Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and Carlingford, New South Wales: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox MilitaryAustralian ConflictPlace | type = suburb

| name = Carlingford

|conflict= Hungarian Revolution of 1956

| city = Sydney

|partof=the [[Cold War]]

| state = nsw

|campaign=

| image = Carlingford_carlovillage.jpg

|image=[[Image:Hungarians inspecting a tank.jpg|290px]]

| caption = Carlingford Village Shopping Centre

|caption=Hungarians inspecting a captured tank in Budapest

| lga = [[Baulkham Hills Shire]]<br>[[Hornsby Shire]]<br>[[City of Parramatta]]

|date=[[October 23]], [[1956]] - [[November 10]], [[1956]]

| parish = [[Field of Mars Parish, Cumberland|Field of Mars]]

|place=[[Hungary]]

| postcode = 2118

|casus=State Security Police massacre of unarmed protestors

| pop = 19,678 (2001 census)

|territory=

| area = 7.9&nbsp;km²

|result=Revolution failed

| est =

|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|25px]] [[Soviet Union]]; <BR> [[Image:Flag of Hungary 1949-1956.gif|25px]] [[State Protection Authority|ÁVH (Hungarian State Security Police)]]

| propval =

|combatant2=[[Image:Hungarian Revolution Flag of 1956.gif|25px]] [[Ad hoc]] local Hungarian militias

| stategov = [[Electoral district of Baulkham Hills|Baulkham Hills]]<br>[[Electoral district of Castle Hill|Castle Hill]]<br>[[Electoral district of Epping|Epping]]<br>[[Electoral district of Parramatta|Parramatta]]

|commander1=[[Ivan Konev]]

| fedgov = [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]]<br>[[Division of Berowra|Berowra]]<br>[[Division of Parramatta|Parramatta]]

|commander2= Various independent militia leaders

| dist1 =

|strength1= 150,000 troops,<br/> 6,000 tanks

| location1= Hills District

|strength2= Unknown number of militia and soldiers

| near-nw =

|casualties1=722 killed,<br>1,251 wounded<ref>{{cite book

| near-n = [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]]

| last = Györkei

| firstnear-ne = Jenõ

| authorlinknear-w =

| near-e = [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]]

| coauthors = Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos

| near-sw =

| title = Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956

| near-s = [[North Parramatta, New South Wales|North Parramatta]]

| publisher = Central European University Press

| datenear-se = 1999

| ___location = New York

| url =

| pages = 350

| id = ISBN 963-9116-36-X }}</ref>

|casualties2=2,500 killed<ref name="UNchVnote8">UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter V footnote 8] {{PDF}}</ref> (plus 20,000 more killed or executed months afterwards)

}}

'''Carlingford''' (Postcode 2118, S33.777 E151.048) is a [[suburb]] located approximately 22&nbsp;km north-west of central [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], covering an area of 7.9 square kilometres on the south-eastern outskirts of the [[Hills District]]. It is one of the busier suburbs within the Hills with many businesses available in the large town centre. To the east lies [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]]; to the north lie [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]], [[North Rocks, New South Wales|North Rocks]] and [[West Pennant Hills, New South Wales|West Pennant Hills]]; to the west [[North Parramatta, New South Wales|North Parramatta]] and to the south [[Oatlands, New South Wales|Oatlands]] and [[Telopea, New South Wales|Telopea]].

The '''Hungarian Revolution<ref>Alternate references are "Hungarian Revolt" and "Hungarian Uprising"; "Revolution" is used as it conforms to both English [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26566.htm (see U.S. Department of State background on Hungary)] and Hungarian conventions. Princeton's [[WordNet]][http://wordnet.princeton.edu/] distinguishes between Revolution and its alternates as a matter of either succeeding to overthrow a government ("revolution") or merely trying (alternates). The 1956 Hungarian event, evaluated strictly, may be seen as a true "revolution" in that the Hegedũs Government and ÁVH were indeed deposed, however the extent of success and failure is still debated.</ref><!-- Suggestion: if someone could find a Hungarian Gov't publication, or a Hungaraian encyclopedia that referred to the "revolution" it might be used to show that the word is common usage for this event in Hungary --> of 1956''' ([[October 23]] &mdash; [[November 10]]) was a spontaneous nationwide [[revolt]] against the [[People's Republic of Hungary|authoritarian communist government]] of [[Hungary]] and its [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] imposed policies.<!-- The state police are part of the regime; no need to state the obvious. In any case, what is the non-AVH police force if not also state police? Answer: The police supported the revolution and fought with the people, the ÁVH (State Police) fought against the revolutionaries / the casual Western reader may understand "security police" akin to "security guards" but "state police" is unambiguous, this will change to "State Security Police"--> It began as a student demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central [[Budapest]] to the [[Hungarian Parliament Building|Parliament building]]. A student delegation entering the Radio Building attempting to broadcast [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956|their demands]] was detained. When the delegation's release was demanded by the demonstrators outside, they were fired upon by the [[State Protection Authority|State Security Police]] (ÁVH) from within the building. The news spread quickly and disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital.

==History and urban character==

The revolt spread quickly across [[Hungary]], and the government fell. Thousands organized into militias, battling the State Security Police (ÁVH) and Soviet troops. Pro-Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned, as former prisoners were released and armed. Impromptu councils wrested municipal control from the communist party, and demanded political changes. The new government formally disbanded the ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and pledged to re-establish free elections. By the end of October, fighting had almost stopped and a sense of normalcy began to return.

{{unreferencedsect}}

Originally, the area of Carlingford was called [[Mobbs Hill, New South Wales|Mobbs Hill]], named after the ex-convict settler William Mobbs, who is credited for bringing [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s to Australia. Carlingford received its current name after a vote in 1886 by the residents. The name was suggested by Frederick Cox after he heard one of his employees describe similarities between Mobbs Hill and the town of [[Carlingford, County Louth|Carlingford]], located in the east of [[Ireland]]. Carlingford was also probably named in honour of [[Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford|The Lord Carlingford]].

The area was settled in the mid-[[1800]]s and, at the time, was an [[agriculture|agricultural]] area on the outskirts of Sydney. Like much of the Hills District, Carlingford was a significant orange-growing area for the city. [[Pennant Hills Road]], then a major arterial road from Parramatta to the northern suburbs, was a major route of transportation for agricultural produce from the area. When the train line which terminates at [[Carlingford railway station, Sydney|Carlingford Railway Station]] was completed in 1896, it, too, became a major route for the area. Carlingford Produce, a gardening and agricultural-materials seller located next to the train station, is located in the former train workshops. This store, much like James Ruse Agricultural High School (see below) remain as testaments to the agricultural history of the suburb.

Although it had previously agreed to a ceasefire, the [[Politburo]] reversed itself and now moved to quash the revolution. On [[November 4]], a large Soviet force invaded Budapest using artillery and air strikes, killing thousands of civilians. Organized resistance ceased by [[10 November]] [[1956]], and mass arrests began. An estimated 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees. By January 1957 the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition. Soviet actions alienated many Western [[Marxism|Marxists]], yet strengthened Soviet control over [[Eastern Europe]], cultivating the perception that communism was both irreversible and monolithic.

In April [[1923]] the [[Wesley Mission|Wesley Central Mission]] established the Dalmar Children's Homes on fifteen acres of land near Marsden Road in the eastern end of the suburb. The property eventually had many cottages, together with a hospital, an orchard and vegetable gardens. The land is now the site of the Alan Walker Retirement Village.

Public discussion about this revolution was suppressed in Hungary for over 30 years; many facts are still disputed and many personal animosities remain unresolved.

As Sydney rapidly expanded, following [[World War II]], Carlingford underwent rapid [[urbanisation]] starting in the late [[1960]]s. The presence of James Ruse Agricultural High School, established in [[1959]], is a testament to the agricultural history of Carlingford as well as the rapid pace of urbanisation; which soon made the school, and its large farm, somewhat of an anomaly amongst the 1970s- and 1980s-style houses which dominate the suburb. More recently, in the [[1990]]s, the government policy of [[urban consolidation]] has seen the development of high-density units and [[apartment block]]s around the town centre and the train station. There have also been redevelopments of older houses into medium-density [[Rowhouse|townhouse]]s, and [[Semi-detached|duplex housing]].

