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[[Image:Flickr_ymimexico_247769858--Jalapeno_poppers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jalapeno poppers.]]
{{cleanup-date|February 2006}}
'''Jalapeño poppers''' are [[jalapeño]] [[chile pepper|pepper]]s that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of [[cheese]], [[spices]], and sometimes ground meat, and then deep fried. They are served (usually with some kind of dip) as appetizers at some Mexican- or Southwest-themed bars and restaurants.
{{Taxobox_begin | color = violet | name = Ebola virus}}
{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:ebola_virus_em.png|ebola_virus_em.png]] | caption = An [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] showing<br/>the filamentous [[ebola#structure|structure]] of the<br/>viral particle. The filaments are<br/>60-80 [[nanometre|nm]] in diameter.}}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement_virus}}
{{Taxobox_group_v_entry}}
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = ''[[Mononegavirales]]''}}
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = ''[[Filoviridae]]''}}
{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '''''Ebolavirus'''''}}
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = violet | plural_taxon = Species}}
''Ivory Coast ebolavirus''<br/>
''Reston ebolavirus''<br/>
''Sudan ebolavirus''<br/>
''Zaire ebolavirus''
{{Taxobox_end}}
'''Ebola''' is a [[virus (biology)|virus]] of the ''[[Filoviridae]]''. It causes Ebola [[hemorrhagic fever]], a fatal disease in humans.
== The virus ==
The [[virus (biology)|virus]] comes from the ''[[Filoviridae]]'' family, of which [[Marburg virus]] is also a member. The true [[vector (biology)|vector]], an animal or plant that can carry the virus without experiencing symptoms of infection, is not currently known, though some believe it may be Fruit bats, or non human primates. The Ebola virus is named after the [[Ebola River]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (formerly [[Zaire]]), near the first epidemics.
It is traditional to name viral species ([[strain (biology)|strains]], subtypes) after the locations where they were first discovered. Two species were identified in [[1976]]: '''''Zaire ebolavirus''''' ('''ZEBOV''') and '''''Sudan ebolavirus''''' ('''SEBOV''') with [[case fatality]] rates of 83% and 54% respectively. A third species, '''''Reston ebolavirus''''' ('''REBOV'''), was discovered in November 1989 in a group of monkeys (''Macaca fascicularis'') imported from the Philippines to the Hazleton Primate Quarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia (USA).
Further outbreaks have occurred in Zaire/Democratic Republic of the Congo ([[1995]] and [[2003]]), [[Gabon]] ([[1994]], [[1995]] and [[1996]]), [[Uganda]] ([[2000]]), [[Angola]] ([[2005]]) and Sudan again ([[2004]]). A new species was identified from a single human case in [[Côte d'Ivoire]] in [[1994]], at first named ''Ivory Coast ebolavirus'' (ICEBOV) and later changed to ''Tai Forest ebolavirus'' (TFEBOV) at an unknown time. In 2003, 120 people died in [[Etoumbi]], [[Republic of Congo]], which has been the site of four recent outbreaks, including one in May [[2005]].
Of the approximate 1,500 identified Ebola cases worldwide, over 80% of the patients have died. Despite considerable effort by the World Health Organization, no animal or [[arthropod]] reservoir capable of sustaining the virus between outbreaks has been identified, although a role for fruit or [[insectivorous]] [[bat]]s is often postulated. [[BBC]] News reported that researchers writing in the [[December 1]], [[2005]], issue of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' had identified evidence of symptomless Ebola infection in three species of [[fruit bat]]s from the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] and [[Gabon]].
==== ''Zaire ebola virus'' ====
''Zaire ebola virus'', is a non-segmented, negative stranded virus and is one of the first-discovered Ebola virus species. It is also the most deadly with up to a 90% mortality rate in some epidemics. There have been more outbreaks of ''Zaire ebolavirus'' than any other strain. The first outbreak took place on [[August 26]], [[1976]] in [[Yambuku]], a town in northern [[Zaire]] (now the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]). The first recorded case (''not'' the [[index case]]) was Mabalo Lokela, a 44 year old school teacher just returning from a trip around Northern Zaire, who was examined at a hospital run by Belgian nuns. His high fever was diagnosed as possible [[malaria]], therefore he was given a [[quinine]] shot. Lokela returned to the hospital every day. A week later, his symptoms included uncontrolled vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and trouble breathing. Later, he began bleeding from his nose, mouth, and rectum. Mabalo Lokela died on [[September 8]], [[1976]], roughly 14 days after the onset of symptoms.
