2:00AM-3:00AM (24 season 6) and Earth science: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Television episode

'''Earth science''' (also known as '''geoscience''', '''the geosciences''' or '''the Earth Sciences'''), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet [[Earth (planet)|Earth]]. It is arguably a special case in [[planetary science]], being the only known [[life]]-bearing planet. There are both [[reductionist]] and [[holism|holistic]] approaches to Earth science. The major historic [[discipline]]s use [[physics]], [[geology]], [[geography]], [[meteorology]], [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]] to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or ''[[Earth's spheres|spheres]]'' of the Earth system.

| Title = Day 6: 2:00A.M. - 3:00A.M.

{|

| Series = 24

|-

| Image =

| __TOC__

| Caption =

| style="padding-left:4em" valign="top" |

| Season = 6

|}

| Episode = 21

== Earth's spheres ==

| Airdate = [[May 7]], [[2007]]

Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. These correspond to rocks, water, air, and life. Some practitioners include the crysophere (ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere and the pedosphere (soil) as an active, intermixed sphere as part of Earth's spheres.

| Production = 6AFF21

| Writer = [[Manny Coto]]

| Director = [[Bryan Spicer]]

| Guests =

| Episode list =

| Prev = [[1:00AM-2:00AM (24 season 6)|Day 6: 1:00A.M.-2:00A.M.]]

| Next = [[3:00AM-4:00AM (24 season 6)|Day 6: 3:00A.M.-4:00A.M.]]

}}

[[Image:Limu o Pele.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Lava flows from the [[Kīlauea]] volcano into the ocean on the [[Hawaii (island)|Island of Hawaii]]]]

<b>2:00AM-3:00AM</b> is the twenty-first episode of [[24 (season 6)|Season 6]] of the [[drama]] series [[24 (TV series)|24]].

*[[Geology]] describes the [[Rock (geology)|rocky]] parts of the Earth's [[Crust (geology)|crust]] (or [[lithosphere]]) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are [[mineralogy]] and [[petrology]], [[geochemistry]], [[geomorphology]], [[paleontology]], [[stratigraphy]], [[engineering geology]] and [[sedimentology]].

*[[Geophysics]] and [[Geodesy]] investigate the [[figure of the Earth]], its reaction to forces and its [[magnetic field|magnetic]] and [[gravity field]]s. Geophysicists explore the [[Earth's core]] and [[Earth's mantle|mantle]] as well as the [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] and [[Seismology|seismic]] activity of the lithosphere.

==Starring==

*[[Kiefer Sutherland]] as [[Jack Bauer]]

*[[Mary Lynn Rajskub]] as [[Chloe O'Brian]]

*[[Peter MacNicol]] as [[Tom Lennox]]

*[[Carlo Rota]] as [[Morris O'Brian]]

*[[Eric Balfour]] as [[Milo Pressman]]

*[[Marisol Nichols]] as [[Nadia Yassir]]

*[[Soil science]] covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or [[pedosphere]]). Major subdisciplines include [[edaphology]] and [[Pedology (soil study)|pedology]].

====Special Guest Starring====

*[[Powers Boothe]] as [[Noah Daniels]]

*[[James Cromwell]] as [[Phillip Bauer]]

*[[Oceanography]] and [[hydrology]] (incl. [[limnology]]) describe the marine and freshwater domains of the [[water]]y parts of the Earth (or [[hydrosphere]]). Major subdisciplines include [[hydrogeology]] and [[Physical oceanography|physical]], [[Chemical oceanography|chemical]], and [[Marine biology|biological]] oceanography.

====Main Guest Stars====

*[[Tzi Ma]] as [[Cheng Zhi]]

*[[Kari Matchett]] as [[Lisa Miller (24 character)|Lisa Miller]]

*[[Michael Shanks]] as [[Mark Bishop (24 character)|Mark Bishop]]

*[[Rena Sofer]] as [[Marilyn Bauer]]

*[[Evan Ellingson]] as [[Josh Bauer]]

*[[Ricky Schroder]] as [[Mike Doyle (24 character)|Mike Doyle]]

*[[Glaciology]] covers the [[ice|icy]] parts of the Earth (or [[cryosphere]]).

==Plot==

{{spoiler}}

James Heller takes Audrey Raines home, threatening Jack Bauer that he will file a legal [[restraining order]] against him. Jack tries to convince Nadia Yassir that he needs to be out with Mike Doyle and his [[CTU]] tactical team on the Bloomfield warehouse raid, Nadia will consider this matter to her incoming division chief, while letting Jack know that if he escapes (again!), he will put on restraints. Milo tries to comfort Chloe, who is sad from Morris announcing to her that their personal relationship has terminated. Despite Chloe’s emotions, she maintains her composure inside CTU. Mike commends Nadia on overseeing CTU's operations before going out to the warehouse. Meanwhile, Cheng enlists a group of Chinese mercenaries, led by Zhou, to infiltrate CTU's headquarters. Zhou leads his men, underground, towards CTU. Vice President Noah Daniels and Thomas Lennox, both monitor a wired Lisa Miller, in trying to extract information from Mark Bishop. Lisa is scared of seeing Mark, but Lennox reminds her that if she refuses, she will be charged with multiple counts of treason. Lisa proceeds to see Mark.

