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Osteopathic medicine in the United States and Carlingford, New South Wales: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Australian Place | type = suburb
{{see also|Osteopathy}}
| name = Carlingford
| city = Sydney
| state = nsw
| image = Carlingford_carlovillage.jpg
| caption = Carlingford Village Shopping Centre
| lga = [[Baulkham Hills Shire]]<br>[[Hornsby Shire]]<br>[[City of Parramatta]]
| parish = [[Field of Mars Parish, Cumberland|Field of Mars]]
| postcode = 2118
| pop = 19,678 (2001 census)
| area = 7.9&nbsp;km²
| est =
| propval =
| stategov = [[Electoral district of Baulkham Hills|Baulkham Hills]]<br>[[Electoral district of Castle Hill|Castle Hill]]<br>[[Electoral district of Epping|Epping]]<br>[[Electoral district of Parramatta|Parramatta]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]]<br>[[Division of Berowra|Berowra]]<br>[[Division of Parramatta|Parramatta]]
| dist1 =
| location1= Hills District
| near-nw =
| near-n = [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]
| near-ne =
| near-w =
| near-e = [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]]
| near-sw =
| near-s = [[North Parramatta, New South Wales|North Parramatta]]
| near-se =
}}
'''Carlingford''' (Postcode 2118, S33.777 E151.048) is a [[suburb]] located approximately 22&nbsp;km north-west of central [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], covering an area of 7.9 square kilometres on the south-eastern outskirts of the [[Hills District]]. It is one of the busier suburbs within the Hills with many businesses available in the large town centre. To the east lies [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]]; to the north lie [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]], [[North Rocks, New South Wales|North Rocks]] and [[West Pennant Hills, New South Wales|West Pennant Hills]]; to the west [[North Parramatta, New South Wales|North Parramatta]] and to the south [[Oatlands, New South Wales|Oatlands]] and [[Telopea, New South Wales|Telopea]].
 
==History and urban character==
[[Image:Osteo_general11225.jpg|framed|''Osteopathic physicians on rounds in a US teaching hospital'']]
{{unreferencedsect}}
Originally, the area of Carlingford was called [[Mobbs Hill, New South Wales|Mobbs Hill]], named after the ex-convict settler William Mobbs, who is credited for bringing [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s to Australia. Carlingford received its current name after a vote in 1886 by the residents. The name was suggested by Frederick Cox after he heard one of his employees describe similarities between Mobbs Hill and the town of [[Carlingford, County Louth|Carlingford]], located in the east of [[Ireland]]. Carlingford was also probably named in honour of [[Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford|The Lord Carlingford]].
 
The area was settled in the mid-[[1800]]s and, at the time, was an [[agriculture|agricultural]] area on the outskirts of Sydney. Like much of the Hills District, Carlingford was a significant orange-growing area for the city. [[Pennant Hills Road]], then a major arterial road from Parramatta to the northern suburbs, was a major route of transportation for agricultural produce from the area. When the train line which terminates at [[Carlingford railway station, Sydney|Carlingford Railway Station]] was completed in 1896, it, too, became a major route for the area. Carlingford Produce, a gardening and agricultural-materials seller located next to the train station, is located in the former train workshops. This store, much like James Ruse Agricultural High School (see below) remain as testaments to the agricultural history of the suburb.
'''Osteopathic Medicine''' (also known as '''osteopathy''') is a [[system]] of [[medicine]] in the [[USA]] with a distinct [[worldview]] that applies osteopathic [[philosophy]], [[principles]], and treatment to standard [[medical]] care.
 
In April [[1923]] the [[Wesley Mission|Wesley Central Mission]] established the Dalmar Children's Homes on fifteen acres of land near Marsden Road in the eastern end of the suburb. The property eventually had many cottages, together with a hospital, an orchard and vegetable gardens. The land is now the site of the Alan Walker Retirement Village.
With a strong emphasis on the inter-relationship of the body's [[nerves]], [[muscles]], [[bones]], [[connective tissue]] and [[organ systems]], Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, or D.O.s, apply the philosophy of treating the whole person ([[holistic]] approach) to the [[prevention (medical)]], [[diagnosis]] and treatment of [[illness]], [[disease]] and [[injury]] using conventional medical practice such as [[medication|drugs]] and [[surgery]], along with [[manual therapy]] ([[Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine|OMM]]).
 