Soon after, more patients arrived with varying but similar symptoms: fever, headache, muscle/joint aches, fatigue, nausea, dizziness etc. which often progressed to bloody diarrhea, severe vomiting, and bleeding from the nose, mouth, and rectum. The initial transmission was believed to be due to reuse of the needle for Lokelas's injection without sterilization (a common practice in many countries). Subsequent transmission was also due to care of the sick patients without [[barrier nursing]] and traditional burial preparations, which involves washing and GI tract cleansing.
A similar case of hospital transmission occurred in southern Sudan, after the death of a nightclub owner in Nzara who could afford to go to the fancier hospital located in [[Maridi]]. Unfortunately, the nurses there also did not properly sterilize their needles, and the hospital, like the one in Yambuku, became a breeding ground for new Ebola cases (Draper 30–31). Several epidemics of ''Zaire ebolavirus'' and ''Sudan ebolavirus'' have occurred since [[1976]].
The case fatality rates were 88% in 1976, 100% in 1977, 59% in 1994, 81% in 1995, 73% in 1996, 80% in 2001/2002 and 90% in 2003. The average case fatality rate for Ebola Zaire is 82.6%.
[[Image:Ebola-zaire_chart.jpg|frame|center| A graphical representation of known human cases and deaths during outbreaks of ''Zaire ebolavirus'' between [[1976]] and [[2003]]. ]]
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The most recent outbreak of ''Sudan ebolavirus'' occurred in May [[2004]]. [[As of 2004|As of May 24, 2004]], 20 cases of ''Sudan ebolavirus'' (including five deaths) were reported in [[Yambio|Yambio County]], Sudan. The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] confirmed the virus a few days later. The neighboring countries of [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] have increased surveillance in bordering areas, and other similar measures have been taken to control the outbreak.
The average fatality rates for ''Sudan ebolavirus'' were 53% in 1976, 68% in 1979, and 53% in 2000/2001. The average case fatality rate is 53.76%.
[[Image:Ebola-sudan_chart.jpg|frame|center|A graphical representation of known human cases and deaths during outbreaks of ''Sudan ebolavirus'' between [[1976]] and [[2003]]. ]]
<br style="clear: both;" />
==== ''Reston ebolavirus'' ====
This species was discovered in November of [[1989]] in a group of 100 cynomolgus [[macaque]]s (''Macaca fascicularis'') imported from Ferlite Farms in Mindanao, [[Philippines]] to Hazleton Research Products Primate Quarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia, about 10 miles from [[Washington, D.C]]. A parallel infected shipment was also sent to [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. This strain was highly lethal in monkeys, but did not cause any fatalities in humans. Six of the Reston primate handlers tested positive (two due to previous exposure) for the virus, and exhibited severe flu-like symptoms. Further ''Reston ebolavirus'' infected monkeys were shipped to Hazleton (now known as [[Covance, Inc.]]) facilities in both Reston, Virginia and [[Alice, Texas|Alice]], [[Texas]] (Hazleton's Texas Primate Center) in February of [[1990]]. This strain was also found to be airborne. More ''Reston ebolavirus'' infected monkeys were discovered in [[1992]] in [[Siena]], [[Italy]] and at the Texas Hazleton facility again in March [[1996]]. There was a high rate of co-infection with [[Simian Hemorrhagic Fever]] (SHF) in all of these ''Reston ebolavirus'' infected monkeys. No human illness has resulted from these two outbreaks. The Reston virus was confusing to members of both [[USAMRIID]] and the [[CDC]], who worked on eliminating the virus. See [[Ebola Reston]] for more information.
==== ''Ivory Coast ebolavirus'' ====
In 1994, a [[scientist]] became ill after conducting a [[necropsy]] on a wild [[chimpanzee]]. The scientist recovered,<sup>[[#References|6]]</sup> however, there is still little known about this species of Ebola virus since only this single case has been identified.
===Symptoms===
Symptoms are varied and often appear suddenly. Initial symptoms include: high [[fever]] (at least 38.8° C, 101° F), severe [[headache]], muscle/joint/abdominal pain, severe weakness and exhaustion, [[sore throat]], [[nausea]], and [[dizziness]]. Before an epidemic is suspected, these early symptoms are easily mistaken for malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, or various bacterial infections, which are all far more common. The secondary symptoms often involve [[internal bleeding|bleeding]] both internally and externally from any opening in the body: Dark or bloody stools and [[diarrhea]], vomiting blood, red eyes from swollen blood vessels, red spots on the skin from [[subcutaneous bleeding]], and bleeding from the nose, mouth, rectum, genitals and needle puncture sites. Other secondary symptoms include low blood pressure (less than 90mm Hg) and a fast but weak pulse, eventual organ damage including the [[kidney]] and [[liver]] by co-localized necrosis, and proteinuria (the presence of proteins in [[urine]]). The span of time from onset of symptoms to death (from shock due to blood loss or organ failure) is usually between 7 and 14 days.
