Palladium and User:AlexNewArtBot/WashingtonLog: Difference between pages

Revision as of 22:08, 5 May 2007

Revision as of 18:08, 2 July 2007

Line 1:

{{otheruses}}

{{Elementbox_header | number=46 | symbol=Pd | name=palladium | left=[[rhodium]] | right=[[silver]] | above=[[nickel|Ni]] | below=[[platinum|Pt]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}

{{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }}

{{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=10 | period=5 | block=d }}

{{Elementbox_appearance_img | Pd,46| silvery white metallic }}

{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|106.42]][[List of elements by atomic mass|(1)]] }}

{{Elementbox_econfig | [[[krypton|Kr]]] 4d¹⁰ }}

{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 0 }}

{{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}

{{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }}

{{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 12.023 }}

{{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp | 10.38 }}

{{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1828.05 | c=1554.9 | f=2830.82 }}

{{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=3236 | c=2963 | f=5365 }}

{{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 16.74 }}

{{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 362 }}

{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 25.98 }}

{{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 1721 | 1897 | 2117 | 2395 | 2753 | 3234 | comment= }}

{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}

{{Elementbox_crystalstruct | cubic face centered }}

{{Elementbox_oxistates | 2, 4<br />(mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }}

{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.20 }}

{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies3 | 804.4 | 1870 | 3177 }}

{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|140]] }}

{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|169]] }}

{{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|131]] }}

{{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|163]] }}

{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}

{{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }}

{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 | 105.4 n}}

{{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 71.8 }}

{{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 11.8 }}

{{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 3070 }}

{{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 121 }}

{{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 44 }}

{{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 180 }}

{{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.39 }}

{{Elementbox_mohshardness | 4.75 }}

{{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa | 461 }}

{{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 37.3 }}

{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-05-3 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=100 | sym=Pd

| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E5 s|3.63 d]]

| dm1=[[Electron capture|ε]] | de1=- | pn1=107 | ps1=[[rhodium|Rh]]

| dm2=[[gamma ray|γ]] | de2=0.084, 0.074,<br /> 0.126 | pn2= | ps2=- }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=102 | sym=Pd | na=1.02% | n=56 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=103 | sym=Pd

| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|16.991 d]]

| dm=[[Electron capture|ε]] | de=- | pn=103 | ps=[[rhodium|Rh]] }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=104 | sym=Pd | na=11.14% | n=58 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=105 | sym=Pd | na=22.33% | n=59 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=106 | sym=Pd | na=27.33% | n=60 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=107 | sym=Pd

| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E14 s|6.5&times;10⁶ y]]

| dm=[[beta emission|β^-]] | de=0.033 | pn=107 | ps=[[silver|Ag]] }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=108 | sym=Pd | na=26.46% | n=62 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=110 | sym=Pd | na=11.72% | n=64 }}

{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}}

{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}

:Article [[Miss USA 1991]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

'''Palladium''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|/pəˈleɪdiəm/}}) is a [[chemical element]] with symbol '''Pd''' and [[atomic number]] 46. It is a rare silver-white [[transition metal]] of the [[platinum group]], resembling [[platinum]] chemically. It was discovered in platinum ores in 1803, and named after the asteroid [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] by [[William Hyde Wollaston]].

:Article [[Miss USA 1991]] matched rule <nowiki>\Widaho </nowiki> -2 points

:Article [[Miss USA 1991]] matched rule <nowiki>\Woregon </nowiki> -2 points

Palladium is usually found as a free metal, alloyed with others in the platinum group. It is commercially extracted from copper-nickel ores. Palladium has a great affinity for [[hydrogen]], being able to absorb 900 times its own volume of the gas. Palladium metal and its complexes are often used in catalysis such as in [[catalytic converter]]s on cars, [[palladium on carbon]] used in organic chemistry, and other coupling reactions. As a [[Precious metal|precious metal]], it is sometimes used in [[jewelry]].

