Recycling and Tony Curtis: Difference between pages

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{{otherpeople|Tony Curtis}}

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{{Infobox actor

[[Image:Recycle001.svg|thumb|right|144px|The international [[recycling symbol]].]]

| bgcolour =

{{Environmental technology}}

| name = Tony Curtis

| image = Tony Curtis portrait.jpg

| imagesize = 200px

| caption = Tony Curtis

| birthname = Bernard Schwartz

| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1925|6|3}}

| ___location = [[New York]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]

| deathdate =

| deathplace =

| othername = Boinie

| height = 175 cm (5 foot 9 inches)

| spouses = [[Janet Leigh]]

| yearsactive = [[1949 in film|1949]]-[[Present (time)|Present]]

| homepage =

| notable role =

| academyawards =

| emmyawards =

| tonyawards =

}}

'''Tony Curtis''' (born '''Bernard Schwartz''', [[June 3]], [[1925]]) is an [[United States|American]] film actor. Famous for his thick black wavy hair, good looks, flashing long eyelashes and trademark New York accent, he was most popular during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He is best known for his light comic roles, especially his musician on the run from gangsters in ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959). He has also essayed a number of more serious dramatic roles over the years, such as his escaped convict in ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958), for which he received an [[Academy Award]] nomination. He has appeared in over 100 films since [[1949]], and has also made frequent television appearances.

'''Recycling''' is the reprocessing of materials into new products. Recycling prevents useful material resources being [[waste]]d, reduces the consumption of raw materials and reduces [[energy]] usage, and hence greenhouse gas emissions, compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key concept of modern [[waste management]] and is the third component of the [[waste hierarchy]].

== Biography ==

'''Recyclable materials''' also called "'''recyclates'''" or "'''recyclables'''", may originate from a wide range of sources including the home and industry. They include [[glass]], [[paper]], [[aluminium]], [[asphalt]], [[iron]], [[textiles]] and [[plastic]]s. [[Biodegradable waste]], such as [[food waste]] or [[garden waste]], is also recyclable with the assistance of microorganisms through [[composting]] or [[anaerobic digestion]].

Tony Curtis was born '''Bernard Schwartz''', the son of [[Jew]]ish [[Hungary|Hungarian]] (from the city of [[Mátészalka]], [[Szatmár]]) immigrants Emanuel and Helen Schwartz, in [[the Bronx]], [[New York]]. His father was a tailor who had left his home country to find a new life in the [[United States]]. In the early days the family lived in the back of his tailor's shop, parents in one corner and Tony and his brothers Julius and Robert in another. Curtis has said of his mother in interview ' When I was a child she beat me up and was very aggressive, antagonistic.' His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia, a mental illness which also affected his brother Robert and led to his institutionalization. When Curtis was 8, he and his younger brother Julius were placed in an orphanage for one month because their parents could not afford to feed them. There were more hard times to come. When Curtis was 13, Julius was hit by a truck and died. It fell to Tony to identify the body. He has said that he still keeps his brother's cap and school books because that's all that's left of him. With the realities of real life all too harsh, a young Curtis sought refuge in the cinema.

'When I was a child, I used to go to the movies and became enthralled by all the fencing, horseback riding, kissing the girls. I said to myself "Why can't I do that?"

Recyclates need to be [[Waste sorting|sorted]] and separated into material types. Contamination of the recylates with other materials must be prevented to increase the recyclates value and facilitate easier reprocessing for the ultimate recycling facility. This sorting can be performed either by the producer of the waste or within semi or fully-automated [[materials recovery facilities]].

Between [[1942]] and [[1945]] Curtis served in the [[U.S. Navy]] aboard the submarine tender, the USS PROTEUS. He witnessed the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay in September 1945, from a vantage point of 300 yards away.<ref>http://tendertale.com/ttiii/ttiii1.html</ref> After his service in the Navy, the young Curtis studied acting alongside [[Elaine Stritch]], [[Walter Matthau]] and [[Rod Steiger]]. To use his own words, he got into the movies because he was 'the handsomest of the boys.' Arriving in Hollywood in [[1948]] aged 23 he was put under contract to [[Universal Pictures]] and had his name changed to Tony Curtis. The studio sent him to fencing and riding lessons, but Curtis admits he was only interested in girls and money.

