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{{Bio

Sto traducendo in italiano la pagina di [[Taiko Hirabayashi]]

| Nome = Shūsaku

| Cognome = Endō

| PreData = {{Nihongo2|遠藤周作|Endō Shūsaku}}

| Sesso = M

| LuogoNascita = Tokyo

| GiornoMeseNascita = 27 marzo

| AnnoNascita = 1923

| LuogoMorte = Tokyo

| GiornoMeseMorte = 29 settembre

| AnnoMorte = 1996

| Attività = scrittore

| Epoca = 1900

| Nazionalità = giapponese

| Immagine = Shūsaku Endō.jpg

}}

== Biografia ==

Taiko Hirabayashi (平林 たい子 Hirabayashi Taiko, 3 October 1905 – 17 February 1972) was the pen-name of a Japanese author. Her real name was Hirabayashi Tai.

Nato nell'anno del disastroso [[Grande terremoto del Kantō del 1923|terremoto di Tokyo]], si convertì al [[Chiesa cattolica|cattolicesimo]] all'età di 11 anni. Data la giovane età la sua fu, più che una scelta, il desiderio di compiacere la madre che, reduce da un doloroso [[divorzio]], trovava sollievo nell'assidua pratica religiosa. Lasciati presto gli studi di medicina, intraprese quelli di [[letteratura francese]] e fu uno dei pochi studenti giapponesi ad essere inviato, a spese dello stato, in [[Francia]] per approfondire gli studi. I tre anni passati all'estero non furono facili e, al ritorno in Giappone, contrasse la [[tubercolosi]], il che aggravò notevolmente il suo stato emotivo. Dopo un lungo ricovero, si recò in [[Palestina|Terrasanta]] per ripercorrere i luoghi dove si era svolta la vita di [[Gesù Cristo|Cristo]]. In seguito iniziò la carriera di scrittore e le sue opere cominciarono ad avere un grande successo. Se si considera che esse erano profondamente influenzate dal suo credo religioso e che esso in Giappone era praticato da un numero trascurabile di persone, c'è da stupirsi che possa aver avuto in patria una tale notorietà. Endō è stato definito il [[Graham Greene (scrittore)|Graham Greene]] giapponese per numerose affinità stilistiche ed anche biografiche (Greene si era convertito al [[Cristianesimo]] a 23 anni) con lo scrittore inglese.

Il suo capolavoro è probabilmente ''[[Silenzio (Shūsaku Endō)|Silenzio]]'' (''Chinmoku'', 1966), sul tormentato rapporto tra cristianesimo e cultura nipponica, nei tentativi missionari clandestini in Giappone dopo la persecuzione anticristiana di Hideyoshi alla fine del Cinquecento. Da segnalare anche la sua ''Vita di Gesù'' (1973): è la prima opera del genere scritta da un giapponese, e non intende tramandare un'esperienza conclusa di Gesù, non intende costituire una ricostruzione storica, ma invita a riscoprire il suo volto sempre nuovo.

Contents

== Opere ==

1 Biography

* ''Kazan'', 1960 (''[[Vulcano (Shūsaku Endō)|Vulcano]]'', trad. di Flora Dreher, Rusconi, Milano, 1985)

2 Literary works

* ''Chinmoku'', 1966 (''[[Silenzio (Shūsaku Endō)|Silenzio]]'', trad. di E. Codronchi Torelli, Roma, Coines, 1973; trad. di Lydia Lax, Rusconi, Milano, 1982; Corbaccio, Milano, 2013)

3 See also

* ''Iesu no shōgai'', 1973 (''[[Vita di Gesù (Shūsaku Endō)|Vita di Gesù]]'', trad. di Luigi Muratori, Fumiko Moriguchi, [[Queriniana (casa editrice)|Queriniana]], Brescia 1977, 2017⁴)

4 References

* ''Samurai'', 1980 (''[[Il samurai (Shūsaku Endō)|Il samurai]]'', trad. di Anna Solinas, Milano, Rusconi, 1983; poi Luni, Firenze, 2006)

5 Further reading

* ''Sukandaru'', 1986 (''[[Scandalo (Shūsaku Endō)|Scandalo]]'', trad. di Hilia Brinis, Milano, Rusconi, 1989)