Total 3 points

:Article [[Nikalas Sarver]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

== History ==

:Lead of the article [[Nikalas Sarver]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

Palladium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] by [[William Hyde Wollaston]] in [[1803]].<ref>Platinum Metals Review, [http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/47-4-175-183 Rhodium and Palladium - Events Surrounding Its Discovery], accessed 5 Feb 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite journal

:Article [[Nikalas Sarver]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

| title = On a New Metal, Found in Crude Platina

:Lead of the article [[Nikalas Sarver]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wseattle </nowiki> 14 points

| author = [[William Hyde Wollaston|W. H. Wollaston]]

:Article [[Nikalas Sarver]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wtacoma </nowiki> 7 points

| journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]

:Lead of the article [[Nikalas Sarver]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wtacoma </nowiki> 14 points

| volume = 94

Total 42 points

| year = 1804

:Article [[Virginia Commonwealth Rams]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| pages = 419-430.

Total 7 points

| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0261-0523%281804%2994%3C419%3AOANMFI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y }}

:Article [[C. Leroy Ellenberger]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

</ref> This element was named by Wollaston in 1804 after the asteroid [[2 Pallas|Pallas]], which was discovered two years earlier.<ref name=lanl/>

Total 7 points

:Article [[George McCorkle]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Wollaston found palladium in crude platinum ore from [[South America]] by dissolving the ore in [[aqua regia]], neutralizing the solution with [[sodium hydroxide]], and precipitating platinum as [[ammonium chloroplatinate]] with [[ammonium chloride]]. He added [[mercuric cyanide]] to form the compound [[palladium cyanide]], which was heated to extract palladium metal.

:Lead of the article [[George McCorkle]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

Total 14 points

[[Palladium chloride]] was at one time prescribed as a [[tuberculosis]] treatment at the rate of 0.065g per day (approximately one milligram per kilogram of body weight). This treatment did not have many negative [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]], but was later replaced by more effective drugs.

:Article [[Kishore Kadam]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

Palladium's affinity for hydrogen led it to play an essential role in the [[Fleischmann-Pons experiment]], also known as [[cold fusion]].

:Article [[Henry A. Smith]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Henry A. Smith]] matched rule <nowiki>county\,\swashington </nowiki> 7 points

In [[2000]], [[Ford Motor Company]] created a [[Economic bubble|price bubble]] in palladium by stockpiling large amounts of the metal, fearing interrupted supplies from [[Russia]]. As prices fell in early [[2001]], Ford lost nearly $1 billion [[United States dollar|U.S. dollars]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

:Article [[Henry A. Smith]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Henry A. Smith]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wseattle </nowiki> 14 points

World demand for palladium increased from 100 t in 1990 to nearly 300 t in 2000. Most palladium is used for [[catalytic converter]]s in the automobile industry.<ref name=Kielhorn>{{cite journal

:Article [[Henry A. Smith]] matched rule <nowiki>\Woregon </nowiki> -2 points

| title = Palladium – A review of exposure and effects to human health

Total 26 points

| author = J. Kielhorn, C. Melber, D. Keller, I. Mangelsdorf

:Article [[Liang Shou Yu]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

| journal = International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

:Article [[Liang Shou Yu]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wcanad </nowiki> -2 points

| volume = 205

Total 5 points

| issue = 6

:Article [[Foreign policy of Mobutu Sese Seko]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| year= 2002

:Article [[Foreign policy of Mobutu Sese Seko]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

| pages 417-432

Total 2 points

| doi = 10.1078/1438-4639-00180}}</ref>

:Article [[Richard A. Falkenrath]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Richard A. Falkenrath]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

== Occurrence ==

Total 2 points

Palladium is found as a free metal and alloyed with platinum and gold with platinum group metals in [[placer mining|placer]] deposits of the [[Ural Mountains]], [[Australia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[South America|South]] and [[North America]]. It is commercially produced from [[nickel]]-[[copper]] deposits found in [[South Africa]], [[Ontario]] and [[Siberia]]; the huge volume of ore processed makes this extraction profitable in spite of the low proportion of palladium in these ores. The world's largest single producer of palladium is [[MMC Norilsk Nickel]], headquartered in [[Moscow]].

:Article [[Martin Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Martin Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

About the possibility of producing palladium in reactors or extracting it from spent nuclear fuel, see [[Synthesis of noble metals]].

:Article [[Martin Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Martin Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wseattle </nowiki> 14 points

''See also [[:category:Palladium minerals|palladium minerals]].''

:Article [[Martin Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 48 points

== Characteristics ==

:Article [[Nolan Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[Image:Palladium 1.jpg|left|thumb|75px|Palladium.]]

