Jesus in Islam and 1955: Difference between pages

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Year '''1955''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCMLV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link displays the 1955 [[Gregorian calendar]]).

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'''[[Islam]]''' holds '''[[Jesus]]''' ({{lang-ar|عيسى}} ''`Īsā'') to have been a messenger and a [[Prophets of Islam|prophet]] of God.<ref>The concept of prophecy in Islam is broader than Judaism and Christianity since Muslims distinguish between "messengers" (ar: [[rasul]]) and "prophets" (ar: [[nabi]]). Unlike prophets, messengers are given a message/scripture (ar: [[risalah]]) in book form. All messengers are prophets but not vice versa) cf [[John Esposito]] (2002), p. 12, see also [[Itmam al-hujjah]]</ref> The Qur'an gives him the unique title of the [[Masih|Messiah]].<ref name="EoQ"/> According to the [[Qur'an]], Jesus was one of [[God]]'s most beloved messengers, a precursor to [[Muhammad]],<ref>{{Quran-usc|61|6}}</ref> and was sent to guide the [[Children of Israel]].<ref> [[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]], p.158 </ref> The Qur'an tells of his miraculous birth to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] (Arabic: Maryam), cites the miracles he performed by God's permission, and states that God raised him to his presence. Neal Robinson, a historian of Islam, states that the Qur'an probably alludes to Jesus's future return.<ref name="EoQ"/> The Qur'an rejects Jesus's divinity and does not attach any significance to the cross. According to the traditional Muslim interpretation, the Qur'an also denies that Jesus was crucified.<ref name="EoQ"/>

== Events of 1955 ==

==Etymology==

===January===

The qur'anic term `Īsā is different from any of the terms used today by Christians to address Jesus. The [[English language|Anglicized]] name is derived from the Latin ''Iēsus'', which in turn comes from the Greek {{Polytonic|Ἰησοῦς}} (Iēsoûs). But since Jesus was from Judea, his name must have been derived from old Hebrew. The Greek Iēsoûs is a Hellenized form of Hebrew Y<SUP>e</SUP>hōšua (יהושע) (Aramaic: Yēšua (ישוע)). Y<SUP>e</SUP>hōšua (יהושע) originally meant "[[Yahweh]] helps," but was popularly understood to mean '[[Yahweh]] saves'.<ref name="EoQ"> [[Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]], Jesus </ref> Y<SUP>e</SUP>hōšua (יהושע) is the name by which [[Moses]] called his successor as leader of the [[Israelite]]s, known in English as [[Joshua]].<ref name="EoQ"/>

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*[[January 2]] - [[José Antonio Remón Cantera]], president of [[Panama]], is murdered at a racetrack in [[Panama City]].

[[Image:Marian Anderson.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[January 7|Jan. 7]]: [[Marian Anderson]] at the [[Metropolitan Opera|Met]]]]

*[[January 7]] - [[Marian Anderson]] is the first [[African American]] singer to perform at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in [[New York City]].

Based on some strong evidences from [[Hebrew Bible|the Hebrew Bible]] and New Testament, Western scholars are certain that Jesus's name was the Hebrew Y<SUP>e</SUP>hōšua (יהושע). The Qur'anic reference as 'Isa has puzzled the Western scholars and several theories have been proposed:<ref name="EoQ"/>

*[[January 18]] - [[Battle of Yijiangshan]] started. Fighting lasted until January 20 with a [[Communist]] victory.

*[[January 22]] - Pentagon announces plan to develop [[ICBM]]s ([[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s) armed with [[nuclear weapon]]s.

*[[January 25]] - The [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[Soviet Union]] announces end of the war between the USSR and [[Germany]], which began during [[World War II]] in [[1941]]. Until then, despite the end of World War II, the USSR was formally at war with Germany.

*The first theory is that "''y-sh-' ,'' the Hebrew consonants of ''Yeshua'', have been reversed for some cryptic reason to give '' 's-y'', the Arabic consonants of `Īsā." In support of this theory it has been said that "in [[Mesopotamia|ancient Mesopotamia]] certain divine names were written in one way and pronounced in another; for example EN-ZU was read ZU-EN"<ref name="EoQ"/>

*[[January 28]] - [[Congress]] authorizes [[President Eisenhower]] to use force to protect [[Taiwan|Formosa]] from [[Red China]].

*Another theory is that "the Jews called Jesus "[[Esau]]" (Hebrew 'Esaw) out of hatred and that Muhammad learned this name from them not realizing that it was an insult." In support of this it is said that the Arabic Esau is written as 'Isu and this might have been changed to `Īsā to assimilate it to other qur'anic names ending in -ā. In opposition to this theory, it has been said that there is no evidence that the Jews ever called Jesus [[Esau]]. Further, Muhammad criticized Jews for insulting Jesus' mother {{Quran-usc|4|156}} and that those Christians who were acquaintances of Muhammad would have corrected him had Muhammad not realized that it is a Jewish insult to Jesus.<ref name="EoQ"/>

[[Image:Minuteman3launch.jpg|thumb|125px|right| [[January 22]]: [[ICBM]] ]]

===February===

*The other theory is that the Qur'an deliberately used the word `Īsā to assimilate it to Musa (Moses) because they were sometimes paired. Other examples of assonant pairs include Ṭālūt-Ḏj̲ālūt (Saul and Goliath), Yād̲j̲ūdj-Mād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ (Gog and Magog), etc<ref name="EoQ"/>

*[[February 12]] - [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sends the first U.S. advisors to [[South Vietnam]].

* [[February 16]] - Nearly 100 die in fire at a home for the elderly in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]

*[[February 22]] - In Chicago's Democratic primary, Mayor [[Martin H. Kennelly]] loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, [[Richard J. Daley]], 364,839 to 264,775

<br>

===March===

*The last theory is that Christians in Arabia had coined the term `Īsā from the Syric forms of Yeshu or Ishu. The Arabic words that are borrowed from Aramaic or Syriac are often employed by '' 'ayn ''. Further the Manichaean fragments provide an evidence for dropping the final 'ayin of the borrowed Hebrew terms. But there is no evidence that the term `Īsā had been in use in [[Jahiliyyah|pre-Islamic]] times. "There is however a monastery in Syria known as `Īsāniyya as early as 571 C.E."<ref name="EoQ"/>

*[[March 5]] - [[WBBJ]] signs on the air in the [[United States]] as [[WDXI]]

== The various names of Jesus in the Qur'an ==

* ''Kalimatullaah'' meaning "God's Word", mentioned in the original text of {{Quran-usc|3|45}}<ref name="EoI-Isa"> Encyclopedia of Islam, ''Isa'' </ref>

* ''ruhun minhu'' meaning "a spirit from Him", mentioned in {{Quran-usc|4|171}}<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''al-[[Masih]]'' meaning "The Messiah" mentioned 11 times.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''Nabi'' meaning "prophet" mentioned in {{Quran-usc|29|30}}<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''Rasul'' meaning "envoy, messenger, apostle [of God]" mentioned in the Qur'an {{Quran-usc|4|157}}, {{Quran-usc|5|75}}<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''Ibn Maryam'', ''Isa ibn Maryam'' meaning "son of Mary" or "Jesus son of Mary" mentioned 33 times. This expression appears only once in Gospels. [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|EI]] mentions a source<ref> E.F.F. Bishop, The Son of Mary, in Moslem World, 1934 </ref> that considers the name came from the Church of Ethiopia after the return of the second group of emigrants. However, traditions report that the name was in use before that time as the emigrants had to recite Sura of Maryam (Q19) to confirm their belief in Jesus and avoid the charge brought against them by the Meccan envoys who wanted the emigrants to be refused asylum in Abyssinia.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''Min al-muqarrabin'' meaning "among those who are close to God", later explained by the fact of his "ascension" mentioned in the Qur'an {{Quran-usc|3|45}}<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''Wadjih'', meaning "worthy of esteem in this world and the next". [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|EI]] quotes al-Baydawi who explains that Jesus is on earth a prophet and in Heaven an intercessor; mentioned in the Qur'an {{Quran-usc|3|45}}.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

