Immigration to Australia and List of GMA Network original programming: Difference between pages

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'''Immigration to Australia''' began at least 40,000 years ago, when the ancestors of [[Australian Aborigine]]s arrived on the continent via the islands of the [[Malay Archipelago]] and [[New Guinea]]. [[Europe]]ans began landing in the [[17th Century|1600s]] and [[18th Century|1700s]], and the continent was colonised by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in 1788.

'''[[GMA Network]]'s programs''' include news and current affairs shows, [[documentaries]], [[drama]]s, dubbed foreign serials, entertainment, news and talk shows, game shows, variety shows, musicals, sitcoms, children's shows, fantasy and reality shows.

For the previously aired and defunct shows of the network, please see the [[list of shows previously aired by GMA Network]].

The overall level of immigration has grown substantially during the last decade. Net overseas migration increased from 30,000 in 1993 <ref name="abs">Australian Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/0BD75000987B71A0CA256F7200832F19?Open International migration]</ref> to 118,000 in 2003-04.<ref name="abs2">Australian Bureau of Statistics, [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/036835783E0F360CCA256FCD0072AB46 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics]</ref> The largest components of immigration are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. In recent years the [[mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention]] of [[unauthorised arrival]]s [[boat people|by boat]] has generated great levels of controversy.

==GMA HistoryNetwork programs==

===Local programs===

{{main|Migratory history of Australia}}

====[[GMA News and Public Affairs]]====

[[Image:GMANewsLogo.png|right|200px]]

*''[[100% Pinoy]]

*''[[24 Oras]]

*''[[Emergency (TV program)|Emergency]]

*''[[GMA Flash Report]]

*''[[GMA Weekend Report]]

*''[[Imbestigador]]

*''[[I-Witness]]

*''[[Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]

*''[[Kay Susan Tayo]]

*''[[Palaban]]

*''[[Pinoy Meets World]]

*''[[Reporter's Notebook]]

*''[[Saksi]]

*''[[Sine Totoo]]

*''[[Unang Hirit]]

====GMA KiliTV====

Human migration to the [[Australia]]n continent was first achieved during the closing stages of the [[Pleistocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]], when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. It is theorised that these ancestral peoples arrived via the nearest islands of the [[Malay Archipelago]], crossing over the intervening straits (which were then narrower) to reach the single landmass which then existed. Known as [[Sahul]], this landmass connected Australia with [[New Guinea]] via a [[land bridge]] which emerged when prevailing glacial conditions lowered sea levels by some 100-150 [[metre|m]]. Australia's coastline also extended much further out into the [[Timor Sea]] than at present, affording another possible route by which these first peoples reached the continent. Estimates of the timing of these migrations vary considerably: the most widely-accepted conservative evidential view places this somewhere between 40,000 to 45,000 years ago, with earlier cited (but not universally accepted) dates of up to 60,000 years or more also proposed; the debate continues within the academic community.

[[Image:gma kilitv.jpg|right|150px]]

*''[[Bahay Mo Ba 'To]]

*''[[Bitoy's Funniest Videos]]

*''[[Bubble Gang]]

*''[[Daddy Di Do Du]]

*''[[HP: Ibang Level Na!]]

*''[[Nuts Entertainment]]

*''[[Who's Your Daddy Now?]]

====GMA Telebabad====

On [[January 26]], [[1788]], a date now celebrated as [[Australia Day]], a landing was made by the British at [[Sydney Cove]] for the purposes of establishing a colony. The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on [[February 7]].

*''[[Impostora]]

*''[[Lupin (Philippine TV series)|Lupin]]

*''[[Mga Mata ni Anghelita]]

====GMA Dramarama sa Hapon====

The [[Australian gold rushes|Gold rush era]], beginning in 1851, led to an enormous expansion in population, including large numbers of [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Ireland|Irish]] settlers, followed by smaller numbers of [[Germans]] and other Europeans, and [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]. This latter group were subject to increasing restrictions and discrimination, making it impossible for many to remain in the country. With the Federation of the Australian colonies into a single nation, one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Government was the [[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]], otherwise known as the [[White Australia policy]], which was a strengthening and unification of disparate colonial policies designed to restrict non-White settlement.