:Lead of the article [[Nolan Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

Palladium is a soft silver-white metal that resembles [[platinum]]. It is the least dense and has the lowest [[melting point]] of the [[platinum group]] metals. It is soft and ductile when [[Annealing (metallurgy)|annealed]] and greatly increases its strength and hardness when it is cold-worked. Palladium is chemically attacked by [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric]], [[nitric acid|nitric]] and [[hydrochloric acid]] in which it dissolves slowly.<ref name=lanl>[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/46.html Palladium], accessed 5 Feb 2007.</ref> This metal also does not react with [[oxygen]] at normal temperatures (and thus does not tarnish in [[Earth's atmosphere|air]]). Palladium heated to 800°C will produce a layer of palladium(II) oxide (PdO). It lightly tarnishes in moist atmosphere containing sulfur.

:Article [[Nolan Harrison]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

This metal has the uncommon ability to [[absorption (chemistry)|absorb]] up to 900 times its own volume of [[hydrogen]] at room temperatures. It is thought that this possibly forms [[palladium hydride]] (PdH₂) but it is not yet clear if this is a true [[chemical compound]].<ref name=lanl/>

:Article [[Abb Jones]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Abb Jones]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

When palladium has absorbed large amounts of hydrogen, it can swell up, like a sponge full of water, visible to the naked eye.

Total 14 points

:Article [[Milford Mill Academy]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Common [[oxidation state]]s of palladium are 0,+1, +2 and +4. Although originally +3 was thought of as one of the fundamental oxidation states of palladium, there is no evidence for palladium occurring in the +3 oxidation state; this has been investigated via [[X-ray diffraction]] for a number of compounds, indicating a [[dimer]] of palladium(II) and palladium(IV) instead. Recently, compounds with an oxidation state of +6 were synthesised.

Total 7 points

:Article [[Miss USA 1992]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

=== Isotopes ===

:Article [[Miss USA 1992]] matched rule <nowiki>\Widaho </nowiki> -2 points

Naturally-occurring palladium is composed of six [[isotope]]s. The most stable [[radioisotope]]s are ¹⁰⁷Pd with a [[half-life]] of 6.5 million years, [[Pd-103|¹⁰³Pd]] with a half-life of 17 days, and ¹⁰⁰Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days. Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with [[atomic weight]]s ranging from 92.936 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (⁹³Pd) to 119.924 u (¹²⁰Pd). Most of these have half-lives that are less than a half an hour except ¹⁰¹Pd (half-life: 8.47 hours), ¹⁰⁹Pd (half-life: 13.7 hours), and ¹¹²Pd (half-life: 21 hours).

:Article [[Miss USA 1992]] matched rule <nowiki>\Woregon </nowiki> -2 points

Total 3 points

The primary [[decay mode]] before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁰⁶Pd, is [[electron capture]] and the primary mode after is [[beta decay]]. The primary [[decay product]] before ¹⁰⁶Pd is [[rhodium]] and the primary product after is [[silver]].

:Article [[Donald A. Ritchie]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Donald A. Ritchie]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[Radiogenic]] ¹⁰⁷Ag is a decay product of ¹⁰⁷Pd and was first discovered in the [[Santa Clara, California]] meteorite of [[1978]].<ref>{{cite journal

Total 14 points

| author= W. R. Kelly, G. J. Wasserburg,

:Article [[Nick Giaquinto]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| title = Evidence for the existence of ¹⁰⁷Pd in the early solar system

:Lead of the article [[Nick Giaquinto]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

| journal = [[Geophysical Research Letters]]

:Article [[Nick Giaquinto]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

| year = 1978

Total 34 points

| volume = 5

:Article [[Lee Gentry]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| issue =

:Lead of the article [[Lee Gentry]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

| pages = 1079–1082

:Article [[Lee Gentry]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

| doi = }}</ref> The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a [[nucleosynthetic]] event. ¹⁰⁷Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since accretion of the [[solar system]], must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early solar system.<ref>{{cite journal

Total 34 points

| author= J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg

:Article [[Mike Garzoni]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| title = The isotopic composition of Ag in meteorites and the presence of ¹⁰⁷Pd in protoplanets

:Lead of the article [[Mike Garzoni]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

| journal = [[Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta]]