* ''Mubarak'', meaning "blessed" explained by [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|EI]] as "a source of benefit for others, probably a bringer of [[barakah]]"; mentioned in the Qur'an {{Quran-usc|19|31}}.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

*''Qawl al-haqq'', meaning "sure word".<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

*''Abd Allah'', meaning "Servant of God". [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|EI]] states that ''Abd'' literally means "slave", but in theological terms it means "the creature". Man is not only the "servant" of God but also his property. In the Qur'an, unlike the Bible, the angels are also called ''Abd'' and the basic meaning of adoration is found, with various nuances, in all derived meanings. It is also interesting to note that the Didache, one of the oldest writings of primite Christianity, styles Jesus as [[Servant of God]] about six times. [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|EI]], pointing out that Qur'an insists that the status of Jesus was no more than that of a created being, a mortal. [[Encyclopaedia of Islam|EI]] doesn't agree with Ledit<ref> Ledit, Mahomet, Israel et le Christ, 145</ref> who interprets the meaning of this term in the [[Judeo-Christian|Judaeo-Christian]] sense and argues that "Everywhere in the Qur'an the word means a being created by God and subject to Him."<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

[[Image:Bill Haley and the Comets1956.jpg|thumb|155px|right| [[March 20]]: [[Bill Haley]].]]

==Christian comparison==

{{seealso|Similarities between the Bible and the Qur'an}}

In the [[Qur'an]], [[Zachariah (Mary's Guardian)|Zachariah]] is [[Virgin Mary in Islam|Mary]]'s (in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''Maryam'') adopted guardian, but in the [[Bible]] they are inlaws (Zachariah's wife being Mary's cousin). In both accounts, Jesus is born to Mary while she is a virgin. In the Bible, Mary has a fiancé ([[Saint Joseph]]) who plays a small role, but the Qur'an does not mention this. The Qur'an compares him with [[Islamic view of Adam|Adam]] ({{Quran-usc|3|59}}). Unlike the Biblical account, Jesus performs several miracles as an infant. In the cradle, he speaks to the people who accuse Mary of adultery ({{quran-usc-range|19|30|33}}). Jesus then goes on to teach, perform miracles ({{quran-usc|3|49}}), be rejected by the [[Children of Israel|Jews]] and ascends to heaven ({{quran-usc-range|4|157|158}}). The Qur'an denies the crucifixion of Jesus ({{quran-usc-range|4|157|158}}).

*[[March 7]] - The [[1954]] [[Broadway musical]] version of ''[[Peter Pan]]'', starring [[Mary Martin]], is presented on television for the first time by [[NBC]]. It also marks the first time that a stage musical is presented in its entirety on TV exactly as performed onstage. The program gains the largest viewership of a TV special up to that time, and becomes one of the first great television classics.

[[Trinity in Islam|Muslim understanding of the Trinity]] rejects the mainstream [[Christian views of Jesus|Christian view]] that Jesus was the [[Divinity of Jesus|Son of God]], regarding belief in the [[Trinity]] as a blasphemous denial of [[tawhid]] (''[[monotheism]]''). The Qur'an states repeatedly that Jesus was only a human, while the Bible records that Jesus identified himself as God as well as numerous other mentions throughout the New Testament.

*[[March 17]] - The [[Richard Riot]] occurs in [[Montreal]].

Muslims believe that God gave a [[Direct Revelation]] to Jesus, the [[Injil]] (''[[Gospel]]''), which means 'Good News'. Muslims believe that some parts of it have been misinterpreted, misrepresented, mistranslated, passed over, and/or textually distorted over time, and that even the earliest manuscripts discovered by archaeologists reflect these changes. Muslims believe that the [[New Testament]] no longer accurately represents the original revelation. Nevertheless, the Qur'an calls the original Gospel a "Light", guidance, and a divine scripture ({{Quran-usc-range|5|45|49}}).

*[[March 19]] - [[KXTV]] signs on the air in the [[United States]]

*[[March 20]] - ''[[Blackboard Jungle]]'' opens in movie theaters featuring the song [[Rock Around the Clock]] by [[Bill Haley]] and his Comets, thus propelling [[Rock and Roll]] as a musical genre. Teenagers jump from their seats to dance to the song.

===As God or the begotten Son of God===

Muslims do not believe 'Isa (Jesus) is God (in Arabic: [[Allah]]), nor was he the "begotten" [[Son of God]] but rather only a man. The mainstream Christian belief, however, is that Jesus is the begotten, divine Son of God.

===April===

The Qur'an asserts that Jesus was a righteous Prophet and that he had a special relationship with God. Also, the Qur'an rejects the use of the word "begotten" when used to describe this special relationship Jesus had with God. "Begetting" is, by definition, having an offspring with characteristics of the parent. The Qur'an view such an act as undignifying to the majesty of God and an act of [[polytheism]]. The Qur'an also asserts that Allah is the Judge, that He does not die, thus no son is needed to carry out his work as He will not grow old nor die.<ref> Encyclopedia of Islam, "Isa" article </ref>

[[Image:Stamp-ctc-polio-vaccine.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[April 12]]: [[polio]] ]]

*[[April 5]] - [[Winston Churchill]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].

{{quote|And they say: Allah has taken to himself a son. Glory be to Him; rather, whatever is in the heavens and the earth is His; all are obedient to Him.|[[Qur'an]]|{{quran-usc|2|116}}||}}

*[[April 5]] - [[Richard J. Daley]] defeats Robert Merrian to become mayor of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555.

{{quote|Wonderful Originator of the heavens and the earth! How could He have a son when He has no consort, and He (Himself) created everything, and He is the Knower of all things.|[[Qur'an]]|{{Quran-usc|6|101}}||}}

*[[April 6]] - [[Anthony Eden]] becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].

{{quote|Certainly they disbelieve who say: Allah is the Messiah, son of Mary. Say: Who then could control anything as against Allah when He wished to destroy the Messiah son of Mary and his mother and all those on the earth? And Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them; He creates what He pleases; and Allah has power over all things.|[[Qur'an]]|{{quran-usc|5|17}}||}}

*[[April 11]] - The [[KMT]] sabotaged the "[[Kashmir Princess]]", killing 16 but fails to assassinate [[Zhou Enlai]].

The Qur'an asserts that Jesus was only a Prophet of God (not God himself) who worshipped God and taught his followers to do the same.

*[[April 12]] - The Salk [[polio vaccine]] is introduced.

The Qur'an states:

*[[April 15]] - [[Ray Kroc]] opens a [[McDonald's]] [[fast food restaurant]]; it is the company's ninth since it was founded in 1940, but Kroc would later take over the company and oversee its worldwide expansion.