*''[[Daisy Siete|Daisy Siete Season 15: Isla Chikita]]

*''[[Pati Ba Pintig ng Puso]]

*''[[Sinasamba Kita]]

====Sabado Star Power====

After [[World War II]], Australia launched a massive immigration programme, believing that having narrowly avoided a Japanese invasion, Australia must "populate or perish." Hundreds of thousands of displaced Europeans migrated to Australia and over 1,000,000 British Citizens immigrated under the Assisted Migration Scheme, colloquially becoming known as [[Ten Pound Poms]].

*''[[Fantastic Man]]

*''Kapuso Sine Special

*''[[Startalk]]

*''[[Wish Ko Lang]]

*''[[Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman]]

====Linggo Bingo====

During the 2001 election campaign, immigration and border protection became the hot issue, as a result of incidents such as the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], the [[Tampa affair]], [[Children overboard affair]], and the sinking of the [[SIEV-X]]. This incident marked the beginning of the controversial [[Pacific Solution]].

*''[[All Star K!]]

*''[[Boys Nxt Door]]

*''[[Mel and Joey]]

*''[[Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang]]

*''[[Move: The Search For Billy Crawford's Pinoy Dancers]]

*''[[Showbiz Central]]

*''SNBO (Sunday Night Box Office)

*''[[SOP Rules]]

*''[[Tok! Tok! Tok! Isang Milyon Pasok!]]

====Other programs====

==Australian immigration law and policy==

*''[[Art Angel]]

The Commonwealth ''Migration Act 1958'' is the primary legislation regulating immigration law in Australia and is administered by the [[Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)|Department of Immigration and Citizenship]] (DIAC). The ''Migration Act'' replaced earlier legislation which had been in place since 1901. The ''Migration Regulations 1994'' is the subordinate legislation which deals with the operational aspects of the Act. Amongst other things the regulations set down the qualifying criteria for the 200 or so classes and subclasses of visa.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

*''[[Eat Bulaga!]]

*''[[Diyos at Bayan]]

*''[[Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]

*''[[Lovely Day: LD Force]]

*''[[Magpakailanman]]

*''[[Maynila (TV series)|Maynila]]

*''[[Sis (Philippine TV program)|Sis]]

*''[[Just Joking]]

===Foreign/canned shows===

There are currently two immigration programs that allow permanent migration to Australia, the ''migration program'' and the ''humanitarian program''. Foreigners currently living in Australia under one of a number of temporary visas may apply for ''[[permanent residency|permanent residence]]''. [[New Zealand|New Zealanders]] are a special case and can migrate to Australia under the [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]]. Illegal migrants are typically unauthorised entrants and those who have either violated conditions of, or overstayed their visa.

===Migration program=Asianovelas====

*''[[Great Teacher Onizuka#Live-Action|GTO: Live-Action]]''

*''[[Jumong (TV series)|Jumong]]

*''[[Love Truly]]''

*''[[Love in Heaven]]''

====Animé====

To be accepted into Australia under the ''migration program'' a person must be a skilled migrant or sponsored by a family member who is "an Australian citizen, permanent resident, or eligible New Zealand citizen aged 18 years or over who lives in Australia".<ref>http://www.immi.gov.au/allforms/pdf/40.pdf</ref> A third class covers special eligibility migrants which includes Australians returning to Australia who had to give up citizenship to live overseas. DIAC states that the migration program for 2004-05 has 120,000 places available for migrants, with a strong focus on attracting skilled people and people who agree to live in regional areas of Australia. 42,000 places were allocated to the family stream.

*''[[Bleach (manga)|Bleach]]''

*''[[Card Captor Sakura]]''

*''[[Case Closed|Detective Conan]]''

*''[[Chrono Crusade]]''

*''[[Dragon Ball Z]]''

*''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]''

*''[[Ghostfighter]]''

*''[[Fighting Spirit|Knockout]]''

*''[[Machine Robo Rescue]]''

*''[[One Piece]]

*''[[Pokemon]]''

*''[[Rockman Exe]]''

*''[[Samurai 7]]

*''[[The Slayers]]''

*''[[Slamdunk]]''

====Tokusatsu====

On [[April 13]], [[2005]], Australia announced that it will take an extra 20,000 skilled migrants in 2005-06 to help meet labour force needs. Immigration Minister [[Amanda Vanstone]] said that between 130,000 and 140,000 non-humanitarian migrants would be taken, with a skilled migrant component of 97,500.

