History of Afghanistan and List of GMA Network original programming: Difference between pages

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{{History of Afghanistan}}

'''[[GMA Network]]'s programs''' include news and current affairs shows, [[documentaries]], [[drama]]s, dubbed foreign serials, entertainment, news and talk shows, game shows, variety shows, musicals, sitcoms, children's shows, fantasy and reality shows.

Excavation of prehistoric sites by ''L. Dupree'', the [[University of Pennsylvania]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and others suggests that humans were living in what is now [[Afghanistan]] at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities in Afghanistan were among the earliest in the world.<ref>''Nancy Hatch Dupree'' - An Historical Guide To Afghanistan...[http://www.zharov.com/dupree/chapter03.html link]</ref>

For the previously aired and defunct shows of the network, please see the [[list of shows previously aired by GMA Network]].

Afghanistan's history, internal political development, foreign relations, and very existence as an independent state have largely been determined by its geographic ___location at the crossroads of [[Central Asia|Central]], [[Middle East|West]], and [[South Asia]]. Over the centuries, waves of migrating peoples passed through the region--described by historian [[Arnold Toynbee]] as a "roundabout of the ancient world"--leaving behind a mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. In modern times, as well as in antiquity, vast armies of the world passed through this region of Asia, temporarily establishing local control and often dominating ancient Afghanistan.

==GMA Network programs==

Invariably, most of Afghanistan's history was spent as part of the larger events that took place upon the [[Iranian plateau]] as a whole. The [[Iranian peoples]] who arrived in Afghanistan have left their [[Iranian languages]] ([[Pashto]], [[Dari]], etc.) as their legacy as well as distinct cultural traits that many authors and historians such as Sir Olaf Caroe, writer of ''The Pathans'', describe as distinctly Iranic: "There is indeed a sense in which all the upland (the [[Iranian plateau]]) from the Tigris to the Indus is one country. The spirit of Persia has breathed over it, bringing an awareness of one background, one culture, one way of expression, a unity of spirit felt as far away as Peshawar and Quetta." It is perhaps not surprising that it is the Iranic past and Islamic invasions of the Arabs that have defined modern Afghanistan, while its Greek, Central Asian nomadic, and Buddhist/Hindu/Zoroastrian past have long since vanished.

===Local programs===

====[[GMA News and Public Affairs]]====

[[Image:GMANewsLogo.png|right|200px]]

*''[[100% Pinoy]]

*''[[24 Oras]]

*''[[Emergency (TV program)|Emergency]]

*''[[GMA Flash Report]]

*''[[GMA Weekend Report]]

*''[[Imbestigador]]

*''[[I-Witness]]

*''[[Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho]]

*''[[Kay Susan Tayo]]

*''[[Palaban]]

*''[[Pinoy Meets World]]

*''[[Reporter's Notebook]]

*''[[Saksi]]

*''[[Sine Totoo]]

*''[[Unang Hirit]]

====GMA KiliTV====

Although it was the scene of great empires and flourishing trade for over two millennia, the area's heterogeneous groups were not bound into a single political entity until the reign of [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]], who in [[1747]] founded the monarchy that ruled the country until [[1973]]. In the nineteenth century, Afghanistan lay between the expanding might of the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[British Empire|British]] empires. In [[1900]], [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] (the "Iron Amir"), looking back on his twenty years of rule and the events of the past century, wondered how his country, which stood "like a goat between these lions (Britain and Tsarist Russia) or a grain of wheat between two strong millstones of the grinding mill, [could] stand in the midway of the stones without being ground to dust?"

[[Image:gma kilitv.jpg|right|150px]]

*''[[Bahay Mo Ba 'To]]

*''[[Bitoy's Funniest Videos]]

*''[[Bubble Gang]]

*''[[Daddy Di Do Du]]

*''[[HP: Ibang Level Na!]]

*''[[Nuts Entertainment]]

*''[[Who's Your Daddy Now?]]

====GMA Telebabad====

[[Islam]] played perhaps the key role in the formation of Afghanistan's society. Despite the [[Mongol]] invasion of what is today Afghanistan in the early thirteenth century which has been described as resembling "more some brute cataclysm of the blind forces of nature than a phenomenon of human history," even a warrior as formidable as [[Genghis Khan]] did not uproot Islamic civilization, and within two generations his heirs had become Muslims. An often unacknowledged event that nevertheless played an important role in Afghanistan's history (and in the politics of Afghanistan's neighbors and the entire region up to the present) was the rise in the tenth century of a strong [[Sunni]] dynasty - the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavids]]. Their power prevented the eastward spread of [[Shiism]] from Iran, thereby insuring that the majority of the Muslims in Afghanistan and South Asia would be Sunnis. Later native Afghan empire builders such as the Ghorids would continue to make Afghanistan a major medieval power as well as a center of learning that produced [[Ferdowsi]], [[Al-Biruni]], and [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] among countless other academics and literary iconic figures.