{{quote|O followers of the Book! do not exceed the limits in your religion, and do not speak (lies) against Allah, but (speak) the truth; the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary is only a messenger of Allah and His Word which He communicated to Mary and a spirit from Him; believe therefore in Allah and His messengers, and say not, "Trinity". Desist, it is better for you; Allah is only one Allah; far be It from His glory that He should have a son, whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth is His, and Allah is sufficient for a Protector.|[[Qur'an]]|{{quran-usc|4|171}}||}}

[[Image:McDonald's Tampa 1979 05 02.JPG|thumb|165px|right| [[April 15]]: [[McDonald's]] ]]

==Birth==

Muslims believe in the [[Virgin Birth|virgin birth]] of Jesus through Mary, which is recounted throughout several passages in the Qur'an. In the Qur'anic story an angel appears before Mary to announce her the gift of a holy son. Mary is surprised and answers the angel that she is virgin. The angel replies "So (it will be): Thy Lord saith, 'that is easy for Me: and (We wish) to appoint him as a Sign unto men and a Mercy from Us':It is a matter (so) decreed...when He determines a matter, He only says to it, 'Be', and it is." ({{Quran-usc|19|21}}, {{Quran-usc|19|35}}) The Qur'an rejects the idea that virgin birth implies that Jesus is divine - the example of Adam {{Quran-usc|3|59}} is used in argument against such belief. [[Sahih Bukhari]] records that [[John the baptist#islamic viewpoint|John]] was a cousin to Jesus.<ref>{{Bukhari|4|55|640}}</ref> Soon after his birth, Jesus speaks as an infant to defend Mary from accusations of adultery. Two others are noted to have spoken as infants.<ref>{{Bukhari|4|55|645}}</ref>

*[[April 18]] - [[Imre Nagy]], [[Premier]] of [[Hungary]], is ousted for being too moderate.

Other relevant verses from the Qur'an:

*[[April 18]] - [[Albert Einstein]], famous physicist, dies in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] on his hospital bed.

{{quote|And she (''Mary'') who guarded her chastity, so We breathed into her of Our Spirit and made her and her son a sign for the nations.|[[Qur'an]]|{{Quran-usc|21|91}}||}}

===May===

Other references in [[hadith]] are:

*[[May 5]] - [[West Germany]] becomes a [[sovereign]] state.

*[[May 9]] - West Germany joins [[NATO]].

:When any human being is born. Satan touches him at both sides of the body with his two fingers, except Jesus, the son of Mary, whom Satan tried to touch but failed, for he touched the placenta-cover instead. {{Bukhari|4|54|506}}

*[[May 14]] - The [[Warsaw Pact]] is formed by the [[communist]] states of [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[USSR]].

==Death==

{{main|Islamic view of Jesus' death}}

According to the Qur'an Jews sought to kill Jesus but they did not kill him nor crucify him but that it appeared so to them: <ref name="EoQ-cross"> Neal Robinson, Crucifixion, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an </ref>

[[Image:NATO vs Warsaw (1949-1990).png|thumb|165px|right| [[May 14]]: [[Warsaw Pact]]]]

{{quote|And their saying: Surely we have killed the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, the messenger of God; and they did not kill him nor did they crucify him, but it appeared to them so (like ''Jesus'') and most surely those who differ therein are only in a doubt about it; they have no knowledge respecting it, but only follow a conjecture, and they killed him not for sure. Nay! God took him up to Himself; and God is Mighty, Wise.|[[Qur'an]]|{{Quran-usc-range|4|157|158}}||}}

*[[May 15]] - [[The Austrian State Treaty]] is signed by the [[Allied Powers]], restoring [[Austria]] as a sovereign, democratic state, to be neutral in the [[Cold War]].

Prominent Islamic scholar [[Ahmed Deedat]] believes that Jesus was not on the cross long enough to die, due to circumstantial reasons, which he establishes using the Old and New Testaments.<ref>[http://www.jamaat.net/crux/Crux6-10.html "CRUCIFIXION OR CRUCI-FICTION"], By Ahmed Deedat</ref>. Most Muslims believe Jesus was raised to [[Jannah|heaven]] alive by [[Allah|God]]

<br>

===June===

Muslim tradition completes the Qur'anic statement. According to some, God replaced Jesus with a double. Others say God transformed another person, probably [[Judas Iscariot]] or [[Simon of Cyrene]], to appear exactly like Jesus in order to deceive the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] and be crucified in Jesus' stead.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

[[Image:Le Mans 1955 start.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[June 11]]: [[1955 Le Mans disaster|Le Mans]].]]

* [[June 11]] - Eighty-three are killed and at least 100 are injured after an [[Austin-Healey]] and a [[Mercedes-Benz]] collide in the [[1955 Le Mans disaster]].

The [[Ahmadiyya]] Community hold an entirely different view: that Jesus was crucified, but survived and subsequently migrated to [[Kashmir]], where he took the name [[Yuz Asaf]].<ref>http://www.alislam.org/topics/jesus/index.php</ref>

For this they present the following Quranic verses to support their belief:<ref>http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=698&region=EN</ref> {{quote|And We made the son of Mary and his mother as a Sign: We gave them both shelter on high ground, affording rest and security and furnished with springs |[[Qur'an]]|{{Quran-usc-range|23|50}}||}}

* [[June 13]] - [[Mir Mine]], the first [[diamond]] mine of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], is discovered.

=== Comparison between Muslim and Christian interpretations ===

Christians and Muslims have given different interpretations of the death of Jesus, which differs to some extent from the 'historical' [[Death and Resurrection of Jesus|death of Jesus]].

====Muslim interpretation ====

On the interpretation of those scholars who deny the crucifixion, the [[Encyclopedia of Islam]] writes:<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

<blockquote> The denial, furthermore, is in perfect agreement with the logic of the Qur’an. The Biblical stories reproduced in it (e.g., Job, Moses, Joseph etc.) and the episodes relating to the history of the beginning of Islam demonstrate that it is “God's practice” (sunnat Allah ) to make faith triumph finally over [[The Forces of Evil|the forces of evil]] and adversity. “So truly with hardship comes ease”, (XCIV, 5, 6). For Jesus to die on the cross would have meant the triumph of his executioners; but the Quran asserts that they undoubtedly failed: “Assuredly God will defend those who believe”; (XXII, 49). He confounds the plots of the enemies of Christ (III, 54). </blockquote>

* [[June 16]] - [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Walt Disney]]'s fifteenth animated feature film, debuts in [[U.S.]] movie theaters.

On the interpretation of the minority of Muslims who accept the crucifixion, Mahmoud Ayoub, a professor of [[Islamic studies|Islamic Studies]] and [[Comparative religion|Comparative Religion]] states:

===July===

<blockquote>The Qur'an is not here speaking about a man, righteous and wronged though he may be, but about the Word of God who was sent to earth and returned to God. Thus the denial of killing of Jesus is a denial of the power of men to vanquish and destroy the divine Word, which is for ever victorious.<ref> The death of Jesus: Reality or Delusion ([[Muslim world|Muslim World]] 70 (1980) pp. 91-121) </ref></blockquote>

[[Image:SleepingBeautyCastle50th.JPG|thumb|170px|right| [[July 17]]: [[Disneyland]] opens.]]

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*[[July 13]] - [[Ruth Ellis]] (b. [[1926]]) is [[hanged]] for murder in London - the last woman ever to be executed in the [[United Kingdom]].

*[[July 17]] - [[Disneyland]] opens, in [[Anaheim, California]].

==Second coming==

*[[July 18]] - The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially.