As Sydney rapidly expanded, following [[World War II]], Carlingford underwent rapid [[urbanisation]] starting in the late [[1960]]s. The presence of James Ruse Agricultural High School, established in [[1959]], is a testament to the agricultural history of Carlingford as well as the rapid pace of urbanisation; which soon made the school, and its large farm, somewhat of an anomaly amongst the 1970s- and 1980s-style houses which dominate the suburb. More recently, in the [[1990]]s, the government policy of [[urban consolidation]] has seen the development of high-density units and [[apartment block]]s around the town centre and the train station. There have also been redevelopments of older houses into medium-density [[Rowhouse|townhouse]]s, and [[Semi-detached|duplex housing]].
Like Doctors of Medicine ([[M.D.]]s), [[Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine]] ([[D.O.]]s) [[educated]] in the [[United States]] are fully [[licensed]] [[physicians]] and [[surgeons]] who practice the full scope of [[medicine]]. In most other parts of the world, D.O.s are not medically trained practitioners. Currently, there are 21 accredited D.O.-granting U.S. [[medical schools]] and 125 accredited M.D.-granting U.S. medical schools. Because of the abundance of M.D. schools, many people are more familiar with them; however, osteopathic medicine is growing at an unprecedented rate. Many new schools are planned to open in the coming years and existing schools have expanded enrollment to meet the increased [[demand]] for the physician [[workforce]], particularly as [[baby boomers]] age. The majority of entering U.S. osteopathic medical students hold [[bachelor's degrees]] and some also hold [[master's degrees]] (M.S., M.A.) or other [[doctorate]] degrees (Ph.D., J.D.).
 
In 1961, the [[HMS K13|K13]] memorial was unveiled, and stands as a prominent feature in Carlingford, passed by thousands of motorists along [[Pennant Hills Road]] each day.
M.D. and D.O.-granting U.S. medical schools have similar [[curricula]]. Generally the first two years are classroom-based, with certain programs providing [[patient]] contact, while third and fourth years consist of rotations through the different major specialties of medicine. Upon graduation, M.D. and D.O. physicians pursue [[residency (medicine)]] training programs. Depending on state licensing laws, osteopathic physicians may also be required to complete a 1 year rotating [[internship]]. Osteopathic physicians also have the opportunity to pursue [[allopathic]] (M.D.) residency programs; however, the converse is not allowed. Within the U.S., osteopathic physicians practice in all medical specialties including, but not limited to, [[internal medicine]], [[dermatology]], [[surgery]], [[radiology]], etc. There is no distinction in pay between [[allopathic]] (M.D.) and [[osteopathic]] (D.O.) physicians; however, physician [[salaries]] differ noticeably among the various medical specialties.
 
==Population statistics==
Osteopaths educated in countries outside of the U.S. do not follow the same curriculum as U.S. trained D.O.s and are referred to as "non-physician osteopaths". Their scope of practice is limited mainly to [[musculoskeletal]] conditions and treatment of some other conditions using [[manual treatment]] ([[Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine|OMM]]), not unlike [[chiropractors]] in the [[USA]].
[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] data from the 2001 [[census]] records the population of Carlingford as 19,678 residents, with a gender mix of 49% males and 51% females in line with the rest of the Australian population. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002)
 
== History Commerce==
[[Image:Carlingford carlocourt.jpg|thumb|300px|Carlingford Court Shopping Centre.]]
(see also [[Osteopathy]])
Carlingford has two [[shopping centre]]s - Carlingford Court, which underwent major reconstruction in the late [[1990]]s, and Carlingford Village. Carlingford Court is a typical suburban shopping centre, and is home to major businesses such as Target and Fitness First. Carlingford Village is a smaller shopping complex, which has many Asian food outlets and tends to appeal more to the Chinese community. {{fact}}
Osteopathy was founded by [[Andrew Taylor Still]], M.D., D.O., who was born in [[1828]] in [[Virginia]], in reaction to what he perceived as inadequate medical treatment of his day. Specifically, he believed that other conventionally trained physicians over-prescribed to patients harsh and often toxic [[medications]]. He invented the name "osteopathy" by blending two Greek roots "osteon-" for bone and "-pathos" for suffering in order to communiciate his [[theory]] that [[disease]] and physiologic dysfunction were etiologically grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side-effects of drugs. He intended his new system of medicine to be a reformation of the existing [[19th century]] medical practices he knew and imagined that someday "[[rational]] medical therapy" would consist of manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery, and very sparingly used [[drugs]] (e.g. antiseptics, ointments, or laxatives).
 