*''[[Kamen Rider Blade]]''

*''[[Genseishin Justiriser]]''

===RGMA programs nationwide===

Some in Australia have expressed concern that skilled migration is being used as a solution to the current shortage of skilled labour in Australia, as opposed to training Australian workers. During the 2006 budget "right of reply" on 12 May, 2006, Opposition [[Australian Labor Party]] leader [[Kim Beazley]] stated that under a Labor government, foreign apprentices would be banned from seeking work in Australia.<ref name="beazley">Australian Broadcasting Commission "Beazley stands of budget reply" [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1637002.htm]</ref>

*Newscasts

**''[[Balitang Bisdak]]'' -regional newscast of GMA Cebu

**''[[Ratsada]]'' - regional newscast of GMA Iloilo and Bacolod

**''[[Testigo]]'' -regional newscast of GMA Davao

*Variety

**''[[Bongga!]]'' - regional variety show produced by GMA Entertainment Group for GMA Iloilo and Bacolod

**''[[Kuyaw!]]''- regional variety show produced by GMA Entertainment Group for GMA Davao

**''[[Oi! (TV program)|Oi!]]''- regional variety show produced by GMA Entertainment Group for GMA Cebu

==GMA Network upcoming programs==

====New Zealanders====

===Local Programs===

*Angela Markado<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Celebrity Duets (Philippine TV series)|Celebrity Duets]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Barrameda | first = Joe | title = John Estrada, idolo ng kalalakihan | publisher = Abante Tonight | date =[[June 12]], [[2007]] | url =http://abante-tonite.com/issue/june1107/showbiz_jb.htm | accessdate = June 12 | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]}}</ref> (July 2007)

*Dyesebel<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Fulhaus]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Diones | first = Allan | title = FIRST READ ON PEP: Pia Guanio is Vic Sotto's leading lady in new GMA-7 sitcom "Fulhaus" | publisher = Philippine Entertainment Portal | date =[[June 28]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.pep.ph/news/13828/FIRST-READ-ON-PEP:-Pia-Guanio-is-Vic-Sottos-leading-lady-in-new-GMA-7-sitcom-Fulhaus | accessdate = June 28}}</ref> (September 2007)

*Igorota<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Kamandag]]<ref name="multiple"/> (2008)

*[[L.U.V. Pow]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Erece | first = Dinno | title = GMA-7 unleashes its new shows for 2007 | publisher = Philippine Entertainment Portal | date =[[January 19]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.pep.ph/articles/news/11932.htm | accessdate = January 27 }}</ref> (September 2007)

*[[Magic Kamison|Magic Kamison: Season 2]]<ref> (2008)[http://pep.ph/news/12505/Alex-de-Rossi-ready-to-work-with-Jennylyn-Mercado-in-&%2339;Super-Twins& Alex de Rossi ready to work with Jennylyn Mercado in 'Super Twins'], ''pep.ph'', n.d. Accessed last May 21, 2007.</ref> (2008)

*[[Marimar (Philippine TV series)|Marimar]]<ref name="multiple">{{cite web | last = Lorenzo | first = Alfie | title = GMA 7, siksik sa mga pasabog | publisher = Abante Tonight | date =[[February 5]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.abante-tonite.com/issue/feb0507/showbiz_al.htm | accessdate = February 22 | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]}}</ref> (September 2007)

*Rosang Agimat<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Shaider (Philippine TV series)|Shaider]]<ref>[http://www.pep.ph/news/13214/GMA-7-to-serialize-Mga-Mata-ni-Angelita-of-the-late-Julie-Vega "GMA-7 to serialize Mga Mata ni Angelita of the late Julie Vega"], '' mb.com.ph'', n.d. Accessed last April 12, 2007.</ref> (2007)