*''[[Impostora]]

*''[[Lupin (Philippine TV series)|Lupin]]

*''[[Mga Mata ni Anghelita]]

====GMA Dramarama sa Hapon====

==Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan (before 651)==

*''[[Daisy Siete|Daisy Siete Season 15: Isla Chikita]]

''Main article: [[Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan]]''

*''[[Pati Ba Pintig ng Puso]]

*''[[Sinasamba Kita]]

====Sabado Star Power====

[[Image:AlexanderAttackingDarius.jpg|thumb|180px|'''[[Alexander the Great]]''' fighting the Persian king [[Darius III of Persia|Darius]] ([[Pompeii]] mosaic, from a [[3rd century BC]] original Greek painting, now lost).]]

*''[[Fantastic Man]]

Afghanistan's known pre-Islamic past began with Aryan invasions around 2000 BCE and continued with [[Persia]]n, [[Medes|Median]], [[Greece|Greek]], [[Mauryan]], [[Bactria]]n, and other phases in its history.

*''Kapuso Sine Special

*''[[Startalk]]

*''[[Wish Ko Lang]]

*''[[Walang Tulugan with the Master Showman]]

====Linggo Bingo====

Following the defeat of the [[Achaemenid]] Persian Empire, in [[328 BC]], [[Alexander the Great]] entered the territory of present-day Afghanistan to capture Bactria (present-day [[Balkh]]). Invasions by the [[Scythia]]ns, [[White Hun]]s, and [[Gokturk]]s followed in succeeding centuries.

*''[[All Star K!]]

*''[[Boys Nxt Door]]

*''[[Mel and Joey]]

*''[[Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang]]

*''[[Move: The Search For Billy Crawford's Pinoy Dancers]]

*''[[Showbiz Central]]

*''SNBO (Sunday Night Box Office)

*''[[SOP Rules]]

*''[[Tok! Tok! Tok! Isang Milyon Pasok!]]

====Other programs====

During the [[Kushana]] rule, Afghanistan and Gandhara became major centers of culture and learning. The Sassanians and other Iranian powers ruled most of Afghanistan before the coming of Muslim invaders, while the [[Shahi]]s ruled eastern Afghanistan from the mid-7th century until Turkic invasions in the 10th century CE.

*''[[Art Angel]]

*''[[Eat Bulaga!]]

*''[[Diyos at Bayan]]

*''[[Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko]]

*''[[Lovely Day: LD Force]]

*''[[Magpakailanman]]

*''[[Maynila (TV series)|Maynila]]

*''[[Sis (Philippine TV program)|Sis]]

*''[[Just Joking]]

===Foreign/canned shows===

==Islamic conquest of Afghanistan (642-1747)==

====Asianovelas====

''Main article: [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]]''

*''[[Great Teacher Onizuka#Live-Action|GTO: Live-Action]]''

*''[[Jumong (TV series)|Jumong]]

*''[[Love Truly]]''

*''[[Love in Heaven]]''

====Animé====

In [[642]] [[Common Era|CE]], Arabs invaded the entire region and introduced Islam. Afghanistan, like all others conquered by the [[Arab]]s, had local rulers including the empire of [[Tang China]], which had extended its influence all the way to [[Kabul]]. The Khorasani Persian-Arabs controlled the area until they were conquered by the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] in [[998]]. [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] ([[998]]-[[1030]]) consolidated the conquests of his predecessors and turned Ghazna ([[Ghazni]]) into a great cultural center as well as a base for frequent forays into India. The Ghaznavid dynasty was defeated in [[1146]] by the [[Ghurids]] ([[Ghor]]), the Ghaznavid Khans continued to live in Ghazni as the '[[Nasher]]' until the early 20th century, but they did not regain their once vast power until about 500 years later when the [[Ghilzai]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]]'s defeated the [[Safavid]] Persians in Kandahar. Various princes and [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] rulers attempted to rule parts of the country until the [[Shah]] [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm|Muhammad II]] of the [[Khwarezmid Empire]] conquered all of Persia in [[1205]]. By [[1219]] the empire had fallen to the [[Mongols]].