{{seealso|Second Coming}}

*[[July 18]] - Illinois's Govenor [[William Stratton]] signs Loyalty Oath Act that mandates all public employees take a loyalty oath or lose their jobs.

Most Muslims believe that Jesus is alive in Heaven, and will return to Earth to defeat the [[Dajjal]] (''[[Antichrist]]''). But [[List of Islamic studies scholars|Islamic scholars]] like [[Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]] and [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] question hadith regarding the [[Second Coming|second coming]] of Jesus, since, according to their understanding, it contradicts many verses of the Qur'an.<ref>[[Geoffrey Parrinder]], ''Jesus in the Quran'', p.121, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1996. ISBN 1-85168-094-2</ref><ref name="jav">[[Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]], ''[http://www.al-mawrid.org/Content/ViewReaderQuestion.aspx?questionId=318 Qur'anic Verse regarding Second Coming of Jesus]''.</ref><ref name="ref">Tariq Hashmi. [http://www.renaissance.com.pk/septitl2y4.html The Second Coming of Jesus]. ''[[Al-Mawrid|Renaissance - Monthly Islamic Journal]], 14(9)''. September 2004.</ref><ref name="islahi">{{cite book | last = Islahi | first = Amin | authorlink = Amin Ahsan Islahi | title = [[Tadabbur-i-Qur’an]] | publisher = Faran Foundation | ___location = [[Lahore]] | edition = 1st | id = {{OCLC|60341215}} }} vol.2, p.423</ref> [[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr]], an [[11th century]] [[Maliki]] jurist, writes that there have been differences of opinion on this issue<ref>[[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr]], Al-Istidhkar, Ist ed., vol. 26, (Cairo: Daru’l-Wa‘i Halb, 1993), p. 235</ref> and [[Sunni]]s accept the second coming only through [[hadith|individual reports]] by narrators who are of sound character.<ref>[[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr]], Al-Istidhkar, Ist ed., vol. 26, (Cairo: Darul Wa‘i Halb, 1993), p. 236</ref> Both views are discussed below:

*[[July 18]] - Beginning of Geneva Summit between US, USSR, UK, and France.

[[Image:Neon orbitals.JPG|thumb|160px|right| [[July 18]]: [[Atomic energy]].]]

*[[July 23]] - Geneva Summit between US, USSR, UK, and France ends.

===[[Qur'an]]===

*[[July 27]] - [[El Al]] Airlines [[El Al Flight 402|Flight 402]] from Vienna to Tel Aviv-Yafo via Istanbul shot down over [[Bulgaria]]. All passengers and crew aboard the [[Lockheed Constellation]] were killed.

In the following verses, refuters of Jesus' return translate the verb “mutavafika” (متوفيك) as the physical death of Jesus before ascension of his body while proponents translate it as the termination of Jesus' period on earth. [[Ali ibn Abu Talha]], a [[Tabi‘in]], has also reported that [[`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas]] said: ''Mutawaffika'' connotes ''Mumayyituka'' (I am going to give you death).<ref>[[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr]], Al-Tamhid, vol. 14, (Maktabah Al-Mu’id), p. 203</ref>

[[Image:Diane 1955 track.png|thumb|100px|right| [[August 19|Aug.19]] [[Hurricane Diane|Diane]]]]

<blockquote>And when Allah said: O Jesus, I am going to terminate the period (or ''give you death'' or ''take you back'') and cause you to ascend unto Me and purify you of those who disbelieve and make those who follow you above those who disbelieve to the day of resurrection; then to Me shall be your return, so l will decide between you concerning that in which you differed.{{Quran-usc|3|55}}</blockquote>

*[[July 28]] - The first [[Interlingua]] congress in Tours, France, leads to the founding of the [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]].

Refuters believe that the pronoun "him" in the following verse points to [[Muhammad]] while others believe that "him" points to Jesus. [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]] has mentioned three possible interpretations of the verse; firstly, all the [[People of the Book]] will believe in [[Jesus]] before his death; secondly, all the ''People of the Book'' will believe in ''Jesus'' before their death and thirdly, all the ''People of the Book'' will believe in [[Muhammad]] before their deaths.<ref>[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], 1st ed., vol. 6, (Beirut: Dar Ahya al-Turath al- ‘Arabi, 2001), pp. 24-8</ref> [[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr]] in his book ''Al-Tamhid'' has said that [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Imam Tabari]] opined that the verse is specific for the People of the Book of the times of Jesus and not for the People of the Book of all times.<ref>[[Yusuf ibn Abd-al-Barr]], Al-Tamhid, vol.14, (Maktabah Al-Mu‘id), p. 205</ref> [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]], however interprets that, everyone from among the ''People of the Book'' would believe in the Qur’an before Muhammad’s death.<ref name="islahi"/>

<br>

===August===

<blockquote>And there is not one of the [[People of the Book]] but most certainly believes in this before his death, and on the day of resurrection he shall be a witness against them.{{Quran-usc|4|159}}</blockquote>

*[[August 19]] - [[Hurricane Diane]] hits the northeast [[United States]], killing 200 and causing over $1 billion in damage.

[[Image:Gunsmoketitlecard.jpg|thumb|140px|right| [[September 10|Sept.10]]: ''[[Gunsmoke]]'']]

[[Image:VladimirNabokov lolita1.jpg|thumb|78px|right| [[September 15|Sept. 15]]]]

Refuters argue that Jesus' ignorance of his deification on [[day of judgement]] shows that he will not come back after his ascension.<ref>Jhangeer Hanif. [http://www.al-mawrid.org/Content/ViewReaderQuestion.aspx?questionId=350 Why would Jesus come back?], [[Al-Mawrid]]</ref> Traditionally, this verse hasn't been looked at from this angle.

*[[August 20]] - Hundreds killed in anti-French rioting in [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]].

<blockquote>And when Allah will say: O Jesus son of Mary! did you say to men, Take me and my mother for two gods besides Allah he will say: Glory be to Thee, it did not befit me that I should say what I had no right to (say); if I had said it, Thou wouldst indeed have known it; Thou knowest what is in my mind, and I do not know what is in Thy mind, surely Thou art the great Knower of the unseen things. I did not say to them aught save what Thou didst enjoin me with: That serve Allah, my Lord and your Lord, and I was a witness of them so long as I was among them, but when Thou didst cause me to die, Thou wert the watcher over them, and Thou art witness of all things.{{Quran-usc-range|5|116|117}}</blockquote>

*[[August 25]] - The last [[Soviet]] forces leave [[Austria]].

While commenting on following verse, [[Geoffrey Parrinder]] observes that there is no futurity in the grammar of the Qur’an to suggest a post-millennial death. The plain meaning seems to be his physical death at the end of his present human [[Life on Earth|life on earth]].<ref>[[Geoffrey Parrinder]], ''Jesus in the Quran'', p.105, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1996. ISBN 1-85168-094-2</ref> However, proponents believe that the day of Jesus' rise would be when he will come again.

*[[August 28]] - [[Emmett Till]] is killed in [[Money, Mississippi]]

<blockquote>And peace on me (''Jesus'') on the day I was born, and on the day I die, and on the day I am raised to life.{{Quran-usc|19|33}}</blockquote>

<br><br>

===September===

Refuters argue that the following verse is for [[present tense]] rather than [[future tense]] and he was a sign of the [[Judgement day]] for the direct addressees of the Qur'an.<ref name="jav"/> Proponents translate it for future tense and argue that after his second coming, he will be a sign for day of judgement.