The Carlingford town centre, located on [[Pennant Hills Road]], also comprises a number of street shops. The centre recently underwent minor redevelopment, including the relocation of Target to the old second floor [[Myer]] store which closed on the March 31, 2006.
Osteopathic medical practice began approximately 120 years ago in the [[Midwest]] of the [[United States]], just before [[chiropractic]]. From its very inception, early practitioners embraced the movement's philosophy and theories to varying degrees. Some held steadfastly to its core [[tenets]] while others were more apt to "blend" features of osteopathy with other conventional or competing [[schools of medicine]]. Thus, early in the [[twentieth century]], the [[United States|American]] osteopathic profession adopted the use of medicine and surgery, whereas [[chiropractor]]s continue to use strictly manipulative techniques. Outside of the USA, osteopaths tended to stay closer to their traditional approach. As [[biomedical]] [[science]] developed, osteopathy gradually incorporated all its proven theories and practices. Today, except for a stronger [[primary care]] emphasis in most osteopathic medical schools and additional education in musculoskeletal diagnosis and treatment, the training and scope of osteopathy in the United States is identical to that of [[allopathic]] or conventional [[biomedicine]].
 
There are also several shopping strips elsewhere in Carlingford - near Carlingford station, including the only [[pub]] in Carlingford (Carlingford Bowling Club).
== Current status and scope of practice ==
Because of the varying degrees of acceptance of osteopathic theories and principles among early practitioners, there are two divergent scopes of practice within the osteopathic world. Though they are so different as to be considered two separate [[professions]], there have been attempts in the last few years to enhance exchange and [[dialogue]] between them. In other parts of the world, especially the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]], D.O.'s have a narrower scope of practice limited to [[manual therapy]].
 
==Politics==
=== Osteopathic medicine in the USA ===
Carlingford falls under the jurisdiction of several Local Government Areas: the [[City of Parramatta]] in the south, [[Hornsby Shire]] in the north-east, and [[Baulkham Hills Shire]] in the north-west. Similarly it falls under several [[Australia|Commonwealth]] ([[Division of Berowra|Berowra]], [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]], [[Division of Mitchell|Mitchell]], [[Division of Parramatta|Parramatta]]) and [[New South Wales|State]] ([[Electoral district of Epping|Epping]], [[Electoral district of Baulkham Hills|Baulkham Hills]], [[Electoral district of Parramatta|Parramatta]], [[Electoral district of The Hills|The Hills]]) electoral divisions/districts.
In the [[United States]] osteopathic physicians (D.O.'s) are medically trained practitioners. Because only 6% of physicians in the USA are D.O.'s, many [[patients]] are unaware that the D.O. degree is the [[legal]] and [[professional]] equivalent of the M.D. degree and that those holding it practice in all specialties from [[cardiothoracic surgery]] to [[General practitioner|family medicine]]. Acceptance by traditional M.D.s and their [[institutions]] was once an issue for osteopathic practitioners. Today D.O.s and M.D.s work side by side in the [[health care]] setting. However, this wasn't always the case and osteopathic medicine's [[historical]], and often confrontational, clashes with organized [[allopathic medicine]] is some times still a point of contention between the fields.
 
