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Riga 1:

{{U|pagina=Rubaʿiyyat||verso=da|argomento=letteratura|data=settembre 2019}}

[[File:Chayyam guyand kasan behescht ba hur chosch ast small.png|thumb|Resa calligrafica di un ''ruba'i'' attribuito a [[ʿUmar Khayyām]] da Bodleian MS. Ouseley 140 (una delle fonti del ''[[Rubʿayyāt (ʿUmar Khayyām)|Rubʿayyāt]]'' di FitzGerald).]]

[[File:Chayyam guyand kasan behescht ba hur chosch ast small.png|thumb|upright=1.20|Resa calligrafica di un ''ruba'i'' attribuito a [[ʿUmar Khayyām]] da Bodleian MS. Ouseley 140 (una delle fonti del ''[[Rubʿayyāt (ʿUmar Khayyām)|Rubʿayyāt]]'' di [[Edward FitzGerald (poeta)|FitzGerald]]).]]

'''Rubāʿī''' (from {{lang-ar|رباعی}} ''rubāʿiyy'', plural {{lang|ar|رباعيات}} ''rubāʿiyāt'')<ref>The Persian noun is borrowed from Arabic {{lang|ar|رباعي}} ''rubāʿiyy'' "consisting of four, quadripartite, fourfold" whose root consonants {{lang|ar|ر ب ع}} (r-b-ʿ) also occur in the numeral {{lang|ar|أربعة}} ''arbaʿah'' "four". See J.M. Cowan (ed.), ''The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', fourth edition, Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz, 1994.</ref> is the term for a [[quatrain]], a poem or a verse of a poem consisting of four lines.

It refers specifically to a form of [[Persian poetry]], or its derivative form in English and other languages.

'''Rubāʿī''' (from {{lang-ar|رباعی}} ''rubāʿiyy'', pluralplurale {{lang|ar|رباعيات}} ''rubāʿiyāt'')<ref>TheIl Persiannome nounpersiano isè borrowedpreso fromin Arabicprestito dall'arabo {{lang|ar|رباعي}} ''rubāʿiyy'' "consistingconsistente ofin fourquattro, quadripartitequadripartito, fourfoldquadruplo" whosele rootcui consonantsconsonanti radici {{lang|ar|ر ب ع}} (r-b-ʿ) alsosi occurtrovano inanche thenel numeralnumero {{lang|ar|أربعة}} ''arbaʿah'' "fourquattro". SeeVedi J.M. Cowan (ed.a cura di), ''The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'', fourthquarta editionedizione, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994.</ref> isè theil termtermine forusato aper una [[quatrainQuartina (metrica)|quartina]], auna poempoesia oro aun verseverso ofdi auna poempoesia consistingcomposta ofda fourquattro linesrighe.

Si riferisce specificamente a una forma di [[poesia persiana]] o alla sua forma derivata in inglese e in altre lingue.

==Storia==

InNella classicalpoesia [[Persianpersiana poetry]]classica, theil ''ruba'i'' isè writtenscritto ascome un poema a four-linequattro righe (oro two-couplet)due poemcoppie), withcon auno rhyme-schemeschema di rima AABA oro AAAA.<ref>''Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics'', Princeton University Press, 1974, p.611</ref><ref>Introduction{{Cita to ''libro|nome=Omar|cognome=Khayyam|titolo=The RubaiyatRuba'iyat of Omar Khayyam,'' translated by Peter Avery and [[John Heath-Stubbs]], Penguin Classics, 1981, {{ISBN|0-14-044384-3}}, p. 9 [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUN5XLzv8lMC&pg=PA9&dq=ruba%27i'i&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R6WuUK-XMYzmiwKD1oCABA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ruba%27i'i&f=false]|accesso=2024-10-22|data=1981-12-17|editore=Penguin|lingua=en|p=9|ISBN=978-0-14-044384-4}}</ref><ref>''The{{Cita Cambridge History of Iran, v. 4,'' edited bylibro|nome=William Bayne|cognome=Fisher|nome2=R. N. |cognome2=Frye,|titolo=The Cambridge UniversityHistory Press, 1999,of {{ISBNIran|0-521-20093-8}}, pgs. 633-634 [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA633&dq=ruba%27i'i&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSKvUOTOKoKGjAKOzIBY&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ruba%27i'i&f=false]|accesso=2024-10-22|data=1975-06-26|editore=Cambridge University Press|lingua=en|pp=633-634|ISBN=978-0-521-20093-6}}</ref><ref>Elwell-Sutton, L. P. "The Foundations of Persian Prosody and Metrics," ''Iran,'' v. 13 (1975), p. 92.</ref>