*[[September 6]] - [[Istanbul Pogrom]]: [[Istanbul]]'s [[Greeks|Greek]] [[minority]] is the target of a government-sponsored [[pogrom]].

*[[September 10]] - ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' debuts on [[CBS]].

*[[September 15]] - [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s ''[[Lolita]]'' is published in Paris by [[Olympia Press]].

*[[September 19]] - [[President of Argentina]] [[Juan Peron]] is ousted in a military coup.

*[[September 19]] - Hurricane Hilda kills 200 in Mexico.

<blockquote>And most surely he (''Jesus'') is a sign of the hour (''Judgement day''), therefore have no doubt about it and follow me: this is the right path.</blockquote>

*[[September 22]] - Independent (Commercial) Television begins broadcasting in UK .

[[Image:Porsche-550-spyder.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[September 30|Sept.30]]: [[James Dean]].]]

<br>

*[[September 24]] - U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] suffers [[coronary thrombosis]] while on vacation in [[Denver]].

*[[September 30]] - Actor [[James Dean]] killed when his [[Porsche 550 Spyder]] collides with another automobile near [[Cholame, California]].

===[[Hadith]]===

Most of the muslims believe that Jesus will descend before the Day of Judgment and will slay [[dajjal|al-Masīh al-Dajjāl]] (literally "the Deceiving Messiah," loosely the [[Antichrist]]; often referred to simply as "[[Dajjāl]]") at the Gate of [[Lod|Ludd]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], They also believe that he will marry, die and be buried in the [[Masjid al Nabawi]]. During his life, he will have revealed that Islam is the true religion of God. Most of the muslims give these [[hadith]] as proof of Jesus' second coming:

*Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until the son of Mary (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you as a just ruler, he will break the cross, kill the pigs, and abolish the Jizya tax. Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it (as charitable gifts)." {{Bukhari|3|43|656}}

*Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: "The Last Hour would not come until ... the time of prayer shall come and then Jesus (peace be upon him) son of Mary would descend and would lead them in prayer..." {{Muslim|041|6924}}

*Hudhaifa b. Usaid Ghifari reported: Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) came to us all of a sudden as we were (busy in a discussion). He said: What do you discuss about? They (the Companions) said. We are discussing about the Last Hour. Thereupon he said: It will not come until you see ten signs before and (in this connection) he made a mention of the smoke, Dajjal, the beast, the rising of the sun from the west, the descent of Jesus son of Mary (Allah be pleased with him), the Gog and Magog, and land-slidings in three places, one in the east, one in the west and one in Arabia at the end of which fire would burn forth from the Yemen, and would drive people to the place of their assembly. {{Muslim|041|6931}}

*Also similar hadith in {{Muslim|041|6932}},{{Muslim|041|6933}},{{Muslim|041|6934}}

*"...He would then call (that young man) and he will come forward laughing with his face gleaming (with happiness) and it would at this very time that Allah would send Christ, son of Mary, and he will descend at the white minaret in the eastern side of Damscus wearing two garments lightly dyed with saffron and placing his hands on the wings of two Angels..." {{Muslim|041|7015}}

*"...and Allah would then send Jesus son of Mary who would resemble 'Urwa b Mas'ud. He (Jesus Christ) would chase him and kill him. ..." {{Muslim|041|7023}}

*Narrated [[Abu Hurairah|Abu Hurairah]]: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: There is no prophet between me and him, that is, Jesus (peace be upon him). He will descend (to the earth). When you see him, recognise him: a man of medium height, reddish fair, wearing two light yellow garments, looking as if drops were falling down from his head though it will not be wet. He will fight for the cause of Islam. He will break the cross, kill swine and abolish [[jizyah]]. Allah will cause all religions except Islam to perish. He will destroy the Antichrist and will live on the earth for forty years and then he will die. The Muslims will pray over him. {{Abudawud|37|4310}}

*How will you be when the son of Mary descends amongst you and he will judge people by the Law of the Qur'an and not by the Law of the Gospel. {{Bukhari|4|55|658}}

<!-- split for new section, after images -->

<br>

===October===

However, refuters of Jesus' return question many [[hadith]] including those in [[Sahih Bukhari]] and argue that as this event (if happens) would be an extra-ordinary event and still not discussed in the first book of hadith, [[Muwatta]] by [[Imam Malik]].<ref name="ref"/>

[[Image:Elvisstamp.jpg|thumb|140px|right| [[October 20]]: [[Elvis]].]]

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*[[October 4]] - The Reverend [[Sun Myung Moon]] is released from prison in [[Seoul]], [[Korea]].

*[[October 20]] - First film footage of [[Elvis Presley]] in a planned film short about Cleveland disc jockey [[Bill Randle]]

==Miracles==

*[[October 20]] - [[Cardiff]] is proclaimed as the capital city of [[Wales]],[[United Kingdom]]

The Qur'an states that Jesus performed miracles. He spoke while a baby,<ref>{{Quran-usc-range|19|27|30}}</ref> made birds from clay, healed the blind and lepers, and raised the dead, all by the will of Allah.<ref>{{Quran-usc|3|49}}</ref>

*[[October 26]] - After the last [[Allied]] troops have left the country and following the provisions of the [[Austrian Independence Treaty]], Austria declares its [[neutral country|permanent neutrality]].

==Minor beliefs ==

The quotes attributed to Muhammad ([[Hadith]]) contain additional information about Jesus.

*There were no prophets between Jesus and Muhammad.<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/055.sbt.html#004.055.651 4.55.651]</ref>

* Muhammad describes Jesus as he appeared in a dream, and during Muhammad's [[Mi'raj|ascension to Heaven]]. Jesus is medium in height with a red complexion and long, brown hair.<ref>{{Bukhari-usc|4|55|649}}, {{Bukhari-usc|4|55|650}}, and {{Bukhari-usc|4|55|607}}</ref>

*On one occasion, when he witnessed a man stealing who denied it by swearing to God, Jesus suspected his eyes rather than disbelieve his oath.<ref>[[Sahih Bukhari]] [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/055.sbt.html#004.055.653 4.55.653]</ref>

*In one narration, sins of several prophets are mentioned but nothing is mentioned of Jesus' sins.<ref>[[Sahih Bukhari]] [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/060.sbt.html#006.060.003 6.60.3]</ref>

*[[John the baptist#islamic viewpoint|John]] was a cousin to Jesus.<ref>[[Sahih Bukhari]] [http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/055.sbt.html#004.055.640 4.55.640]</ref>

*[[October 26]] - [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] proclaims [[Vietnam]] a republic with himself as president.

==References to Jesus in the Qur'an==

; Meccan period

The widespread consensus is that the following verses were revealed in Mecca:<ref name="EoQ"/>

===November===

* {{Quran-usc-range|19|16|40}}, {{Quran-usc-range|19|88|95}}, {{Quran-usc-range|43|57|65}}, {{Quran-usc-range|43|81|82}}, {{Quran-usc|23|50}}, {{Quran-usc-range|21|91|93}}, {{Quran-usc-range|42|13|14}}, {{Quran-usc-range|6|83|90}}

[[Image:LocationAustria.svg|thumb|150px|right| [[October 26|Oct.26]]: [[Austria]] free.]]

; Medinan period

The list of verse belonging to Medina is as follows:<ref name="EoQ"/>

*[[November 1]] - Time bomb explodes aboard a [[United Airlines]] [[DC-6]] killing 44 above [[Longmont, Colorado]].