There are two common household methods of helping increase recycling. Firstly [[kerbside collection]] (US: curbside collection) is where consumers leave presorted materials for recycling at the front of their property, typicially in boxes or sacks to be collected by a [[waste collection vehicle|recycling vehicle]]. Alternatively, with a "bring system", the householder may take the materials to recycling banks or [[civic amenity centre]]s where recyclates are placed into recycling bins based on the type of material.

Originally seen as just another pretty boy, he nonetheless proved he had great acting talent with many great performances in outstanding films such as the role of the scheming press agent Sidney Falco in ''[[Sweet Smell of Success]]'', along with [[Burt Lancaster]], and an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-nominated performance as a bigoted escaped convict chained to [[Sidney Poitier]] in ''[[The Defiant Ones]]''.

Recycling does not include [[reuse]] where items retain their existing form for other purposes without the need for reprocessing.

Tony Curtis was so popular as a screen hunk during the 1950s that [[Elvis Presley]]<ref>[http://www.elvispresleynews.com/Elvis-Hairstyle.html Elvis Presley Elvis Presley News]</ref> copied his ducktail (DA) hairstyle after seeing it on screen.

==History==

{{Globalize}}

[[Image:Aber Recycling.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Recycling bins in [[Aberystwyth]], [[Wales]]. Bilingual with [[English language|English]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]].]]

Recycling has been a common practice throughout human history. In [[industrial revolution|pre-industrial]] times, scrap made of bronze and other precious metals was collected in Europe and melted down for perpetual reuse, and in Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was [[downcycling|downcycled]] as a base material in brickmaking. The main driver for these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock instead of acquiring virgin material, as well as a lack of public waste removal in ever more-populated sites.

Curtis has also appeared frequently on television; he co-starred with [[Roger Moore]] in the [[television program|TV series]] ''[[The Persuaders!]]''. He later starred in ''[[McCoy (TV series)|McCoy]]'' and ''[[Vega$]]''. He made his screen debut, uncredited, in ''[[Criss Cross (1949 film)|Criss Cross]]'' playing a [[rhumba]] dancer. He also provided the voice of "Stony Curtis" as a guest star on ''[[The Flintstones]]''.

Paper recycling began in Britain in 1921, when the [[British Waste Paper Association]] was established to encourage trade in waste paper recycling. <!--This para needs expanding, obviously, as well as generalising beyond UK-->

All his life, Curtis has enjoyed painting, and since the early 1980s, has had a second career as a [[painter]]. His work can command more than £25000 a canvas now and it is his career in paint that he now focuses rather than movies. 'I still make movies but I'm not that interested any more. I paint all the time.' In [[2007]] his painting ''The Red Table'' will be on display in the [[Metropolitan Museum]] in [[Manhattan]].

Resource shortages caused by the [[world war]]s, and other such world changing occurances greatly encouraged recycling. Massive government promotion campaigns were carried out in [[World War II]] in every country involved in the war, urging citizens to donate metals and conserve fibre, as a matter of significant patriotic importance. <!--no sources, and so much more could be said here --> Resource conservation programs established during the war were continued in some countries without an abundance of natural resources, such as Japan, after the war ended.

Curtis has spoken of his disappointment in never being awarded an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] 'I've never felt that my profession has recognized me for my work.' In March [[2006]], Curtis received the Sony Ericsson Empire Lifetime Achievement Award. He has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] and received [[France]]'s honor, the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]], in [[1995]].

In the USA, the next big investment in recycling occurred in the 1970s, due to rising energy costs (recycling aluminium uses only 5% of the energy required by virgin production; glass, paper and metals have less dramatic but very significant energy savings when recycled feedstock is used). The passage of the [[Clean Water Act]] of 1977 in the USA created strong demand for bleached paper (office paper whose fibre has already been bleached white increased in value as water effluent became more expensive).

== Relationships ==

In 1973, the city of [[Berkeley, California]] began one of the first curbside collection programs with monthly pick ups of newspapers from residences. Since then several countries have started and expanded various doorstep collection schemes.

Tony Curtis has been married six times. His first (and most famous) wife was the actress [[Janet Leigh]] (1927–2004), to whom he was married for 11 years, and with whom he fathered actresses [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] and [[Kelly Curtis]]. He said of their relationship, "For a while, we were Hollywood's golden couple. I was very dedicated and devoted to Janet. I was on top of my trade, but in her eyes that goldenness had started to wear off. I realised that whatever I was, I wasn't enough for Janet. That hurt me a lot and broke my heart."