*''[[Bleach (manga)|Bleach]]''

*''[[Card Captor Sakura]]''

*''[[Case Closed|Detective Conan]]''

*''[[Chrono Crusade]]''

*''[[Dragon Ball Z]]''

*''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]''

*''[[Ghostfighter]]''

*''[[Fighting Spirit|Knockout]]''

*''[[Machine Robo Rescue]]''

*''[[One Piece]]

*''[[Pokemon]]''

*''[[Rockman Exe]]''

*''[[Samurai 7]]

*''[[The Slayers]]''

*''[[Slamdunk]]''

====Tokusatsu====

Led by [[Genghis Khan]], the invasion resulted in massive slaughter of the population, destruction of many cities, including [[Herat]], [[Ghazni]], and [[Balkh]], and the despoliation of fertile agricultural areas. Following Genghis Khan's death in [[1227]], a succession of petty chiefs and princes struggled for supremacy until late in the 14th century, when one of his descendants, [[Timur|Timur Lang]], incorporated what is today Afghanistan into his own vast Asian empire. [[Babur]], a descendant of Timur and the founder of [[Moghul Empire]] at the beginning of the 16th century, made Kabul the capital.

*''[[Kamen Rider Blade]]''

*''[[Genseishin Justiriser]]''

===RGMA programs nationwide===

Afghanistan was divided in three parts in the 16th, 17th and early 18th century. North were the [[Uzbeks]], west was [[Iran|Persia]] and East was the [[Mughal]] empire. The Afghans, or more specific [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]]s rose against Persian rule in the early 18th century. The Persian army was defeated and the Afghans held Khorassan from 1719-1729. [[Nadir Shah]] of Persia pushed back the Afghans in the 1729 Battle of Damghan. In 1738, Nadir Shah conquered Kandahar, in the same year he occupied Ghazni, Kabul and Lahore. After his death in 1747, the [[Durrani]] Pashtuns became the principal Afghan rulers.

*Newscasts

**''[[Balitang Bisdak]]'' -regional newscast of GMA Cebu

**''[[Ratsada]]'' - regional newscast of GMA Iloilo and Bacolod

**''[[Testigo]]'' -regional newscast of GMA Davao

*Variety

**''[[Bongga!]]'' - regional variety show produced by GMA Entertainment Group for GMA Iloilo and Bacolod

**''[[Kuyaw!]]''- regional variety show produced by GMA Entertainment Group for GMA Davao

**''[[Oi! (TV program)|Oi!]]''- regional variety show produced by GMA Entertainment Group for GMA Cebu

==GMA Network upcoming programs==

==The First Afghan Leader of Afghanistan (1709-1715)==

===Local Programs===

''Main article: [[The First Afghan Leader of Afghanistan]]''

*Angela Markado<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Celebrity Duets (Philippine TV series)|Celebrity Duets]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Barrameda | first = Joe | title = John Estrada, idolo ng kalalakihan | publisher = Abante Tonight | date =[[June 12]], [[2007]] | url =http://abante-tonite.com/issue/june1107/showbiz_jb.htm | accessdate = June 12 | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]}}</ref> (July 2007)

*Dyesebel<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Fulhaus]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Diones | first = Allan | title = FIRST READ ON PEP: Pia Guanio is Vic Sotto's leading lady in new GMA-7 sitcom "Fulhaus" | publisher = Philippine Entertainment Portal | date =[[June 28]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.pep.ph/news/13828/FIRST-READ-ON-PEP:-Pia-Guanio-is-Vic-Sottos-leading-lady-in-new-GMA-7-sitcom-Fulhaus | accessdate = June 28}}</ref> (September 2007)

*Igorota<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Kamandag]]<ref name="multiple"/> (2008)

*[[L.U.V. Pow]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Erece | first = Dinno | title = GMA-7 unleashes its new shows for 2007 | publisher = Philippine Entertainment Portal | date =[[January 19]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.pep.ph/articles/news/11932.htm | accessdate = January 27 }}</ref> (September 2007)

*[[Magic Kamison|Magic Kamison: Season 2]]<ref> (2008)[http://pep.ph/news/12505/Alex-de-Rossi-ready-to-work-with-Jennylyn-Mercado-in-&%2339;Super-Twins& Alex de Rossi ready to work with Jennylyn Mercado in 'Super Twins'], ''pep.ph'', n.d. Accessed last May 21, 2007.</ref> (2008)