===Transmission===
Among humans, the virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids. The incubation period is 2 to 21 days.
Although airborne transmisison between monkeys has been demonstrated in a laboratory (see below), there is very limited evidence for human-to-human airbourne transmission in any reported epidemics.<sup>[[#references|16,17,18]]</sup> [[Mayinga N'Seka|Nurse Mayinga]] ''may'' represent the only possible case. The means by which she contracted the virus remains uncertain.
So far all epidemics of Ebola have occurred in sub-optimal hospital conditions, where practices of basic hygiene and sanitation are often either luxuries or unknown to caretakers and where disposable needles and [[autoclave]]s are unavailable or too expensive. In modern hospitals with disposable needles and knowledge of basic hygiene and barrier nursing techniques (mask, gown, gloves), Ebola rarely spreads on such a large scale.
In the early stages, Ebola may not be highly contagious. As the illness progresses, bodily fluids from diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding represent an extreme biohazard. Due to lack of proper equipment and hygienic practices, large scale epidemics are mostly problematic in poor, isolated areas without modern hospitals and/or well-educated medical staff. Many areas where the infectious reservoir exists have just these characteristics. In such environments all that can be done is to immediately cease all needle sharing or use without adequate [[sterilization]] procedures, to isolate patients, and to observe strict barrier nursing procedures with the use of a [[N95]]/[[P95]]/[[P100]] or medical rated disposable face mask, gloves, (if possible) goggles, and gown at all times. This should be strictly enforced for all medical personnel and visitors.
===Vaccines===
Recent produced vaccines for both Ebola and Marburg that are 100% effective in protecting a group of monkeys from the disease.<sup>[[#References|1,15]]</sup> Recent tests were conducted at [[USAMRIID]] in collaboration with Canada's [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in Winnipeg. A Dutch company: Crucell has also announced a successful tests of their commercial vaccine in monkeys. No human testing has yet been announced for any of these filovirus vaccines. Earlier vaccine efforts, like the one at [[NIAID]] in 2003 that was entering human trials have so far not reported any successes.<sup>[[#References|14]]</sup>
===Treatments===
Despite some initial anecdotal evidence to the contrary, blood serum from Ebola survivors has been shown to be ineffective in treating the virus.
In 1999, Maurice Iwu announced at the [[International Botanical Congress]] that a fruit extract of [[Garcinia]] kola, a [[West Africa]]n tree long used by local traditional healers for other illnesses, stopped Ebola virus replication in lab tests. It is a treatment, not a vaccine.
These tests involved cell samples; no animal or human trials had yet been conducted. There is no further information available on this as of [[June]] [[2005]].
== Bioterrorism ==
Airborne transmission of Ebola Zaire has been demonstrated in monkeys in a controlled laboratory environment at USAMRIID several times in 1995/1996.<sup>[[#references|16,17,18]]</sup>
==In literature==
In his book ''[[Biohazard (book)|Biohazard]]'', former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] biological warfare researcher [[Kanatjan Alibekov|Ken Alibek]] claimed that the former Soviet Union experimented extensively with use of Ebola as a biological weapon, including a [[genetically engineered]] version combined with the [[smallpox]] virus to increase the degree of contagion and lethality.
The book ''[[Executive Orders]]'' by [[Tom Clancy]] describes an extensive bioterrorist attack on the [[United States]] via a newly discovered strain of Ebola (titularly the same strain that killed Mayinga) that propagates by air.
Richard Preston's book ''[[The Hot Zone]]'' contains a history of the research and discovery of the virus, as well as an account of an outbreak of a strain of the virus near Washington DC.
Another piece of fictional work that dramatizes Ebola (in particular, Ebola Zaire Mayinga) is ''[[Executive Orders]]'' by [[Tom Clancy]]. In the novel, [[Iranian]] doctors replicate the virus, which they proved to be airborne. They unleash the virus on the [[United States]].
A modified version of the Ebola virus also appears in another [[Tom Clancy]] novel, [[Rainbow Six]]. The modified virus is slated for release at the [[Olympic Games]], with the intent to kill every living person, except for those who are [[ecoterrorism|radical environmentalists]].
In the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' spin off [[Ninth Doctor Adventures]] novel ''Only Human'', a hospital is evacuated after authorities falsely claim that a patient has Ebola. The [[Ninth Doctor]] says that the cure to the disease is found in [[2076]].
In the ''[[DC Universe]]'', a mutation of the virus was created by The Order Of Saint Dumas (those who created [[Azrael (comics)|Azrael]]) and subsequently released by [[Ra's Al Ghul]] himself in Gotham City, causing the death of many citizens. This version is named [[Ebola Gulf-A]] and called "The Clench". Many years later, in a possible future ([[Elseworlds]]' book ''Brotherhood of the Bat'') a new version of this virus is released by Ra's causing the death of the 99% of all humans. This new version is named [[Ebola Honduras]].
The general concept of a highly infectious blood-borne haemorrhagic virus was used to horrifying effect in the 2002 movie ''[[28 Days Later]]'', directed by [[Danny Boyle]]. Although the agent in ''28 Days Later'' was a fictional, engineered pathogen called "Rage", some parallels with Ebola are very evident.
In the video game [[Resident Evil]] the ebola virus is used to create the [[T-Virus]].
A victim in an episode of [[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]] is thought to be infected with Ebola, which turns out to be a false-positive.
In the 1995 movie, ''[[Outbreak (film)|Outbreak]]'', a disease that is Ebola-like, causing extreme hemorrhaging, is fought against by the protaganists. The disease is called Motaba, and is based in [[Zaire]]. During the movie, the death rate of the virus is pronounced to be near 100%, killing almost all that contract it, like Ebola. Also, in a scene they show a picture of the Motaba virus, which actually is a picture of the Ebola virus.
The 1996 Hong Kong exploitation film [[Ebola Syndrome]] revolves around an outbreak of the virus following the main character's visit to an infected South African tribe. The film uses creative license with the virus; Victims die within 72 hours and 1 in 10 million people is a "carrier" of the virus (that is to say, they can spread the virus but do not suffer themselves).
On the television show, ''[[7 Days]]'', a government lab in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania had created a mutated, highly contagious, one hundred percent fatal form of the ebola virus for medical and vaccine research. A religious zealot steals a sample of the virus and releases it in the flight crew lounge in the Gettysburg International Airport, believing it to be the will of God to purge the world of the wicked. In less than a week, the virus infects over ninety eight percent of the world. Only through the actions of chrononaut Frank Parker and the Back Step crew is the event undone by traveling back in time seven days. This episode was called "The Gettysburg Virus".
==Myths==
Much representation of the Ebola virus in fiction and the media is considered exaggerated.
'''Myth:''' The virus kills so fast that it has little time to spread. Victims die very soon after contact with the virus.
'''
:'''Reality:''' ''The incubation time is actually 2-21 days<sup>[[#references|25]]</sup>, but usually 5-8 days with a mean of 6.2. The average time from onset of early symptoms to death varies in the range 3-21 days, with a mean of 10.1<sup>[[#references|27]]</sup>''
'''Myth:''' The virus symptoms are horrifying beyond belief. Victims of Ebola suffer from squirting blood, liquifying flesh, zombie-like faces and dramatic projectile bloody vomiting.
:'''Reality:''' ''Only a tiny fraction of Ebola victims have severe bleeding that would be even somewhat dramatic to witness. Approximately 10% of patients suffer some bleeding, but this is often internal, or subtle (e.g. bleeding from the gums). Ebola symptoms are usually limited to extreme exhaustion, digestive complaints (vomiting and diarrhea) a high fever, headaches and body pains.''
The following is an excerpt from Ed Regis's interview<sup>[[#references|21]]</sup> with Philippe Calain, M.D. Chief Epidemiologist, CDC Special Pathogens Branch, Kikwit 1995:
:{|style="border:1px; border: none; background-color:#f6f6FF; margin:20px;" cellpadding="10"
|-
|At the end of the disease the patient does not look, from the outside, as horrible as you can read in some books. They are not melting. They are not full of blood. They're in shock, muscular shock. They are not unconscious, but you would say 'obtunded', dull, quiet, very tired. Very few were hemorrhaging. Hemorrhage is not the main symptom. Less than half of the patients had some kind of hemorrhage. But the ones that bled, died.
|}
Many of the exaggerated stories about Ebola virus in Preston's book "[[The Hot Zone]]" are refuted in the book "Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" by [[Joe McCormick]] (an employee of the CDC at the time of the early outbreaks).