He has also been married to:

One event that initiated recycling efforts occurred in 1989 when the city of Berkeley, California, banned the use of [[polystyrene]] packaging for keeping [[McDonald's]] hamburgers warm. One effect of this ban was to raise the ire of management at [[Dow Chemical]], the world's largest manufacturer of polystyrene, which led to the first major effort to show that plastics can be recycled. By 1999, there were 1,677 companies in the USA alone involved in the post-consumer plastics recycling business.

* Jill Vandenberg Curtis ([[November 6]], [[1998]]&mdash;)

* Lisa Deutsch ([[February 28]], [[1993]]&ndash;[[1994]]); divorced

* Andrea Savio ([[1984]]&ndash;[[1992]]); divorced

* Leslie Allen ([[April 20]], [[1968]]&ndash;[[1982]]); divorced, two children

* [[Christine Kaufmann]] ([[February 8]], [[1963]]&ndash;[[1967]]); divorced, two children

His son, Nicholas (with Leslie Allen), died of a [[heroin]] overdose on July 2, 1994 at the age of 23. Of this, Curtis has said, "As a father you don't recover from that. There isn't a moment at night that I don't remember him." About his sexuality Curtis stated : "I was 22 when I arrived in Hollywood in 1948. I had more action than Mount Vesuvius! I loved it too. I participated where I wanted to and didn't where I didn't. I've always been open about it." [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053291/news] His current wife is 42 years his junior. They met in a restaurant in 1993 and married in 1998. "The age gap doesn't bother us. We laugh a lot. My body is functioning and everything is good. She's the sexiest woman I've ever known. We don't think about time. I don't use [[Viagra]] either. There are 50 ways to please your lover."

==Benefits==

One of the main benefits of recycling comes from reducing the amount of new material required. In theory, recycling allows a material to be continually reused for the same purpose, and in many cases this theory holds true, most notably in the recycling of metals and glass.

== Trivia ==

Since less raw material is required, recycling creates further benefits for materials where cost of the initial extraction or production is high—either economically, socially or environmentally. <!--need examples of economic and socially savings--> The recycling of aluminium, for example, saves 95% of the [[CO2|CO₂]] emissions—an environmentally harmful [[greenhouse gas]]—compared to refining new metal.

{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}

[[Image:The Persuaders.jpg|framed|Curtis and [[Roger Moore]] in ''The Persuaders!'' (1971/72).]]

* Tony Curtis currently resides in [[Henderson, Nevada]].

* [[Audie Murphy]] suggested Curtis portray him in his biopic ''[[To Hell and Back]]''.

* Despite [[Lew Grade]] suggesting otherwise in his biography ''Still Dancing'', Curtis is good friends with [[Roger Moore]].

* Curtis and actress-activist [[Bo Derek]] met in Washington, D.C. in support of the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act in May 2004.

* Has appeared in tourism advertisements for his ancestral homeland [[Hungary]].

* Has stated that his favorite movie star and co-star was [[Cary Grant]].

* Made "Top 10 stars of the year", [[1961]] and [[1962]].

* In late [[2005]], Curtis voiced criticism of the film ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'', stating that he had no intention of seeing it.

* Being measured for their costumes for ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'', the designer apparently said after measuring Marilyn "you know Tony has a better-looking ass than you do." To which Monroe opened her blouse and said "Yeah, but he doesn't have tits like these!"

* Curtis has reportedly enjoyed watching [[science fiction]] for decades, and is a fan of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction]] [[comedy]] [[television series]] ''[[Red Dwarf]]'' (1988). In [[1994]], this show achieved its highest accolade so far, winning an [[Emmy Award|International Emmy Award]] for the Outstanding Popular Arts category. Curtis was 69 at the time and presented the award to [[Robert Llewellyn]] (who played [[Kryten]] in the show). In Red Dwarf Series V episode, The Inquisitor, the character Rimmer remarks on Kryten and Lister being manacled together "Look, they come here with some cock-and-bull story, they're chained together like Sidney Poiter and Tony Curtis -- I say open the door to oblivion and kick 'em through."