*[[Marimar (Philippine TV series)|Marimar]]<ref name="multiple">{{cite web | last = Lorenzo | first = Alfie | title = GMA 7, siksik sa mga pasabog | publisher = Abante Tonight | date =[[February 5]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.abante-tonite.com/issue/feb0507/showbiz_al.htm | accessdate = February 22 | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]]}}</ref> (September 2007)

*Rosang Agimat<ref name="multiple"/>

*[[Shaider (Philippine TV series)|Shaider]]<ref>[http://www.pep.ph/news/13214/GMA-7-to-serialize-Mga-Mata-ni-Angelita-of-the-late-Julie-Vega "GMA-7 to serialize Mga Mata ni Angelita of the late Julie Vega"], '' mb.com.ph'', n.d. Accessed last April 12, 2007.</ref> (2007)

*[[Sine Novela]]<ref name="multiple"/>

# [[Kung Mahawi Man Ang Ulap]]

# Saan Darating Ang Umaga

# Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin

# Gaano Kadalas Ang Minsan

# Saan Nagtatago Ang Pag-ibig

# Paano Ba Ang Mangarap

# Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin

# Tayong Dalawa

# Ikaw Naman Ang Iiyak

*[[StarStruck|StarStruck: The Star Explosion]]<ref>{{cite web | last = E. Bautista | first = Mario | title = Starstruck Top 6 to get maximum exposure | publisher = Journal Online | date =[[April 10]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-04-10&sec=3&aid=14564 | accessdate = June 6}}</ref> (December 2007)

*[[Super Twins#Season 2|Super Twins: Season 2]]<ref>{{cite web | last = Asiñas | first = Noel | title = Na-‘X’ na ‘MKM’ episode, lumusot sa MTRCB! | publisher = Journal Online | date =[[June 6]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-06-06&sec=3&aid=20470 | accessdate = June 6}}</ref> (March 2008)

*[[Tasya Fantasya]]<ref name="multiple"/>

*Untitled Philippine-China Co-Production<ref>{{cite web | last = Asiñas | first = Noel | title = China makikisosyo sa GMA-7 | publisher = Journal Online | date =[[June 13]], [[2007]] | url =http://www.journal.com.ph/index.php?issue=2007-06-14&sec=3&aid=21319 | accessdate = June 13}}</ref>

*Zimatar<ref name="multiple"/>

==Special Shows==

Mirwais Khan Hotak

*[[Kapusolympics]]: The GMA 57th Anniversary Special (July 1, 2007)

(1709 - 1715)

==References==

A picture of life in the old city of [[Kandahar]] under the Timurids, the Safavids and the Moghuls has begun to emerge since the British Institute began its excavations in 1974. Bronze ewers, imported glazed ceramics and ornate glass from Persia and imported porcelains from China speak of widespread trade. Locally made glazed wares in the Persian style speak of a cultural orientation toward the west.

<!--<nowiki>

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.

On the whole the indigenous [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribes living in the Kandahar area were more attached to the Persians and, indeed, on those occasions when the Moghuls received the city by means other than conquest, it was disaffected Persian governors who instigated the transfer, not the tribes. The tribes were not above pitting foreigner against foreigner in order to further their attempts to better one another. However, siding sometimes with the Persians, sometimes with the Moghuls, but never with each other, they perpetuated tribal disunity and prolonged foreign domination.

</nowiki>-->

{{reflist}}

The principal contenders in these tribal disputes came from the two most important Pashtun groups in the Kandahar area, the [[Ghilzai]] and the [[Abdali]] (later [[Durrani]]), between whom there was long-standing enmity. As a matter of fact, because of these quarrels, many of the turbulent Abdali had been forcibly transferred to [[Herat]] by the irritated Persians by the end of the 16th century. This left the Ghilzai paramount in Kandahar, but the dispute more hotly contested, the hatred more deeply entrenched, and revenge more fervently sought.

The Persians were adept at manipulating such machinations and their rule at Kandahar was tolerant until the court at Isfahan began to sink in decadence. Mirroring this, the Persian governors of Kandahar became more and more rapacious and, in response, the tribes became more and more restless. Mounting tribal disturbances finally caught the concern of the court and they sent [[Gurgin Khan]], a Georgian known for his uncompromising severity toward revolt, to Kandahar in 1704. Kandahar's mayor at this time was [[Mirwais Khan Hotak]], the astute and influential leader of the Ghilzai.