*[[Sine Novela]]<ref name="multiple"/>

# [[Kung Mahawi Man Ang Ulap]]

# Saan Darating Ang Umaga

# Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin

# Gaano Kadalas Ang Minsan

# Saan Nagtatago Ang Pag-ibig

# Paano Ba Ang Mangarap

# Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin

# Tayong Dalawa

# Ikaw Naman Ang Iiyak

*[[StarStruck|StarStruck: The Star Explosion]]<ref>{{cite web | last = E. Bautista | first = Mario | title = Starstruck Top 6 to get maximum exposure | publisher = Journal Online | date =[[April 10]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-04-10&sec=3&aid=14564 | accessdate = June 6}}</ref> (December 2007)

*[[Super Twins#Season 2|Super Twins: Season 2]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Asiñas | first = Noel | title = Na-‘X’ na ‘MKM’ episode, lumusot sa MTRCB! | publisher = Journal Online | date =[[June 6]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-06-06&sec=3&aid=20470 | accessdate = June 6}}</ref> (March 2008)

*[[Tasya Fantasya]]<ref name="multiple"/>

*Untitled Philippine-China Co-Production<ref>{{cite web | last = Asiñas | first = Noel | title = China makikisosyo sa GMA-7 | publisher = Journal Online | date =[[June 13]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-06-14&sec=3&aid=21319 | accessdate = June 13}}</ref>

*Zimatar<ref name="multiple"/>

==Special Shows==

[[New Zealand]] citizens are entitled to live and work in Australia under the [[Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement]]. New rules in [[2001]] divided New Zealanders living in Australia into two categories: those who were resident in Australia before 2001, and those who arrived in Australia after 2001. Those who were resident before 2001 may claim unemployment benefits after two years' residence, as is the norm for permanent residents of other nationalities. New Zealanders who arrive in Australia after 2001 are not entitled to any [[unemployment benefit]]s at all, as is the norm for people living in Australia indefinitly only on work permits.

*[[Kapusolympics]]: The GMA 57th Anniversary Special (July 1, 2007)

==References==

===Humanitarian program===

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{{reflist}}

==See also==

The ''humanitarian program'' is designed for [[refugee]]s and others with [[humanitarianism|humanitarian]] needs, and comprises "offshore" and "onshore" components. The offshore resettlement program assists people in humanitarian need overseas for whom resettlement in another country is the only option, while the onshore program assists people already in Australia who arrived on temporary visas or in an [[Unauthorised arrival|unauthorised]] manner, and who claim Australia’s protection. The offshore program comprises two categories of permanent visa ("refugee" and "special humanitarian program") and two categories of temporary visa ("secondary movement relocation" and "secondary movement offshore entry").

*[[GMA Network]]

For the humanitarian program period 2005 to 2006, a total of 14,144 visas in all classes were granted (of which 1,805 were brought forward from the period 2006 to 2007). This period saw the highest number of visas granted in ten years, and for the third time in seven years there were no unused places to carry over to the next period. Of the 14,144 issued visas, 12,758 were granted to people overseas and 1,386 were granted to people in Australia.<ref name="visa stat 05/06">Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, [http://www.dimia.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/60refugee.htm Fact Sheet 60: Australia's Refugee and Humanitarian Program]</ref>

*[[List of Philippine television shows]]

*[[GMA Pinoy TV]]

*[[List of programs broadcast by Q]]

*[[List of shows previously aired by GMA Network]]

==External links==

The [[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]] estimates that Australia accepted 16,000 people through its humanitarian program in 2004.<ref name="un">United Nations High Commission for Refugees, June 2005. "2004 Global Refugee Trends" [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/events/opendoc.pdf?tbl=STATISTICS&id=42b283744]</ref> This consisted of both UNHCR assisted refugees and those taken through bilateral arrangements. This is the second largest program in the world after that of the [[United States]] and Australia takes 19% of those refugees being assisted by the UNHCR.<ref name="un" />

*[http://www.igma.tv Official Website of GMA Network]

Types of visas issued under the humanitarian program include the [[protection visa]], [[temporary protection visa]], [[temporary humanitarian visa]] and [[return pending visa]].

*[http://www.gmapinoytv.com Official Website of GMA Pinoy TV]

{{Programs}}

===Illegal immigration===

[[Illegal immigration|Illegal immigrants]] to Australia are those who:

*enter Australia without authority; or

*overstay [[visa (document)|visas]], work without appropriate approval or have their visas cancelled.