:Article [[Mike Garzoni]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

| year = 1990

Total 34 points

| volume = 54

:Article [[Miss USA 1993]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| issue = 6

:Article [[Miss USA 1993]] matched rule <nowiki>\Widaho </nowiki> -2 points

| pages = 1729-1743

:Article [[Miss USA 1993]] matched rule <nowiki>\Woregon </nowiki> -2 points

| doi = 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90404-9 }}</ref>

Total 3 points

:Article [[Ricot Joseph]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

== Applications ==

:Lead of the article [[Ricot Joseph]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

Palladium is also used in [[dentistry]],<ref name=unctad/><ref>Platinum Metals Review, [http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/48-1-030-031 Palladium in Restorative Dentistry]</ref> [[watch]] making,<ref name=stillwater>Stillwater Palladium [http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/jewelry.html Jewelry], accessed 5 Feb 2007.</ref> in aircraft [[spark plug]]s and in the production of [[surgical instrument]]s and [[electrical contact]]s.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Palladium is also used to make professional transverse flutes.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Palladium is often used by traditional sign makers <ref name=cloversigns>Clover Signs [http://www.cloversigns.co.uk/housesigns/silvercarvedsigns.html Signs], accessed 31 March 2007.</ref> as it does not tarnish in normal conditions.

:Article [[Ricot Joseph]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

===Technology===

:Article [[Steve Junker]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium; thus, it provides a means of purifying the gas.<ref name=lanl/> Palladium (and palladium-[[silver]] alloys) are used as electrodes in multi-layer ceramic [[Capacitor (component)|capacitors]].<ref name=unctad/> Palladium (sometimes alloyed with [[nickel]]) is used in connector platings in consumer electronics.

:Lead of the article [[Steve Junker]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Steve Junker]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

It is also used as [[Palladium-Hydrogen electrode]] in electrochemical studies. [[Palladium dichloride]] can absorb large amounts of [[carbon monoxide]] gas, and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.

Total 34 points

:Article [[Wacf]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

===Catalysis===

Total 7 points

When it is finely divided, such as in [[palladium on carbon]], palladium forms a good [[catalyst]] and is used to speed up [[hydrogenation]] and [[dehydrogenation]] reactions, as well as in [[petroleum]] [[cracking (chemistry)|cracking]]. A large number of [[carbon-carbon bond]] forming reactions in [[organic chemistry]] (such as the [[Heck reaction|Heck]] and [[Suzuki coupling]]) are facilitated by catalysis with palladium compounds.

:Article [[USS Booth (DE-170)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

The largest use of palladium today is in [[catalytic converters]].<ref name=unctad/> Much research is in progress to discover ways to replace the much more expensive [[platinum]] with palladium in this application.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

:Article [[USS Booth (DE-170)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

Total 2 points

===Hydrogen storage===

:Article [[Eve Tetaz]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Eve Tetaz]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

===Jewelry===

:Article [[Eve Tetaz]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

Since 1939{{Fact|date=February 2007}} palladium itself has occasionally been used as a precious metal in [[jewelry]], as replacement for [[platinum]] or [[white gold]]. This is due to its naturally white properties giving it no need for a rhodium plating. It's slightly whiter, much lighter, about 12% harder, and currently much cheaper than platinum. Similar to gold, palladium can be beaten into a thin leaf form as thin as 100 nm (1/250,000 in).<ref name=lanl/> Like platinum, it will develop a hazy [[patina]] over time. Unlike platinum, however, palladium will discolor at [[soldering]] temperatures, become brittle with repeated heating and cooling, and react with strong acids.

:Lead of the article [[Eve Tetaz]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

:Article [[Eve Tetaz]] matched rule <nowiki>\W(is|was|are|were|has\sbeen|have\sbeen)\sa?(n?\s\S+)?\s(\[\[)?washington </nowiki> 10 points

It can also be used as a substitute for nickel when making white gold.<ref name=stillwater/> Palladium is one of three most used metals which can be alloyed with [[gold]] to produce [[white gold]].<ref name=unctad>[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]], [http://www.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/palladium/uses.htm#electrics Palladium] accessed 5 Feb 2007.</ref> ([[Nickel]] and [[silver]] can also be used.) Palladium-gold is a much more expensive alloy than nickel-gold but is hypoallergenic and holds its white color better.