*{{Quran-usc|2|87}}, {{Quran-usc-range|2|135|141}}, {{Quran-usc-range|2|252|253}}, {{Quran-usc-range|3|42|64}}, {{Quran-usc-range|3|81|85}}, {{Quran-usc-range|33|7|8}}, {{Quran-usc-range|4|156|159}},{{Quran-usc-range|4|163|165}}, {{Quran-usc-range|4|171|172}} ,{{Quran-usc-range|52|26|27}}, {{Quran-usc-range|66|10|12}}; {{Quran-usc|61|6}}, {{Quran-usc|61|14}}, ;{{Quran-usc-range|5|17|18}}, {{Quran-usc-range|5|46|47}}, {{Quran-usc-range|5|72|78}}, {{Quran-usc-range|5|109|118}}, {{Quran-usc-range|9|30|31}}

*[[November 5]] - Racial segregation is forbidden on trains and buses in US [[interstate commerce]].

*[[November 23]] - The [[Cocos Islands]] are transferred from the control of the [[United Kingdom]] to [[Australia]].

==See also=December===

[[Image:Tappan Zee Bridge.JPG|thumb|160px|right| [[December 14|Dec. 14]]: [[Tappan Zee Bridge]] opens.]]

*[[Jesus]]

*[[Prophets of Islam]]

*[[Virgin Mary in Islam]]

*[[Itmam al-hujjah]]

*[[Sacrifice#Sacrifice in Islam|Sacrifice in Islam]]

*[[Islamic eschatology]]

*[[Gospel of Barnabas]]

*[[Similarities between the Bible and the Qur'an]]

*[[Christo-Islamic]]

*[[Jesus through Shiite Narrations]]

[[Image:Cardiff Bay.JPG|right|thumb|right|[[Dec. 20]]: [[Cardiff Bay]](modern day)]]

==External links==

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*[http://www.islam101.com/history/people/prophets/jesus/index.htm Jesus,Son of Mary - A Messenger of Allah]

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*[http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/Prophet/isa.htm Isa(Jesus) in the light of Islamic tradition]

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*[http://www.video.google.de/videoplay?docid=1669658378154953060&q=Did+Jesus+Die Did Jesus Die, A BBC Film]

*[[December 1]] - [[Montgomery, Alabama]] [[seamstress]], [[Rosa Parks]], refuses to give up her bus seat to a white man and is arrested.

*[http://www.thetruecall.com/home/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=25 Status of Isa in Islam]

*[[December 5]] - The [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] merge to become the [[AFL-CIO]].

*[http://www.the-quran.org/lectures/jesus/essa.htm What the Quran says about Jesus son of Mary: Comparison with the Bible]

*[[December 5]] - The [[Montgomery Improvement Association]] is formed in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] by [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]] and other Black ministers to coordinate a Black boycott of city buses.

*[http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=72 Qur'an Regarding the Death of Jesus]

*[http://www.sparklywater.com/files/flash/maryam.html Surah Maryam (Chapter Mary) Flash]

*[http://www.islamfortoday.com/galvan03.htm Isa and The Virgin Mary in Islam]

*[http://www3.sympatico.ca/shabir.ally/new_page_24.htm Isa in the Qur'an]

*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/Qur'an/ The Noble Qur'an]

*[http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Tafsir/Tafsir%285-116%20to%20120%29.html The Qur'an on Isa' divinity]

*[http://www.islam.tc/prophecies/Isa.html Isa' second coming in Islam]

*[http://www.islamonline.net/english/introducingislam/Belief/Messengers/article03.shtml Isa the prophet of Allah ]

*[http://www.barnabas.net The Gospel of Barnabas]

*[http://islam.about.com/cs/faith/a/bl_jesus.htm Jesus in Quran]

*[http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Articles/Jesus%20-%20An%20Islamic%20Perspective.html Islamic perspective on Jesus]

*[http://www.searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=Iesa&chapter=&translator=5&search=1&start=&records_display=100&search_word=exact Chapters and verses containing the word 'Iesa/Jesus' in the Qur'an]

*[http://kaluss.blogspot.com Jesus has Died: Quranic Proofs]

*[[December 14]] - [[Tappan Zee Bridge]] in [[New York]] opens to traffic.

==Notes==

*[[December 14]] - [[Bulgaria]] [[Enlargement of the United Nations|joins]] the [[United Nations]].

<references />

*[[December 31]] - [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] becomes the first American corporation to make over [[United States dollars|USD]] $1 billion in a year.

==References==

*70&nbsp;mm film is introduced with ''[[Oklahoma!]]''.

===Undated===

* {{cite book | author=John L Esposito| authorlink = John Esposito| title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam| publisher=Oxford University Press US| year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-19-515713-3}}

*[[Düsseldorf-Mönchengladbach Airport]] (Flughafen Düsseldorf-Mönchengladbach) is founded.

===Ongoing===

{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}

* [[Marshall Plan]]

===Fictional===

*In the [[Back to the Future trilogy]], the main character [[Marty McFly]] travels through time to this year from his own year, [[1985]]. Many important events end up happening on [[November 12]] of that year.

*Also another [[Robert Zemeckis]] film, ''[[The Polar Express (film)|The Polar Express]]'' is set in 1955.

===World population===

*[[World population]]: 2,755,823,000

: - [[Africa]]: 246,746,000

: - [[Asia]]: 1,541,947,000

: - [[Europe]]: 575,184,000

: - [[Latin-America]]: 190,797,000

: - [[Northern America]]: 186,884,000

: - [[Oceania]]: 14,265,000

{{-}}<!-- split before next section -->

==Births==

{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Shōwa]] 30}}

===January-February===

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*[[January 1]] - [[Mario Andreacchio]], Australian film director

*[[January 2]] - [[Tex Brashear]], American voice actor

*[[January 6]] - [[Rowan Atkinson]], English comedian and actor

*[[January 12]] - [[Rockne O'Bannon]], American writer and television producer

*[[January 13]] - [[Jay McInerney]], American writer

*[[January 15]] - [[Nigel Benson]], British author and illustrator

*[[January 17]] - [[Steve Earle]], American musician

*[[January 18]] - [[Kevin Costner]], American actor

*[[January 19]] - [[Simon Rattle]], English conductor

*[[January 25]] - [[Terry Chimes]], British drummer ([[The Clash]])

*[[January 26]] - [[Edward Van Halen|Eddie Van Halen]], Dutch-born musician

*[[January 27]] - [[John Roberts]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]]

*[[January 27]] - [[Alexander Stuart (The War Zone)|Alexander Stuart]], British author

*[[January 28]] - [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[President of the French Republic|President of France]]

* [[February 3]] - [[Stephen Euin Cobb]], American novelist

* [[February 3]] - [[Kirsty Wark]], Scottish television presenter

* [[February 6]] - [[Michael Pollan]], American journalist

* [[February 7]] - [[Miguel Ferrer]], American actor

* [[February 8]] - [[John Grisham]], American novelist

* [[February 10]] - [[Christopher Adams|Chris Adams]], British professional wrestler and judoka (d. [[2001]])

* [[February 10]] - [[Greg Norman]], Australian golfer

* [[February 12]] - [[Arsenio Hall]], American actor and talk show host

* [[February 15]] - [[Christopher McDonald]], American actor

* [[February 16]] - [[Hunt Block]], American actor

* [[February 17]] - [[Mo Yan]], Chinese writer, author of [[Red Sorghum]] (novel)

* [[February 19]] - [[Jeff Daniels (actor)|Jeff Daniels]], American actor

* [[February 20]] - [[Kelsey Grammer]], American actor

* [[February 23]] - [[Tom Bodett]], American voice actor, radio personality, and writer

* [[February 23]] - [[Howard Jones (musician)|Howard Jones]], English musician

* [[February 24]] - [[Alain Prost]], French race car driver

* [[February 24]] - [[Steve Jobs]], American computer pioneer

===March-April===

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*[[March 4]] - [[Dominique Pinon]], French actor

*[[March 5]] - [[Penn Jillette]], American magician and comedian

*[[March 6]] - [[Alberta Watson]], Canadian actress

*[[March 7]] - [[Tommy Kramer]], American football player

*[[March 8]] - [[Don Ashby]], Canadian ice hockey player (d. [[30 May]], [[1981]])

*[[March 10]] - [[Youssra]], Egyptian actress and singer

*[[March 11]] - [[Nina Hagen]], German pop star

*[[March 15]] - [[Dee Snider]], American singer

*[[March 16]] - [[Jiro Watanabe]], Japanese boxer

*[[March 16]] - [[Bruno Barreto]], Brazilian film director

*[[March 17]] - [[Gary Sinise]], American actor

*[[March 18]] - [[Guillermo Dávila]], Venezuelan actor and singer

*[[March 19]] - [[Bruce Willis]], American actor

*[[March 22]] - [[Pete Sessions]], American politician

*[[March 23]] - [[Moses Malone]], American basketball player

*[[March 28]] - [[John Alderdice]], Irish politician

*[[March 28]] - [[Reba McEntire]], American singer and actress

*[[March 29]] - [[Earl Campbell]], American football player

*[[March 29]] - [[Brendan Gleeson]], Irish actor

*[[March 31]] - [[Angus Young]], Scottish-born guitarist ([[AC/DC]])

* [[April 5]] - [[Akira Toriyama]], Japanese manga artist

* [[April 5]] - [[Janice Long]], British radio disc jockey

* [[April 6]] - [[Michael Rooker]], American actor

* [[April 6]] - [[Janet Ellis]], children's TV presenter

* [[April 7]] - [[Werner Stocker]], German actor (d. [[1993]])

* [[April 8]] - [[Kane Hodder]], American actor

* [[April 8]] - [[Barbara Kingsolver]], American fiction writer

* [[April 11]] - [[Kevin Brady]], American politician

* [[April 13]] - [[Steve Camp]], American musician

* [[April 15]] - [[Dodi Al-Fayed]], Egyptian businessman (d. [[1997]])

* [[April 16]] - Grand Duke [[Henri of Luxembourg]]

* [[April 20]] - [[Seema Mustafa]], Journalist and Indian Politician

* [[April 21]] - [[Ebiet G Ade]], Indonesian singer and songwriter

* [[April 23]] - [[Tony Miles]], English chess player (d. [[2001]])

* [[April 24]] - [[John de Mol]], Dutch media tycoon

* [[April 25]] - [[John Nunn]], [[England|English]] [[chess]] player and [[mathematician]]

* [[April 25]] - [[Parviz Parastui]], Iranian actor

* [[April 29]] - [[Kate Mulgrew]], American actress

* [[April 29]] - [[Wendee Lee]], American voice actress

===May-June===

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*[[May 1]] - [[Ray Buttigieg]], Maltese composer and poet

*[[May 2]] - [[Dave Winer]], American software pioneer

*[[May 2]] - [[Willie Miller]], Scottish footballer

*[[May 3]] - [[David Hookes]], Australian cricketer (d. [[2004]])

*[[May 6]] - [[Tom Bergeron]], American television host

*[[May 7]] - [[Kevin Reed]], American Presbyterian author, theologian and publisher.

*[[May 9]] - [[Anne-Sofie von Otter]], Swedish mezzo-soprano

*[[May 10]] - [[Chris Berman]], American sports broadcaster

*[[May 10]] - [[Mark David Chapman]], American assassin of [[John Lennon]]

*[[May 16]] - [[Olga Korbut]], Russian gymnast

*[[May 16]] - [[Jack Morris]], baseball player

*[[May 16]] - [[Hazel O'Connor]], British singer

*[[May 16]] - [[Debra Winger]], American actress

*[[May 17]] - [[Bill Paxton]], American actor

*[[May 18]] - [[Chow Yun-Fat]], Hong Kong actor

*[[May 19]] - [[James Gosling]], Canadian software engineer

*[[May 20]] - [[Zbigniew Preisner]], Polish film composer

*[[May 21]] - [[Paul Barber (field hockey player)|Paul Barber]], British field hockey player

*[[May 21]] - [[Stan Lynch]], American drummer, songwriter, and producer

*[[May 22]] - [[Dale Winton]], English radio DJ and television presenter

*[[May 22]] - [[Jimmy Lyon]], American guitarist

*[[May 24]] - [[Rosanne Cash]], American entertainer

*[[May 26]] - [[Masaharu Morimoto]], Japanese chef

*[[May 26]] - [[Doris Dorrie|Doris Dörrie]], German actress and screenplay writer

*[[May 28]] - [[John McGeoch]], Scottish musician ([[Siouxsie and the Banshees]] and [[Public Image Ltd.]]) (d. [[2004]])

*[[May 30]] - [[Topper Headon]], British drummer ([[The Clash]])

* [[June 2]] - [[Dana Carvey]], American actor and comedian

* [[June 7]] - [[Tim Richmond]], American race car driver (d. [[1989]])

* [[June 8]] - [[Tim Berners-Lee]], English inventor of the World Wide Web

* [[June 13]] - [[Larry Mike Garmon]], American author

* [[June 14]] - [[Paul O'Grady]], English talk show host and comedian

* [[June 14]] - [[Gillian Bailey]], British actor

* [[June 20]] - [[Tor Norretranders]], Danish author

* [[June 22]] - [[Glenn Danzig]], American singer and founder of [[The Misfits]], [[Samhain]] and [[Danzig]]

* [[June 23]] - [[Alan J. Gow]], motorsport executive

* [[June 21]] - [[Tim Bray]], Canadian computer programmer

* [[June 24]] - [[Chidvilasananda|Gurumayi Chidvilasananda]], head of [[Siddha Yoga]]

* [[June 26]] - [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]], British guitarist ([[The Clash]] and [[Big Audio Dynamite]])

* [[June 27]] - [[Isabelle Adjani]], French actress

* [[June 30]] - [[David Alan Grier]], American actor and comedian

===July-August===

* [[July 1]] - [[Sanma Akashiya]], Japanese comedian and actor

* [[July 1]] - [[Lisa Scottoline]], American novelist

* [[July 9]] - [[Fred Norris]], American radio personality

* [[July 18]] - [[Bernd Fasching]], Austrian painter and sculptor

* [[July 21]] - [[Howie Epstein]], American musician and producer (d. [[2003]])

* [[July 27]] - [[Allan Border]], Australian cricket player

*[[August 2]] - [[Caleb Carr]], American writer

*[[August 4]] - [[Billy Bob Thornton]], American actor

*[[August 7]] - [[Vladimir Sorokin]], Russian writer

*[[August 19]] - [[Peter Gallagher]], American actor

*[[August 27]] - [[Laura Fygi]], Dutch singer

*[[August 31]] - [[Edwin Moses]], American athlete

===September-October===

* [[September 1]] - [[Bruce Foxton]], English musician

* [[September 2]] - [[Robert Duncan]], American astrophysicist

* [[September 3]] - [[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]], English guitarist (Sex Pistols)

