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===[[Druids: Animalkin]]===
:''For the Christian theologian, see [[Abd al-Masih ibn Ishaq al-Kindi]].''
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:{{la|Druids: Animalkin}} – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Druids: Animalkin|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2007 July 2#{{anchorencode:Druids: Animalkin}}|View log]])</noinclude>
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No references cited, can't find any hint that this game even exists. Probable hoax. [[User:Tim!|Tim!]] 18:32, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
*'''Strong Delete:''' as hoax. The only Google hits for this game ''or'' the alleged company that made it is this article. [[User:RGTraynor|'''<span style="background:Blue;color:Cyan"> RGTraynor </span>''']] 19:53, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
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| image_caption = Al-Kindī depicted in a Syrian Post stamp.
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'''Abū-Yūsuf Ya’qūb ibn Ishāq ibn as-Sabbāh ibn 'omrān ibn Ismaīl al-Kindī''' (c. [[801]]–[[873]] CE; [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أبو يوسف يعقوب ابن إسحاق الكندي), also known by the Latinised version of his name, '''Alkindus''' to the Western world, was a [[Muslim]] [[Arab]] [[scientist]], [[mathematician]], [[physician]], and a talented [[musician]].
==Life==
Al-Kindī was born in [[Kufa]], a centre of world learning at the time. Al-Kindī's father was the governor of Kufa, as his grandfather had been before him. Al-Kindī was descended from the [[Kinda]] tribe which had migrated from [[Yemen]]. This tribe had united a number of tribes and reached a position of prominence in the [[5th century|5th]] and [[6th century|6th]] centuries, but then lost power from the middle of the 6th century. Al-Kindī's education took place first in Kufa, then in [[Basrah]], and finally in [[Baghdad]]. Knowledge of his great learning soon spread, and the Caliph [[Al-Mamun|al-Ma'mun]] appointed him to the [[House of Wisdom]] in Baghdad, which was a recently established centre for the translation of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosophical and scientific texts. (He was also well known for his beautiful [[calligraphy]], and at one point was employed as a calligrapher by [[al-Mutawakkil]].)
When al-Ma'mun died, his brother ([[al-Mu'tasim]]) became Caliph, and al-Kindī continued in his post, as well as tutoring al-Mu'tasim's son. However, on the accession of [[al-Wathiq]], and especially of al-Mutawakkil, al-Kindī's star waned. There are various theories concerning this: some attribute al-Kindī's downfall to scholarly rivalries at the House of Wisdom, others refer to al-Mutawakkil’s often violent persecution of unorthodox Muslims (as well as of non-Muslims). At one point, in fact, al-Kindī was beaten and his library temporarily confiscated. He died in [[873]] CE during the reign of [[Al-Mu'tamid]].
==Accomplishments==
===Philosophy===
Al-Kindī was a master of many different areas of thought. He was an expert in [[music]], [[philosophy]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[geography]], and [[mathematics]]. During his lifetime (and for about a [[century]] afterwards) he was held to be the greatest [[Islam|Islamic]] philosopher, eventually being eclipsed only by such great names as [[al-Farabi|al-Fārābi]] and [[Avicenna]]. He is still held to be greatest philosopher of Arab descent, though; indeed, he was often referred to simply as "the Arab philosopher".
One of his central philosophical aims was to bring out the compatibility between philosophy and [[natural theology]] on the one hand and [[revealed theology|revealed]] and [[speculative theology]] (''[[kalām]]'') on the other (though in fact he rejected speculative theology). He argued, however, that revelation was a superior source of knowledge to reason in some areas at least, and that it guaranteed matters of faith that reason could not uncover.
His philosophical approach wasn't original, but incorporated [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] and (especially) [[neo-Platonism|neo-Platonist]] thought. Nevertheless his work was of great importance in that it introduced and popularised Greek philosophy in the Muslim intellectual world. Much of what was to become standard Arabic philosophical vocabulary originated with al-Kindī; indeed, if it hadn't been for him, the work of philosophers like [[Al-Farabi|al-Fārābi]], [[Avicenna]], and [[al-Ghazali|al-Ghazālī]] might not have been possible.
Among his works are ''Concerning Three Essenses'', ''On Sleep and Vision'', and ''On Reason''.
===Other accomplishments===
[[Image:Al-kindi.jpeg|frame|right|Portrait of Al-Kindī]]
As a physician, al-Kindī was the first [[pharmacologist]] to determine and apply a correct [[dosage]] for most of the [[medication|drugs]] available at the time. As an advanced [[chemist]], he was an opponent of [[alchemy]]; he debunked the myth that simple, base [[metal]]s could be transformed into precious metals such as [[gold]] or [[silver]]. In mathematics, he wrote a number of books dedicated to the [[number system]], and contributed greatly to the foundation of modern [[arithmetic]]. Al-Kindī also popularized the [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] among the Arabs.
Al-Kindī wrote at least two hundred and fifty books, contributing heavily to [[geometry]] (thirty-two books), medicine and philosophy (twenty-two books each), [[logic]] (nine books), and [[physics]] (twelve books). His influence in the fields of physics, mathematics, medicine, philosophy and music were far-reaching and lasted for several centuries. Most of his books, unfortunately, were lost, though a few survived in [[Latin]] translations by [[Gerard of Cremona]], and others have been discovered in Arabic manuscripts — most importantly, twenty-four of his lost works were rediscovered in the mid-twentieth century. Take, for example, a recently discovered text ''A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages'', a treatise on [[cryptology]], covering methods of cryptanalysis, encipherments, cryptanalysis of certain encipherments, and statistical analysis of letters and letter combinations in Arabic.
==Quotations==
*"We ought not to be embarrassed about appreciating the truth and obtaining it wherever it comes from, even if it comes from races distant and nations different from us. Nothing should be dearer to the seeker of truth than the truth itself, and there is no deterioration of the truth, nor belittling either of one who speaks it or conveys it."
==Sources==
*[[Robert L. Arrington]] <nowiki>[ed.]</nowiki> ''A Companion to the Philosophers'' (2001: Oxford, Blackwell) ISBN 0-631-22967-1
*[[Peter J. King]] ''One Hundred Philosophers'' (2004: New York, Barron's) ISBN 0-7641-2791-8
==See also==
*[[Islamic science]]
*[[Islamic philosophy]]
*[[Islamic scholars]]
*[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]]
==External links==
{{commons|Al-Kindī}}
*[http://www.famousmuslims.com/YAQUB%20IBN%20ISHAQ%20AL-KINDI.htm Al-Kindi] — Famous Muslims
*[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Kindi.html Al-Kindi] — School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland
*[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/kindi/default.htm Al-Kindi's website] — Islamic Philosophy Online
*[http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/K/Kindi-al.html encyclopedia]
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