[[Category:GMA Network| ]]

The ''Migration Act 1958'' requires that all non-Australian citizens who are unlawfully in Australia must be detained and, if they are not given permission to remain in Australia, must be deported as soon as practical. In 1992 [[Mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention]] for illegal immigrants was introduced, and has been maintained by successive governments. In 2001 the [[Australian migration zone]] was reduced by excising many offshore islands which had been used by unauthorised arrivals to seek entry to Australia, particularly those guided by [[people smuggling|people smugglers]].

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|GMA Network]]

[[tl:Tala ng mga palabas ng GMA Network]]

DIAC statistics show that the most common nationalities of people detained as illegal immigrants since 2000 are: [[Afghanistan|Afghan]], [[Iraq]]i, [[Iran]]ian, [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Indonesia]]n, [[Sri Lanka]]n, [[Palestinian]], [[Korea]]n, [[India]]n, [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], and [[Bangladeshi]]. However, the single largest group of illegals in Australia are [[United Kingdom|British]] nationals who have overstayed their visas.<ref name="BBC"> Tom Geoghegan [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4226949.stm The British illegal immigrants], BBC News Magazine, 2 February 2005 </ref> As of 31 December 2005, DIMA (as it then was known) estimated the total number of visa overstayers in Australia at just under 46,400, a figure which has been reduced by around 10,000 each year since December 2003.<ref name="overstayer stat">Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, [http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/86overstayers.htm Fact Sheet 86: Overstayers and People in Breach of Visa Conditions]</ref>

==Environmental and economic impact==

There are a wide range of views in the Australian community on the composition and level of immigration, and on the possible effects of varying the level of immigration and [[population growth]], some of which are based on empirical data, others more speculative in nature. In [[2002]], a [[CSIRO]] population study entitled "Future Dilemmas", commissioned by [[DIAC|DIMA]], outlined six potential dilemmas associated with population growth. These dilemmas included the absolute numbers of aged continuing to rise despite high immigration off-setting ageing and declining birth-rates in a proportional sense, a worsening of Australia's [[balance of trade|trade balance]] due to more imports and higher consumption of domestic production, increased green house gas emissions, overuse of agricultural soils, marine fisheries and domestic supplies of oil and gas, and a decline in urban air quality, river quality and biodiversity.<ref name="csiro">Foran, B., and F. Poldy, (2002), [http://www.cse.csiro.au/research/futuredilemmas/ Future Dilemmas: Options to 2050 for Australia's population, Technology, Resources and Environment], CSIRO Resource Futures, Canberra. </ref>

==== Replacement ====

The [[fertility rate]] in Australia has dropped over the last generation below replacement levels, meaning that without immigration, Australia's population would both age and decline, raising the question of long-term social and cultural sustainability.

In 2006, Treasurer [[Peter Costello]] warned Australians to increase their birth rate to replacement levels or run the risk of the country's population composition being fundamentally transformed by immigration. He stated: "Increasing immigration to cover natural population decline will change the composition of our population and raise concerns about social dislocation." <ref name="popdecline">Oakes, L. (July 19, 2006) "It's the end of the world as we know it", National Nine News. Retrieved 04 June 2007 from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=117684</ref>

==== Environment ====

Some members of the Australian [[environmental movement]], notably the organisation [[Sustainable Population Australia]], believe that as the driest inhabited continent, Australia cannot continue to sustain its current rate of population growth without becoming [[overpopulation|overpopulated]]. SPA also argues that [[climate change]] will lead to a deterioration of natural ecosystems through increased temperatures, extreme weather events and less rainfall in the southern part of the continent, thus reducing its capacity to sustain a large population even further. The [[United Kingdom|UK]]-based [[Optimum Population Trust]] supports the view that Australia is overpopulated, and believes that to maintain the current [[standard of living]] in Australia, the optimum population is 10 million (rather than the present 20.86 million), or 21 million with a reduced standard of living. Other members of the environment movement point out that Australians are, per capita, the highest users of water on the planet and the worst emitters of [[greenhouse gases]], so any consideration of changes to [[standard of living]] needs to consider a broader context regarding appropriate use of resources independently of population.