:Lead of the article [[Eve Tetaz]] matched rule <nowiki> \W(is|was|are|were|has\sbeen|have\sbeen)\sa?(n?\s\S+)?\s(\[\[)?washington </nowiki> 20 points

The rule is inhibited because article matches <nowiki>washington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c</nowiki>

When platinum was declared a strategic government resource during [[World War II]], many jewelry bands were made out of palladium. As recently as September 2001,<ref>Johnson Matthey NY: Daily Metal Prices, [http://www.johnsonmattheyny.com/dailyprices.php September 2001]</ref> palladium was more expensive than platinum and rarely used in jewelry. Its use in jewelry has increased because of a large spike in the price of platinum.<ref name=wsj>Holmes, E., "Palladium, Platinum's Cheaper Sister, Makes a Bid for Love", [[Wall Street Journal]] (Eastern edition). Feb 13, 2007. p. B.1</ref> Respected jewelry maker Scott Kay, who formerly only used platinum in his jewelry lines, has recently been one of the most vocal advocates for palladium in jewelry.<ref>Modern Jeweler, [http://archives.modernjeweler.com/publication/article.jsp?pubId=1&id=87 Tipping Point], 4 May 2006. Accessed 19 Feb 2007.</ref>

Total 4 points

:Article [[Paul Kitchen (musician)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

===Photography===

:Lead of the article [[Paul Kitchen (musician)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

With the [[platinotype]] printing process photographers make fine-art black-and-white prints using platinum or palladium salts. Often used with platinum, palladium provides an alternative to silver.<ref>{{cite journal

:Article [[Paul Kitchen (musician)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

| author = Mike Ware

:Lead of the article [[Paul Kitchen (musician)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

| title = Book Review of : Photography in Platinum and Palladium

:Article [[Paul Kitchen (musician)]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

| journal = Platinum Metals Review

The rule is inhibited because article matches <nowiki>washington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c</nowiki>

| volume = 49

Total 4 points

| issue = 4

:Article [[Jonte Willis]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

| pages = 190-195

:Article [[Jonte Willis]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wtacoma </nowiki> 7 points

| year = 2005

Total 14 points

| doi = 10.1595/147106705X70291}}

:Article [[Water 1st]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

</ref>

:Lead of the article [[Water 1st]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Water 1st]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

==See also==

:Lead of the article [[Water 1st]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wseattle </nowiki> 14 points

* [[Palladium coin]]

Total 28 points

* [[Precious metal]]

:Article [[V-hull]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

* [[:Category:Palladium compounds|Palladium compounds]]

Total 7 points

:Article [[Joe Johnson (football)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

==References==

:Lead of the article [[Joe Johnson (football)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

<div class="references-small">

:Article [[Joe Johnson (football)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

<references/>

:Lead of the article [[Joe Johnson (football)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

</div>

:Article [[Joe Johnson (football)]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

The rule is inhibited because article matches <nowiki>washington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c</nowiki>

== External links ==

Total 4 points

{{Commons|Palladium}}

:Article [[Pinky Hargrave]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

{{wiktionary|palladium}}

:Lead of the article [[Pinky Hargrave]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PAI_PAS/PALLADIUM_symbol_Pd_atomic_weig.html Palladium in depth] - Online Encyclopedia

Total 14 points

*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pd/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Palladium]

:Article [[Harry Jagielski]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

*[http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/ Platinum Metals Review E-Journal]

:Lead of the article [[Harry Jagielski]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

*[http://investinmetal.com/?page_id=5 Current Palladium Price]

:Article [[Harry Jagielski]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

{{Jewellery Materials}}

Total 34 points

{{ChemicalSources}}

:Article [[St. Jago High School]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

[[Category:Palladium|*]]

:Article [[Jimmie Jones (defensive end)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[Category:Chemical elements]]

:Lead of the article [[Jimmie Jones (defensive end)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[Category:Transition metals]]

:Article [[Jimmie Jones (defensive end)]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

[[Category:Precious metals]]

Total 34 points

:Article [[Donald Walter Trautman]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[ar:بالاديوم]]

:Article [[Donald Walter Trautman]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

[[bs:Paladijum]]

Total 2 points

[[bg:Паладий]]

:Article [[Indian Ridge Middle School]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[ca:Pal·ladi]]

:Lead of the article [[Indian Ridge Middle School]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[cs:Palladium]]