The population of Carlingford, as with the rest of northern Sydney is relatively affluent. [[Baulkham Hills Shire]] and [[Hornsby Shire]] councils generally have a majority of conservative councillors. Most of the electoral divisions that Carlingford lies within have historically been held by the [[Liberal Party of Australia]]. The exception is Parramatta City Council, and the electoral division and district of Parramatta which include sections of southern Sydney and tend to be marginal seats.
In the [[1960s]] in [[California]], the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) spent nearly $8 million to end the practice of [[osteopathy]] in the state. After passing Proposition 22 which was backed by the AMA, D.O.s were granted the M.D. degree in exchange for paying $65 and attending a short seminar. The College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons became the [[University of California, Irvine]], College of Medicine. However, the decision proved quite controversial. In [[1974]], primarily due to the efforts of Viola M. Frymann, D.O., FAAO, the [[California Supreme Court]] ruled that licensing of D.O.s in that state must be resumed.
 
The Commonwealth Electoral Divisions of [[Division of Berowra|Berowra]], currently held by The Hon. The [[Attorney-General]] [[Philip Ruddock]] MP, and [[Division of Mitchell|Mitchell]], currently held by The Hon. [[Alan Cadman]] MP; are safe [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] seats. The Commonwealth Electoral Division of [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]], currently held by The Hon. The [[Prime Minister]] [[John Winston Howard|John Howard]] MP is a marginal [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] seat. The Commonwealth Electoral Division of Parramatta, currently held by Ms [[Julie Owens]] MP, is an [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] seat by a narrow margin; regained from the previous Liberal member [[Ross Cameron]] in the [[Australian legislative election, 2004|2004 election]].
[[Image:COPSLA2.jpg|framed|''College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons in Los Angeles, c.1920s. From California College of Medicine Records, AS-027'' The osteopathic college was eventually absorbed into the University of California system following a state-wide ballot referendum and become the UC Irvine Medical Center.]]
 
The State Electoral Districts of [[Electoral district of Baulkham Hills|Baulkham Hills]], currently held by Mr Wayne Merton MLA; Epping, currently held by Shadow [[Attorney-General]] Andrew Tink MLA; and [[Electoral district of The Hills|The Hills]], currently held by Shadow Environment Minister Mr Michael Richardson MLA; are safe [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] seats. The [[Electoral district of Parramatta|State Electoral District of Parramatta]], currently held by Ms Tanya Gadiel MLA, is a safe [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] seat.
This decision by the California Medical Association in the [[1960s]] to grant D.O. physicians an M.D. license was one of two turning points for D.O.s in their struggle for [[parity]]; the other being the [[U.S. Army]]'s decision to allow D.O.s to enter the [[military]] as physicians. The California Medical Association may have been attempting to eliminate the osteopathic [[competition]] by converting thousands of their physicians to M.D.s. While most Californian D.O.s did take the opportunity to become M.D.s in order to improve their access to mixed-staff [[hospitals]] and enjoy wider professional recognition, in other parts of the country it provided the osteopathic [[community]] with the stamp of equivalency they desired. In [[1974]], the California Medical Association was challenged in the state supreme court and Proposition 22 was declared unconstitutional. The last state to grant D.O.s equal practice rights as a fully licensed physician was [[Mississippi]], in [[1973]].
 
==Transport==
The scientific merit of manipulative medicine continues to be [[controversial]]. Within the osteopathic medical curriculum in the USA, manipulative treatment is taught as an adjunctive measure to other biomedical interventions for a number of disorders and diseases. The [[American Osteopathic Association]] has made an effort in recent years to both support and promote scientific inquiry into the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulation as well as encourage D.O.s to consistently offer manipulative treatments to their patients. However, the number of D.O.s who report consistently prescribing and performing manipulative treatment has been falling steadily. The reasons for this are poorly understood, but are believed to be related to changes in the general financing and delivery of [[health care]], fewer D.O.s training in exclusively osteopathic post-graduate [[residency (medicine)]] training programs, and a lack of perceived relevance to a number of specialties and sub-specialties that D.O.'s pursue.
[[Image:Carlingford railway station.jpg|thumb|300px|The end of the line at Carlingford railway station. Also visible, to the left, is Carlingford Produce.]]
[[Image:Carlingford cumbohwy.jpg|thumb|300px|Cumberland Highway, Carlingford]]
 
As with much of Sydney, Carlingford has relatively limited public transport access, which is reflected in the low public transport patronage by commuters. In the 2001 census, 6% of commuters travelled to work via trains while 2% used buses.
Still, there is no doubt that osteopathic medicine, as a progressive [[social movement]], has influenced the general practice of American [[medicine]]. Indeed, some osteopathic medical schools in the USA have opened basic courses in osteopathic manual therapy for their M.D. colleagues. Many continuing medical education programs in osteopathic manipulation are also offered to M.D.'s and [[physical therapist]]s.
 
