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:''"BIFF" redirects here. This article is about the festival. For the internet phenomenon, see [[B1FF]]. For other uses, see [[Biff (disambiguation)]].''
{{Cleanup-date|June 2006}}
[[Image:Berlinale logo small.png|left]]
'''''The Twelve Caesars''''' is a set of twelve biographies of [[Julius Caesar]] and the first 11 [[Roman Emperor|emperors]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. The Twelve Caesars, also known as ''Lives of the Caesars'' ([[Latin]]: De vita Caesarum), which was written in [[121]] during the reign of the emperor [[Hadrian]], was the most popular work of Hadrian's personal secretary, [[Suetonius]], and is the largest among his surviving writings. It was dedicated to a friend, the [[Praetorian prefect]] Gaius Septicius Clarus, in [[119]].
[[Image:Berlinale 1997 Zoo-Palast Berlin asb.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1997 festival]]
The '''Berlin International Film Festival''', also called the '''"{{Audio|Berlinale.ogg|Berlinale}}"''' (in reference to the [[Venice Biennale|Biennale]] at [[Venice]]), ranks alongside [[Venice Film Festival|Venice]] and [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] as [[Europe]]'s leading film festival.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6371893.stm]</ref> It is the [[film festival]] with most visitors (admissions) worldwide.<ref>http://www.filmfestivals.com/htm/recap2000/statistics.html</ref> It is held annually in February (in [[2007 in film|2007]] from [[February 8]] until [[February 18]]) and has been held since [[1951]]. The [[jury]] places special emphasis on representing [[film]]s from all over the world. The awards are called the Golden and Silver Bears (the Bear is the symbol of [[Berlin]]).
The premieres are held in the [[Berlinale Palast]] located at Marlene-Dietrich-Platz 1.
The Twelve Caesars was considered very significant in antiquity and remains a main source on Roman history. The book discusses the significant and critical period of the [[Principate]] from the end of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]] to the reign of [[Domitian]]; comparisons are often made with [[Tacitus]] whose surviving works document a similar period.
== Awards==
== Critical approaches; reliability ==
[[Image:BerlinalePalast.jpg|right|300px]]
===Golden Bear===
* Best Motion Picture
* Lifetime Achievement ("Honorary Golden Bear")
===Silver Bear===
Suetonius used the imperial archives to research eyewitness accounts, information, and other evidence to produce the book. He also quotes from [[Gaius Asinius Pollio]], [[Cremutius Cordus]] and the '' [[Res Gestae Divi Augusti|Acts of Augustus]]''.
* Best Director
* Best Actor
* Best Actress
* Best Music
* Extraordinary achievement by a single artist
* Grand Prize of the Jury ([[Short film]] award)
===Others===
However, critics say the book is founded on gossip and citations of historians who had lived in the time of the early emperors, rather than on primary sources of that time. The book can be described as very racy, packed with gossip, dramatic and sometimes amusing. There are times the author subjectively expresses his opinion and knowledge.
*Panorama Publikumspreis, the Audience Award
*Berlinale Camera, a special award for services to the Festival
*A Crystal Bear for the Best Film in the 14plus Competition[http://www.fest21.com/blog/berlin07/a_crystal_bear_for_the_best_film_in_the_14plus_competition]
* [[Teddy Award]]
=== Golden Bear winners ===
Though he was never a senator, Suetonius took the side of the Senate in most conflicts with the princeps, as well as the senators' views of the emperor. This resulted in biases, both conscious and unconscious. Suetonius lost access to the official archives shortly after beginning his work. He was forced to rely on second-hand accounts when it came to Claudius (with the exception of Augustus' letters which had been gathered earlier) and does not quote the emperor.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Film
! Director || Country of origin