Total 14 points

[[co:Palladiu]]

:Article [[Sylvester Middle School]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[da:Palladium]]

:Lead of the article [[Sylvester Middle School]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[de:Palladium]]

:Article [[Sylvester Middle School]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(-\w+){0,2}-stub\}\} </nowiki> 20 points

[[et:Pallaadium]]

Total 34 points

[[el:Παλλάδιο]]

:Article [[Idaho wine]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[es:Paladio (elemento)]]

:Article [[Idaho wine]] matched rule <nowiki>\Widaho </nowiki> -2 points

[[eo:Paladio]]

:Lead of the article [[Idaho wine]] matched rule <nowiki> \Widaho </nowiki> -4 points

[[fr:Palladium (chimie)]]

Total 3 points

[[fur:Paladi]]

:Article [[Salvatore Ronald Matano]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[gl:Paladio (elemento)]]

:Article [[Salvatore Ronald Matano]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

[[ko:팔라듐]]

Total 2 points

[[hr:Paladij]]

:Article [[Hilbert R-tree]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[io:Paladio]]

:Article [[Hilbert R-tree]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

[[id:Paladium]]

Total 2 points

[[is:Palladín]]

:Article [[Reed Landry]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[it:Palladio (elemento)]]

:Lead of the article [[Reed Landry]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[he:פלדיום]]

:Article [[Reed Landry]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

[[ku:Palladyûm]]

:Lead of the article [[Reed Landry]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

[[la:Palladium]]

Total 4 points

[[lv:Pallādijs]]

:Article [[Furnace Mountain (Virginia)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[lb:Palladium]]

:Lead of the article [[Furnace Mountain (Virginia)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[lt:Paladis]]

:Article [[Furnace Mountain (Virginia)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

[[jbo:jinmrpaladi]]

:Lead of the article [[Furnace Mountain (Virginia)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

[[hu:Palládium]]

Total 4 points

[[nl:Palladium (element)]]

:Article [[International Association of Fire Chiefs]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[ja:パラジウム]]

Total 7 points

[[no:Palladium]]

:Article [[Searchles]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[nn:Palladium]]

:Lead of the article [[Searchles]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[oc:Palladi]]

:Article [[Searchles]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

[[ug:Palladiy]]

:Lead of the article [[Searchles]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

[[uz:Palladiy]]

:Article [[Searchles]] matched rule <nowiki>\W(is|was|are|were|has\sbeen|have\sbeen)\s(an?|the)?\s(\S+\s){1,4}(in|of|to)\s(the\s(state\sof)?)?(\[\[)?washington </nowiki> 10 points

[[pl:Pallad]]

:Lead of the article [[Searchles]] matched rule <nowiki> \W(is|was|are|were|has\sbeen|have\sbeen)\s(an?|the)?\s(\S+\s){1,4}(in|of|to)\s(the\s(state\sof)?)?(\[\[)?washington </nowiki> 20 points

[[pt:Paládio]]

The rule is inhibited because article matches <nowiki>washington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c</nowiki>

[[ro:Paladiu]]

Total 4 points

[[ru:Палладий (элемент)]]

:Article [[Hall of Columns]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[simple:Palladium]]

Total 7 points

[[sk:Paládium]]

:Article [[Nguyen Chanh Thi]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[sl:Paladij]]

Total 7 points

[[sr:Паладијум]]

:Article [[Del Howard]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[sh:Paladijum]]

:Lead of the article [[Del Howard]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

[[fi:Palladium]]

:Article [[Del Howard]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

[[sv:Palladium]]

:Lead of the article [[Del Howard]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wseattle </nowiki> 14 points

[[th:แพลเลเดียม]]

Total 28 points

[[tr:Paladyum]]

:Article [[Bob Chakales]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

[[uk:Паладій]]

Total 7 points

[[zh:钯]]

:Article [[Speed Martin]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Speed Martin]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

Total 14 points

:Article [[United States housing market correction]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[United States housing market correction]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

Total 2 points

:Article [[Graham Pulkingham]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Graham Pulkingham]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

Total 14 points

:Article [[Georgian information crisis]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Georgian information crisis]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Georgian information crisis]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

:Article [[Georgian information crisis]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wcanad </nowiki> -2 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[Michael Finnegan]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Michael Finnegan]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Michael Finnegan]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