==== Housing ====

Some claim that Australia's recent level of immigration has (along with natural population growth and other economic factors) contributed to a widespread shortage of affordable housing, particularly in the major cities.<ref name="pp">People & Place Volume 11, Issue 3 (2003), [http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/view/abstract/?article=0000010105 Migration and the Housing Affordability Crisis], Birrell, B. and Healy, E</ref> A number of economists, such as [[Macquarie Bank]] analyst Rory Robertson, assert that high immigration and the propensity of new arrivals to cluster in the capital cities is exacerbating the nation's housing affordability problem.<ref name="lo">Klan, A. (March 17, 2007) [http://theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21376192-25658,00.html Locked out]</ref> However, the [[Productivity Commission]] does not accept "population pressures" as a major driver of strong increases in house prices, stating that "increased demand for better quality and better located dwellings, rather than for more dwellings, has been the primary driver".<ref name="pc">Productivity Commission, [http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiry/housing/finalreport/housing.pdf First Home Ownership Inquiry Report], p.63 (final par.) & p.68</ref>. Furthermore, demographer [[Wendell Cox]] has argued that Australian cities are among the least affordable in the world due to government policies of [[Urban consolidation|urban consolidation]]<ref>http://www.demographia.com/dhi-ix2005q3.pdf</ref>.

==== Employment ====

According to one researcher, there are thousands of low-cost IT workers entering Australia who are undermining the job prospects of new computer science graduates and reducing salaries in the IT industry.<ref name="afr">Australian Financial Review 7/7/04, “Immigrants taking local IT jobs: report”</ref> However, other research sponsored by DIAC has found that Australia’s structured labour market along with the larger number of immigrants with higher education levels has tended to raise employment levels for Australians who are relatively unskilled.<ref name="garnaut2003">DIMA research publications (Garnaut), [http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/pdf/mig_aust_us_compare.pdf Migration to Australia and Comparisons with the United States: Who Benefits?], p.21</ref>

Australian [[trade union]]s have sometimes exposed attempts by employers to introduce foreign workers into the country in order to avoid paying local workers higher wages.<ref name="ln">LaborNET [http://labor.net.au/news/1122871084_20333.html Foreign Labour Used to Lower Wages]</ref> The government's policy of [[mandatory detention in Australia|mandatory detention]], especially regarding the impact upon children, has come under criticism from a range of religious, community and political groups including the [[National Council of Churches]], [[Amnesty International]], [[Australian Democrats]], [[Australian Greens]] and [[Rural Australians for Refugees]].

==== Economy ====

The [[Treasurer of Australia|Federal Treasurer]], [[Peter Costello]] considers that Australia is underpopulated due to a low birth rate, and claims that negative population growth will have adverse long-term effects on the economy as the population ages and the labour market becomes less competitive<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/costello-hatches-censustime-challenge-procreate-and-cherish/2006/07/24/1153593272565.html</ref>. To avoid this outcome the government has increased immigration to fill gaps in labour markets and introduced a subsidy to encourage families to have more children. However, opponents of population growth such as Sustainable Population Australia do not accept that population growth will decline and reverse, based on current immigration and fertility projections.<ref name="Goldie">Goldie, J. (23 February 2006) [http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=4163 "Time to stop all this growth"] (retrieved 30 October 2006)</ref> In terms of using immigration to offset an aging workforce, a 1999 parliamentary research paper entitled "Population Futures for Australia: the Policy Alternatives" concluded: "It is demographic nonsense to believe that immigration can help to keep our population young." <ref name="PFFAPA">McDonald, P., Kippen, R. (1999) [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/1999-2000/2000rp05.htm Population Futures for Australia: the Policy Alternatives]</ref>

Chapman and Cobb-Clark believe that "immigrant spending from past savings will increase the demand for labour and create job vacancies".<ref name="er2">Chapman, B. and Cobb-Clark, D. (1999). A comparative static model of the relationship between immigration and the short-run job prospects of unemployed residents. [http://www.ecosoc.org.au/record.html Economic Record], Vol. 75, pp. 358-368.</ref> However, immigration also increases the supply of labour and the number of people applying for job vacancies.

