-opening of [[Quincy Market]].

The Convention on the Turkish straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]]. The custom limitations in the treaty shortly rewoked. Political amnesty is applied. [[150 personae non gratae of Turkey|150 persona non grata of Turkey]] slowly acquired the citizenship which the last one was in 1974 to the descendants of the former dynasty.

Since signing the treaty, both Turkey and Greece have claimed that the other has violated its provisions. Greece has seen its ethnic minority population in Turkey diminish from several hundred thousand in 1923 to just a couple of thousands today, and claims that this was caused by the systematic enforcement of anti-minority measures.<ref>[http://chicago.agrino.org/turkish_pogrom_against_the_greeks.htm Measures claimed to have caused the diminish of the Greek minority in Turkey]</ref> Turkey closed the [[Halki seminary]], which is in direct contradiction to the treaty which stipulates religious freedom.

==Health==

In 1970, during his campaign for governor, White underwent surgery that removed two-thirds of his stomach. In 2001, the since-retired White suffered a [[heart attack]] which left him with a pacemaker. In his advanced age, he has lost hearing in his right ear and is suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease]] [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/06/20/the_loner_in_winter/].

Ultimately, [[Winston Churchill]] who had a damaged career because of his failure at the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], during which he had urged the Armenian population to rebel with vague promises to divert manpower from his failure during that battle,<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,,1921272,00.html</ref> and his inability to be able to enforce the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] even though managed to dismantle [[Ottoman Empire]] with the [[occupation of Istanbul]] remarked: “In the Lausanne Treaty, which established a new peace between the allies and Turkey, history will search in vain for the name Armenia.”<ref>Winston Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. V, London, 1929, p. 408</ref>

==Quote==

White made this statement in light of Boston's finances:

==See also==

:''It's not Camelot, but it's not Cleveland, either.''

* [[Aftermath of World War I]]

* [[Treaty of Sèvres]]

* [[Treaty of Kars]]

* [[Turks of Western Thrace]]

* [[Muslim minority of Greece]]

* [[Greeks of Turkey]]

* [[Greek refugees]]

==References==

Throughout the 1970s, Cleveland was the long-standing butt of jokes and by the early 1980s, city residents were getting fed up. Former Cleveland Mayor and current Junior U.S. Ohio Senator, [[George Voinovich]] complained about White's controversial statement. He responded by saying that Boston had survived facetious remarks from a wide range of jokesters, from [[Mark Twain]] to [[Johnny Carson]]. "I am sure Cleveland will also," he said.

{{Reflist}}

== External links and references==

{{portal|World War I}}

*[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2005/06/20/the_loner_in_winter/ "The loner in winter: former mayor Kevin White is being robbed by Alzheimer's-- but bolstered by a dear friend."] The Boston Globe, June 20, 2005, By Jack Thomas

*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/lausanne.html Text of the treaty]

<br>

*[http://www.allaboutturkey.com/antlasma.htm Information about the Treaty (1)]

{{start box}}

*[http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/14/en/1923_1940/foreign_policy/sources/ Information about the Treaty (2)]

{{succession box

*[http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Text and Information about the Treaty]

| before = [[John F. Collins]]

| title = [[Mayor]] of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]

| years= 1968 - 1984

| after = [[Raymond Flynn|Raymond L. Flynn]]}}

{{succession box

| before = '

| title = [[Massachusetts]] [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] [[Governor of Massachusetts|gubernatorial]] candidate

| years= [[Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1970|1970]] (lost)

| after = [[Michael Dukakis|Michael S. Dukakis]]}}

{{end box}}

{{War of Turkish Independence}}<br/>

[[Category:1929 births|White, Kevin]]

{{First World War treaties}}<br/>

[[Category:Living people|White, Kevin]]

{{World War I}}

[[Category:Irish-American_politicians|White, Kevin]]

[[Category:Mayors of Boston|White, Kevin]]

[[Category:Williams College alumni|White, Kevin]]

[[Category:Peace treaties|Lausanne, Treaty of]]

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[[Category:Turkish War of Independence]]

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