== Prelude==

After [[World War II]], the Soviet military occupied Hungary and [[salami tactics|gradually replaced]] the freely-elected [[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|government]] with a [[Communist|communist dictatorship]]. Radical nationalization of the economy under the Soviet model produced economic stagnation, lower standards of living and a deep malaise<!--even by Hungarian standards-->.<ref name="LibCongressHungaryEconomy">Library of Congress: Country Studies: Hungary, Chapter 3 [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html#hu0138 Economic Policy and Performance, 1945-85] Retrieved 27 August 2006</ref> Writers and journalists were the first to show open criticism, publishing critical articles in 1955.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraph 49 (p. 18)] {{PDF}}</ref> University students had by 22 October resurrected the banned MEFESZ student union,<ref name="Crampton295">Crampton, R. J. (2003). ''Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century&ndash;and After'', p. 295. Routledge: London. ISBN 04-151-6422-2.</ref> and staged a demonstration on 23 October which set off a chain of events leading directly to the revolution.

In 1961, the [[HMS K13|K13]] memorial was unveiled, and stands as a prominent feature in Carlingford, passed by thousands of motorists along [[Pennant Hills Road]] each day.

===Postwar occupation===

After World War II, Hungary fell under the Soviet [[sphere of influence]] and was occupied by the [[Red Army]]. The occupation forces achieved permanent status when the Soviet Union established its [[Soviet Southern Group of Forces|Southern Group of Forces]] in 1947.<ref>The Library of Congress: [http://www.photius.com/countries/hungary/national_security/hungary_national_security_soviet_southern_grou~105.html Country Studies; CIA World Factbook] Retrieved 13 October 2006</ref> By 1949 the Soviets had concluded a [[Comecon|mutual assistance treaty]] with Hungary which granted the Soviet Union rights to a continued military presence, assuring ultimate political control.<ref>In 1949 the ruling communist parties of the founding states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance were also linked internationally through the [[Cominform]] [http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/germany_east/gx_appnb.html Library of Congress Country Studies Appendix B -- Germany (East)]</ref>

==Population statistics==

Hungary began the postwar period as a multiparty free democracy. Elections of 1945 produced a [[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|coalition government]] under Prime Minister [[Zoltán Tildy]].<ref>Norton, Donald H. (2002). ''Essentials of European History: 1935 to the Present'', p. 47. REA: Piscataway, New Jersey. ISBN 08-789-1711-X.</ref> However, the Soviet-supported [[Hungarian Communist Party]], which had polled only 17%, constantly wrested small concessions in a process named [[salami tactics|"salami tactics"]] which sliced away the elected government's influence.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kertesz | first = Stephen D. | title = Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, [http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl08.htm Chapter VIII (Hungary, a Republic), p.139-52] | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana | date = 1953 | id = ISBN 0-8371-7540-2}} Retrieved 8 October 2006</ref>

[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] data from the 2001 [[census]] records the population of Carlingford as 19,678 residents, with a gender mix of 49% males and 51% females in line with the rest of the Australian population. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2002)

==Commerce==

In 1945, Soviet Marshal [[Kliment Voroshilov]] forced the freely-elected Hungarian government to yield the Interior Ministry to the [[Hungarian Communist Party]]. Communist Interior Minister [[László Rajk]] established the [[State Protection Authority|Hungarian State Security Police]], later known as the ÁVH, which brutally suppressed political opposition, especially from religious, nationalist and democratic groups. This brief period of [[multiparty]] [[democracy]] came to an end when the communists, renamed the [[Hungarian Workers' Party|MDP]], stood its candidate list unopposed in 1949. The [[People's Republic of Hungary]] was declared.<ref name="UNPara47">UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraph 47 (p. 18)] {{PDF}}</ref><!-- does this reference cover all three facts in this paragraph? -->

[[Image:Carlingford carlocourt.jpg|thumb|300px|Carlingford Court Shopping Centre.]]

Carlingford has two [[shopping centre]]s - Carlingford Court, which underwent major reconstruction in the late [[1990]]s, and Carlingford Village. Carlingford Court is a typical suburban shopping centre, and is home to major businesses such as Target and Fitness First. Carlingford Village is a smaller shopping complex, which has many Asian food outlets and tends to appeal more to the Chinese community. {{fact}}

The Carlingford town centre, located on [[Pennant Hills Road]], also comprises a number of street shops. The centre recently underwent minor redevelopment, including the relocation of Target to the old second floor [[Myer]] store which closed on the March 31, 2006.

===Political repression and economic decline===

[[Image:nkm343.jpg|120px|thumb|left|[[Mátyás Rákosi]]]]

Hungary became a [[People's Republic of Hungary|communist state]] under the effective dictatorship of [[Mátyás Rákosi]]. The Security Police (ÁVH) began a series of purges in which dissidents were denounced as “[[Titoism|Titoists]]” or “western agents”, and forced to confess in [[show trials]].<ref name="Tokes317">Tőkés, Rudolf L. (1998). ''Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession'', p. 317. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 05-215-7850-7</ref> Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, tortured, [[show trial|tried]], and imprisoned in [[concentration camps]] or were executed, including ÁVH founder László Rajk.<ref name="Tokes317"/><ref name=lawsoc>{{cite book | last = Gati | first = Charles | title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt | publisher = Stanford University Press | date = 2006 | month = September | id = ISBN 0804756066 }} (page 49. Gati describes "the most gruesome forms of psychological and physical torture...The reign of terror (by the Rákosi government) turned out to be harsher and more extensive than it was in any of the other Soviet satellites in Central and Eastern Europe." He further references a report prepared after the collapse of communism, the Fact Finding Commision ''Torvenytelen szocializmus'' (Lawless Socialism): "Between 1950 and early 1953, the courts dealt with 650,000 cases (of political crimes), of whom 387,000 or 4 percent of the population were found guilty. (Budapest, Zrinyi Kiado/Uj Magyarorszag, 1991, 154).</ref>

There are also several shopping strips elsewhere in Carlingford - near Carlingford station, including the only [[pub]] in Carlingford (Carlingford Bowling Club).

The Rákosi government thoroughly politicized Hungary's educational system in order to supplant the educated classes with a "toiling intelligentsia".<ref>{{hu icon}} In February 1950, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Communist Party defined the supplantion of bourgeois leaders as its main goal. József Darvas, the Minister of Education and Religion from February 1950, wrote about secondary educational reforms in the pedagogical magazine ''Köznevelés'' ([[17 September]] [[1950]]): "The conversion of different grammar schools to industrial technical institutes, agricultural technical institutes, economical vocational high schools and training-colleges for school teachers and kindergarten instructors tends to the success of the [[planned economy|five year plan]] by supplying many of the needed technicians." On [[30 October]] 1950, new guidelines were set for the colleges and universities: Marxism-Leninism should be the main subject in all classes, and studying the [[Russian language]] became mandatory. By the end of 1951, 107 new course books were issued, 61 of which were translations of texts used in Soviet universities. The number of students had to be increased by an additional 30,000 over the next five years. {{cite journal

| last = [http://tortenelemszak.elte.hu/intezet/segtud/kardos.html Kardos,József]

| authorlink =

| title = Monograph

| journal = Iskolakultúra

| volume = 6-7

| issue = June-July 2003

| pages = pp. 73-80

| publisher = [[University of Pécs]]

| date = 2003

| url = http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00011/00072/pdf/tan-konf-vita2003-6-7.pdf

| accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref> Russian language study and Communist indoctrination were made mandatory in schools and universities nationwide. Religious education was denounced and church leaders were replaced by those loyal to the government. In 1949 the leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church, [[József Cardinal Mindszenty]], was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason.<ref> Douglas, J. D. and Philip Comfort (eds.) (1992). ''Who's Who in Christian History'', p. 478. Tyndale House: Carol Stream, Illinois. ISBN 08-423-1014-2</ref> Under Rákosi, Hungary's government was arguably among the most repressive in Europe.<ref name="UNPara47"/><ref name=lawsoc/>