* Tony Curtis is used as a continuing [[in-joke]] in the [[2005]] BBC series ''[[Look Around You]]''.

* On the [[March 17]] edition of [[Soccer AM]] Big Stan Hibbert finally told his rendition of the ' Tony Curtis Gag' which led to fireworks exploding and applause heard around the world. He was then showered in flowers from the watching audience and show crew and almost forgot to do his trademark ‘centrifugal force’ celebration.

== Filmography ==

Concerns about limited resources such as [[raw materials]] and land space for disposal of waste have increased the importance of recycling. However maximum environmental benefit is gained by [[waste minimisation|reducing the amount of waste produced]], and reusing items in their current form, for example refilling bottles. All recycling techniques consume energy, for transportation and processing, and some also use considerable amounts of water. Both of these resources have an environmental impact which is why campaigners use the slogan "[[waste minimisation|Reduce]], [[Reuse]], Recycle" to indicate the preferred order for waste management in the waste hierarchy.

* ''[[Criss Cross (1949 film)|Criss Cross]]'' (1949)

* ''[[Bedrock Across the River]]'' (1949)

* ''[[The Lady Gambles]]'' (1949)

* ''[[Take One False Step]]'' (1949) (scenes deleted)

* ''[[Johnny Stool Pigeon]]'' (1949)

* ''[[How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border]]'' (1949) (short subject)

* ''[[Woman in Hiding]]'' (1950)

* ''[[Francis (film)|Francis]]'' (1950)

* ''[[I Was a Shoplifter]]'' (1950)

* ''[[Sierra (film)|Sierra]]'' (1950)

* ''[[Winchester '73 (1950 film)|Winchester '73]]'' (1950)

* ''[[Kansas Raiders]]'' (1950)

* ''[[The Prince Who Was a Thief]]'' (1951)

* ''[[Meet Danny Wilson]]'' (1952) (cameo)

* ''[[Flesh and Fury]]'' (1952)

* ''[[No Room for the Groom]]'' (1952)

* ''[[Son of Ali Baba]]'' (1952)

* ''[[Houdini (film)|Houdini]]'' (1953)

* ''[[The All-American]]'' (1953)

* ''[[Forbidden (1953 film)|Forbidden]]'' (1953)

* ''[[Beachhead]]'' (1954)

* ''[[Johnny Dark]]'' (1954)

* ''[[The Black Shield of Falworth]]'' (1954)

* ''[[Six Bridges to Cross]]'' (1955)

* ''[[So This Is Paris]]'' (1955)

* ''[[The Purple Mask]]'' (1955)

* ''[[The Rawhide Years]]'' (1955)

* ''[[The Square Jungle]]'' (1955)

* ''[[Trapeze]]'' (1956)

* ''[[Mister Cory]]'' (1957)

* ''[[Sweet Smell of Success]]'' (1957)

* ''[[The Midnight Story]]'' (1957)

* ''[[The Vikings (film)|The Vikings]]'' (1958)

* ''[[Kings Go Forth]]'' (1958)

* ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958)

* ''[[The Perfect Furlough]]'' (1958)

* ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959)

* ''[[Operation Petticoat]]'' (1959)

* ''[[Who Was That Lady?]]'' (1960)

* ''[[The Rat Race]]'' (1960)

* ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'' (1960)

* ''[[Pepe (film)|Pepe]]'' (1960) (cameo)

* ''[[The Great Impostor]]'' (1961)

* ''[[The Outsider (1961 film)|The Outsider]]'' (1961)

* ''[[Taras Bulba (film)|Taras Bulba]]'' (1962)

* ''[[40 Pounds of Trouble]]'' (1962)

* ''[[The List of Adrian Messenger]]'' (1963) (cameo)

* ''[[Captain Newman, M.D.]]'' (1963)

* ''[[Paris, When It Sizzles]]'' (1964) (cameo)

* ''[[Wild and Wonderful]]'' (1964)

* ''[[Goodbye Charlie]]'' (1964)

* ''[[Sex and the Single Girl]]'' (1964)

* ''[[The Great Race]]'' (1965)

* ''[[Boeing Boeing]]'' (1965)

* ''[[Chamber of Horrors (film)|Chamber of Horrors]]'' (1966) (cameo)

* ''[[Not with My Wife, You Don't!]]'' (1966)

* ''[[Arrivederci, Baby!]]'' (1966)