Using [[regression analysis]], Addison and Worswick found that “there is no evidence that immigration has negatively impacted on the wages of young or low-skilled natives.” Furthermore, Addison's study found that immigration did not increase unemployment among native workers. Rather, immigration decreased unemployment.<ref name="er">Addison, T. and Worswick, C. (2002). The impact of immigration on the earnings of natives: Evidence from Australian micro data. [http://www.ecosoc.org.au/record.html Economic Record], Vol. 78, pp. 68-78.</ref> The evidence from the Economic Record runs counter to the common view that immigration adds only to labour supply and reduces wages. Economic empirical data show that immigrants not only add to labour supply but also to labour demand. Whether labour demand increase is greater than labor supply increase after immigration is an empirical issue. When the magnitude of change in aggregate labour supply is much greater than the magnitude of change in aggregate labour demand as a result of increased immigration then immigration can cause wages to decrease. Analysis by Garnaut shows this<ref name="garnaut2003" />.

In [[July 2005]] the [[Productivity Commission]] launched a commissioned study entitled "Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth",<ref name="PC index">http://www.pc.gov.au/study/migrationandpopulation/index.html</ref> and released an initial position paper on 17 January 2006<ref name="pc3">Productivity Commission, [http://www.pc.gov.au/study/migrationandpopulation/positionpaper/migrationandpopulation.pdf Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth (Position Paper)], p.73</ref> which states that the increase of income per capita provided by higher migration (50% more than the base model) by the 2024-2025 financial year would be $335 (0.6%), an amount described as "very small". The paper also found that Australians would on average work 1.3% longer hours, about twice the proportional increase in income.<ref name="pc2">Productivity Commission, [http://www.pc.gov.au/study/migrationandpopulation/positionpaper/keypoints.html Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth Key Points]</ref>.

In a study in the Australian Economic Review, Junankar finds that during the 1980s the Hawke Government’s decision not to decrease immigration lowered the unemployment rate<ref name="aer">Junankar, P., Pope, D. and Withers, G. (1998). Immigration and the Australian macroeconomy: Perspective and prospective. [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0004-9018 Australian Economic Review], Vol. 31, pp. 435-444.</ref>. A recession occurred in 1990-91 after several years of record immigration and the unemployment rate jumped to over 11 percent, with more than one million people unemployed, suggesting that while high immigration may provide short-term economic benefits, in the long term or when the economy stops growing it will result in an oversupply of labour.

==== Infrastructure ====

Individuals and interest groups such as [[Sustainable Population Australia]] filed submissions in response to the Productivity Commission's position paper, arguing amongst other things that immigration causes a decline in wealth per capita and leads to environmental degradation and overburdened infrastructure, the latter creating a costly demand for new infrastructure.<ref name="er3">Claus, E (2005) [http://www.pc.gov.au/study/migrationandpopulation/subs/sub012.rtf Submission to the Productivity Commission on Population and Migration] (submission 12 to the Productivity Commission's position paper on Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth).</ref><ref name="er4">Nilsson (2005) [http://www.pc.gov.au/study/migrationandpopulation/subs/sub009.rtf Negative Economic Impacts of Immigration and Population Growth] (submission 9 to the Productivity Commission's position paper on Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth).</ref> However, the Productivity Commission's final research report found that it was not possible to reliably assess the impact of environmental limitations upon productivity and economic growth, nor to reliably attribute the contribution of immigration to any such impact.<ref name="PC final">Productivity Commission, [http://www.pc.gov.au/study/migrationandpopulation/finalreport/migrationandpopulation.pdf Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth (Research Report)], p.119</ref>

Australia is a relatively high-immigration country like Canada (the country with the highest per capita immigration rate in the world, see [[Immigration to Canada]]) and the [[United States]], and while other economically developed countries like Japan have historically had negligible immigration<ref>http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110008892</ref>, the issue of [[population decline]] is forcing a rethink of such policies.