*[[Atmospheric sciences]] cover the [[gas]]eous parts of the Earth (or [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]]) between the surface and the [[exosphere]] (~1000 km). Major subdisciplines are [[meteorology]], [[climatology]], [[atmospheric chemistry]] and [[atmospheric physics]].

Mike and his team raid the warehouse, finding nothing but empty cases of weapons and ammunition. Mike informs Nadia about the find, suggesting that Cheng may launch a large scale assault against something. As Nadia and the team try to backtrack Cheng's movements, they are attacked by Zhou and his men. Zhou takes Nadia, Chloe, Morris, and Milo hostage, asking who is the highest ranking officer. In an act of sacrifice, Milo tells Zhou that he is in charge of CTU, Zhou kills Milo with a shot in the head. Jack, hearing the gunfire, begs a guard to release him. The guard releases Jack, who then takes out half of Zhou's men before assisting Marilyn and Josh in escaping. Jack has Josh escape through a ventilation plant, but is stopped before Marilyn can escape; they are taken back to the CTU main floor. Jack now realizes that Cheng is not after him, Cheng is after Josh as Zhou calls Cheng, informing on the successful mission. From the warehouse, Mike repeatedly tries to contact Nadia, who she eventually responds that everything is "fine". Mike knows from the telephone call that something is wrong with either Nadia or CTU itself. Through the intercom system, Zhou demands to Josh in returning back to the floor, or else he will kill Marilyn, Josh returns to the floor and is now in Zhou's custody.

==Earth's energy==

At the close of this episode, Cheng calls Phillip Bauer that Josh Bauer is now in custody. Phillip replies to Cheng to meet "within 20 minutes" as he repairs the circuit board that will be used to trigger a nuclear device. Cheng will deliver Josh to Phillip, in exchange for the repaired circuit board.

In [[geology]], [[continental drift]]s, [[mountain|mountain range]]s, [[volcano]]s, and [[earthquake]]s are phenomena that can be explained in terms of [[energy transformation]]s in the Earth's crust<ref>http://okfirst.ocs.ou.edu/train/meteorology/EnergyBudget.html</ref>. Recent studies suggest that the Earth transforms about 6.18 x 10^-12 J/s (joules per second) per kilogram. Given the [[Earth#mass|Earth's mass]], the rate of energy transformations inside the Earth is about 37 x 10¹² J/s (37 terawatts). The heat escaping from inside the Earth is only about 0.02% of the amount of energy Earth receives from Sun in the form of sunlight, and radiates back into space in the form of Infra red blackbody radiation (~1.74 x 10¹⁷ J/s = 174 petawatts).

From the study of [[neutrino]]s radiated from the Earth (see [[KamLAND]]), scientists have recently estimated that about 24 terawatts (65%) of this rate of [[energy transformation]] is due to [[radioactive decay]] (principally of [[potassium]] 40, [[thorium]] 232 and [[uranium]] 238), and the remaining 13 terawatts is from the continuous gravitational ''sorting'' of the [[Planetary core|core]] and [[mantle]] of the earth, energies left over from the [[History of Earth|formation of the Earth]], about 4.57 billion years ago (this sorting represents continuing [[gravitational collapse]] of the Earth into the maximally compact object which is consistent with its composition-- a process which releases gravitational potential energy), and finally - from [[tidal flexing]] of Earth interior and crust. The magnitude of all of these energy sources decline over time, and based on half-life alone, it has been estimated that the current [[radioactivity|radioactive energy]] of the planet represents less than 1% of that which was available at the time the planet was formed.

{{endspoiler}}

As a result, geological forces of [[accretion (geology)|continental accretion]], [[subduction]] and [[sea floor spreading]], account for 90% of the Earth's energy. The remaining 10% of geological tectonic energy comes through [[hotspots]] produced by [[mantle plumes]], resulting in [[shield volcanoes]] like [[Hawaii]], [[geyser]] activity like [[Yellowstone]] or [[flood basalt]]s like [[Iceland]].

[[Tectonic]] process are driven by heat from the Earth's interior. The process is a simple heat engine which works via the upward buoyancy-induced motion of hot, low density magma after expansion by heat. The processes metamorphose weathered rocks, and (more importantly from the energy view) during [[orogeny]] periods, lift them up into mountain ranges. The potential energy represented by the mountain range's weight and height thus represents heat from the core of the Earth which has been partly transformed into gravitational potential energy. This potential energy may be suddenly released in landslides or [[tsunami]]s. Similarly, the energy release which drives an earthquake represents stresses in rocks that are mechanical potential energy which has been similarly stored from tectonic processes. An earthquake thus ultimately represents kinetic energy which is being released from elastic potential energy in rocks, which in turn has been stored from heat energy released by radioactive decay and gravitational collapse in the Earth's interior.