==Politics==

The postwar Hungarian economy suffered from multiple challenges. Hungary agreed to pay [[war reparations]] approximating US$300 million, to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, and to support Soviet garrisons.<ref>The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/hungary.htm#art12 Armistice Agreement with Hungary; January 20, 1945] Retrieved 27 August 2006</ref> The [[Hungarian National Bank]] in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations as "between 19 and 22 per cent of the national income."<ref>{{cite book | last = Kertesz | first = Stephen D. | title = Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, [http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl16.htm#16 Memorandum of the Hungarian National Bank on Reparations, Appendix Document 16] | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana | date = 1953 | accessdate = 2006-08-27 | id = ISBN 0-8371-7540-2}} Retrieved 8 October 2006</ref> Moreover, Hungary's participation in the Soviet sponsored [[COMECON]] (Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance), prevented it from trading with the [[Western world|West]] or receiving [[Marshall Plan]] aid.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kertesz | first = Stephen D. | title = Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, [http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl10.htm#2 Chapter IX (Soviet Russia and Hungary's Economy), p. 158] | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana | date = 1953 | id = ISBN 0-8371-7540-2}} Retrieved 10 October 2006</ref> Though the economy had initially recovered after the war, it shrank under the Rákosi government. By 1952, disposable real incomes sank to two-thirds of their 1938 levels; whereas in 1949, this figure had been 90 per cent.<ref name="transformation">[http://www.rev.hu/history_of_45/tanulm_gazd/gazd_e.htm Transformation of the Hungarian economy]The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution (2003), Accessed September 27, 2006</ref> By 1953, post-war Hungarian manufacturing output fell to one-third of pre-war levels.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kertesz | first = Stephen D. | title = [http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl00.htm Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia] | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana | date = 1953 | id = ISBN 0-8371-7540-2}} Retrieved 27 Aug 2006</ref> The [[pengo|Hungarian currency]] experienced substantial [[depreciation]] causing one of the highest documented rates of [[hyperinflation]] in history.<!-- Removing another editor's comments from the edit column is not the done thing. Editing comments have a useful function. They should NOT be deleted. See Wiki guide to editing.--><ref>Magyar Nemzeti Bank - English Site: [http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_1_jegybankrol&ContentID=2326 History] Retrieved 27 August 2006</ref> Manipulation of wage controls and different pricing systems for producers and consumers fueled discontent as foreign debt grew and the population experienced shortages.<ref name="LibCongressHungaryEconomy"/>

Carlingford falls under the jurisdiction of several Local Government Areas: the [[City of Parramatta]] in the south, [[Hornsby Shire]] in the north-east, and [[Baulkham Hills Shire]] in the north-west. Similarly it falls under several [[Australia|Commonwealth]] ([[Division of Berowra|Berowra]], [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]], [[Division of Mitchell|Mitchell]], [[Division of Parramatta|Parramatta]]) and [[New South Wales|State]] ([[Electoral district of Epping|Epping]], [[Electoral district of Baulkham Hills|Baulkham Hills]], [[Electoral district of Parramatta|Parramatta]], [[Electoral district of The Hills|The Hills]]) electoral divisions/districts.

The population of Carlingford, as with the rest of northern Sydney is relatively affluent. [[Baulkham Hills Shire]] and [[Hornsby Shire]] councils generally have a majority of conservative councillors. Most of the electoral divisions that Carlingford lies within have historically been held by the [[Liberal Party of Australia]]. The exception is Parramatta City Council, and the electoral division and district of Parramatta which include sections of southern Sydney and tend to be marginal seats.

===International events===

[[Image:Stalin'sbody.jpg|220px|thumb|Right|[[Stalin]]'s body in [[Lenin's mausoleum]]]]

On [[March 5]], [[1953]], [[Joseph Stalin]] died, ushering in a period of [[destalinization|moderate liberalization]] in which most European communist parties developed a reformist wing. In Hungary, [[Imre Nagy]], who had a reformist economic and political platform, replaced Mátyás Rákosi, "Stalin's Best Hungarian Disciple", as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite paper | author = János M. Rainer | title = Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949-1953 | date = Paper presented on October 4, 1997 at the workshop “European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe", Budapest, 1956 Institute | url =http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html | accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref> However, Rákosi remained General Secretary of the Party, enabling him to undermine most of Nagy's reforms and, by January 1955, have Nagy discredited and removed from office.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gati | first = Charles | title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt | publisher = Stanford University Press | date = 2006 | month = September | id = ISBN 0804756066 }} (page 64)</ref>. After Khrushchev's [[On the Personality Cult and its Consequences|"secret speech"]] of February 1956, in which he denounced Stalin and his protégés,<ref>{{cite news | last = Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev, First Secretary, Communist Party of the Soviet Union | title = On the Personality Cult and its Consequences | publisher = Special report at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | date = February 24-25, 1956 | url = http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-343/index12.html | accessdate = 2006-08-27}}</ref> Rákosi was deposed as General Secretary of the Party and replaced by [[Ernő Gerő]] on [[July 18]], [[1956]].<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraph 48 (p. 18)] {{PDF}}</ref>

The Commonwealth Electoral Divisions of [[Division of Berowra|Berowra]], currently held by The Hon. The [[Attorney-General]] [[Philip Ruddock]] MP, and [[Division of Mitchell|Mitchell]], currently held by The Hon. [[Alan Cadman]] MP; are safe [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] seats. The Commonwealth Electoral Division of [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]], currently held by The Hon. The [[Prime Minister]] [[John Winston Howard|John Howard]] MP is a marginal [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] seat. The Commonwealth Electoral Division of Parramatta, currently held by Ms [[Julie Owens]] MP, is an [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] seat by a narrow margin; regained from the previous Liberal member [[Ross Cameron]] in the [[Australian legislative election, 2004|2004 election]].

On [[May 14]], [[1955]], the [[Soviet Union]] created the [[Warsaw Pact]], binding Hungary to the Soviet Union and its [[satellite state]]s in Eastern Europe. Among the principles of this alliance were "respect for the independence and sovereignty of states" and "noninterference in their internal affairs".<ref>{{cite web | last = Halsall | first = Paul (Editor)

| title = The Warsaw Pact, 1955; Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance | work = [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook] | publisher = Fordham University | date = November 1998 | url = http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html | format = HTML | accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>

The State Electoral Districts of [[Electoral district of Baulkham Hills|Baulkham Hills]], currently held by Mr Wayne Merton MLA; Epping, currently held by Shadow [[Attorney-General]] Andrew Tink MLA; and [[Electoral district of The Hills|The Hills]], currently held by Shadow Environment Minister Mr Michael Richardson MLA; are safe [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] seats. The [[Electoral district of Parramatta|State Electoral District of Parramatta]], currently held by Ms Tanya Gadiel MLA, is a safe [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] seat.

In 1955, the [[Austrian State Treaty]] and ensuing declaration of neutrality established [[Austria]] as demilitarized and neutral. This raised Hungarian hopes of also becoming neutral. In 1955 Nagy had in fact considered "...the possibility of Hungary adopting a neutral status on the Austrian pattern".<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter VIII The Question Of The Presence And The Utilization Of The Soviet Armed Forces In The Light Of Hungary’s International Commitments , Section D. The demand for withdrawal of Soviet armed forces, para 339 (p. 105)] {{PDF}}</ref> Austrian neutrality altered the calculus of cold war military planning as it geographically split the NATO Alliance from [[Geneva]] to [[Vienna]],<!-- "Austrian neutrality altered the calculus of cold war military planning as it geographically split the NATO Alliance from [[Geneva]] to [[Vienna]]". This sentence makes no sense. How did Austria's neutrality "geographically split NATO from Geneva to Vienna? A: Switzerland and Austria were neutral. Reference the cold war map of Europe and you can see that this cleft Nato at its frontline into two areas, essentially Italy and West Germany separated by neutral countries. The problem was exacerbated when France withdrew.--> thus increasing Hungary's strategic importance to the Warsaw Pact.

==Transport==

In October 1956, the popular Polish reformist [[Władysław Gomułka]] was [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]] and made First Secretary of the [[Polish Communist Party]]. A [[Poznań 1956 protests|workers' uprising]] in [[Poznań]] in June had been violently suppressed with scores of protesters killed and wounded by security police. Responding to popular demands, the Polish government granted broad powers to Gomułka to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government; after a few tense days of negotiations, the Soviet [[Presidium]] conceded.<ref name = satellite>{{cite web | title = Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, October 24, 1956 | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-02}}</ref> This inspired Hungarian hopes for greater reforms and increased [[autonomy]].<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.A, para 50 (p. 19)] {{PDF}}</ref> Support for Gomułka led to widespread pro-reform sentiment among Hungarian students, which directly precipitated events leading to the revolution.