* ''[[Don't Make Waves]]'' (1967)

* ''[[On My Way to the Crusades, I Met a Girl Who...]]'' (1968)

* ''[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]'' (1968) (voice)

* ''[[The Boston Strangler]]'' (1968)

* ''[[Those Daring Young Men in Their Jaunty Jalopies]]'' (1969)

* ''[[You Can't Win 'Em All]]'' (1970)

* ''[[Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came?]]'' (1970)

* ''[[Mission: Monte Carlo]]'' (1974)

* ''[[Lepke]]'' (1975)

* ''[[London Conspiracy]]'' (1976)

* ''[[The Last Tycoon]]'' (1976)

* ''[[Casanova & Co.]]'' (1977)

* ''[[Sextette]]'' (1978)

* ''[[The Manitou]]'' (1978)

* ''[[The Bad News Bears Go to Japan]]'' (1978)

* ''[[Double Take]]'' (1979)

* ''[[Title Shot]]'' (1979)

* ''[[Little Miss Marker]]'' (1980)

* ''[[It Rained All Night the Day I Left]]'' (1980)

* ''[[The Mirror Crack'd]]'' (1980)

* ''[[The Scarlett O'Hara War]]'' (1980)

* ''[[Othello, the Black Commando]]'' (1982)

* ''[[Where Is Parsifal?]]'' (1983)

* ''[[BrainWaves]]'' (1983)

* ''[[The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal]]'' (1985) (documentary)

* ''[[Club Life]]'' (1985)

* ''[[Insignificance]]'' (1985)

* ''[[The Last of Philip Banter]]'' (1986)

* ''[[Balboa (film)|Balboa]]'' (1986)

* ''[[The Passenger - Welcome to Germany]]'' (1988)

* ''[[Lobster Man from Mars]]'' (1989)

* ''[[Midnight (1989 film)|Midnight]]'' (1989)

* ''[[Walter & Carlo In America]]'' (1989)

* ''[[Prime Target]]'' (1991)

* ''[[Center of the Web]]'' (1992)

* ''[[Hugh Hefner: Once Upon a Time]]'' (1992) (documentary)

* ''[[Naked in New York]]'' (1993)

* ''[[The Mummy Lives]]'' (1993)

* ''[[A Century of Cinema]]'' (1994) (documentary)

* ''[[The Immortals (film)|The Immortals]]'' (1995)

* ''[[The Celluloid Closet]]'' (1995) (documentary)

* ''[[Hardball (1997 film)|Hardball]]'' (1997)

* ''[[Brittle Glory]]'' (1997)

* ''[[Alien X Factor]]'' (1997)

* ''[[Stargames]]'' (1998)

* ''[[Louis & Frank]]'' (1998)

* ''[[Play It to the Bone]]'' (1999) (cameo)

* ''[[Reflections of Evil]]'' (2002) (narrator)

* ''[[Where's Marty?]]'' (2006)

* ''[[Funny Money]]'' (2007)

* ''[[The Blacksmith and the Carpenter]]'' (2007) (voice)

* ''[[David & Fatima]]'' (2008)

* ''[[Oceans 14]]'' (2009)

== References ==

===Comparing recycling with normal extraction===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|-

! align='left' valign='top' |'''Aluminium'''

| align='left' valign='top' |Recycling one kilogram of aluminium saves up to 8 kilograms of bauxite, four kilograms of chemical products and 14 kilowatt hours of electricity.

<ref name="worldalum">''Aluminium Recycling Facts'', International Aluminium Institute [http://www.world-aluminium.org/environment/recycling/ link]</ref> <ref>''Metals - aluminium and steel recycling information sheet'', Waste Watch [http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/metals.htm link]</ref>

| align='left' valign='top' |It takes 20 times more energy to make aluminum from bauxite ore than using recycled aluminum.<ref>''Benefits of Recycling'', Ohio Department of Natural Resources [http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/recycling/awareness/facts/benefits.htm link]</ref>

|-

! align='left' valign='top' |'''Glass'''

| align='left' valign='top' |A 20% reduction in emissions from glass furnaces and up to 32% reduction in energy usage. {{fact}}

| align='left' valign='top' |For every ton of recycled glass used, approx 315 kilos of [[Carbon dioxide]] and 1.2 tons of raw materials are spared. <ref>''Glass recycling information sheet'', Waste Watch [http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/Glass.htm link]</ref>

|-

! align='left' valign='top' |'''Paper'''

| align='left' valign='top' |A ton of paper from recycled material conserves about 7,000 gallons of water, 17-31 trees and 4,000 KWh of electricity.<ref name="kids">''Recycling Paper & Glass'', U.S Department of Energy Kid's Page [http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/paperandglass.html link]</ref>

| align='left' valign='top' |Milling paper from recycled paper uses 20% less energy than it does to make paper from fresh paper trees grown on tree farms at the cost of more pollution caused by additional transportation and chemical cleaning treatment.<ref name="kids" />

|}

==Drawbacks==

[[Image:RecyclingStationOxford20040828.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A recyclables collection station in [[Oxford]], [[England]].]]

Paper can only be recycled a finite number of times due to the shortening of paper fibres making the material less versatile. Often it will be mixed with a quantity of virgin material. This is referred to as ''downcycling''. This does not however exclude the material from being used in other processes such as [[composting]] or [[anaerobic digestion]], where further value can be extracted from the material in the form of [[compost]] or [[biogas]].

There may also be drawbacks with the collection methods associated with recycling. Increasing collections of separated wastes adds to vehicle movements and the production of carbon dioxide. This may be negated however by centralised facilities such as some advanced [[material recovery facilities]] of [[mechanical biological treatment]] systems for the separation of [[municipal waste|mixed waste]]s.

==Recycling techniques==

Many different materials can be recycled but each type requires a different technique.

===Shipbreaking===

:''Main article: [[Shipbreaking]]''

A form of metal recovery associated to recycling is "[[shipbreaking]]". This is the process of breaking a ship into smaller, recyclable pieces of metal. It often has a number of major drawbacks to the local community and the local environment where shipbreaking occurs.

Shipbreaking tends to occur in poor countries where lack of or insufficient safety standards, labor laws and wage agreements makes them a lucrative area for demolition work. [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Turkey]] and [[Bangladesh]] make up the majority of these countries.

Toxic material in the form of metals, gas, fumes and exhaust often contaminate a large area surrounding the ship breaking yards, including nearby villages and sleeping quarters for the workers, which are commonly placed nearby the yards.

Material such as paint, electrical equipment, wire, anodes and coatings are often burned or simply dumped in the dismantling process. This releases metals such as [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], [[lead]], [[arsenic]] and [[chromium]].

Polychlorinated organic compounds are another source of toxic material that can be found in transformers and cable insulation often burned or dumped in and around the ship breaking yard.

It is believed that many of the social, economical and environmental drawback in shipbreaking could be alleviated greatly by adhering to safe handling of the recycling process, or the ship owner decontaminating the toxins from the ship before it gets sent to be demolished.

===Electronics disassembly and reclamation===

{{main|Electronic waste}}

[[Image:Monitor in gutter.jpg|thumb|Abandoned [[computer display|monitor]]]]

Electronic devices, including audio-visual components ([[television]]s, [[VCR]]s, [[sound reproduction|stereo equipment]]), [[mobile phone]]s and other hand-held devices, [[computer hardware|computer components]], and [[gaming]] equipment, contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, [[copper]], and [[gold]]. They also contain a plethora of toxic substances such as [[dioxins]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls|PCB]]s, [[cadmium]], chromium, [[radioactive isotopes]], and mercury. Additionally, the processing required to reclaim the precious substances (including incineration and acid treatments) release, generate and synthesise further toxic byproducts.

In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills come from discarded electronics.<ref>''Poison PCs/Toxic TVs Executive Summary'', Silicon Valley Toxic Corporation [http://www.svtc.org/cleancc/pubs/pctvexecsum.htm link]</ref> Some regional governments are attempting to curtail the accumulation of electronics in landfills by passing laws obligating manufacturers and consumers to recycle these devices,<ref>''California to electronics industry: No toxins for you!'' by Nate Anderson, February 24, 2006 [http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060224-6254.html link]</ref> but because in many cases safe dismantlement of these devices in accordance with [[first world]] safety standards is unprofitable,{{fact}} historically much of the [[electronic waste]] has been shipped to countries with lower or less rigorously-enforced safety protocols. Places like [[Guiyu]], [[China]] dismantle tonnes of electronics every year, profiting from the sale of precious metals, but at the cost of the local environment and the health of its residents.<ref>''Activists Push for Safer E-Recycling'' [http://www.npr.org/programs/watc/features/2002/apr/computers/index.html link]</ref> <ref>''Computer age leftovers'', Denver Post [http://www.denverpost.com/perspective/ci_3633138 link]</ref>

===Aluminium===

{{main|Aluminium recycling}}

[[Image:DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814 CopyrightKaihsuTai Rotated.jpg|thumb|right|Recycling and rubbish bin in a German railway station.]]