There are a number of bus services which pass through Carlingford. Harris Park Transport, a now defunct bus company, used to operate routes 623, 624, 625, 628, and 629 which pass through the suburb. The 630 was operated by Red Arrow, a joint-venture of Harris Park Transport and [[Westbus]]. As of February 2005, these former Harris Park services (with the exception of route 630) are operated by [[Sydney Buses]] ([[State Transit Authority of New South Wales]]). Previously routes 513 and 521 were the only Sydney Buses services through Carlingford. The former 621 and 622 Citybus Direct (owned by Harris Park Transport) routes from Carlingford to the city proved to be uneconomical and were eliminated.
== Future challenges ==
Osteopathic medicine first developed its unique and proprietary treatment modalities in the early [[19th century]] as a distinct alternative to conventional medical practice. These modalities moved through stages of discovery, development, refinement, and translation in order to be integrated into a modern biomedically-oriented osteopathic educational curriculum. This curriculum was instituted in largely free-standing educational institutions, community hospitals, and clinics that were relatively isolated from well-established scientific and medical training centers. Both internal and external competing interests shaped this process in a largely serendipitous fashion.
 
Current bus lines operated by Sydney Buses include:
Osteopathic medical schools have been criticized for being less focused on [[research]] and scientific discovery than [[allopathic]] schools, although this trend is changing. Critics also have highlighted the lower average academic attainment of students who matriculate to osteopathic schools--[[Grading_in_the_United_States#Grade_point_average|GPA]], 3.45 for osteopathic vs 3.55 for allopathic matriculants, and [[Medical College Admission Test|MCAT]] scores, an average of 25.5 for osteopathic vs 29.7 for allopathic matriculants. While the GPA and MCAT scores are indeed lower at some osteopathic medical schools, some have argued that this difference really reflects osteopathic admission committees' emphasis on a variety of non-academic factors and personal characteristics believed to be centrally important to training physicians with a more [[generalist]] or [[holistic]] orientation.
* 513 [[West Ryde, New South Wales|West Ryde]] to Carlingford
* 521 [[Parramatta]] to [[Eastwood, New South Wales|Eastwood]]
In the [[United States]] osteopathic medicine has been criticized for including therapies such as [[craniosacral therapy|cranial and cranio-sacral manipulation]], and for having a greater tolerance for [[Alternative medicine|alternative medical practices]]. Because the field of osteopathic medicine encompasses all conventional medical practices, it has been subject to the same [[Medicine#Criticism|criticisms]]. And, in other countries where osteopathy does not encompass conventional medical practices, it is subject to the same criticisms leveled at many [[alternative medicine]] modalities.
* 623 [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]] to [[Parramatta]]
* 624 [[Parramatta]] to [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]] via [[Pennant Hills Road]], Carlingford
* 628 [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]] to Carlingford
* 629 [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]] to [[North Rocks, New South Wales|North Rocks]]
 
Current bus lines operated by Hillsbus include:
Osteopathic medicine’s negotiation of its professional [[identity (social science)|identity]] and [[social status]] provides an interesting example of the professional integration of [[alternative medicine]] theories and practices into the conventional delivery of medical care and health services. Over 120 years after its founding, the field continues to struggle with core [[identity (social science)]] issues. While it interfaces, cooperates, and allies itself with the standard biomedical enterprise and [[industries]], it simultaneously retains and defends its own distinct professional identity if for no other reasons than historical or sentimental ones.
* 610 [[Castle Hill, New South Wales|Castle Hill]] to City via Oakes Road M2 Bus Station
* 611 [[Blacktown, New South Wales|Blacktown]] to [[Macquarie Centre]] via Oakes Road M2 Bus Station
* 625 [[Parramatta]] to [[Pennant Hills, New South Wales|Pennant Hills]] via [[Pennant Hills Road]], Carlingford
* 627 [[Parramatta]] to [[Cherrybrook, New South Wales|Cherrybrook]] via [[Pennant Hills Road]], Carlingford
* 630 [[Blacktown, New South Wales|Blacktown]] to [[Macquarie Park, New South Wales|Macquarie Park]] (in conjunction with Westbus)
=== Railways ===
 