Gurgin, advocate of law by force, burnt, plundered, murdered and imprisoned, but the tribes would not be subdued; revolts were crushed only to break out anew and Mirwais, credited with master-minding the rebellions, was sent to [[Isfahan]] tagged as a highly dangerous prisoner. Imagine Gurgin's surprise and dismay when Mirwais returned to Kandahar shortly thereafter clothed in lustrous robes of honor, symbols of respect and trust. The Shah of Persia thus declared the influence of Mirwais, not Gurgin, at the Persian court. Mirwais had extricated himself from a very nasty situation but, more importantly, he had observed the depths of decay at Isfahan, much as [[Babur]] had observed it at Herat, and correctly determined that the Safavid Empire was on the brink of collapse.

Mirwais formulated plans for disposing of the hated Gurgin; only the difficult task of waiting for the right moment remained.

The moment came in April, 1709. Because details of the assassination are varied, this discussion recounts the version popular among Kandarians today who say that Mirwais invited Gurgin to a picnic at his country estate at Kohkran on the outskirts of Kandahar city. Here the guests were fed all manner of rich dishes and plied with strong wines until "everyone was plunged in debauch." This was the moment. Mirwais struck, killing Gurgin, and his followers killed the Georgian's escort. The rebels then marched to take possession of the citadel.

Isfahan was astounded and sent emissaries to complain. The emissaries were imprisoned. Isfahan sent armies to take the city. The armies were defeated. The Persian court then sat in stunned idleness while Mirwais extended his authority throughout the Kandahar region.

If they were to remain free the tribes must be united and to this formidable task the venerable statesman devoted the rest of his life. But not many years were left for Mirwais. He died in 1715. An imposing blue domed mausoleum at Kohkaran Bagh, next to the orchard where Gurgin was assassinated, is a fitting monument to Afghanistan's first great nationalist.

The qualities which enabled Mirwais to lead the tribes toward a meaningful unity were not, unfortunately, inherited by his ambitious 18 year old son, Mahmood, whose visions only encompassed conquest and power. Killing his uncle, elected successor to Mirwais, Mahmood gathered his followers and marched across Persia and seized the Safavid throne (1722). Mahmood met an early death in 1725 and was succeeded by his cousin, Ashraf, who ruled until 1730 when a new soldier-of-fortune, the Turkman Nadir Quli Beg, ended Ghilzai rule.<ref>''Afghanland'' - Mirwais Khan Hotak...[http://www.afghanland.com/history/hotak.html link]</ref>

==Durrani Empire (1747-1818)==

[[Image:Kandahar_1747.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Coronation]] of '''[[Ahmad Shah Abdali|Ahmad Shah Durrani]]''', who became the first King of Afghanistan in 1747.]]

In 1747, [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]], the founder of what is known today as [[Afghanistan]], established his rule. A [[Pashtun]], Durrani was elected king in the first Loya Jirga after the assassination of the Persian ruler Nadir Shah at Khabushan in the same year. Throughout his reign, Durrani consolidated chieftainships, petty principalities, and fragmented provinces into one country. His rule extended from [[Mashad]] in the west to [[Kashmir]] and [[Delhi]] in the east, and from the Amu Darya (Oxus) River in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south. With the exception of a 9-month period in 1929, all of Afghanistan's rulers until the 1978 Marxist coup were from Durrani's Pashtun tribal confederation, and all were members of that tribe's Mohammadzai clan after 1818.<ref>''Afghanland'' - Ahmad Shah Durrani...[http://www.afghanland.com/history/ahmadshah.html link]</ref>

==European influence in Afghanistan (1826-1919)==

''Main article: [[European influence in Afghanistan]]''

[[Dost Mohammed Khan]] gained control in Kabul. Collision between the expanding [[British Empire|British]] and [[Russian Empire]]s significantly influenced Afghanistan during the [[19th century]] in what was termed "[[The Great Game]]." British concern over Russian advances in [[Central Asia]] and growing influence in Persia culminated in two Anglo-Afghan wars and "The Siege of Herat" 1837-1838, in which Persians trying to retake Afghanistan and throw out the British and Russians sent armies into the country waging wars with the British mostly around and in the city

of [[Herat]]. The [[first Anglo-Afghan War|first]] ([[1839]]-[[1842]]) resulted in the destruction of a British army; it's remembered as an example of the ferocity of Afghan resistance to foreign rule. The [[second Anglo-Afghan war]] ([[1878]]-[[1880]]) was sparked by Amir [[Shir Ali Khan of Afghanistan|Shir Ali]]'s refusal to accept a British mission in Kabul. This conflict brought [[Amir Abdur Rahman]] to the Afghan throne. During his reign ([[1880]]-[[1901]]), the British and Russians officially established the boundaries of what would become modern Afghanistan. The British retained effective control over [[Kabul]]'s foreign affairs.[[Image:KhanNasher.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Nasher Khan after defeating the British colonial force in 1880.]]

Afghanistan remained neutral during [[World War I]], despite [[Germany|German]] encouragement of anti-British feelings and Afghan rebellion along the borders of [[British India]]. The Afghan king's policy of neutrality was not universally popular within the country, however.

[[Habibullah Khan|Habibullah]], Abdur Rahman's son and successor, was assassinated in [[1919]], possibly by family members opposed to British influence. His third son, Amanullah, regained control of Afghanistan's foreign policy after launching the [[Third Anglo-Afghan war]] with an attack on India in the same year. During the ensuing conflict, the war-weary British relinquished their control over Afghan foreign affairs by signing the [[Treaty of Rawalpindi]] in August [[1919]]. In commemoration of this event, Afghans celebrate [[August 19]] as their [[Independence Day]].

==Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war (1919-1929)==

''Main article: [[Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war]]''

King [[Amanullah Khan|Amanullah]] ([[1919]]-[[1929]]) moved to end his country's traditional isolation in the years following the Third Anglo-Afghan war. He established diplomatic relations with most major countries and, following a [[1927]] tour of [[Europe]] and [[Turkey]]--during which he noted the modernization and secularization advanced by [[Ataturk]]--introduced several reforms intended to modernize Afghanistan. Some of these, such as the abolition of the traditional [[Muslim]] [[veil]] for women and the opening of a number of co-educational schools, quickly alienated many tribal and religious leaders. Faced with overwhelming armed opposition, Amanullah was forced to abdicate in January [[1929]] after [[Kabul]] fell to forces led by [[Bacha-i-Saqao]], a [[Tajiks|Tajik]] brigand.

==Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah (1929-1973)==

''Main article: [[Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah]]''

Prince [[Mohammed Nadir Khan]], a cousin of Amanullah's, in turn defeated Bacha-i-Saqao in October of the same year and, with considerable Pashtun tribal support, was declared King Nadir Shah. He began consolidating power and regenerating the country. He reversed the reforms of [[Amanullah Khan]] in favour of a more gradual approach to modernisation. In [[1933]], however, he was assassinated in a revenge killing by a [[Kabul]] student.[[Image:Mohammed Zahir Shah.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] became the youngest, longest-serving and last king of Afghanistan.]]

[[Mohammad Zahir Shah]], Nadir Khan's 19-year-old son, succeeded to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973. Until [[1946]] Zahir Shah ruled with the assistance of his uncle [[Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan]], who held the post of Prime Minister and continued the policies of Nadir Shah. In [[1946]] another of Zahir Shah's uncles, [[Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan]], became Prime Minister. He began an experiment allowing greater political freedom, but reversed the policy when it went further than he expected. In [[1953]] he was replaced as Prime Minister by [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], the king's cousin and brother-in-law. Daoud sought a closer relationship with the [[Soviet Union]] and a more hostile one towards [[Pakistan]]. However dispute with Pakistan led to an economic crisis and he was asked to resign in [[1963]]. From [[1963]] until [[1973]] Zahir Shah took a more active role.

In 1964, King Zahir Shah promulgated a liberal constitution providing for a bicameral legislature to which the king appointed one-third of the deputies. The people elected another third, and the remainder were selected indirectly by provincial assemblies. Although Zahir's "experiment in democracy" produced few lasting reforms, it permitted the growth of unofficial extremist parties on both the left and the right. These included the communist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA), which had close ideological ties to the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1967, the PDPA split into two major rival factions: the [[Khalq]] (Masses) faction headed by [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] and [[Hafizullah Amin]] and supported by elements within the military, and the [[Parcham]] (Banner) faction led by [[Babrak Karmal]]. The split reflected ethnic, class, and ideological divisions within Afghan society. However, most of the following presidents and heads of state were Ghilzai (Taraki, Amin, Najib, Mullah Omar), once again trying to take away the power from the Durrani.

==Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1978)==

''Main article: [[Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan]]''

[[Image:Mohammed_Daoud_Khan.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Mohammed_Daoud_Khan|Mohammad Sardar Daoud Khan]] was President of the Republic of Afghanistan from 1973 to 1978.]]

Amid charges of corruption and malfeasance against the royal family and poor economic conditions created by the severe 1971-72 drought, former Prime Minister [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Mohammad Sardar Daoud Khan]] seized power in a military coup on July 17, 1973. Zahir Shah fled the country eventually finding refuge in [[Italy]]. Daoud abolished the monarchy, abrogated the 1964 constitution, and declared Afghanistan a republic with himself as its first President and Prime Minister. His attempts to carry out badly needed economic and social reforms met with little success, and the new constitution promulgated in February 1977 failed to quell chronic political instability.

As disillusionment set in, on April 27, [[1978]], the PDPA initiated a bloody coup, which resulted in the overthrow and murder of Daoud and most of his family. [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]], Secretary General of the PDPA, became President of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, strongly supported by the USSR.

==Soviet intervention (1978-1992)==

{{main|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan}}

The PDPA, as a pro-communist socialist party, implemented a socialist agenda which included decrees abolishing usury, banning forced marriages, state recognition of women’s rights to vote, replacing religious and traditional laws with secular and Marxist ones, banning tribal courts, and land reform. Men were obliged to cut their beards, women couldn't wear a [[burqa]], and mosque visiting was forbidden. The PDPA invited the [[Soviet Union]] to assist in modernizing its economic infrastructure (predominantly its exploration and mining of rare minerals and natural gas). The [[Soviet Union|USSR]] also sent contractors to build roads, hospitals, schools and mine for water wells; they also trained and equipped the Afghan army. Upon the PDPA's ascension to power, and the establishment of the DRA, the Soviet Union promised monetary aid in the amount of at least $1.262 billion.

These reforms and the PDPA's monopoly on power were met with a large backlash, partly led by members of the traditional establishment. Many groups were formed in an attempt to reverse the dependence on the Soviet Union, some resorting to violent means and sabotage of the country's industry and infrastructure. The government responded with a heavy handed military intervention and arrested, exiled and executed many [[mujahedin]] "holy Muslim warriors".

In 1979 the Afghan army was overwhelmed with the number of incidents, and the Soviet Union sent troops to crush the uprising, install a pro-Moscow government, and support the new government. On [[December 25]], [[1979]] the Soviet army entered [[Kabul]]. This was the starting point of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]], which ended only in 1989 with a full withdrawal of Soviet troops under the [[Geneva accords]] reached in [[1988 ]] between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

[[Image:Evstafiev-afghan-apc-passes-russian.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet troops withdrawing from Afghanistan in 1988.]]

For over nine years the Soviet Army conducted military operations against the Afghan mujahedin rebels. The [[United States|American]] [[CIA]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] assisted in the financing of the resistance because of their anti-communist stance, and, in the case of Saudi Arabia, because of their [[Islamist]] inclinations.

[[Osama bin Laden]] was a prominent mujahideen organizer and financier; unsubstantiated claims have been made that his [[Maktab al-Khadamat]] (MAK) ''(Office of Order)'' funneled money, arms, and Muslim fighters from around the world into Afghanistan, with the assistance and support of the American, [[Pakistan]]i, and Saudi governments, a claim which is vehemently denied by both governments stating they were only funding the local Afghan resistance fighters. In 1988, bin Laden broke away from the MAK with some of its more militant members to form [[Al-Qaida]], in order to expand the anti-Soviet resistance effort into a worldwide Islamic fundamentalist movement.

The Soviet Union withdrew its troops in February 1989, but continued to aid the government, led by [[Mohammed Najibullah]]. Massive amounts of aid from the CIA and Saudi Arabia to the mujahadin also continued. After the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], the Najibullah government was overthrown on [[April 18]], [[1992]] when [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] mutinied, and allied himself with [[Ahmed Shah Massoud]], to take control of [[Kabul]] and declare the Islamic State of Afghanistan.

==History of Afghanistan (1992 to present)==

''Main article: [[History of Afghanistan since 1992]]''

When the victorious [[mujahidin]] entered [[Kabul]] to assume control over the city and the central government, internecine fighting began between the various militias, which had coexisted only uneasily during the Soviet occupation. With the demise of their common enemy, the militias' ethnic, clan, religious, and personality differences surfaced, and the civil war continued.

An interim [[Islamic Jihad Council]] was put in place, first led by [[Sibghatullah Mojadeddi]] for two months, then by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]. Fighting among rival factions intensified.