ThisQuesto isè anun exampleesempio of adi ''ruba'i'' fromdal [[Rumi|Rūmī]]'s '[[DivanDiwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi|Dīwān-i Shams]]'' di [[Gialal al-Din Rumi|Rūmī]]:

{{citazione

|Che gli splendori di Salahuddin siano risvegliati,<br>E riversati negli occhi e nelle anime degli innamorati.<br>Possa ogni anima che è diventata raffinata e ha superato la squisitezza<br>Essere mescolata con la polvere di Salahuddin!<ref>{{citeCita web|titletitolo=The Splendors of Salahuddin|url=http://www.dar-al-masnavi.org/rub-0437.html}}</ref>

|[[Gialal al-Din Rumi]], ''[[Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi|Dīwān-i Shams]]''

|Anwār-i Ṣalāḥ-i Dīn bar angēkhta bād<br>Dar dīda u jān-i ʿāshiqān rēkhta bād<br>Har jān ki laṭīf gasht u az luṭf guzasht<br>Bā khāk-i Ṣalāḥ-i Dīn dar āmēkhta bād

|lingua=arPersiano

}}

Riga 19 ⟶ 21:

{{vedi anche|Poesia persiana}}

TheIl usualmetro metreconsueto ofdi a Persianun ''ruba'i'' persiano, whichche viene utilizzato isper usedtutte fore allquattro fourle linesrighe ofdella thequartina abovesopra quatraincitata bydi RumiRūmī, isè asil followsseguente:<ref>L. P. Elwell-Sutton (1986), [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aruz-the-metrical-system “ʿARŪŻ,”] ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', II/6-7, pp. 670-679.</ref>

: – – u u – u – u – – u u –

InNello theschema above schemesopra, "–" representsrappresenta auna longsillaba syllable,lunga ande "u" a shortuna onebreve. AsCome variationsvariazioni ofdi thisquesto schemeschema, anyqualsiasi sequencesequenza ofdi – u canpuò beessere replacedsostituita byda auna singlesingola sillaba "overlong"troppo syllablelunga", such ascome ''gēkh'', ''tīf'', ''luṭf'' innella thepoesia poem abovesopra, containing eithercontenente auna longvocale vowellunga followedseguita byda auna consonantconsonante otherdiversa thanda "n", oroppure auna shortvocale vowelcorta followedseguita byda twodue consonantsconsonanti. AnUna overlongsillaba syllabletroppo canlunga alsopuò freelyanche beessere substitutedsostituita forliberamente thecon finalla syllablesillaba offinale thedella lineriga, ascome withcon ''bād'' abovesopra.

Un'altra variazione è che occasionalmente una sequenza di due sillabe corte (u u) può essere sostituita da una singola lunga (–).

Una terza variante consiste nell'utilizzare lo stesso metro di cui sopra, ma con l'ottava e la nona sillaba invertite:

Another variation is that occasionally a sequence of two short syllables (u u) can be replaced by a single long one (–).

A third variation is to use the same metre as above, but with the eighth and ninth syllables reversed:

: – – u u – – u u – – u u –

==In inglese==

TheLa verseforma formdi verso AABA ascome usedusato innel Englishverso verseinglese isè knownnoto ascome thela <nowiki>''Quartina Rubaiyat''</nowiki> Quatrainper duevia todel itssuo useuso byda parte di [[Edward FitzGerald (poetpoeta)|Edward FitzGerald]] innella hissua famousfamosa 1859traduzione translationdel 1859, ''[[Rubʿayyāt (ʿUmar Khayyām)|Rubʿayyāt di]] [[ʿUmar Khayyām]]''. [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], oneuno ofdei theprimi firstammiratori admirersdella oftraduzione di FitzGerald's translationdei ofversi [[Omarpersiani Khayyám|Khayyam's]]medievali medievaldi [[PersianʿUmar literature#PoetryKhayyām|Persian versesKhayyām]], wasfu theil firstprimo a toimitare imitatela theforma stanzadella formstrofa, whichche subsequentlydivenne becamesuccessivamente popularpopolare ande wasfu usedampiamente widelyutilizzata, ascome innel thecaso casedella ofpoesia di [[Robert Frost]]'s 1922del poem1922 "[[''Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening]]"''.