[[Aluminium]] is shredded and ground into small pieces. These pieces are melted in an aluminium smelter to produce molten aluminium. By this stage the recycled aluminium is indistinguishable from virgin aluminium and further processing is identical for both.

The environmental benefits of recycling aluminium are also enormous. Only around 5% of the CO₂ is produced during the recycling process compared to producing raw aluminium (and an even smaller percentage when considering the complete cycle of mining and transporting the aluminium). Also, as [[open-cut mining]] most often used for obtaining aluminium ore, mining destroys large sections of natural land.<ref name="worldalum" />

In addition, an aluminium can is 100% recyclable. As a result of this, the same can can be reused an infinite number of times. Plus, every time it is recycled, it saves enough energy to watch television for about three hours (compared to mining and producing a new can).

===Batteries===

The large variation in size and type of [[batteries]] makes their recycling extremely difficult: they must first be sorted into similar kinds and each kind requires an individual recycling process. Additionally, older batteries contain mercury and cadmium, harmful materials which must be handled with care.

===Concrete===

{{main|Concrete recycling}}

Concrete [[aggregate (composite)|aggregate]] collected from demolition sites is put through a [[crusher|crushing machine]], often along with asphalt, bricks, dirt, and rocks. Smaller pieces of concrete are used as gravel for new construction projects. Crushed recycled concrete can also be used as the dry aggregate for brand new concrete if it is free of contaminants.

===Electrical equipment===

{{main|Electronic waste}}

The direct disposal of electrical equipment—such as old [[computers]] and mobile phones<!--article used British English; thus "mobile" not "cell"-->—is banned in many areas due to the toxic contents of certain components. The recycling process works by mechanically separating the metals, plastics and [[circuit board]]s contained in the appliance. When this is done on a large scale at an electronic waste recycling plant, component recovery can be achieved in a cost-effective manner.

<!-- This needs a brief para on shipment to developing countries; though that's technically reuse, it's prominent enough to touch on here and link to a main article on the subject.-->

===Glass===

{{main|Glass recycling}}

Glass bottles and jars are gathered via kerbside collection schemes and bottle banks, where the glass is sorted into colour categories. The collected glass ''cullet'' is taken to a glass recycling plant where it is monitored for purity and contaminants are removed. The cullet is crushed and added to a raw material mix in a melting furnace. It is then mechanically blown or moulded into new jars or bottles. Glass cullet is also used in the construction industry for aggregate and glasphalt. Glasphalt is a road-laying material which comprises around 30% recycled glass. Glass can be recycled indefinitely as its structure does not deteriorate when reprocessed.

===Biodegradable waste===

{{main|Composting}} {{main|Anaerobic digestion}} {{main|Mechanical biological treat[[Image:MBT_anaerobicdigesters.jpg|right|thumbnail|300px| Anaerobic digesters produce biogas and soil improver from organic wastes}}

[[Biodegradable waste]] can be recycled into useful material by biological decomposition. There are two mechanisms by which this can occur. The most common mechanism of recycling of household organic waste is home composting or municipal kerbside collection of green wastes sent to large scale composting plants.

Alternatively organic waste can be converted into biogas and soil improver using anaerobic digestion. Here organic wastes are broken down by anaerobic microorganisms in biogas plants. The biogas can be converted into [[renewable]] electricity or burnt for environmentally friendly heating. Advanced technologies such as mechanical biological treatment are able to sort the recyclable elements of the waste out before biological treatment by either composting, anaerobic digestion or [[biodrying]].

===Paper===

{{main|Paper recycling}}

Paper can be directly recycled or treated with other biodegradable wastes. In direct recycling it is separated into its component fibres in water, which creates a pulp slurry material. A cleaning process removes non-fibrous contaminants and if required, [[sodium hydroxide]] or [[sodium carbonate]] is used to de-ink the material. This fibre is then ready to be used to make new recycled paper. Paper is the main material that gets recycled in most countries.