[[Image:Carlingford railway station.jpg|thumb|300px|The end of the line at Carlingford railway station. Also visible, to the left, is Carlingford Produce.]]

[[Image:Carlingford cumbohwy.jpg|thumb|300px|Cumberland Highway, Carlingford]]

As with much of Sydney, Carlingford has relatively limited public transport access, which is reflected in the low public transport patronage by commuters. In the 2001 census, 6% of commuters travelled to work via trains while 2% used buses.

===Social unrest builds===

Rákosi's resignation in July of 1956 emboldened students, writers and journalists to be more active and critical in politics. Students, assisted by the Writers’ Union, started a series of intellectual forums examining the problems facing Hungary. These forums, called [[Sandor Petofi|Petõfi]] circles, became very popular, attracting thousands of participants.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IX.B (The background of the uprising), para 384 (p. 123)] {{PDF}}</ref> In the middle of October, the reformer [[Imre Nagy]] was rehabilitated to full membership in the [[Hungarian Communist Party]].

There are a number of bus services which pass through Carlingford. Harris Park Transport, a now defunct bus company, used to operate routes 623, 624, 625, 628, and 629 which pass through the suburb. The 630 was operated by Red Arrow, a joint-venture of Harris Park Transport and [[Westbus]]. As of February 2005, these former Harris Park services (with the exception of route 630) are operated by [[Sydney Buses]] ([[State Transit Authority of New South Wales]]). Previously routes 513 and 521 were the only Sydney Buses services through Carlingford. The former 621 and 622 Citybus Direct (owned by Harris Park Transport) routes from Carlingford to the city proved to be uneconomical and were eliminated.

On [[16 October]] [[1956]], university students in [[Szeged]] snubbed the official communist student union, the DISZ, by re-establishing the MEFESZ (Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students), a democratic student organization, previously banned under the Rákosi dictatorship.<ref name="Crampton295"/> Within days, the student bodies of [[Pécs]], [[Miskolc]], and [[Sopron]] followed suit. On 22 October, students of the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics|Technical University]] in Budapest adopted a list of [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956|sixteen demands]] expressing their views on national policy.<ref name=sixteen> Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.html Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, October 22, 1956] Retrieved 27 August 2006</ref> The students heard that the Hungarian Writers’ Union was going to express solidarity with Poland on the following day by laying a wreath at the statue of General Bem, a hero of Hungary’s War of Independence of 1848-49, who was of Polish origin. The students decided to organize a parallel demonstration of sympathy.

Current bus lines operated by Sydney Buses include:

==Revolution==

* 513 [[West Ryde, New South Wales|West Ryde]] to Carlingford

===First shots===

* 521 [[Parramatta]] to [[Eastwood, New South Wales|Eastwood]]

[[Image:1956 Oct 23 Budapest Bem demonstration.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Student demonstration under the Bem Statue on 23 October]]On the afternoon of [[October 23]], [[1956]], about 20,000 protesters convened next to the Bem statue. Péter Veres, President of the Writers’ Union, read a manifesto to the crowd,<ref>Hungarian Revolt, October 23 - November 4, 1956 (Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, editors): Appendices [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&post=2#N_1_ Proclamation of the Hungarian Writers' Union (23 October 1956)] Retrieved 8 September 2006</ref> the students read their proclamation, and the crowd then chanted the censored "National Song" (''[[Nemzeti dal]]''), the refrain of which states: "We vow, we vow, we will no longer remain slaves." Someone in the crowd cut out the communist coat of arms from the Hungarian Flag, leaving a distinctive hole and others quickly followed suit.<ref name="Heller">{{cite book

* 623 [[Beecroft, New South Wales|Beecroft]] to [[Parramatta]]

| last = Heller

* 624 [[Parramatta]] to [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]] via [[Pennant Hills Road]], Carlingford

| first = Andor

* 628 [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]] to Carlingford

| authorlink =

* 629 [[Epping, New South Wales|Epping]] to [[North Rocks, New South Wales|North Rocks]]

| coauthors =

| title = No More Comrades

| publisher = Henry Regnery Company

| date = 1957

| ___location = Chicago

| url = http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&cid=15#N_1_

| pages = pp. 9-84

| id = ASIN B0007DOQP0 }}</ref>

Afterwards, most of the crowd crossed the Danube to join demonstrators outside the Parliament Building. By 6 p.m. the crowd had swollen to more than 200,000 people;<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19)] {{PDF}}</ref> the demonstration was impassioned, but peaceful.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref> [[Image:hungarians_atop_stalin_boots_1956.jpg|180px|thumb|right|Revolutionaries atop the remains of the Stalin statue]]

Current bus lines operated by Hillsbus include:

At 8 p.m., First Secretary [[Ernő Gerő]] broadcast a speech condemning the writers' and students' demands, and dismissing the demonstrators as a reactionary mob.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref> Angered by Gerõ's hard line speech, some demonstrators decided to carry out one of these demands - the removal of Stalin's giant statue from [[Lujza Blaha Square|central Budapest]]. by 9:30 p.m. the statue was down and protestors placed Hungarian flags in the boots atop the pedestal.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref>

* 610 [[Castle Hill, New South Wales|Castle Hill]] to City via Oakes Road M2 Bus Station

* 611 [[Blacktown, New South Wales|Blacktown]] to [[Macquarie Centre]] via Oakes Road M2 Bus Station

* 625 [[Parramatta]] to [[Pennant Hills, New South Wales|Pennant Hills]] via [[Pennant Hills Road]], Carlingford

* 627 [[Parramatta]] to [[Cherrybrook, New South Wales|Cherrybrook]] via [[Pennant Hills Road]], Carlingford

* 630 [[Blacktown, New South Wales|Blacktown]] to [[Macquarie Park, New South Wales|Macquarie Park]] (in conjunction with Westbus)

=== Railways ===

[[CityRail]] provides an infrequent train service at [[Carlingford railway station, Sydney|Carlingford Station]], which is the terminus of the [[Carlingford railway line, Sydney|Carlingford Line]]. The Carlingford Line is a mostly single-track line. There is currently only one service in the early morning which connects to the city directly, at other times a train-change at [[Clyde, New South Wales|Clyde]], is necessary to reach other stations, and consequently the service has a low patronage. As part of the [[CityRail Clearways Project]], a passing loop has been promised to the Carlingford Line with two services per hour all day to become effective in [[2010]].

At about the same time, a large crowd gathered at the [[Radio Budapest]] building, which was heavily guarded by the ÁVH. The flash point occurred as a delegation attempting to broadcast their demands was detained and the crowd grew increasingly unruly as rumors spread that the protestors had been shot. Tear gas was thrown from the upper windows and the ÁVH opened fire on the crowd, killing many.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref> The ÁVH tried to re-supply itself by hiding arms inside an ambulance, but the crowd detected the ruse and intercepted it. Hungarian soldiers sent to relieve the ÁVH hesitated and then tearing the red stars from their caps, sided with the crowd.<ref name="Heller"/><ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref> Provoked by the ÁVH attack, protesters reacted violently. Police cars were set ablaze, guns were seized from military depots and distributed to the masses and symbols of the communist regime were desecrated.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56-57 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref>

=== Roads ===

=== Fighting spreads, government falls ===

Carlingford suffers from major traffic congestion during morning and afternoon peaks. Because of the limited public transport most residents travel to work by cars. In the 2001 census, 60% stated their main method of getting to work was driving their own vehicle. The Cumberland Highway, a major north-south route through greater Sydney, intersects Carlingford in the form of Pennant Hills Road. As well, many motorists commuting from the Hills District and the growing north-west areas of Sydney travel through Carlingford to the city.

[[Image:Hungarian Free Radio.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Hungarian Radio building (the banner reads "Free Hungarian Radio")]]During the night of [[23 October]], Hungarian Communist Party Secretary Ernő Gerő requested Soviet military intervention "to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale."<ref name = satellite/> By 2 am on October 24, under orders of [[Georgy Zhukov|the Soviet defense minister]], Soviet tanks entered Budapest.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref>

The [[M2 Hills Motorway (Sydney)|M2 Hills Motorway]], part of the Sydney orbital road, runs through northern Carlingford providing a route to the city and [[North Sydney]]. Since the [[Westlink M7|Westlink M7 Motorway]] was finished, completing the Sydney Orbital, it has replaced the Cumberland Highway as the north-south national highway. This has, however, not relieved much of the traffic congestion on [[Pennant Hills Road]] (south of the M2 Hills Motorway), and has increased traffic congestion on the M2 Hills Motorway {{Fact|date=April 2007}}.