[[CityRail]] provides an infrequent train service at [[Carlingford railway station, Sydney|Carlingford Station]], which is the terminus of the [[Carlingford railway line, Sydney|Carlingford Line]]. The Carlingford Line is a mostly single-track line. There is currently only one service in the early morning which connects to the city directly, at other times a train-change at [[Clyde, New South Wales|Clyde]], is necessary to reach other stations, and consequently the service has a low patronage. As part of the [[CityRail Clearways Project]], a passing loop has been promised to the Carlingford Line with two services per hour all day to become effective in [[2010]].
Recently the movement, including its [[professional organization]]s, [[colleges]], and specialty societies, has gone to great lengths to define itself in terms of its [[holistic]] system of [[diagnosis]] and treatment. Critics point out that such a definition implies that the field is somehow separate from mainstream medicine and question if this definition is in reality a false distinction. Others prefer to view the field as being complementary to mainstream medicine by offering a form of patient care and health services that encompasses and extends usual medical practice. This duality does not invalidate it as a medical philosophy, but it makes it difficult for researchers and policy makers to measure its overall contribution to the [[health care system]].
 
=== Roads ===
In either case, given its recent unprecedented growth and expansion, osteopathic medicine is about to embark on a new phase in its [[social evolution]]. It has tenuously positioned itself as a bridge between medical care that is conventionally considered [[evidence based medicine]] versus [[complementary and alternative medicine]]. It has developed and implemented a network of [[colleges]], post-graduate training institutions, professional organizations, federally-recognized [[professional certification]] standards, [[hospitals]] and health care networks in order to deliver a package of health services based on a distinct [[worldview]] of patient care.
Carlingford suffers from major traffic congestion during morning and afternoon peaks. Because of the limited public transport most residents travel to work by cars. In the 2001 census, 60% stated their main method of getting to work was driving their own vehicle. The Cumberland Highway, a major north-south route through greater Sydney, intersects Carlingford in the form of Pennant Hills Road. As well, many motorists commuting from the Hills District and the growing north-west areas of Sydney travel through Carlingford to the city.
 
The [[M2 Hills Motorway (Sydney)|M2 Hills Motorway]], part of the Sydney orbital road, runs through northern Carlingford providing a route to the city and [[North Sydney]]. Since the [[Westlink M7|Westlink M7 Motorway]] was finished, completing the Sydney Orbital, it has replaced the Cumberland Highway as the north-south national highway. This has, however, not relieved much of the traffic congestion on [[Pennant Hills Road]] (south of the M2 Hills Motorway), and has increased traffic congestion on the M2 Hills Motorway {{Fact|date=April 2007}}.
However, to secure its relevance in a modern, integrated health care system, its success will depend upon conscientious organizational [[leadership]], the stewardship of its [[academic]] community, and continued long-term investment in [[research]] [[infrastructure]]. This will be needed in order to demonstrate cost-effective, positive treatment effects for the services it provides. In order to sustain and perpetuate itself as a [[social movement]] within medicine and the [[health care]] [[industry]], it will need to attract and garner the support of recent osteopathic medical graduates comprising a [[generation]] of osteopathic [[physicians]] who have benefited from widespread acceptance, unrestricted practice opportunities, and post-graduate training and [[mentorship]] that has occurred, to a large degree, outside of the osteopathic profession.
 