* ''[[Una donna chiamata Shizu]]'', a cura di Piera Rupani, Piemme, Casale Monferrato, 1995 (antologia di racconti)

== Lista parziale delle opere ==

Biography

* ''白い人 (Shiroi hito)'' (1955)

* ''黄色い人 (Kiiroi hito)'' (1955)

* ''海と毒薬 (Umi to dokuyaku)'' (1957)

* ''おバカさん (Wonderful Fool)'' (1959): A story about a kind, innocent and naive Frenchman visiting post-war Tokyo. Gaston Bonaparte is a Christ-like figure who comes to live with a Japanese family. He befriends a variety of "undesirables" including stray dogs, prostitutes and a killer. In spite of this unusual behavior he changes everyone he meets for the better.

* ''十一の色硝子 (Stained Glass Elegies)'' (1959) Translated to English in 1984.

* ''火山 (Volcano)'' (1960): A novel concerning three declining figures: an apostate Catholic priest, the director of a weather station in provincial Japan, and the volcano on which the latter is an expert.

* ''私が棄てた女 (The Girl I Left Behind)'' (1964): A story of a young man and his mismatches with an innocent young woman. As Endō writes in the foreword to the English translation, one of the characters has a connection with Otsu, a character in Endo's later novel Deep River.

* ''留学 (Ryūgaku) Foreign Studies'' (1965) Three linked narratives chart the gulf between East and West. Evoking Paris in the 1960s, 17th century Rome and provincial France in the post WWII years Endo acutely conveys the alienation felt by three Japanese students when confronted by the spiritual values and culture of Europe.

* ''沈黙 (Silence)'' (1966): Winner of the Tanizaki Prize and Endō's most famous work, it is generally regarded as his masterpiece. Silence has been published into English by Peter Owen Publishers, London. This historical novel tells the story of a Catholic missionary priest in early 17th-century Japan, who apostatizes to save the lives of several people, and then becomes a retainer of the local lord, but continues to keep the Christian faith in private. The character is based on the historical figure of Giuseppe Chiara. The book inspired the feature film adaptations Silence (1971) by Masahiro Shinoda, Os Olhos da Ásia (1996) by Portuguese film director João Mário Grilo, and Silence (2016) by Martin Scorsese. was premiered in Vatican City on November 29, 2016, and was released in the United States on December 23, 2016.

* ''The Golden Country'' (1966): A play featuring many of the characters who appear in the novel ''Silence''.

* ''死海のほとり ("Banks of the Dead Sea")'' (1973)

* ''イエスの生涯 (Life of Jesus)'' (1973)

* ''口笛をふく時 (When I Whistle)'' (1974)

* ''王妃マリーアントワネット (Marie Antoinette)'' (1979): This book inspired the musical ''Marie Antoinette'' by German musical dramatist and lyricist Michael Kunze.

* ''侍 (The Samurai)'' (1980): A historical novel relating the diplomatic mission of Hasekura Tsunenaga to Mexico and Spain in the 17th century. In 1613 a small group of samurai together with a Spanish missionary travel to Mexico, Spain and eventually Rome. The missionary (Pedro Velasco) hopes to become primate of a Catholic Japan and his mission is to bargain for a crusade to Japan in return for trading rights.

* ''女の一生：キクの場合 (Kiku's Prayer)'' (1982): A novel set during the final period of Christian persecutions in Japan in the 1860s.

* ''私の愛した小説 (Novels loved by me) & 本当の私を求めて (Search for the real me)'' (1985)

* ''スキャンダル (Scandal)'' (1986): Set in Tokyo, the book is about a novelist who finds himself caught up in the scandal of the title. One man's apparently successful attempt to live a good life is extinguished by evil. "Scandal" addresses the great questions of our age - how can we straddle the gulf between faith and modernity? How can humankind be so tender and yet so cruel?

* ''深い河 (Deep River)'' (1993): Set in India, it chronicles the physical and spiritual journey of a group of five Japanese tourists who are facing a wide range of moral and spiritual dilemmas. Working among the poor, sick and dying one of the group finds the man that she seduced long ago at college in an attempt to undermine his faith.