* [[September 9]] - [[John Kricfalusi]], Canadian cartoonist

* [[September 10]] - [[Pat Mastelotto]], American musician

* [[September 12]] - [[Harsha Makalande]], Sri Lankan musician

* [[September 12]] - [[Peter Scolari]], American actor

* [[September 15]] - [[Željka Antunović]], Croatian politician

* [[September 16]] - [[Robin Yount]], baseball player

* [[September 19]] - [[Richard Burmer]], American composer, sound designer, and musician (d. [[2006]])

* [[September 21]] - [[Richard Hieb]], American astronaut

* [[September 23]] - [[Don Graham]], American journalist

*[[October 7]] - [[Yo-Yo Ma]], French-born Chinese cellist

*[[October 10]] - [[David Lee Roth]], American singer

*[[October 13]] - [[Sergei Shepelev]], Russian ice hockey player (retired)

*[[October 15]] - [[Kulbir Bhaura]], British field hockey player

*[[October 18]] - [[Timmy Mallett]], British television presenter

*[[October 21]] - [[Rich Mullins]], American musician (d. [[1997]])

*[[October 28]] - [[Bill Gates]], American software entrepreneur

*[[October 28]] - [[Indra Nooyi]], CEO

===November-December===

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* [[November 2]] - [[Chris Burnett]], American saxophone player, composer, veteran of US military jazz bands and band leader

* [[November 3]] - [[Phil Simms]], American football player

* [[November 4]] - [[Matti Vanhanen]], [[Prime Minister of Finland]]

* [[November 6]] - [[Maria Shriver]], American journalist

* [[November 7]] - [[Detlef Ultsch]], German judo athlete

* [[November 9]] - [[Karen Dotrice]], English actress

* [[November 11]] - [[Jigme Singye Wangchuk]], [[King of Bhutan]]

* [[November 13]] - [[Whoopi Goldberg]], American actress and comedienne

* [[November 20]] - [[Ray Ozzie]], Chief Software Architect

* [[November 21]] - [[Kyle Gann]], American composer and music critic

* [[November 23]] - [[Steven Brust]], American author

* [[November 24]] - [[Ian Botham]], British cricketer

* [[November 30]] - [[Kevin Conroy]], American voice actor

* [[November 30]] - [[Billy Idol]], British singer

* [[November 30]] - [[Gordon Liu]], Chinese actor

*[[December 3]] - [[Steven Culp]], American actor

*[[December 4]] - [[Maurizio Bianchi]], Italian musician

*[[December 7]] - [[Priscilla Barnes]], American actress

*[[December 8]] - [[Ian Greig]], English cricketer

*[[December 12]] - [[Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki]], Greek politician and businesswoman

*[[December 15]] - [[Paul Simonon]], British bassist ([[The Clash]])

*[[December 17]] - [[Brad Davis (basketball)|Brad Davis]], American basketball player

*[[December 16]] - [[Rob Levin]], founder of the [[freenode]] [[IRC]] network

*[[December 18]] - [[Ray Liotta]], American actor

*[[December 21]] - [[Jane Kaczmarek]], American actress

*[[December 23]] - [[Carol Ann Duffy]], British poet

*[[December 24]] - [[Clarence Gilyard]], American actor

*[[December 27]] - [[Barbara Olson]], American television commentator (d. [[2001]])

==Deaths==

::''(See 1955 list of deaths by name: [[:Category:1955 deaths]].)''

===January-June===

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*[[January 2]] - [[Jose Antonio Remon]], [[President of Panama]] (assassinated) (b. [[1908]])

*[[January 15]] - [[Yves Tanguy]], French painter (b. [[1900]])

*[[January 21]] - [[Archie Hahn]], American athlete (b. [[1880]])

*[[January 24]] - [[Ira Hayes]], U.S. Marine (b. [[1923]])

*[[January 31]] - [[John Mott]], American YMCA leader, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1865]])

*[[March 11]] - Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], Scottish scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1881]])

*[[March 12]] - [[Charlie Parker]], American saxophonist (b. [[1920]])

*[[April 7]] - [[Theda Bara]], American film actress (b. [[1885]])

*[[April 18]] - [[Albert Einstein]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1879]])

*[[May 4]] - [[Georges Enescu]], Romanian composer (b. [[1881]])

*[[May 10]] - [[Tommy Burns (boxer)|Tommy Burns]], American boxer (b. [[1881]])

*May 10 - [[John Radecki]], Australian stained glass artist (b. [[1865]])

*[[May 11]] - [[Gilbert Laird Jessop|Gilbert Jessop]], English cricketer (b. [[1874]])

*[[May 16]] - [[James Agee]], American writer (b. [[1909]])

*[[May 18]] - [[Mary McLeod Bethune]], American educator (b. [[1875]])

*[[May 26]] - [[Alberto Ascari]], Italian race car driver (b. [[1918]])

*[[June 5]] - [[Pattillo Higgins]], American oil pioneer and businessman (b. [[1863]])

*[[June 24]] - [[Carlos Gardel]], Argentine singer (b. [[1890]])

===July-December===

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*[[July 23]] - [[Cordell Hull]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1871]])

*[[August 2]] - [[Wallace Stevens]], American poet (b. [[1879]])

*[[August 5]] - [[Carmen Miranda]], Portuguese singer and actress (b. [[1909]])

*[[August 12]] - [[Thomas Mann]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1875]])

*[[August 12]] - [[James B. Sumner]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1887]])

*[[August 13]] - [[Florence Easton]], English opera soprano (b. [[1882]])

*[[September 30]] - [[James Dean]], American actor (automobile accident) (b. [[1931]])

*[[October 1]] - [[Charles Christie]], American film studio owner (b. [[1880]])

*[[October 9]] - [[Theodor Cardinal Innitzer]], Catholic Archbishop of Vienna (b. [[1875]])

*[[November 4]] - [[Cy Young]], baseball player (b. [[1867]])

*[[November 5]] - [[Maurice Utrillo]], French artist (b. [[1882]])

*[[November 12]] - [[Alfréd Hajós]], Hungarian swimmer (b. [[1878]])

*[[November 22]] - [[Shemp Howard]], American actor (b. [[1895]])

*[[November 27]] - [[Arthur Honegger]], French-born Swiss composer (b. [[1892]])

*[[December 6]] - [[Honus Wagner]], baseball player (b. [[1874]])

*[[December 13]] - [[Egas Moniz]], Portuguese neurologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (b. [[1874]])

*[[December 25]] - [[Elizabeth Harrison]], daughter of President [[Benjamin Harrison]] and [[Mary Dimmick Harrison]] (b. [[1897]])

*[[December 25]] - [[Thomas J. Preston, Jr.]], professor of [[Archeology]] at [[Princeton University]]; he married [[Frances Cleveland]], widow of President [[Grover Cleveland]] (b. [[1862]])

*[[December 27]] - [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (b. [[1881]])

==Nobel prizes==

* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - [[Willis Eugene Lamb]], [[Polykarp Kusch]]

* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Vincent du Vigneaud]]

* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]]- [[Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell]]

* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] - [[Halldor Laxness|Halldór Kiljan Laxness]]

* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] - not awarded

==See also==

* [[20th century]]

==Notes==

<references/>

{{commonscat}}

==External links==

==Table of Contents==

__TOC__

[[Category:Muslim views1955]]

[[Category:Jesus]]

[[af:1955]]

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