On [[24 October]], Hungarians awoke to see Soviet tanks outside the Parliament building and Soviet soldiers guarding key bridges and crossroads. Armed revolutionaries quickly set up barricades to defend Budapest, and are reported to have already captured some Soviet tanks by mid-morning.<ref name="Heller"/> That day, Imre Nagy replaced [[András Hegedűs]] as Prime Minister.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IV.C, para 225 (p. 71)] {{PDF}}</ref> On the radio, Nagy called for an end to violence and promised to initiate political reforms which had been shelved three years earlier. The population continued to arm itself as sporadic violence erupted. Armed protesters seized the radio building. At the offices of the Communist newspaper ''Szabad Nép'' unarmed demonstrators were fired upon by ÁVH guards who were then driven out as armed demonstrators arrived.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.C, para 57 (p. 20)] {{PDF}}</ref> At this point, The revolutionaries' wrath focused on the ÁVH;<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.N, para 89(ix) (p. 31)] {{PDF}}</ref> Soviet military units were not yet fully engaged, and there were many reports of some Soviet troops showing open sympathy for the demonstrators.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IV.B (Resistance of the Hungarian people) para 166 (p. 52) and XI.H (Further developments) para 480 (p 152)] {{PDF}}</ref>

The area of Carlingford to the east of Pennant Hills Road and North of Carlingford Road, was built mostly in the years, post WWII. There is an area of streets named after famous North African battle fields.

On [[25 October]], a mass of protestors gathered in front of the Parliament Building as State Security Police (ÁVH) units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighboring buildings.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter X.I, para 482 (p. 153)] {{PDF}}</ref> Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH, mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting.<ref name="Heller"/><ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.F, para 64 (p. 22)] {{PDF}}</ref> Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising, some in the crowd started shooting back.<!-- this ref has the marvellous detail about hungarian army members tearing the communist badges from their caps and joining the revolutionaries. it was in the article earlier, but I took it out because it was unsourced. now that is is sourced, it seems a shame not to use such a vibrant detail --><ref name="Heller"/><ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter X.I, para 482 (p. 153)] {{PDF}}</ref>

==Sport==

[[Image:1956 hungary freedomfighter.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Hungarian Revolutionary]]

Carlingford has many sporting clubs participating in many different sports, and at many locations around the Hills District including:

Revolt became revolution as the Parliament massacre forced the collapse of the government.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22)] {{PDF}}</ref> Communist First Secretary Ernő Gerő and former Prime Minister [[András Hegedűs]] fled to the Soviet Union; Imre Nagy became Prime Minister and [[János Kádár]] First Secretary of the Communist Party.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter XII.B, para 565 (p. 174)] {{PDF}}</ref> Revolutionaries began an aggressive offensive against Soviet troops and the remnants of the ÁVH.

*[http://carlingfordbaseball.com.au/ Carlingford Baseball]

*[http://www.isport.com.au/netball/hills/hgchome.cl?PT=&C=CAR Carlingford Netball]

*Carlingford Redbacks Soccer

*Carlingford Cricket

*[[North Rocks Soccer Football Club|North Rocks Soccer Club]], which is actually in Carlingford, rather than in [[North Rocks, New South Wales|North Rocks]].

==Schools==

As the Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using [[Molotov cocktails]] through the narrow streets of Budapest, revolutionary councils arose nationwide, assumed local governmental authority, and called for general strikes. Public Communist symbols such as [[red star]]s and Soviet war memorials were removed, and Communist books were burned. Spontaneous revolutionary militias arose, such as the 400-man group loosely led by [[József Dudás]], which attacked or murdered Soviet sympathizers and ÁVH members.<ref>Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=824CD4FC-EA38-D85C-19E642C601751C1F&sort=Collection&item=1956%20Hungarian%20Revolution KGB Chief Serov's report, 29 October 1956], (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 8 October 2006</ref> Soviet units fought primarily in Budapest; elsewhere the countryside was largely quiet. Soviet commanders often negotiated local cease-fires with the revolutionaries.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IV.C, para 167 (p. 53)] {{PDF}}</ref> In some regions, Soviet forces managed to quell revolutionary activity. In Budapest, the Soviets were eventually fought to a stand-still and hostilities began to wane. Hungarian general [[Béla Király]], freed from a life sentence for political offenses and acting with the support of the Nagy government, sought to restore order by unifying elements of the police, army and insurgent groups into a National Guard.<ref name=ng>{{cite book | last = Gati| first = Charles| year = 2006| title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Cold War International History Project Series)| publisher = Stanford University Press| id = ISBN 0804756066}} (pp. 176-177)</ref> A ceasefire was arranged on [[28 October]] and by [[30 October]], most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.F (Political Developments) II.G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67-70 (p. 23)] {{PDF}}</ref>

Carlingford is the ___location of a large number of [[public school|public]] and [[private school]]s. Indeed some residents have chosen to move to Carlingford because of the reputation of the schools there and in nearby suburbs.

===InterludePublic primary schools===

*[http://www.carlingfor-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/home.html Carlingford Public School]

====Hungarian political changes====

*[http://www.carlingfow-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Carlingford West Public School]

[[Image:Imre_nagy1.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Imre Nagy]], head of the National Government formed on 27 October]]

*[http://www.murrayfarm-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Murray Farm Public School]

The rapid spread of the uprising in the streets of Budapest and the abrupt fall of the Gerő-Hegedűs government left the new national leadership surprised, and at first disorganized in responding to the crisis. Nagy, known as a loyal Party intellectual and reformer and described as possessing "only modest political skills"<ref>{{cite book | last = Gati | first = Charles | title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt | publisher = Stanford University Press | date = 2006 | month = September | id = ISBN 0804756066 }} (page 52)</ref>, initially appealed to the public for calm and a return to the old order. Yet, as the only remaining Hungarian leader with credibility in both the eyes of the public and the Soviets, Nagy "at long last concluded that a popular uprising rather than a counter-revolution was taking place."<ref>{{cite book | last = Gati | first = Charles | title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt | publisher = Stanford University Press | date = 2006 | month = September | id = ISBN 0804756066 }} (page 173)</ref> Calling the ongoing insurgency "a broad democratic mass movement" in a radio address on [[October 27]], Nagy formed a government which included some non-communist ministers, and abolished both the ÁVH and the one-party system.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.F (Political developments), paragraph 66 (p. 22)] {{PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Zinner | first = Paul E. | title = Revolution in Hungary | publisher = Books for Libraries Press | date = 1962 | id = ISBN 0836968174 }}</ref> Because of its short tenure, the Nagy government could not clarify its policies, which were strongly influenced by popular opinion. Editorials stressed that Hungary should be a neutral, multiparty [[social democracy]].<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary''(1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter XII.D (Reassertion of Political Rights), paragraph 583 (p. 179) and footnote 26 (p. 183)] {{PDF}}</ref> Many political prisoners were released, most notably [[József Cardinal Mindszenty]]. Political parties which were previously banned, such as the [[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|Independent Smallholders]] and the [[Social Democrats]], reappeared to form a coalition government.

*[http://www.roselea-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Roselea Public School]

===Catholic Systemic primary schools===

Local revolutionary councils formed throughout Hungary at the town and district levels, generally without involvement from the preoccupied national government in Budapest, and assumed various responsibilities of local government from the defunct communist party apparatus.<ref name=rc>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter XI (Revolutionary and Workers' Councils), paragraph 485-560 (pp. 154-)] {{PDF}}</ref> By [[30 October]], these councils had been officially sanctioned by the Hungarian Workers' (Communist) Party, and the Nagy government asked for their support as "autonomous, democratic local organs formed during the Revolution".<ref name=rc/> Likewise, [[workers' councils]] were established at industrial plants and mines, and many unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated. The workers' councils strove to manage the enterprise whilst protecting workers' interests; thus establishing a socialist economy free of rigid party control.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.E (Revolutionary and Workers' Councils), paragraph 63 (p. 22)] {{PDF}}</ref> Local control by the councils was not always bloodless; in [[Debrecen]], [[Gyor]], [[Sopron]], [[Mosonmagyaróvár]] and other cities, crowds of demonstrators were fired upon by the ÁVH, with many lives lost. The ÁVH were disarmed, often by force, in many cases assisted by the local police.<ref name=rc/>

*[[St. Gerard Majella Catholic Primary School]]

====Public Soviethigh perspective =schools===

*[http://www.carlingfor-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/public/index.html Carlingford High School].

On 24 October, the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo ]] discussed the political upheavals in Poland and Hungary. A delegation in Budapest reported that the situation was not as dire as had been portrayed. Khrushchev stated that he believed that Party Secretary Ernő Gerő's request for intervention on 23 October indicated that the Hungarian Party still held the confidence of the Hungarian public. In addition, he saw the protests not as an ideological struggle, but as popular discontent over unresolved basic economic and social issues.<ref name = satellite/>

*[[Cumberland High School (Carlingford)|Cumberland High School]]

*[[James Ruse Agricultural High School]] (selective)

==Churches==

Although it is widely believed that Hungary's declaration to exit the Warsaw Pact caused the Soviet military to crush the Revolution, minutes of the 31 October meeting of the Presidium of the Soviet Party indicate that this declaration was only one of several contributing factors.<ref name = presidium>{{cite web | title = Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting, October 31, 1956 | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc6.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-07-08}}</ref> Although a hard-line faction around [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] was pushing for intervention, Khrushchev and Marshal [[Georgy Zhukov|Zhukov]] were initially opposed to intervention. After some debate, the Presidium at first decided not to remove the new Hungarian government.

[[Image:Carlingford ldstemple.jpg|thumb|150px|LDS Sydney Australia Temple, Carlingford]]

As with much of northern Sydney, Carlingford also has a comparatively large number of Christian churches of many denominations. These include:

* Carlingford [[Baptist Church]] [http://www.carlingford-baptist.org/]

* Carlingford [[Uniting Church]] [http://www.carlingforduca.org.au/]

* [[Catholic Parish of Epping and Carlingford|St. Gerard Majella Catholic Church]] [http://www.eppcarl.org.au/carlingford/carl_index.htm]

* St. Paul's [[Sydney Anglicans|Anglican Church]] [http://www.stpaulscarlingford.org.au/]

* [[Iglesia Ni Cristo]]

* [[Christian City Churches|Christian City Church]], Carlingford [http://www.ccccarlingford.org.au/about/]

* Parramatta City Presbyterian Church [http://www.homestead.com/nsw_act/ParramattaCityPresbyterian.html]

The Pacific headquarters and [[Sydney Australia Temple]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] was constructed in Carlingford in [[1984]].

Soon however, several key tendencies alarmed the Presidium and cemented the hard-line position:<ref>{{cite web | last = Rainer | first = János M. | title = Decision in the Kremlin, 1956 -- the Malin Notes | work = Paper presented at Rutgers University | publisher = The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution | date = [[1996-11-01]] | url = http://www.rev.hu/archivum/rmj1.html | accessdate = 2006-09-07 }}</ref>

*Simultaneous movements towards multiparty parliamentary democracy, and a democratic national council of workers, which could "lead towards a capitalist state." Both movements challenged the pre-eminence of the Soviet Communist Party in Eastern Europe and perhaps Soviet [[hegemony]] itself. For the majority of the Presidium, the instances of workers' control in Hungary were incompatible with their idea of socialism and needed to be stamped out. This policy of the Soviet Union was later explained by the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]], which stated "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries."

*With the Western powers involved in the [[Suez Crisis]], the Presidium was concerned with a perception of weakness by the Soviet Union in dealing with a regional uprising within the Eastern Bloc. Referring to France, Britain and the United States, Khrushchev reportedly stated "To Egypt, they will then add Hungary."<ref name = presidium/>

*Khrushchev stated that members of the Soviet party would not understand a failure to respond with force in Hungary. [[De-Stalinization]] had alienated the more conservative elements of the Party, who were alarmed at threats to Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. On June 17, 1953, workers in [[East Berlin]] staged an [[History of the German Democratic Republic#June 17.2C 1953|uprising]], demanding the resignation of the government of the [[German Democratic Republic]]. This was quickly and violently put down with the help of the Soviet military, with 84 strikers killed and wounded and 700 arrested.<ref>Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=5034CF83-96B6-175C-9D4EF24C4DBDEABE&sort=Collection&item=Germany%20in%20the%20Cold%20War Report from A. Grechko and Tarasov in Berlin to N.A. Bulganin], (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 10 October 2006</ref> In June 1956, in [[Poznań]], Poland, an anti-government [[Poznań 1956 protests|workers' revolt]] was suppressed by the Polish security forces with 74 deaths. Additionally, by late October, unrest was noticed in some regional areas of the European Soviet Union: while this unrest was minor, it was intolerable.

*Hungarian neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact represented a threat to the Soviet defensive and ideological [[buffer zone]] of [[satellite nation]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Okváth | first = Imre | title = Hungary in the Warsaw Pact: The Initial Phase of Integration, 1957 - 1971 | journal = The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact | date = 1999 | url = http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_4/texts/introduction_okvath.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-04 }} by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zurich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network</ref> Soviet international relations in central Europe were not only dictated by a desire for empire, but by a fear of invasion from the West. These fears were deeply ingrained in Soviet foreign policy, reaching back to the [[Russian Civil War]] and the [[Polish-Soviet War]] in the 1920s. However, it was the [[Operation Barbarossa]] in 1941, when the Hungarian state was an ally during the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which cemented the Soviet concept of a necessary defensive buffer of allied states in central Europe.

==Telecommunications==

With this combination of political and foreign policy considerations, the Presidium decided to break the de facto ceasefire and crush the Hungarian revolution. The plan was to declare a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" under János Kádár, who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order. According to witnesses, Kadar was in Moscow in early November<ref>Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=692581EC-A0E3-F953-CBB9FF5E9EDE78E8&sort=Collection&item=1956%20Hungarian%20Revolution Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 3 November 1956, with Participation by J. Kádár, F. Münnich, and I. Horváth], (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 8 October 2006</ref> and he was in contact with the Soviet embassy while still a member of the Nagy government.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.J (Mr. Kádár forms a government), para 77-78 (p. 26-27)] {{PDF}}</ref> Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China, and to [[Tito]] in Yugoslavia, seeking to avoid a regional conflict, and [[propaganda]] messages prepared for broadcast as soon as the second Soviet intervention had begun. To disguise these intentions, Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks discussing the withdrawal of Soviet forces.<ref name = presidium/> On 31 October, ''[[Pravda]]'' announced "The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary".<ref>{{cite web | title = Overview | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = 1999 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/ | accessdate = 2006-09-04}}</ref>

The Carlingford telephone exchange is located at 413 North Rocks Rd. It serves telephony for Carlingford and nearby suburbs such as Dundas Valley, Telopea and North Rocks.

==Other infrastructure==

====International reaction====

Carlingford is the site for the control room for the New South Wales electricity grid. A major electricity [[Electrical substation|substation]], operated by [[Integral Energy]], is next to the building housing the control room. The same site also houses one of the major communications relay towers in northern Sydney. This substation used to be connected to Carlingford Station via a siding. While most of the line has since disappeared, some of the remains of the line can be seen from Jenkins Road. An image of this line can be viewed [http://www.nswrail.net/locations/photo.php?name=NSW:Carlingford:8&line=NSW:carlingford:0 here], which is from a website dedicated to railways in New South Wales.