* ''The Final Martyrs'' (English translation in 2008) A series of eleven short stories published in Japan between 1959 and 1985.

== Onorificenze ==

Hirabayashi resolved at the age of 12 to become a writer and also developed an interest in socialism at a young age. After graduating from the Suwa Women’s Higher School in 1922, she moved to Tokyo and began living with the anarchist Toshio Yamamoto. They went to Korea together but returned after only one month. They were both arrested in the confusion and clampdowns following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and released on condition of leaving Tokyo. She eventually moved to Manchuria and was to give birth in a hospital in Dalian but the child lived for only twenty-four days, dying of malnutrition. Based on this personal experience, she wrote the short story In the Charity Hospital, which established her as a writer of proletarian literature.

{{Onorificenze

|immagine=PRT Order of Prince Henry - Officer BAR.svg

|nome_onorificenza=Ufficiale dell'Ordine dell'Infante Dom Henrique

|collegamento_onorificenza=Ordine dell'Infante Dom Henrique

|motivazione=

|luogo=[[1968]]

}}

{{Onorificenze

|immagine=JPN_Bunka-kunsho_BAR.svg

|nome_onorificenza=Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Cultura

|collegamento_onorificenza=Ordine della Cultura

|motivazione=

|luogo=[[1995]]

}}

== Note ==

Hirabayashi Taiko married the novelist and critic Jinji Kobori in 1927 but divorced in 1955 after discovering that he had an illegitimate child. In 1946 she won the inaugural Women's Literature Prize with Kou iu onna.

<references/>

== Voci correlate ==

After the war, she can be seen as a writer of Tenko Literature (literature based on one's own political apostasy) and showed conservative, anti-communist tendencies. She was also known to be a member of the Democratic Socialist Party.

* [[Cristianesimo in Giappone]]

{{Controllo di autorità}}

{{Portale|biografie|Letteratura}}

[[:Categoria:Scrittori cattolici]]

Her writings were often modelled on her own life or contemporary authors but she also produced various social commentaries and essays. During the war, after receiving help from a gambler named Seiichi Ishiguro (石黒 政一 Ishiguro Seiichi), she became interested in the world of the yakuza and also wrote novels with a chivalrous spirit such as Kokusatsu (黒札)、Chitei no Uta (地底の歌) and Nagurareru Aitsu (殴られるあいつ). In 1967 she won the 7th Women's Literature Prize with Himitsu.

She was posthumously awarded the Nihon geijutsuin shou (日本芸術院賞) and the Hirabayashi Taiko Prize was created in her honour.

There is a Hirabayashi Taiko Memorial Museum in Suwa City, Fukushima prefecture.

Literary works

Azakeru (嘲る, 1927) - Self-Mockery

Seryoushitsu ni te (施療室にて, 1928) - In the Charity Hospital

Shussen ni te (1946) - Diary of the End of the War

Hitori yuku (一人行く, 1946) - I Walk Alone

Mou chugoku hei (1946) - Blind Chinese Soldiers

Kishi mojin (1946) - The Goddess of Children or Demon Goddess

Kau iu onna (かういふ女, 1946) - This Kind of Woman

Watashi ha ikiru (私は生きる, 1947) - I Mean to Live

Kokusatsu (黒札) - Black Notes

Chitei no uta (地底の歌, 1948) - Song from the Underworld

Jinsei jikken (1948) - A Life Experiment

Hito no inochi (1950) - A Man's Life

Nagurareru aitsu (殴られるあいつ) - The Beaten Man

Onigo bojin (鬼子母神) -

Sabaku no hana (砂漠の花, 1957) - Flowers in a Desert

Sono hito to tsuma (その人と妻) - The Man and His Wife

Erudorado Akarushi (エルドラド明るし)

Fumou (1962) - Sterility

Kuroi Nenrei (1963) - The Black Age

Haha to iu onna (1966) - A Woman to Call Mother

Himitsu (秘密, 1967) - Secret -- won the Women's Literature Prize in 1968.

See also

Japanese literature

List of Japanese authors

References

Further reading

Kusakabe, Madoka. "Sata Ineko and Hirabayashi Taiko: The Café and Jokyû as a Stage for Social Criticism" (PhD thesis) (Archive). September 2011. Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon.