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[[Image:Flickr_ymimexico_247769858--Jalapeno_poppers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jalapeno poppers.]]
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'''Jalapeño poppers''' are [[jalapeño]] [[chile pepper|pepper]]s that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of [[cheese]], [[spices]], and sometimes ground meat, and then deep fried. They are served (usually with some kind of dip) as appetizers at some Mexican- or Southwest-themed bars and restaurants.
[[image:ErnstHaeckel.jpg|thumb|Ernst Haeckel.]]
[[image:Ernst Haeckel and von Miclucho-Maclay 1866.jpg|thumb|Haeckel (left) with Nicolaus von Miclucho-Maclay, his assistant, in the [[Canary Islands|Canaries]], 1866.]]
[[Image:Haeckel Actiniae.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Sea anemones from [[Ernst Haeckel|Ernst Haeckel's]] ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' (Artforms of Nature) of 1904.]]
'''Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel''' ([[February 16]], [[1834]] — [[August 9]], [[1919]]),<ref>
"Ernst Haeckel - Britannica Concise" (biography),
''Encyclopædia Britannica Concise'', 2006, Concise.Britannica.com webpage:
[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366404/Ernst-Haeckel CBritannica-Haeckel].
</ref>
also written '''von Haeckel''', was an eminent German [[biologist]], [[naturalist]], [[philosopher]], [[physician]], [[professor]] and [[artist]].
Ernst Haeckel named thousands of new species (see below), mapped a genealogical tree relating all animal life, and coined many terms in [[biology]],
including ''[[phylum]]'', ''[[phylogeny]]'', ''[[ecology]]'' and ''[[Protista]]'' kingdom (details below).
Haeckel promoted [[Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin's]] work in [[Germany]] and developed the controversial "[[recapitulation theory]]" claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or [[ontogeny]], parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or [[phylogeny]]: "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" (see below).
The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures (see: ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'', "Artforms of Nature"). As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote ''Freedom in Science and Teaching'' in [[1879]] (ISBN 1410211754).
== Research==
Haeckel was a [[zoologist]], an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a [[professor]] of [[comparative anatomy]]. He was one of the first to consider [[psychology]] as a branch of [[physiology]]. He also proposed many now ubiquitous terms including "[[scientific classification|phylum]]" and "[[ecology]]." His chief interests lay in [[evolution]] and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' (''Art forms of nature'').
Haeckel advanced the "[[recapitulation theory]]" which proposed a link between [[ontogeny]] (development of form) and [[phylogeny]] (evolutionary descent), summed up in the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". He supported the theory with [[embryo drawings]] that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and the theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships. It is thought by some critics of Haeckel, particularly creationists, that Haeckel deliberately faked the images to get more support for his ideas. Haeckel introduced the concept of "[[heterochrony]]", which is the change in timing of [[embryonic development]] over the course of evolution.
Haeckel was also known for his "[[biogenic theory]]", in which he suggested that the development of races paralleled the development of individuals. He advocated the idea that [[Untermensch|"primitive" races]] were in their infancies and needed the "supervision" and "protection" of more "mature" societies.
Haeckel extrapolated a new religion or philosophy called "[[monism]]" from evolutionary science. In Haeckel's view of monism, which postulates that all aspects of the world form an essential unity, all [[economics]], [[politics]], and [[ethics]] are reduced to "applied biology." Haeckel's writings and lectures on monism were later used to provide scientific (or quasi-scientific) justifications for [[racism]], [[nationalism]], and [[social Darwinism]].
<ref HaeckelUCB>
"Ernst Haeckel" (biography),
[[UC Berkeley]], 2004,
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html BerkeleyEdu-Haeckel].
<ref>
A quote from Haeckel:
: "In order to be convinced of this important result, it is above all things necessary to study and compare the mental life of wild savages and of children. At the lowest stage of human mental development are the Australians, some tribes of the Polynesians, and the Bushmen, Hottentots, and some of the Negro tribes.
: In many of these languages there are numerals only for one, two, and three: no Australian language counts beyond four. Very many wild tribes can count no further than ten or twenty, whereas some very clever dogs have been made to count up to forty and even beyond sixty."
::: –Ernst Haeckel, ''The History of Creation'' ([[1868]]/[[1883]]), pp. 362, 363.
==Biography==
[[Image:Ernst Haeckel 1860.jpg|thumb|175px|right|'''Ernst Haeckel''': [[Christmas]] of [[1860]] (age 26)]]
Ernst Haeckel was born on [[February 16]], [[1834]], in [[Potsdam]] (then part of [[Prussia]]).
<ref name=HaeckelDE>
"Ernst Haeckel" (article), ''German Wikipedia'', October 26, 2006, webpage:
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel DE-Wiki-Ernst-Haeckel]:
last paragraph of "Leben" (Life) section.
</ref>
In [[1852]], Haeckel completed studies at Cathedral High School (''Domgymnasium'') of [[Mersburg]].<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
He then studied [[medicine]] in [[Berlin]], particularly with [[Albert von Kölliker]], Franz Leydin, [[Rudolf Virchow]] (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with
anatomist-physiologist [[Johannes Müller]]/Mueller (1801-1858).<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
In [[1857]], Haeckel attained a [[doctorate]] in [[medicine]] ([[M.D.]]), and afterwards he received a license to practice medicine. The occupation of [[physician]] appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel, after contact with suffering patients.<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbauer at the [[University of Jena]] for three years, earning a doctorate in [[zoology]],<ref name=HaeckelDE/> before becoming a professor of [[comparative anatomy]] at the [[University of Jena]], where he remained 47 years, from [[1862]]-[[1909]]. Between 1859 and 1866, Haeckel worked on many "invertebrate" groups, including [[radiolarian]]s, [[poriferan]]s ([[sea sponge|sponges]]) and [[annelid]]s (segmented worms). He named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians during a trip to the Mediterranean.
"Invertebrates" provided the fodder for most of his experimental work on development, leading to his "[[recapitulation theory|law of recapitulation]]." Haeckel named thousands of new species from [[1859]] to [[1887]].
<ref name=HaeckelRS>
"[[Rudolf Steiner]] and Ernst Haeckel" (colleagues),
Daniel Hindes, 2005, DefendingSteiner.com webpage:
[http://www.defendingsteiner.com/articles/rs-haeckel.php Steiner-Haeckel].
</ref>
In [[1866]] to [[1867]], Haeckel made an extended journey to the [[Canary Islands]] and during this time, Haeckel met with [[Charles Darwin]], [[Thomas Huxley]] and [[Charles Lyell]].<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
In [[1867]], Haeckel married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was born in [[1868]], their daughter Elizabeth in [[1871]], and their daughter Emma in [[1873]].<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
In [[1869]], Haeckel traveled as a researcher to [[Norway]], in 1871 to ''Dalmatien'', and in 1873 to [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], and to [[Greece]].<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
Haeckel was also a free-thinker who went beyond biology, dabbling in [[anthropology]], [[psychology]], and [[cosmology]]. Haeckel's speculative ideas and apparent fudging of data, plus lack of [[empirical evidence|empirical]] support for many of his ideas, tarnished his scientific credentials. However, he remained an immensely popular figure in Germany and was considered a hero by his countrymen.
Haeckel was a flamboyant figure. He sometimes took great (and non-scientific) leaps from available evidence. For example, at the time that Darwin first published ''[[On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection]]'' ([[1859]]), no remains of human ancestors had yet been found. Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]), and described these theoretical remains in great detail. He even named the as-of-yet unfound species, ''Pithecanthropus alalus'', and charged his students to go find it. (Richard and [[Oskar Hertwig]] were two of Haeckel´s many important students.)
One student did find the remains: a young Dutchman named [[Eugene Dubois]] went to the [[East Indies]] and dug up the remains of [[Java Man]], the first human ancestral remains ever found. These remains originally carried Haeckel's ''[[Pithecanthropus]]'' label, though they were later reclassified as ''[[Homo erectus]]''.
Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of [[evolutionary theory]], and he was a competent [[invertebrate]] [[anatomist]] most famous for his work on [[radiolaria]], many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral [[microorganism]]s that have never been found. His concept of recapitulation has been disputed in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"). Haeckel did not support [[natural selection]], rather believing in a [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarckian]] [[inheritance of acquired characteristics]] (Darwin considered both of these paths for evolution viable).
<ref>
Ruse, M. 1979. ''The Darwinian Revolution''. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
</ref>
It has also been claimed (Richardson 1998) that Haeckel's drawings of [[1874]] were substantially fabricated;
<ref>
Michael K. Richardson. 1998. "Haeckel's embryos continued." ''Science'' 281:1289,
quoted in NaturalScience.com webpage
[http://naturalscience.com/ns/letters/ns_let17.html Re: ''Ontogeny and phylogeny'']:
A Letter from Richard Bassetti; Editor's note.
</ref>
<ref name=AEmyths>
"Haeckel's embryos" (of drawings, with detailed quotes by Haeckel & others),
Tony Britain, 2001, AntiEvolution.org webpage:
[http://www.antievolution.org/topics/law/ar_hb2548/Haeckels_embryos.htm AE-myths].
</ref>
however, it was later claimed that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and [[Wilhelm His]] (Richardson & Keuck 2001).<ref name=AEmyths/>
Those controversial drawings are still used in many British and American biology textbooks today; however, there were multiple versions of the embryos drawings, and Haeckel himself rejected the claims of fraud.<ref name=AEmyths/>
<ref>
"The Controversy over Evolution in Biology Textbooks"
(Texas, Textbooks and Evolution), Dr. Raymond G. Bohlin (President),
Probe Ministries, 2003, Probe.org webpage:
[http://www.probe.org/content/view/902/67/ ProbeOrg-Textbook-Controversy]:
mentions Haeckel drawings, [[peppered moth]] story and [[Cambrian explosion]].
</ref>
The controversy involves several different issues (see more details at: [[recapitulation theory]]).
Although best known for "[[recapitulation theory]]" with the famous dictum "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," Haeckel also coined many words commonly used by biologists today, such as ''phylum'', ''phylogeny'', ''ecology'' ("oekologie"),<ref name=HaeckelRS/> and proposed the kingdom ''[[Protista]]''.<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
Haeckel also stated that "politics is applied biology", a quote used by various [[Nazi]]s. [[NSDAP|The Nazi party]] used not only Haeckel's quotations, but also Haeckel's broader philosophy of "Monism," which they used as justification for racism, nationalism and social Darwinism.
In [[1909]], Haeckel retired from teaching, and in [[1910]] he withdrew from the [[Evangelist]] church.<ref name=HaeckelDE/>
Haeckel's wife, Agnes, died in [[1915]], and Ernst Haeckel became substantially more frail, with a broken leg (thigh) and broken arm.<ref name=HaeckelDE/> He sold the mansion Medusa ("Villa Medusa") in [[1918]] to the [[Carl Zeiss]] foundation.<ref name=HaeckelDE/> Ernst Haeckel died on [[August 9]], [[1919]].
In the [[U.S.]], ''Mount Haeckel'', a 13,418-[[ft]] (4,090 [[m]]) summit in the Eastern [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra Nevada]], overlooking the Evolution Basin, and another ''Mount Haeckel'', a 2,941-m (9,649-ft) summit in [[List of mountains of New Zealand by height|New Zealand]], are named in honor of Ernst Haeckel, as is the [[asteroid]] [[12323 Häckel]].
The Ernst Haeckel house ("Villa Medusa") in [[Jena]], [[Germany]] contains a historic library.
==Publications==
[[Image:Haeckel Muscinae.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Kunstformen'' - plate 72: [[Muscinae]]]]
[[Image:Haeckel Chaetopoda.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Kunstformen'' - plate 96: [[Chaetopoda]]]]
Haeckel's literary output was extensive, working as a professor at the [[University of Jena]] for 47 years, and even at the time of the celebration of his sixtieth birthday at [[Jena]] in [[1894]], Haeckel had produced 42 works with nearly 13,000 pages, besides numerous scientific [[memoir]]s and illustrations.
<ref name=Ha1911>
"Biography of Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, 1834-1919" ([[article]]),
Missouri Association for Creation, Inc., based on [[1911 Britannica]], webpage:
[http://www.gennet.org/facts/haeckel.html Gennet-Haeckel]: life, career & beliefs.
</ref>
Haeckel's [[monograph]]s include: ''Radiolaria'' ([[1862]]), ''Siphonophora'' ([[1869]]), ''Monera'' ([[1870]]) and ''Calcareous Sponges'' ([[1872]]), as well as several ''Challenger'' reports: ''Deep-Sea Medusae'' ([[1881]]), ''Siphonophora'' ([[1888]]), ''Deep-Sea Keratosa'' ([[1889]]), and another ''Radiolaria'' ([[1887]]), the last being illustrated with 140 plates and enumerating over four thousand (4000) new species.<ref name=Ha1911/>
Among his many books, Ernst Haeckel wrote ''General Morphology'' (1866);
''Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte'' ([[1868]], in English, ''The Natural History of Creation'' reprinted [[1883]]); ''Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre'' ([[1877]], in English, ''Freedom in Science and Teaching'') in reply to a speech in which [[Virchow]] objected to the teaching of [[evolution]] in schools, on the grounds that evolution was an unproven hypothesis;<ref name=Ha1911/> ''Die systematische Phylogenie'' ([[1894]], "Systematic Phylogeny"), which has been considered as his best book,<ref name=Ha1911/> ''Anthropogenie'' ([[1874]], 5th and enlarged edition [[1903]]), dealing with the evolution of man; ''Die Welträthsel'' ([[1895]]-[[1899]], in English, ''The Riddle of the Universe'', [[1901]]);<ref name=Ha1911/> ''Über unsere gegenwärtige Kenntnis vom Ursprung des Menschen'' ([[1898]], translated into English as ''The Last Link'', [[1808]]); ''Der Kampf um den Entwickelungsgedanken'' ([[1905]], English version, ''Last Words on Evolution'', [[1906]]); ''Die Lebenswunder'' ([[1904]], "Wonder of Life"), a supplement to the ''Riddle of the Universe''; also books of travel, such as ''Indische Reisebriefe'' ([[1882]], "Travel notes of [[India]]") and ''Aus Insulinde: Malayische Reisebriefe'' ([[1901]], "Travel notes of [[Malaysia]]"), the fruits of journeys to [[Ceylon]] and to [[Java]]; ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' ([[1904]], ''Artforms of Nature''), with plates representing detailed marine animal forms; and ''Wanderbilder'' ([[1905]], "travel images"), with reproductions of his oil-paintings and water-color landscapes.<ref name=Ha1911/>
==See also==
: [[Stephen Jay Gould]] - biologist.
: [[Alfred Ploetz]] - on [[eugenics]] and [[racial hygiene]].
==Notes==
<references/>
==References==
*{{cite book
| author = Charles Darwin
| year = 1859
| title = On the Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection)
| publisher = John Murray
| ___location = London
}}
*{{cite book
| author = Charles Darwin
| year = 2003 edition
| title = The Origin of Species (with introduction by [[Julian Huxley]])
| publisher = Signet Classics
| id = ISBN 0-45-152906-5
}}
* Ernst Haeckel, ''Freedom in Science and Teaching'' ([[1879]]), reprint edition, University Press of the Pacific, February 2004, paperback, 156 pages, ISBN 1410211754.
* Ernst Haeckel, ''The History of Creation'' ([[1868]]), translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., [[London]], [[1883]], 3rd edition, Volume 1.
* Ernst Haeckel, ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' ''("Artforms of Nature")'', [[1904]], (from series published [[1899]]-[[1904]]): over 100 detailed, multi-color illustrations of animals and sea creatures.
* Richard Milner, ''The Encyclopedia of Evolution: Humanity's Search for Its Origins'', Henry Holt, [[1993]].
* Michael K. Richardson, "Haeckel's embryos continued" (article), ''Science'' Volume 281:1289, [[1998]].
* Richardson, M. K. & Keuck, G. (2001) "A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?," ''Nature'' 410:144 (vol. 410, no. 6825, page 144), [[March 8]], [[2001]].
* M. Ruse, ''The Darwinian Revolution''. [[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago]] Press, [[1979]].
==Further reading==
* ''Art Forms from the Ocean: The Radiolarian Atlas of 1862'', by Ernst Haeckel, Prestel Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3327-5.
* {{gutenberg author| id=Ernst+Heinrich+Philipp+August+Haeckel | name=Ernst Haeckel}}.
* Richardson, Michael K., "Haeckel, embryos, and evolution," ''Science'' Vol. 280, no. 5366 (May 15, 1998) p. 983, 985-986.
==External links==
*[http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,1977,FOOD_9936_24509,00.html Emeril Live! Tailgating Recipe Contest Winner]
{{Commons|Ernst Haeckel}}
*[http://southernfood.about.com/od/jalapenochilerecipes/r/bl21220b.htm Mexican Recipe]
* [http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/haeckel/index.html Marine Biological Laboratory Library] - An exhibition of material on Haeckel, including background on many ''Kunsformen der Natur'' plates
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html University of California, Berkeley] - Ernst Haeckel biography
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2124625/ Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist.] A slide-show essay about Ernst Haeckel.
* ''[[commons:Kunstformen der Natur|Kunstformen der Natur]]'', Wikimedia Commons: over 100 detailed animal drawings.
* [http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/haeckel/kunstformen/natur.html ''Kunstformen der Natur'', scanned] (from [http://www.biolib.de/ biolib.de] Stuebers Online Library)
* [http://draves.org/pix/kdn/ PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur"]
*[http://www.nightfirefilms.org/proteus_home.html Proteus] - An animated documentary film on the life and work of Ernst Haeckel
*[http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/haeckel.htm Ernst Haeckel Haus] and Ernst Haeckel Museum in [[Jena]]
[[Category:German biologists|Haeckel, Ernst]]
[[Category:German-language philosophers|Haeckel, Ernst]]
[[Category:German zoologists|Haeckel, Ernst]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biologists|Haeckel, Ernst]]
[[Category:1834 births|Haeckel, Ernst]]
[[Category:1919 deaths|Haeckel, Ernst]]
[[Category:natives of Brandenburg|Haeckel, Ernst]]
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