|-
| [[2007]] || ''[[Tuya's Marriage]]''
| [[Wang Quan'an]] || [[People's Republic of China|China]]
|-
| [[2006]] || ''[[Grbavica (film)|Grbavica]]''
| [[Jasmila Žbanić]] || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] ([[international co-production|co-produced]] with [[Austria]], [[Germany]] and [[Croatia]])
|-
| [[2005]] || ''[[U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha]]''
| [[Marc Dornford-May]] || [[South Africa]]
|-
| [[2004]] || ''[[Head-On]]''
| [[Fatih Akın]] || [[Germany]]/[[Turkey]]
|-
| [[2003]] || ''[[In This World]]''
| [[Michael Winterbottom]] || [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[2002]] || ''[[Spirited Away]]''
| [[Miyazaki Hayao|Hayao Miyazaki]] || [[Japan]]
|-
| ''[[Bloody Sunday (TV film)|Bloody Sunday]]''
| [[Paul Greengrass]] || [[United Kingdom|UK]]/[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|-
| [[2001]] || ''[[Intimacy (2001 film)|Intimacy]]''
| [[Patrice Chéreau]] || [[UK]] ([[international co-production|co-produced]] with [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]])
|-
| [[2000]] || ''[[Magnolia (movie)|Magnolia]]''
| [[Paul Thomas Anderson]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1999]] || ''[[The Thin Red Line (1998 film)|The Thin Red Line]]''
| [[Terrence Malick]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1998]] || ''[[Central Station (film)|Central Station]]''
| [[Walter Salles]] || [[Brazil]] ([[international co-production|co-produced]] with [[France]])
|-
| [[1997]] || ''[[The People vs. Larry Flynt]]''
| [[Miloš Forman]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1996]] || ''[[Sense and Sensibility (film)|Sense and Sensibility]]''
| [[Ang Lee]] || [[United States]]/[[United Kingdom]]
|-
| [[1995]] || ''[[L'Appât]]''
| [[Bertrand Tavernier]] || [[France]]
|-
| [[1994]] || ''[[In the Name of the Father]]''
| [[Jim Sheridan]] || [[United Kingdom|UK]]/[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[1993]] || ''[[Woman Sesame Oil Maker]]''
| [[Xie Fei]] || [[People's Republic of China|China]]
|-
| ''[[The Wedding Banquet]]''
| [[Ang Lee]] || [[Republic of China|Taiwan]]/[[United States]]
|-
| [[1992]] || ''[[Grand Canyon (film)|Grand Canyon]]''
| [[Lawrence Kasdan]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1991]] || ''[[La Casa del sorriso]]''
| [[Marco Ferreri]] || [[Italy]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[1990]] || ''[[Music Box (film)|Music Box]]''
| [[Costa-Gavras]] || [[United States]]
|-
| ''[[Larks on a String]]''
| [[Jiri Menzel]] || [[Czechoslovakia]]
|-
| [[1989]] || ''[[Rain Man]]''
| [[Barry Levinson]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1988]] || ''[[Red Sorghum]]''
| [[Yimou Zhang]] || [[People's Republic of China|China]]
|-
| [[1987]] || ''[[The Theme]]''
| [[Gleb Panfilov]] || [[Soviet Union]]
|-
| [[1986]] || ''[[Stammheim (film)|Stammheim]]''
| [[Reinhard Hauff]] || [[West Germany]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[1985]] || ''[[Die Frau und der Fremde]]''
| [[Rainer Simon]] || [[East Germany]]
|-
| ''[[Wetherby (film)|Wetherby]]''
| [[David Hare]] || [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| [[1984]] || ''[[Love Streams]]''
| [[John Cassavetes]] || [[United States]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[1983]] || ''[[Ascendancy (film)|Ascendancy]]''
| [[Edward Bennett]] || [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| ''[[The Beehive (1982 film)|The Beehive]]''
| [[Mario Camus]] || [[Spain]]
|-
| [[1982]] || ''[[Veronika Voss]]''
| [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]] || [[West Germany]]
|-
| [[1981]] || ''[[Deprisa, Deprisa]]''
| [[Carlos Saura]] || [[Spain]] (co-production with [[France]])
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[1980]] || ''[[Heartland]]''
| [[Richard Pearce]] || [[United States]]
|-
| ''[[Palermo or Wolfsburg]]''
| [[Werner Schroeter]] || [[West Germany]]
|-
| [[1979]] || ''[[David (film)|David]]''
| [[Peter Lilienthal]] || [[West Germany]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" | [[1978]] || ''[[Las Truchas]]''
| [[José Luis García Sánchez]] || [[Spain]]
|-
| ''[[La Palabras de Max]]''
| [[Emilio Martínez Lázaro]] || [[Spain]]
|-
| [[1977]] || ''[[The Ascent]]''
| [[Larisa Shepitko]] || [[Soviet Union]]
|-
| [[1976]] || ''[[Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson]]''
| [[Robert Altman]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1975]] || ''[[Adoption (film)|Adoption]]''
| [[Márta Mészáros]] || [[Hungary]]
|-
| [[1974]] || ''[[The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz]]''
| [[Ted Kotcheff]] || [[Canada]]
|-
| [[1973]] || ''[[Distant Thunder (1973 film)|Distant Thunder]]''
| [[Satyajit Ray]] || [[India]]
|-
| [[1972]] || ''[[The Canterbury Tales (film)|The Canterbury Tales]]''
| [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] || [[Italy]]
|-
| [[1971]] || ''[[The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (film)|The Garden of the Finzi-Continis]]''
| [[Vittorio De Sica]] || [[Italy]]/[[West Germany|W. Germany]]
|-
| [[1970]] || N/A
| N/A || N/A
|-
| [[1969]] || ''[[Rani Radovi]]''
| [[Želimir Žilnik]] || [[Yugoslavia]]
|-
| [[1968]] || ''[[Ole dole doff]]''
| [[Jan Troell]] || [[Sweden]]
|-
| [[1967]] || ''[[Le départ]]''
| [[Jerzy Skolimowski]] || [[Belgium]]
|-
| [[1966]] || ''[[Cul-de-Sac (film)|Cul-de-Sac]]''
| [[Roman Polanski]] || [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| [[1965]] || ''[[Alphaville (film)|Alphaville]]''
| [[Jean-Luc Godard]] || [[France]]/[[Italy]]
|-
| [[1964]] || ''[[Susuz Yaz]]''
| [[Metin Erksan|İsmail Metin Karabey]] || [[Turkey]]
|-
| [[1963]] || ''[[Il Diavolo]]''
| [[Gian Luigi Polidoro]] || [[Italy]]
|-
| [[1962]] || ''[[A Kind of Loving (film)|A Kind of Loving]]''
| [[John Schlesinger]] || [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| [[1961]] || ''[[La notte]]''
| [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] || [[Italy]]
|-
| [[1960]] || ''[[El Lazarillo de Tormes]]''
| [[César Ardavin]] || [[Spain]]
|-
| [[1959]] || ''[[Les Cousins (film)|Les Cousins]]''
| [[Claude Chabrol]] || [[France]]
|-
| [[1958]] || ''[[Wild Strawberries (film)|Wild Strawberries]]''
| [[Ingmar Bergman]] || [[Sweden]]
|-
| [[1957]] || ''[[12 Angry Men]]''
| [[Sidney Lumet]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1956]] || ''[[Invitation To The Dance]]''
| [[Gene Kelly]] || [[United States]]
|-
| [[1955]] || ''[[Die Ratten]]''
| [[Robert Siodmak]] || [[Federal Republic of Germany]]
|-
| [[1954]] || ''[[Hobson's Choice (1954 film)|Hobson's Choice]]''
| [[David Lean]] || [[United Kingdom]]
|-
| [[1953]] || ''[[The Wages of Fear]]''
| [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]] || [[France]]/[[Italy]]
|-
| [[1952]] || ''[[Hon dansade en sommar]]''
| [[Arne Mattsson]] || [[Sweden]]
|}
== See also ==
Despite this, it provides valuable information on the heritage, personal habits/lives and political careers of the first Roman Emperors. It mentions details that other sources do not. For example, Suetonius is the main source on the life of [[Caligula]], his uncle Claudius, and the heritage of [[Vespasian]] (the relevant sections of the [[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]] by his friend and contemporary Tacitus being lost). Suetonius made one reference in this work to "Chrestus", which may refer to "[[Christ]]". See [[Historicity of Jesus]].
*[[Academy Awards]]
*[[List of films featuring Berlin]]
== Influence on later literature ==
==References==
''The Twelve Caesars'' served as a model for a much less well-informed sequel, the anonymous ''[[Historia Augusta]]'', a collective biography of Roman emperors and usurpers of the second and third centuries. In the [[ninth century]] [[Einhard]] modelled himself on Suetonius in writing the ''Life of Charlemagne''. [[Robert Graves]] names ''The Twelve Caesars'' as one of his major sources for '' [[I Claudius]]'' and '' [[Claudius the God]]'' (dramatized by the [[BBC]]). Graves also made a widely read translation of ''The Twelve Caesars'', first published in [[Penguin Classics]] in 1957.