Although the [[John Foster Dulles|US Secretary of State]] recommended on [[24 October]] that the [[United Nations Security Council]] convene to discuss the situation in Hungary, little immediate action was taken to introduce a resolution.<ref>{{cite paper | author = Csaba Békés | title = The Hungarian Question on the UN Agenda: Secret Negotiations by the Western Great Powers October 26th-November 4th 1956. (British Foreign Office Documents) | date = ''Hungarian Quarterly'' (Spring 2000) | url =http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html | accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref> Engaged by the looming [[Suez crisis]], Dulles declared on [[27 October]]: "We do not look upon [[Warsaw Pact|these nations]] as potential military allies." Responding to the plea by Nagy at the time of the second massive Soviet intervention on 4 November, the Security Council resolution critical of Soviet actions was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The General Assembly, by a vote of 50 in favor, 8 against and 15 abstentions, called on the Soviet Union to end its Hungarian intervention, but the newly constituted Kádár government rejected UN observers.<ref>Hungarian Revolt, October 23 - November 4, 1956 (Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, editors): Appendices [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&post=2#N_1_ The Hungary Question in the United Nations] Retrieved 3 September 2006</ref>

U.S. President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] was aware of a detailed study of Hungarian resistance, which recommended against U.S. military intervention,<ref>{{cite web | title = Study Prepared for US Army Intelligence "Hungary, Resistance Activities and Potentials" (January 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc1.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-03}}</ref> and of earlier policy discussions within the National Security Council which focused upon encouraging discontent in Soviet satellite nations only by economic policies and political rhetoric.<ref>{{cite web | title = Minutes of the 290th NSC Meeting (July 12, 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc2.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Borhi | first = László | title = Containment, Rollback, Liberation or Inaction? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s | journal = Journal of Cold War Studies | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 67-108 | date = 1999 | url = http://www.coldwar.hu/html/en/publications/rollback.html | accessdate = 2006-09-03 }}</ref> In a 1998 interview, Hungarian Ambassador [[Géza Jeszenszky]] was critical of Western inaction in 1956, citing the influence of the United Nations at that time and giving the example of [[Korean War|UN intervention in Korea]] from 1950-53.<ref name=cnn>CNN: Géza Jeszenszky, Hungarian Ambassador, [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/guides/debate/chats/jeszensky/ Cold War Chat (transcript)] November 8, 1998</ref>

During the uprising, the [[Radio Free Europe]] (RFE) Hungarian-language programs broadcast news of the political and military situation, as well as appealing to Hungarians to fight the Soviet forces, including tactical advice on resistance methods. After the Soviet suppression of the revolution, RFE was criticized for having misled the Hungarian people that [[NATO]] or United Nations would intervene if the citizens continued to resist.<ref>{{cite web | title = Policy Review of Voice For Free Hungary Programming from October 23 to November 23, 1956 (December 15, 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc10.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-02}}</ref>

===Soviet intervention ===

[[Image:1956 hungarians flee.gif|thumb|300px|right|Hungarians flee as the revolution is crushed]]

On [[1 November]], Imre Nagy received reports that Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving towards Budapest.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter VIII.D, para 336 (p. 103)] {{PDF}}</ref> Nagy sought and received assurances from Soviet ambassador [[Yuri Andropov]] that the Soviet Union would not invade, although Andropov knew otherwise. The Cabinet, with János Kádár in agreement, declared Hungary's neutrality, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact, and requested both the diplomatic corps in Budapest and the [[Dag Hammerskjold|UN Secretary-General]] that the major powers should help to defend Hungary's neutrality.<ref>[http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_wapa/texts/formative_years.htm Imre Nagy’s Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary’s Neutrality (1 November 1956)] by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zurich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network</ref> Ambassador Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately.<ref>{{cite web | title = Andropov Report, 1 November 1956 | publisher = Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), www.CWIHP.org, by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars | url = http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.document&identifier=82699F97-EC4B-54BD-C4D29366EA294161&sort=Collection&item=The%20Warsaw%20Pact | accessdate = 2006-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Minutes of the Nagy Government's Fourth Cabinet Meeting, 1 November 1956 | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc7.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-02}}</ref>

On [[November 3]], a Hungarian delegation led by the Minister of Defense [[Pál Maléter]] attended negotiations on Soviet withdrawal at the Soviet Military Command at [[Pest (county)|Tököl]], near Budapest. At around midnight that evening, General [[Ivan Serov]], Chief of the Soviet Security Police ([[NKVD]]) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation, and the next day, the Soviet army again attacked Budapest.

This second Soviet intervention, codenamed "Operation Whirlwind", was launched by Marshall [[Ivan Konev]] on [[November 1]] by redeployment of Soviet troops.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IV.E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)] {{PDF}}</ref> Soviet divisions stationed in the country before 23 October were augmented by three army corps for a campaign to begin [[4 November]]. The new Soviet troops, in order to insure loyalty, had been recruited from faraway [[Soviet Central Asia]], and many did not speak European languages. Many believed they were being sent to [[Berlin]] to fight German fascists.<ref name="Fryer">{{cite book

| last = Fryer

| first = Peter

| authorlink = Peter Fryer

| title = Hungarian Tragedy

| publisher = D. Dobson

| date = 1957

| ___location = London

| pages = Chapter 9 (The Second Soviet Intervention)

| url = http://www.vorhaug.net/politikk/hungarian_tragedy/9_the_second_intervention.html

| id = ASIN B0007J7674 }}</ref>

[[Image:Nagy Imre final appeal.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Imre Nagy broadcasts final appeal]]<!-- nice picture; does the article mention Nagy's plea for Western help? -->

At 5:20 a.m. on November 4, Imre Nagy broadcast his final plea to the nation and the world, announcing that Soviet Forces were attacking Budapest and that the Government remained at its post.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter VII.D (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 291 (p. 89)] {{PDF}}</ref> The broadcaster, Radio Free Kossuth, stopped broadcasting at 8:07 a.m.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter VII.D (a silent carrier wave was detected until 9:45 am), para 292 (p. 89)] {{PDF}}</ref> An emergency Cabinet meeting was held in the Parliament building, but was attended by only three Ministers. As Soviet troops surrounded and occupied the building, a negotiated evacuation ensued, leaving Minister of State [[István, Bibó|István Bibó]] as the last representative of the Hungarian government remaining at post.<ref name="Bibo">{{cite book

| last = Bibó

| first = István

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination

| publisher = Columbia University Press

| date = 1991

| ___location = New York

| url =

| pages = pp. 325-327

| id = ISBN 0-88033-214-X }}</ref> Awaiting arrest, he wrote a [[For Freedom and Truth|stirring proclamation]] to the nation and the world.

Shortly thereafter, in [[Szolnok]], János Kádár proclaimed the "Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government". His statement declared "We must put an end to the excesses of the counter-revolutionary elements. The hour for action has sounded. We are going to defend the interest of the workers and peasants and the achievements of the people's democracy."<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter VIII.B (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 596 (p. 185)] {{PDF}}</ref> Later that Evening, Kádár called upon "the faithful fighters of the true cause of socialism" to come out of hiding and take up arms. However, Hungarian support did not materialize; the fighting did not take on the character of a civil war which divides a population, but rather that of a well-equipped foreign army conquering a nation.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter VIII.B (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 600 (p. 186)] {{PDF}}</ref>

Operation Whirlwind, unlike the intervention of 23 October, did not rely on unsupported tank columns penetrating dense urban areas, but instead utilized a combined arms strategy of air strikes, artillery bombardments, and coordinated tank-infantry action by 17 divisions.<ref>{{cite book

| last = Györkei

| first = Jenõ

| authorlink =

| coauthors = Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos

| title = Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956

| publisher = Central European University Press

| date = 1999

| ___location = New York

| url =

| pages = 350

| id = ISBN 963-9116-36-X }}</ref> While the Hungarian Army put up an uncoordinated resistance, working class Hungarians bore the brunt of the fighting. Due to the strength of working class resistance, it was the industrial areas of Budapest which were primarily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes. These actions continued in an improvised manner until the [[Csepel|last pockets of resistance]] called for a ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarian rebels and 722 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded.<ref>Mark Kramer, “The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings”, ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol.33, No.2, Apr. 1998, p.210.</ref><ref>Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban", ''Népszabadság'' (Budapest), 3 November 1990, 3</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Hungary===

[[Image:János Kádár.jpeg|thumb|100px|left|[[János Kádár]]]]

Between 10 November and 19 December workers' councils negotiated directly with the occupying Soviets. While they achieved some prisoner releases, they did not achieve a Soviet withdrawal. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence.<ref>{{cite web | title = Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (November 15, 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-02}}</ref> Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary,<ref name="Cseresneyes">{{cite journal

| last = Cseresnyés

| first = Ferenc

| title = The '56 Exodus to Austria

| journal = The Hungarian Quarterly

| volume = XL

| issue = 154

| pages = pp. 86-101

| publisher = Society of the Hungarian Quarterly

| url = http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html

| date = Summer 1999

| accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref> some 26,000 were put on trial by the Kádár government, and of those 13,000 were imprisoned.{{fact}} Although [[CIA]] documents report approximately 1,200 executions, former Hungarian Foreign Minister Géza Jeszenszky estimated 350 were executed.<ref name=cnn/> Sporadic armed resistance and strikes by workers' councils continued until mid-1957, causing substantial economic disruption.