In reaction to the anarchy and [[warlord]]ism prevalent in the country, and the lack of [[Pashtun]] representation in the Kabul government, the [[Taliban]], a movement of religious scholars and former mujahideen, emerged from the southern province of [[Kandahar]]. The [[Taliban]] took control of approximately 95% of the country by the end of [[2000]], limiting the opposition mostly to a small corner in the northeast. The opposition formed the [[Afghan Northern Alliance]], which continued to receive [[diplomatic recognition]] in the [[United Nations]] as the government of [[Afghanistan]].

[[image:Hamid Karzai 2006-09-26.jpg|thumb|right|180|President of Afghanistan, [[Hamid Karzai]].]] In response to the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], the [[United States]] and its coalition allies launched an [[U.S. invasion of Afghanistan|invasion of Afghanistan]] to oust the Taliban government. Sponsored by the UN, Afghan factions met in [[Bonn]], [[Germany]] and chose a 30 member interim authority led by [[Hamid Karzai]], a Pashtun from Kandahar. After governing for 6 months, former [[King Zahir Shah]] convened a [[Loya Jirga]], which elected Karzai as president and gave him authority to govern for two more years. Then, on October 9, 2004, Karzai was elected as president of Afghanistan in the country's first ever direct presidential election.

==See also==

*[[Timeline of Afghan history]]

*[[Greater Khorasan]]

*[[Airyanem Vaejah]]

*[[History of present-day nations and states]]

*[[GMA Network]]

==Notes==

*[[List of Philippine television shows]]

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*[[GMA Pinoy TV]]

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*[[List of programs broadcast by Q]]

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*[[List of shows previously aired by GMA Network]]

==References==

*Anthony Arnold, ''Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism''

*Henry S. Bradsher, ''Afghanistan and the Soviet Union''

*David B. Edwards, ''Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad''

*Louis Dupree, ''Afghanistan''

*Arnold Charles Fletcher, ''Afghanistan: Highway of Conquest''

*Vartan Gregorian, ''The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform and Modernization'', 1840-1946

*Kawun Kakar Hasan, ''Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amin 'Abdal-Rahman Khan''

*W. Kerr Fraser-Tytler, ''Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia''

*Raiz Muhammad Khan, ''Untying the Afghan Knot: Negotiating the Soviet Withdrawal''

*Richard S. Newell, ''The Politics of Afghanistan''

*Leon B. Poullada, ''Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan'', 1919-1929

*Olivier Roy, ''Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan''

*Barnett Rubin, ''The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System''

*Bernard, P. 1994. “The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia.” In: ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250.'' Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing., pp. 99-129.

*Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ''Hou Hanshu''." 2nd Draft Edition.[http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html]

*Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilue'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' Draft annotated English translation. [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html]

*Rashid, Ahmed, ''Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia''. Yale University Press, 2001, 294 pages. ISBN 0-300-08902-3

*[[Viktor Sarianidi|Sarianidi, Viktor I.]] 1971. “The Lapis Lazuli Route in the Ancient East.” V. I. Sarianidi. ''Archaeology Magazine'', January 1971, pp. 12-15.

*Sarianidi, Viktor I. 1985. ''The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan''. [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] New York.

*Sarianidi, Viktor. 1989. “Early Kushan Jeweller's Art.” ''International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia Information Bulletin'', Issue 15. Moscow, [[Nauka]] Publishers, pp. 124-134.

*Sarianidi, Viktor 1990-1992 “Tilya Tepe: The Burial of a Noble Warrior.” ''PERSICA'' XIV, 1990-1992, pp. 103-130.

*Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. The Afghans.

*Watson, Burton. Trans. 1961. '''''Records of the Grand Historian of China:''' Translated from the '''Shih chi''' of Ssu-ma Ch'ien''. Chap. 123. The Account of Ta-yüan. Columbia University Press.

*Wood, John. 1872. ''A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus''. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London.

==External links==

* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5380.htm#history U.S. Department of State Background Note] on Afghanistan

* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html Library of Congress Country Study] of Afghanistan

* [http://www.rulers.org/rula1.html#afghanistan Rulers.org — Afghanistan] list of rulers for Afghanistan

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1162668.stm BBC: Country profile: Afghanistan]

*[http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/18/international/asia/18AFGH.html HISTORY: For Ages, Afghanistan Is Not Easily Conquered, New York Times, 9/18/2001]

*[http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/history.htm History of Afghanistan From Pre-history till today]

*[http://www.igma.tv Official Website of GMA Network]

{{Asia in topic|History of}}

*[http://www.gmapinoytv.com Official Website of GMA Pinoy TV]

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