FitzGerald'sLa translationtraduzione becamedi soFitzGerald populardivenne bycosì thepopolare turnall'inizio ofdel thesecolo centuryche thatcentinaia hundredsdi ofumoristi Americanamericani humoristsscrissero wroteparodie parodiesusando usingla theforma form ande, toin varyingvaria degreesmisura, theil contentcontenuto ofdelle hissue stanzasstanze, includingtra cui ''The Rubaiyat of Ohow Dryyam'', ''The Rubaiyat of A Persian Kitten'', ''The Rubaiyat of Omar Cayenne'' ande ''The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Jr''.

Quartina VII dalla quarta edizione del ''Rubaiyat'' di Fitzgerald:

Riga 45 ⟶ 49:

Getta il tuo abbigliamento invernale di pentimento:

L'uccello del tempo ha solo un piccolo modo

Per svolazzare — e l'uccello è in volo.</poem><ref>[{{Cita web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Khayyam/rubaiyat.html]|titolo=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} The Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam|sito=classics.mit.edu|accesso=2024-10-22}}</ref> </poem>

InNelle extendedsequenze sequencesestese ofdi stanze del <nowiki>''ruba'i''</nowiki> stanzas,la theconvenzione conventionè istalvolta sometimesestesa extendedin somodo thattale theche unrhymedla lineriga ofsenza therima currentdella stanza becomescorrente thediventi rhymela forrima theper followingla stanza seguente.<ref>{{citeCita booklibro|lastcognome=Skelton|firstnome=Robin|titletitolo=The Shapes of Our Singing: A Comprehensive Guide to Verse Forms and Metres from Around the World|yearanno=2002|publishereditore=Eastern Washington University Press|___locationcittà=Spokane, WA|isbn=0-910055-76-9|pagesp=106}}</ref> TheLa structurestruttura canpuò beessere maderesa cyclicalciclica byricollegando linkingla theriga unrhymednon linerimata of the finaldella stanza backfinale toalla the firstprima stanza: ZZAZ.<ref>{{citeCita booklibro|lastcognome=Turco|firstnome=Lewis|titletitolo=The Book of Forms: A Handbook of Poetics|yearurl=https://archive.org/details/bookofformshandb00turc_0|anno=2000|publishereditore=University Press of New England|___locationcittà=Lebanon, NH|isbn=1-58465-022-2|pagespp=[https://archive.org/details/bookofformshandb00turc_0/page/245 245]}}</ref> TheseQuesti moresistemi stringentpiù systemscomplicati werenon not,furono however,tuttavia usedutilizzati byda FitzGerald innel hissuo ''Rubaiyat''.

==Note==

<references/>

==Bibliografia==

* ''Parwaze Taffakkur'' - pubblicato nel 2015 contenente circa 250 ''rubaiyat'' persiani del famoso poeta indiano Syed Waheed Ashraf<ref>{{cita web|url=http://en.newdelhi.icro.ir/index.aspx?siteid=159|titolo=Cultural Center of The I.R.Iran - New delhi - Home|accesso=14 settembre 2019|dataarchivio=29 maggio 2016|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529121439/http://en.newdelhi.icro.ir/index.aspx?siteid=159|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>

==Voci correlate==

* [[Rubʿayyāt (ʿUmar Khayyām)|Rubʿayyāt di]] [[ʿUmar Khayyām]]

* 'Parwaze Taffakkur' – published in 2015 containing about 250 Persian Rubaiyat of renowned Indian Poet [[Syed Waheed Ashraf]]<ref>[http://en.newdelhi.icro.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=158&pageid=11648&newsview=624882]</ref>

==Collegamenti esterni==

*{{citeCita news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/infotainment/25-Mar-2013/a-splendid-poetry-collection|titletitolo=A splendid poetry collection|authorautore=Dr.[[Amjad Parvez]]|newspapergiornale=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|datedata=25 Marchmarzo 2013|accessdateaccesso=11 Aprilaprile 2014|deadurlurlmorto=yessì|archiveurlurlarchivio=https://archive.is/20140118015641/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/infotainment/25-Mar-2013/a-splendid-poetry-collection|archivedatedataarchivio=18 Januarygennaio 2014|df=}}

* {{Collegamenti esterni}}

*{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/infotainment/25-Mar-2013/a-splendid-poetry-collection|title=A splendid poetry collection|author=Dr.[[Amjad Parvez]]|newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=25 March 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140118015641/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/infotainment/25-Mar-2013/a-splendid-poetry-collection|archivedate=18 January 2014|df=}}

{{Controllo di autorità}}

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