===Steel===

{{Main|Steel}}

Steel is the worlds most recycled material, and one of the easiest materials to recycle, as it can be separated magnetically from the wastestream. Recycling is via a steelworks, scrap is either remelted in an Electric Arc Furnace (90-100% scrap), or used as part of the charge in a Basic Oxygen Furnace (around 25% scrap).<ref>Sustainable Development and Steel'', Canadian Institute of Steel Construction [http://www.cisc.ca/content/sustainable/default.aspx link]</ref> Any grade of steel can be recycled to top quality new metal, with no 'downgrading' from prime to lower quality materials as steel is recycled repeatedly. 42% of crude steel produced is recycled material.<ref>''Steel: The Foundation of a Sustainable Future'', Sustainability Report of the World Steel Industry 2005 [http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/storyfiles/SR05%20Final.pdf link (PDF)]</ref>

===Textiles===

When considering textile recycling one must understand what the material consists of. Most textiles are composites of cotton (biodegradable material) and synthetic plastics. The textile's composition will affect its durability and method of recycling.

[[Waste picker|Worker]]s sort and separate collected textiles into good quality clothing and shoes which can be reused or worn. Damaged textiles are further sorted into grades to make industrial wiping cloths and for use in paper manufacture or material which is suitable for fibre reclamation and filling products.

Fibre reclamation mills sort textiles according to fibre type and colour. Colour sorting eliminates the need to re-dye the recycled textiles. The textiles are shredded into 'shoddy' fibres and blended with other selected fibres, depending on the intended end use of the recycled yarn. The blended mixture is carded to clean and mix the fibres and spun ready for weaving or knitting. The fibres can also be compressed for mattress production. Textiles sent to the flocking industry are shredded to make filling material for car insulation, roofing felts, loudspeaker cones, panel linings and furniture padding.

==Recycling by region==

===Recycling in the United States===

{{main|Recycling in the United States}}

===Recycling in Canada===

{{main|Recycling in Canada}}

==Criticism==

{{main|Recycling Criticism}}

Many areas of recycling have come under criticism or scrutiny. Most notably the claimed benefits that recycling saves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and creates jobs.

==See also==

* [[Anaerobic digestion]]

* [[Composting]]

* [[Downcycling]]

* [[Recyclable waste]]

* [[Materials Recovery Facility]]

* [[ReCycle (program)]]

* [[Regiving]]

;Types of recycling

* [[Full Depth Recycling]]

* [[Ship-Submarine recycling program]]

* [[Thermal depolymerization]]

; General topics

* [[Environmentalism]]

* [[Energy conservation]]

* [[Waste management]]

** [[Extended producer responsibility]]

** [[PAYT|Pay As You Throw]]

==References==

<references/>

== Further reading ==

==External links==

* {{cite book |last= Curtis |first= Tony |authorlink= |coauthors= [[Barry Paris]] |title= Tony Curtis: The Autobiography |year= 1993 |publisher= William Morrow & Co |___location= New York |isbn= 978-0-688-09759-2 }}

===UK links===

* {{cite book |last= Ayres |first= Ian |title= Van Gogh's Ear: The Celebrity Edition |year= 2006 |publisher= French Connection |___location= Paris |isbn= 978-2-914-85307-1 }}

*[http://www.ciwm.co.uk Chartered Institute of Wastes Management] UK trade body for waste and recycling

*[http://www.letsrecycle.com Letsrecycle] News website with excellent coverage of the UK waste and recycling industry.

*[http://www.recycle-more.co.uk/ Recycle-more] UK based recycling information site

===International links===

*[http://www.jigeemu.com/ Directory of US recycling programs]

*[http://www.umass.edu/recycle/environmental_benefits.html Environmental benefits of recycling]

*[http://rerereguide.com/ Guide to recycling]

*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/03/02/wrecyc02.xml&sSheet=/portal/2003/03/02/ixportal.html Swedes trash myth of refuse recycling]

{{waste management}}

== External links ==

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* [http://www.oralhistoryproject.com/TonyCurtis1.html Biography] and [http://www.oralhistoryproject.com/tcurtis_navy.html naval service] from the California Center for Military History website

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