The area of Carlingford to the east of Pennant Hills Road and North of Carlingford Road, was built mostly in the years, post WWII. There is an area of streets named after famous North African battle fields.
== See also ==
* [[Osteopathy]]
* [[Allopathic medicine]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[List_of_medical_schools_in_the_U.S.|Medical schools in the US]]
* [[Chiropractic]]
* [[Naturopathy]]
* [[Complementary and alternative medicine]]
 
==Sport==
==Further reading==
Carlingford has many sporting clubs participating in many different sports, and at many locations around the Hills District including:
* <cite>The DOs: Osteopathic Medicine in America</cite>, Norman Gevitz, 2004 (2nd Edition), paperback, 264 pages, The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801878349 (''An excellent review of the history and development of ostepathic medicine and medical education in the United States'')
*[http://carlingfordbaseball.com.au/ Carlingford Baseball]
* <cite>Science in the Art of Osteopathy: Osteopathic Principles and Models</cite>, Caroline Stone, Nelson Thornes, 1999, paperback, 384 pages, ISBN 0748733280
*[http://www.isport.com.au/netball/hills/hgchome.cl?PT=&C=CAR Carlingford Netball]
* <cite>An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment </cite>, Eileen DiGiovanna, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004, hardback, 600 pages, ISBN 0781742935
*Carlingford Redbacks Soccer
*Carlingford Cricket
*[[North Rocks Soccer Football Club|North Rocks Soccer Club]], which is actually in Carlingford, rather than in [[North Rocks, New South Wales|North Rocks]].
 
==External linksSchools==
Carlingford is the ___location of a large number of [[public school|public]] and [[private school]]s. Indeed some residents have chosen to move to Carlingford because of the reputation of the schools there and in nearby suburbs.
* [http://www.aacom.org/ American Osteopathic Association]
* [http://www.aacom.org/ American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine]
 
===USPublic osteopathic medicalprimary schools===
*[http://www.carlingfor-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/home.html Carlingford Public School]
* [http://www.aacom.org/colleges/ Directory of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine in the U.S.]
*[http://www.carlingfow-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Carlingford West Public School]
* [http://www.atsu.edu/ A.T. Still University of Health Sciences Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine]
*[http://www.murrayfarm-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Murray Farm Public School]
* [http://www.midwestern.edu/azcom/ Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine of Midwestern University]
*[http://www.roselea-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Roselea Public School]
* [http://www.midwestern.edu/ccom/ Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine of Midwestern University]
* [http://www.dmu.edu/com/ Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.kcumb.edu/ Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences: College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.lecom.edu/ Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.com.msu.edu/ Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://iris.nyit.edu/nycom/ New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology]
* [http://medicine.nova.edu/ Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/ Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.healthsciences.okstate.edu/college/index.htm Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.pcom.edu/ Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://pcsom.pc.edu/ Pikeville College School of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.tu.edu/indexca.php Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine - California]
* [http://www.tu.edu/indexnv.php Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine - Nevada]
* [http://som.umdnj.edu/index.htm University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.une.edu/com/ University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.hsc.unt.edu/education/tcom/ University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth - Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.vcom.vt.edu/ Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.wvsom.edu/ West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine]
* [http://www.westernu.edu/ Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific]
 
===ApplyCatholic toSystemic US osteopathic medicalprimary schools===
*[[St. Gerard Majella Catholic Primary School]]
* [https://aacomas.aacom.org/ American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service]
 
===CanadianPublic osteopathichigh collegeschools===
*[http://www.carlingfor-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/public/index.html Carlingford High School].
* [http://www.osteopathiecollege.com/ Canadian College of Osteopathy]
*[[Cumberland High School (Carlingford)|Cumberland High School]]
*[[James Ruse Agricultural High School]] (selective)
 