<references />
== ConstituentExternal workslinks ==
=== Life of Julius Caesar ===
The first few chapters of this section are missing. Suetonius first describes Caesar's conquests. He refers to Caesar's famous statement, "[[Veni, vidi, vici]]" (I came, I saw, I conquered). He mentions Caesar's war against [[Pompey the Great]], including a comment made by Caesar as Pompey retreated after nearly imposing on Caesar his only defeat, "That man does not know how to win a war." He mentions Caesar being captured by pirates and, after being released, following through on his promise to find and kill them.
*[http://www.berlinale.de Official website]
Suetonius describes Caesar's success at winning the loyalty of his soldiers. He referred to them as "comrades" instead of "soldiers." When one of his legions took heavy losses, he vowed not to trim his beard or hair until he had avenged their deaths. He refers to one soldier, after having his hand cut off in a naval battle, boarding the ship and subduing the crew using only his shield. Suetonius also describes Caesar crossing the [[Rubicon River]], the border between Italy and [[Cisalpine Gaul]], on his way to conquer [[Gaul]].
*{{imdb award|Berlin_International_Film_Festival}}
*[http://www.berlin-life.com/berlin/film-festival Berlin Life: An introduction to the Berlin Film Festival]
*[http://ukfilm.org/features/berlin-means-business Review of the 2006 Berlin Film Festival]
*[http://www.signandsight.com/features/620.html Signandsight about the director Dieter Kosslick]
{{Template:Film festivals}}
Next, Suetonius describes Caesar's reforms after returning from abroad. Suetonius mentions that Caesar had planned next on invading and conquering the [[Parthian Empire]], but was unable to do so because of his assassination.
[[Category:Cinema of Germany]]
Suetonius then describes Caesar himself. He says that Caesar was bald and wore a senator's tunic with an orange belt. Caesar apparently wore very loose clothes. The dictator [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] once commented about Caesar, "Beware the boy with the loose clothes." Caesar also had an aversion to being called a king.
[[Category:Film awards]]
[[Category:Lists of films by award]]
Finally, Suetonius describes Caesar's assassination. A few nights before his assassination, Caesar was visiting a friend. A discussion broke out regarding the best way to die. Caesar said he wanted a sudden and spectacular death. Caesar was also a believer in omens and in the interpretation of dreams. Caesar and his wife both had nightmares the night before his assassination, which Suetonius (himself a believer in dreams and omens) believes foretold the assassination. On his way to the Senate House on the day he was assassinated, Caesar was given a document describing the entire assassination plot. Caesar took the document and added it to his stack of other documents, which he was planning on reading later, but never did. Suetonius says that upon being stabbed, Caesar reproached Brutus, "You too, my child?"
[[Category:Film festivals]]
[[Category:Berlin Film Festival]]
=== Life of [[Augustus]] ===
In this section, Suetonius first describes the military victories of Augustus, and his victorious civil wars, including the final one against [[Mark Antony]] that ended with the [[Battle of Actium]]. Most of the rest of the section is devoted to Augustus as a person. He mentions the conflicts between Augustus and his daughter, Julia. Augustus banished Julia to an island and considered having her executed. He would curse his enemies by saying that they should have "a wife and children like mine." He says that for most of his life, Augustus lived in a simple home. Suetonius also devotes a fair bit of time to describing certain omens and dreams that predicted the birth of Augustus. One was related to his mother being a virgin, and impregnated with Augustus by a god. Another relates to dreams of Senators during the Consulship of [[Cicero]] about a king who would be born and who would rescue the Republic, which happened at the time Augustus was born. Suetonius even suggests, that Julius Caesar decided to make Augustus (then Octavian) his heir after seeing an omen related to him while in battle in Spain.
Suetonius says that Augustus only suffered two military defeats, both in Germany. The first was inconsequential. During the second, the [[Battle of Teutoburg Forest]], three Roman Legions were wiped out by Germanic barbarians due to poor planning by the Roman General [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]]. According to Suetonius, this battle "almost wrecked the empire." After news of the battle reached Rome, Augustus pounded his head on a wall over and over, repeating, ''Quintili Vare, legiones redde!'' ('Quinctilius Varus, give me back my legions!')
=== Life of [[Tiberius]] ===
Seutonious describes Tiberius's early career. He describes how Tiberius retired at a young age to Greece. According to Seutonious, Augustus had two sons, both possible heirs to the throne. But both died. Augustus therefore adopted Tiberius as his heir.