==See also==
*[[Marburg haemorrhagic fever|Marburg Hæmorrhagic fever]], the first known [[filovirus]] disease
*[[Bolivian haemorrhagic fever|Bolivian hæmorrhagic fever]]
*[[Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever|Crimean Congo hæmorrhagic fever (CCHF)]]
==External links==
*[http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_24509,00.html Emeril Live! Tailgating Recipe Contest Winner]
* http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/contents/v179nS1.html
*[http://southernfood.about.com/od/jalapenochilerecipes/r/bl21220b.htm Mexican Recipe]
* http://www.itg.be/ebola/ebola-06.htm
* http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20020114/ebola1.html
* http://www.itg.be/ebola/ebola-12.htm
{{Mexico-cuisine-stub}}
==References==
# {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4484494.stm |title=Fruit bats may carry Ebola virus | publisher=BBC News | date=December 1, 2005}}
# {{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/science/national/2005/06/05/monkey-vaccines050605.html |title=Vaccines protect monkeys from Ebola, Marburg |publisher=CBC News| date=June 5, 2005 }}
# {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/3126365.stm |title=Breakthrough in Ebola Vaccine | publisher=BBC News | date=August 6, 2003 }}
# Busharizi, Paul. [http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=0385 Ebola Hits Uganda’s Tourism Revival Effort]. Planet Ark. [[27 December]] [[2000]]. [[3 September]] [[2003]].
# Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual/entire.pdf Infection for Health Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting]. Atlanta, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, [[1998]]. [[3 September]] [[2003]].
# Draper, Allison Stark. ''Ebola''. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., [[2002]].
# [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola.htm Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]. Centers for Disease Control Special Pathogens Branch. [[8 September]] [[2003]].
# [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebotabl.htm Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Table Showing Known Cases and Outbreaks, in Chronological Order]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [[18 October]] [[2002]]. [[3 September]] [[2003]].
# [http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact103.html Fact Sheet Number 103 Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]. World Health Organization. December [[2000]]. [[3 September]] [[2003]].
# [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/filoviruses.htm Filoviruses]. Centers for Disease Control Special Pathogens Branch. [[3 September]] [[2003]].
# Horowitz, Leonard G. ''Emerging Viruses: AIDS & Ebola — Nature, Accident, or Intentional?''. Rockport, MA: Tetrahedron, Inc., [[1996]].
# Preston, Richard. ''The Hot Zone''. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday, [[1994]].
# Preston, Richard. ''The Demon in the Freezer''.Ballantine Book by Random House, [[2002]].
# Russell, Brett. [http://www.brettrussell.com/personal/what_are_the_chances_.html What are the Chances?] Ebola FAQ. [[3 September]] [[2003]].
# [http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/ebola.htm TED Case Study: Ebola and Trade]. Trade and Environment Databases. May [[1997]]. [[7 November]] [[2003]].
# Oplinger, Anne A. [http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/ebolahumantrial.htm NIAID Ebola Vaccine Enters Human Trial]. NIAID: The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. November [[2003]]. [[3 May]] [[2005]].
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15937495&query_hl=9 Live attenuated recombinant vaccine protects nonhuman primates against Ebola and Marburg viruses] PubMed 5 June 2005
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8712894&query_hl=12 Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure] PubMed February 1996 Jaax/Davis/Geisbert/Jahrling
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8551825&query_hl=12 Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory] PubMed December 1995
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7547435&query_hl=12 Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola virus] PubMed August 1995
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15588056&query_hl=12 Marburg and Ebola viruses as aerosol threats] PubMed 2004 USAMRIID
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15207310&query_hl=12 Other viral bioweapons: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever] PubMed 2004
#Regis, Ed. ''Virus Ground Zero''; Simon & Schuster: New York, 1996; p104
#[http://www.ifrc.org/WHAT/health/archi/strategy/ebola.htm Ebola Control (DRAFT) --Toolkit for Volunteers* ] Red Cross Red Crescent
#[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/qa.htm Questions and Answers about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Center for Disease Control (CDC)]
#[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/01.025.0.02.htm Information on genus Ebolavirus]
# ''J. Infect. Dis.'' 1999 '''179''' S1-S7
[[Category:NPOV disputes]]
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
[[Category:Infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Eponymous diseases]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Viruses]]
[[Category:Tropical disease]]
[[Category:Mexican cuisine]]
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