==Churches==
===US Osteopathic associations and regulatory bodies===
[[Image:Carlingford ldstemple.jpg|thumb|150px|LDS Sydney Australia Temple, Carlingford]]
* [http://www.osteopathic.org/ American Osteopathic Association]
As with much of northern Sydney, Carlingford also has a comparatively large number of Christian churches of many denominations. These include:
* [http://www.soma.org/ Student Osteopathic Medical Association] (U.S. students)
* Carlingford [[Baptist Church]] [http://www.carlingford-baptist.org/]
* [http://www.aacom.org/ The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine]
* Carlingford [[Uniting Church]] [http://www.carlingforduca.org.au/]
* [http://www.osteopathic.org/index.cfm?PageID=lcl_assoc U.S. Osteopathic State & Regional Associations]
* [[Catholic Parish of Epping and Carlingford|St. Gerard Majella Catholic Church]] [http://www.eppcarl.org.au/carlingford/carl_index.htm]
* [http://www.cosgp.aacom.org/ The (American) Council of Osteopathic Student Government Presidents]
* St. Paul's [[Sydney Anglicans|Anglican Church]] [http://www.stpaulscarlingford.org.au/]
* [http://www.oialliance.org/ International Osteopathic Alliance]
* [[Iglesia Ni Cristo]]
* [http://www.cranialacademy.org/ The Cranial Academy]
* [[Christian City Churches|Christian City Church]], Carlingford [http://www.ccccarlingford.org.au/about/]
* [http://www.academyofosteopathy.org/ American Academy of Osteopathy]
* Parramatta City Presbyterian Church [http://www.homestead.com/nsw_act/ParramattaCityPresbyterian.html]
 
The Pacific headquarters and [[Sydney Australia Temple]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] was constructed in Carlingford in [[1984]].
===Journals===
 
* [http://www.jaoa.org/ Journal of the American Osteopathic Association] The official journal of the American Osteopathic Association
==Telecommunications==
* [http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ijos/ International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine]
The Carlingford telephone exchange is located at 413 North Rocks Rd. It serves telephony for Carlingford and nearby suburbs such as Dundas Valley, Telopea and North Rocks.
* [http://www.chiroandosteo.com/ Chiropractic & Osteopathy] An online journal published by BioMed Central
 
* [http://www.om-pc.com/ Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care] An online journal published by BioMed Central
==Other infrastructure==
Carlingford is the site for the control room for the New South Wales electricity grid. A major electricity [[Electrical substation|substation]], operated by [[Integral Energy]], is next to the building housing the control room. The same site also houses one of the major communications relay towers in northern Sydney. This substation used to be connected to Carlingford Station via a siding. While most of the line has since disappeared, some of the remains of the line can be seen from Jenkins Road. An image of this line can be viewed [http://www.nswrail.net/locations/photo.php?name=NSW:Carlingford:8&line=NSW:carlingford:0 here], which is from a website dedicated to railways in New South Wales.
 
==References==
*Australian Bureau of Statistics (2002). [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@census.nsf/4079a1bbd2a04b80ca256b9d00208f92/6f23e832c6e96cadca256bc00014643a!OpenDocument Basic community profile: Carlingford (SSC 11446)]. Retrieved 19 May 2005.
*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/B/Bennelong.htm Divisional Profile for Bennelong]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/B/Berowra.htm Divisional Profile for Berowra]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/M/Mitchell.htm Divisional Profile for Mitchell]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/P/Parramatta.htm Divisional Profile for Parramatta]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/How/newsfiles/124/index.htm#10 Definitions of 'marginal', 'fairly safe' and 'safe']. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
 
==External links==
*[http://www.carlingfordcourt.com Carlingford Court homepage]
{{Mapit-AUS-suburbscale|long=151.048|lat=-33.777}}
 
{{Sydney Baulkham Hills suburbs}}
===Other links===
* [http://history.aoa-net.org/ The History of Osteopathic Medicine (American Osteopathic Association)]
* [http://www.osteopathiccenter.org/ The Osteopathic Center For Children (U.S.)]
* [http://www.osteopathic-research.com/ Osteopathic Research Information - Vienna School of Osteopathy]
* [http://www.originalosteopathy.com/osteopathic/index.html Supportive article on Cranial Osteopathy]
* [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/341/19/1465 An article supportive of osteopathic medicine: The Paradox of Osteopathy]
* [http://www.spine-health.com/topics/conserv/do/do01.html Osteopathic medicine and back pain]
* [http://www.pubmed.gov PubMed Literature Search] (valuable search engine for articles on topic)
* [http://www.osteodoc.com/ Osteopathy: Art of Practice]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Manipulative therapy]]
 
{{Sydney Hornsby suburbs}}
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[[es:Osteopatía]]
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[[he:אוסטאופתיה]]
[[nl:Osteopathie]]
[[ja:オステオパシー]]
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