:Lead of the article [[Michael Finnegan]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

Total 4 points

:Article [[John W. Stanton]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[John W. Stanton]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[John W. Stanton]] matched rule <nowiki>washington\sstate </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[John W. Stanton]] matched rule <nowiki> washington\sstate </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[John W. Stanton]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

Total 35 points

:Article [[Mama Stortini's]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Mama Stortini's]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Mama Stortini's]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wtacoma </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Mama Stortini's]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wtacoma </nowiki> 14 points

Total 28 points

:Article [[Ed Moulthrop]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Ed Moulthrop]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

Total 2 points

:Article [[Étienne Dupérac]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[List of Who's the Boss episodes]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[Toiling Midgets]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Toiling Midgets]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

Total 14 points

:Article [[T. J. Jackson]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[T. J. Jackson]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[T. J. Jackson]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Harvey Jones]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Harvey Jones]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Harvey Jones]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[John Jaffurs]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[John Jaffurs]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[John Jaffurs]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[A. J. Johnson (American football)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[A. J. Johnson (American football)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[A. J. Johnson (American football)]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Cattail Moon]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[Struble Trail]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[1943 Iowa Pre-Flight Seahawks football team]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[Dan Grimm]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Dan Grimm]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 27 points

:Article [[Dave Graf]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Dave Graf]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Dave Graf]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Rick Graf]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Rick Graf]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Rick Graf]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Orantes Grant]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Orantes Grant]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Orantes Grant]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Donovan Greer]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Donovan Greer]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 27 points

:Article [[Jim German]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Jim German]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Jim German]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Ed Justice]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Ed Justice]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Ed Justice]] matched rule <nowiki>\Widaho </nowiki> -2 points

:Article [[Ed Justice]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 32 points

:Article [[Uttecht v. Brown]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Uttecht v. Brown]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Uttecht v. Brown]] matched rule <nowiki>washington\sstate </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Uttecht v. Brown]] matched rule <nowiki> washington\sstate </nowiki> 14 points

Total 28 points

:Article [[Ray Moore (baseball)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Ray Moore (baseball)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Ray Moore (baseball)]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[Washington State Route 110]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Washington State Route 110]] matched rule <nowiki>washington\sstate </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Washington State Route 110]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(-\w+){0,2}-stub\}\} </nowiki> 20 points

:Article [[Washington State Route 110]] matched rule <nowiki>category:(\w+\s){0,3}washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 54 points

:Article [[Ciaran O'Leary]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Ciaran O'Leary]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Ciaran O'Leary]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Ciaran O'Leary]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wseattle </nowiki> 14 points

Total 28 points

:Article [[Jackie Presser indictment scandal]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Jackie Presser indictment scandal]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

Total 2 points

:Article [[Audubon Avenue (Manhattan)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Audubon Avenue (Manhattan)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Audubon Avenue (Manhattan)]] matched rule <nowiki>\W(is|was|are|were|has\sbeen|have\sbeen)\s(an?|the)?\s(\S+\s){1,4}(in|of|to)\s(the\s(state\sof)?)?(\[\[)?washington </nowiki> 10 points

:Lead of the article [[Audubon Avenue (Manhattan)]] matched rule <nowiki> \W(is|was|are|were|has\sbeen|have\sbeen)\s(an?|the)?\s(\S+\s){1,4}(in|of|to)\s(the\s(state\sof)?)?(\[\[)?washington </nowiki> 20 points

Total 34 points

:Article [[P. Booker Reed]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[P. Booker Reed]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wcanad </nowiki> -2 points

Total 5 points

:Article [[Gates Chili Central School District]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[Tony Crudo]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Tony Crudo]] matched rule <nowiki>washington\sstate </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Tony Crudo]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wseattle </nowiki> 7 points

:Article [[Tony Crudo]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wcanad </nowiki> -2 points

Total 19 points

:Article [[Ambre Anderson]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

Total 7 points

:Article [[Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington </nowiki> 7 points

:Lead of the article [[Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington </nowiki> 14 points

:Article [[Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.)]] matched rule <nowiki>\Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -5 points

:Lead of the article [[Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.)]] matched rule <nowiki> \Wwashington(\,)?\sd(\.)?c </nowiki> -10 points

Total 4 points