Tiberius, in preparation of becoming emperor, fought several wars valiantly. When Augustus died, the throne passed on to Tiberius. Seutonious describes Augustus's last will, in which he indicated that Tiberius was not Augustus's ideal successor. Seutonious seems to suggest that Tiberius was not as good of a leader as either Caesar or Augustus.
=== Life of Caligula ===
=== Life of [[Claudius]] ===
Suetonius paints Claudius as a ridiculous figure, belittling many of his acts and attributing the objectively good works to his retinue.<ref>Scramuzza, p. 29</ref> Thus the conception of Claudius as the weak fool, controlled by those he supposedly ruled, was preserved for the ages. Claudius’s dining habits figure in the biography, notably his immoderate greed and his affection for the city taverns, on which several other emperors attempted to impose tight regulations.
=== Life of [[Nero]] ===
Nero proved to be a very successful general and rose to the challenge when elected emperor. Despite his reputation for his disability, Nero worked hard to secure the a respect among the citizens and the senate. By being elected emperor, it showed that the Roman standards had dropped, proving a decline in morals.
=== Life of [[Galba]] ===
=== Life of [[Otho]] ===
=== Life of [[Vitellius]] ===
=== Life of Vespasian ===
=== Life of [[Titus]] ===
=== Life of [[Domitian]] ===
== Notes ==
<references/>
== Complete editions and translations ==
* Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''The Twelve Caesars'' tr. Robert Graves. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1957.
* ''C. Suetoni Tranquilli opera, vol. I: De vita Caesarum libri VIII'' ed. Maximilianus Ihm. Leipzig: Teubner, 1908.
* Suetonius, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe. London: Heinemann, 1913-4.
== Bibliography ==
* C. Suetoni Tranquilli ''Divus Vespasianus'' ed. A. W. Braithwaite. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.
* C. Suetoni Tranquilli ''Divus Iulius'' [Life of Julius Caesar] ed. H. E. Butler, M. Cary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927. Reissued with new introduction, bibliography and additional notes by G.B. Townend. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982.
* Suetonius, ''Divus Augustus'' ed. John M. Carter. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982.
* A. Dalby, 'Dining with the Caesars' in ''Food and the memory: papers of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2000'' ed. Harlan Walker (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001) pp. 62-88.
* Suetonius, ''Domitian'' ed. Brian W. Jones. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1996.
* Suetonius, ''Tiberius'' ed. Hugh Lindsay. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1995.
* Suetonius, ''Caligula'' ed. Hugh Lindsay. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1993.
* Hans Martinet, ''C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Titus: Kommentar''. Königstein am Taunus: Hain, 1981.
* Suetonius, ''Claudius'' ed. J. Mottershead. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1986.
* Suetonius, ''Galba, Otho, Vitellius'' ed. Charles L. Murison. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1992.
* Scramuzza {{fact}}
* A. Wallace-Hadrill, ''Suetonius: the scholar and his Caesars''. London: Duckworth, 1983.
* D. Wardle, ''Suetonius' Life of Caligula: a commentary''. Brussels: Latomus, 1994.
* Suetonius, ''Nero'' ed. B.H. Warmington. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1999.
== External links ==
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/home.html ''The Lives of the Twelve Caesars'' at LacusCurtius] (Latin original, English translation)
*[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/suet.html Suetonius' works at Latin Library] (Latin)
* {{gutenberg author| id=Gaius+Suetonius+Tranquillus | name=Suetonius}}
**[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6400 ''The Lives of the Twelve Caesars''] at [[Project Gutenberg]] (English translation - includes ''Lives Of The Grammarians, Rhetoricians, And Poets'')
*[http://www.jerryfielden.com/essays/suetonius.htm Suetonius and the reign of Tiberius: a comparison with other sources ]
*[http://www.romansonline.com/sources/stn/indx_stn.asp?Kl=FFFFBA Suetonius' Twelve Caesars] at RomansOnline.Com<!-- in an irritating format, and labeled "Twelf Caesars" (sic). -->
*[http://www.roman-literature-online.com/suetonius/ Suetonius' Twelve Caesars] at Roman Literature Online<!-- in fact, the HTML is rather awkward.... Where, for example, are all the notes dutifully marked [1], [2], etc...? -->
{{Suetonius 12 Caesars}}
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