==Immigration and Australian politics==

Both major Australian political parties favour a relatively high level of immigration. When [[John Howard]] became Prime Minister, net migration was rising, and the upward trend in the number of immigrants has increased over the decade since he took office. According to Banham, Australian political leaders who support higher immigration include [[Amanda Vanstone]], John Howard, [[Peter Costello]], [[Kim Beazley]], and [[Steve Bracks]], with vocal opposition to immigration coming from former New South Wales premier [[Bob Carr]] who cites environmental reasons for his opposition.<ref name="uk3">Banham, C. (2004, April 2). Door opens to 6000 more immigrants. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 2 from http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/01/1080544631282.html</ref> Peter Costello believes that high population growth in Australia is important for economic growth.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/07/24/1153593271730.html?from=top5</ref>

Commentators such as Ross Gittens, a columnist at ''The Age'' accuse John Howard of deception, by appearing "tough" on illegal immigration to win support from the working class while simultaneously winning support from the other groups with high legal immigration.<ref name="uk2">Gittens, R. (2003, August 20). Honest John's migrant twostep. The Age. Retrieved October 2 from http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/19/1061261148920.html</ref> [[Phillip Adams]] has also been critical of Howard's seemingly duplicitous policy.

<!-- The following statement is incorrect. The linked article only suggests Latham wanted to divert migrants to regional areas, not reduce the overall level of immigration. Former Labor leader Mark Latham wanted to take a tougher line on migration <ref name="uk4">[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/20/1082395857017.html Latham takes tougher line on migration]</ref> but in 2001 the Labor Party was defeated in elections by John Howard's Liberal-National Coalition. -->

In 2006, the Labor Party under Kim Beazley took a stance against the importation of increasingly large numbers of temporary migrant workers ("foreign workers") by employers, arguing that this is simply a way for employers to drive down wages.<ref name="ER">[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/backgroundbriefing/stories/2006/1662023.htm#transcript “Workers of the World”], Background Briefing, Radio National Sunday 18 June 2006</ref>. At the same time, it is estimated that a million Australians are employed outside Australia<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/rn/backgroundbriefing/stories/2006/1662023.htm#transcript “Workers of the World”], Background Briefing, Radio National Sunday 18 June 2006</ref>.

==Migration Agents==

It is possible to employ Migration Agents or more qualified Lawyers to assist with a visa application to Australia. Such persons who provide immigration assistance are regulated by a governing Authority called the [[Migration Agents Registration Authority]]. There is a significant difference in education and training between Migration Agents and Lawyers. Migration Agents, unlike Lawyers, are not practically trained or supervised, and have not completed full-time legal education, only an 18 week course of six hours per week. Before July 2006, Migration Agents were only required to pass a short multiple choice examination. To identify how many years a Migration Agent has been registered from, the first two numbers of their seven digit registration number will show the year. Only Migration Agents registered pre March 28, 1998 can have a five digit number.

== Migration and settlement services ==

There are a variety of community-based services that cater to the needs of newly-arrived migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, some of which receive funding from the Commonwealth Government, such as [[Migrant Resource Centre]]s. Asylum seekers, however, are denied access to such services and there are only a very small number of specific [[Asylum Seeker Welcome Centre|asylum seeker services]] catering to their needs.

==See also==

*[[Overpopulation]]

*[[Population ageing]]

*[[Population decline]]

*[[ChilOut]] (Children Out of Detention)

==References==

<div class="references-small"><references/>

<!-- the following two references should be replaced with <ref> tags where they are referenced in the article ~~~~ -->

*Commonwealth of Australia. ''[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ma1958118/ Migration Act 1958]''

*Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. [http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/82detention.htm Fact Sheet 82, Immigration Detention], 2004

</div>

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{{mnb|ABC|1}}Australian Broadcasting Corporation, [http://www.abc.net.au/news/items/200508/1429746.htm?queensland Govts warned over affordable housing shortfall]<br>

{{mnb|CATO|10}}Public Opinion about Immigration, The Cato Institute [http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/pr-imopi.html]<br>

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==External links==

*[http://www.immi.gov.au/statistics/publications/popflows2002_3/ch6_pt3.pdf Economic Benefits of Migration], DIMIA 2002.

*Worswick, C. [http://www.economics.unimelb.edu.au/TLdevelopment/econochat/WorswickEcon7.html The Economics of the Immigration Debate], Department of Economics, University of Melbourne.

*[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/23/1093246434985.html Costello hope for skilled migrant intake]

*[http://immigration.museum.vic.gov.au/origins Origins: Immigrant Communities in Victoria - Immigration Museum, Victoria, Australia]

*[http://www.themara.com.au/ The Migration Agents Registration Authority (The MARA)]

[[de: Einwanderung nach Australien]]