{{24}}

{{24 season 6 episodes}}

The energy which is responsible for the geological processes of ''erosion and deposition'' is a result of the interaction of solar energy and gravity. An estimated 23% of the total insolation is used to drive the [[water cycle]]. When [[water vapour]] condenses to fall as [[rain]], it dissolves small amounts of [[carbon dioxide]], making a weak [[acid]]. This acid acting upon the metallic [[silicate]]s that form most rocks produces [[chemical weathering]], removing the metals, and leading to the production of rocks and sand, carried by wind and water downslope through gravity to be deposited at the edge of continents in the sea. [[weathering|Physical weathering]] of rocks is produced by the expansion of ice crystals, left by water in the joint planes of rocks. A geologic cycle is continued when these eroded rocks are later uplifted into mountains.

Similarly meteorological phenomena like [[wind]], [[rain]], [[hail]], [[snow]], [[lightning]], [[tornado]]es and [[hurricanes]], are all a result of energy transformations brought about by solar energy on the planet Earth. It has been estimated that the average total ''solar incoming radiation'' (or [[insolation]]) is about 1350 watts per square meter incident to the summit of the atmosphere, at the equator at midday, a figure known as the [[solar constant]]. Although this amount varies a little each year, as a result of [[solar flares]], [[Solar Prominence|prominences]] and the [[sunspot cycle]]. Some 34% of this is immediately reflected by the planetary [[albedo]], as a result of clouds, snowfields, and even reflected light from water, rock or vegetation. As more energy is received in the tropics than is re-radiated, while more energy is radiated at the poles than is received, climatic homeostasis is only maintained by a transfer of energy from the tropics to the poles. ).[[Image:Volcano q.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A [[volcano]] is the release of stored energy from below the surface of Earth originating in radioactive decay and gravitational sorting in the Earth's core and mantle of energies left over from its formation]]

[[Category:24 (TV series) episodes]]

This transfer of energy is what drives the winds and the ocean currents. Like biological processes, all meteorological processes involve transformation of energy from a concentrated form such as sunlight into a less concentrated form, such as far infrared radiation (i.e., heat radiation at the much smaller characteristic temperatures that occur on Earth, and thus is diffused into many photons. However, energy may be temporarily locally stored during this process, and the sudden release of such stored sources is responsible for the dramatic processes mentioned above. For example, the kinetic energy of a snow-avalanche or hurricane is due to the sudden release of energy previously captured from solar radiations.

==Methodology==

Like all other scientists, Earth scientists apply the [[scientific method]]: formulate hypotheses after observation of and gathering data about natural phenomena and then test those hypotheses. In Earth science, data usually plays a critical role in testing and formulating hypotheses.

== Partial list of the major Earth Science topics ==

===Atmosphere===

* [[Atmospheric chemistry]]

* [[Climatology]]

* [[Meteorology]]

** [[Hydrometeorology]]

* [[Paleoclimatology]]

===Biosphere===

* [[Biogeography]]

* [[Paleontology]]

** [[Palynology]]

** [[Micropaleontology]]

* [[Geomicrobiology]]

===Hydrosphere===

* [[Hydrology]]

** [[Glaciology]]

** [[Limnology]]

* [[Hydrogeology]]

* [[Oceanography]]

** [[Chemical oceanography]]

** [[Marine biology]]

** [[Marine geology]]

** [[Paleoceanography]]

** [[Physical oceanography]]

=== Lithosphere or geosphere===

* [[Geology]]

** [[Economic geology]]

** [[Engineering geology]]

** [[Environmental geology]]

** [[Historical geology]]

*** [[Glaciology]]

*** [[Quaternary geology]]

** [[Planetary geology]]

** [[Sedimentology]]

** [[Stratigraphy]]

** [[Structural geology]]

* [[Geochemistry]]

* [[Geography]]

** [[Physical geography]]

* [[Geomorphology]]

* [[Geophysics]]

** [[Geochronology]]

** [[Geodynamics]] (see also [[Tectonics]])

** [[Geomagnetic]]s

** [[Gravimetry]] (also part of [[Geodesy]])

** [[Seismology]]

* [[Hydrogeology]]

* [[Mineralogy]]

** [[Crystallography]]

** [[Gemology]]

* [[Petrology]]

* [[Volcanology]]

===Pedosphere===

* [[Soil science]]

** [[Edaphology]]

** [[Pedology (soil study)|Pedology]]

===Systems===

* [[Environmental science]]

* [[Geography]]

** [[Human geography]]

** [[Physical Geography]]

* [[Gaia theory (science)|Gaia theories]]

===Others===

* [[Cartography]]

* [[Geoinformatics]] ([[GIS]])

* [[Geostatistics]]

* [[Geodesy]] and [[Surveying]]

== Notes and references ==

<div class="references-small">

<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->

<references/>

</div>

==See also==

* [[List of basic earth science topics]]

* [[List of geoscience organizations]]

{{Earth science}}

{{Natural sciences-footer}}

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