With most of Budapest under Soviet control by 8 November, Kádár became Prime Minister of the "Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government" and General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party. Few Hungarians rejoined the reorganized Party, its leadership having been purged under the supervision of the Soviet Presidium, led by [[Georgy Malenkov]] and [[Mikhail Suslov]].<ref name = situation>{{cite web | title = Situation Report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party by Malenkov-Suslov-Aristov (November 22, 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc9.pdf | format = {{PDF}} | accessdate = 2006-09-02}}</ref> Although Party membership declined from 800,000 before the uprising to 100,000 by December 1956, Kádár steadily increased his control over Hungary and neutralized dissenters. The new government attempted to enlist support by espousing popular principles of Hungarian self-determination voiced during the uprising, but Soviet troops remained.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter XIV.I.A, para 642 (p. 198), János Kádár's 15 points (4 November 1956)] {{PDF}}</ref> After 1956 the Soviet Union severely purged the Hungarian Army and reinstituted political indoctrination in the units that remained. In May 1957, the Soviet Union increased its troop levels in Hungary and by treaty Hungary accepted the Soviet presence on a permanent basis.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Annex A (Agreement between the Hungarian People Republic and the government of the USSR on the legal status of Soviet forces) pp. 112-113)] {{PDF}}</ref>

[[Image:1956 Hungarian Refugees in Austria.jpg|thumb|right|160px|1956 Hungarian Refugees fleeing into Austria]]

The Red Cross and the Austrian Army established refugee camps in [[Baden (district)|Traiskirchen]] and [[Graz]].<ref name="Cseresneyes"/> Imre Nagy along with [[Georg Lukács]], [[Géza Losonczy]] and László Rajk's widow, Júlia, took refuge in the Embassy of Yugoslavia as Soviet forces overran Budapest. Despite assurances of safe passage out of Hungary by the Soviets and the Kádár government, Nagy and his group were arrested when attempting to leave the embassy on [[22 November]] and taken to Romania. Losonczy died while on a hunger strike in prison awaiting trial when his jailers "carelessly pushed a feeding tube down his windpipe."<ref>Fryer, Peter (1997). ''Hungarian Tragedy'', p. 10. Index Books: London. ISBN 1-871518-14-8.</ref> The remainder of the group was returned to Budapest in 1958. Nagy was executed, along with Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest.<ref name="BBCJune16">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_4522000/4522407.stm "On This Day 16 June, 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy"] British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. (Accessed October 13, 2006)</ref>

By 1963 most [[political prisoner]]s from the 1956 Hungarian revolution had been released.<ref>Békés, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, János M. Rainer (2002). ''Hungarian Tragedy'', p. L. Central European University Press: Budapest. ISBN 96-392-4166-0.</ref> During the November 1956 Soviet assault on Budapest, Cardinal Mindszenty was granted political asylum at the United States embassy, where he lived for the next 15 years, refusing to leave Hungary unless the government reversed his 1949 conviction for treason. Due to poor health and a request from the [[Vatican]], he finally left the embassy for Austria in September 1971.<ref>{{cite news | title = End of a Private Cold War | publisher = Time Magazine | date = [[1971-10-11]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903181,00.html | accessdate = 2006-09-03 }}</ref>

===International===

The events in Hungary reinforced the inability of the Western alliance to roll back Soviet domination during the height of the Cold War, fearing retaliation by Warsaw Pact forces along their borders. Soviet action had clearly shown that, regardless of national ambitions of the Warsaw Pact client nations, armed force would be used to maintain regimes that reflected Soviet-style communism. [[Heinrich von Brentano]], Foreign Minister of West Germany, recommended that the people of Eastern Europe be discouraged from "taking dramatic action which might have disastrous consequences for themselves." NATO Secretary-General [[Paul-Henri Spaak]] called the Hungarian revolt "the collective suicide of a whole people".<ref>{{cite news | title = How to Help Hungary | publisher = Time Magazine | date = [[1956-12-24]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808812,00.html | accessdate = 2006-09-03 }}</ref> These lessons were reinforced twelve years later when [[Prague Spring|similar events]] unfolded in [[Czechoslovakia]] where an attempt at liberalization was ended by another invasion by Soviet-led forces. In this later example, First Secretary [[Alexander Dubcek]] had learned from the experience of the Hungarians and pleaded with his citizens not to resist.

In January 1957, United Nations Secretary-General [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], acting in response to UN General Assembly resolutions requesting investigation and observation of the events in Soviet-occupied Hungary, established the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary.<ref>United Nations General Assembly Document A/3485: [http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/a3485e.pdf Report of the Secretary-General ([[5 January]] [[1957]]) Retrieved 13 October 2006</ref> The Committee, with representatives from Australia, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Denmark, Tunisia and Uruguay, conducted hearings in New York, Geneva, Rome, Vienna and London. Over five months, 111 refugees were interviewed including ministers, military commanders and other officials of the Nagy government, workers, revolutionary council members, factory managers and technicians, communists and non-communists, students, writers, teachers, medical personnel and Hungarian soldiers. Documents, newspapers, radio transcripts, photos, film footage and other records from Hungary were also reviewed, as well as written testimony of 200 other Hungarians.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter I.D (Organization and Function of the Committee), paragraphs 1-26 (pp. 10-13)] {{PDF}}</ref> The governments of Hungary and Romania refused the UN officials of the Committee entry, and the government of the Soviet Union did not respond to requests for information.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter I.E (Attempts to observe in Hungary and meet Imre Nagy), paragraphs 32-34 (p. 14)] {{PDF}}</ref> The 268-page Committee Report<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf UN General Assembly (1957) ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary''] Accessed [[October 14]], [[2006]]</ref> was presented to the General Assembly on June 1957, documenting the course of the uprising and Soviet intervention, and concluding that the Kádár government and Soviet occupation were in violation of the human rights of the Hungarian people.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter II.N (Summary of conclusions), paragraph 89 (pp. 30-32)] {{PDF}}</ref> A General Assembly resolution was approved, deploring the repression of the Hungarian people and the Soviet occupation, but no other action was taken.<ref>United Nations General Assembly, Thirteenth Session: [http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/747/56/IMG/NR074756.pdf?OpenElement Resolution 1312 (XIII) The Situation in Hungary (Item 59, p. 69] (12 December 1958)</ref>

[[Image:Time Man of the year 1957Hunagarianfreedom fighter.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The [[January 7]], [[1957]] "Man of the Year" edition of ''Time'' magazine and accompanying article<ref>{{cite news| title = Man Of The Year, The Land and the People| publisher = Time Magazine| date = [[1957-01-07]]| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808898-1,00.html| accessdate = 2006-10-09}}</ref> recognized the Hungarian people.]]

At the [[1956 Summer Olympics|Melbourne Olympics]], the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led to a boycott by Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland.<ref>International Olympic Committee: Melbourne/Stockholm 1956 [http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/innovations_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1956 Did you know?] Retrieved 13 October 2006</ref> A [[Blood In The Water match|confrontation]] between Soviet and Hungarian teams occurred in the [[Water polo at the 1956 Summer Olympics|semi-final game]] of the [[water polo]] tournament; the play was extremely violent. The match was called off in the final minute to quell fighting amongst spectators. Some members of the Hungarian Olympic delegation [[defector|defected]] after the games. The match became the subject of a [[Quentin Tarantino]] documentary called Freedom's Fury.<ref>Radio Free Europe: [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/05/0e5164bb-fd53-4562-88c5-9aac69e5845c.html Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown] Retrieved 13 October 2006</ref>

The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the Communist parties of Western Europe. Within the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) a split ensued: most ordinary members and the Party leadership, including [[Palmiro Togliatti]] and [[Giorgio Napolitano]], regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries, as reported in ''[[l'Unità]]'', the official PCI newspaper. However [[Giuseppe Di Vittorio]], chief of the Communist trade union [[CGIL]], repudiated the leadership position, as did the prominent party member [[Antonio Giolitti]] and many influential Communist intellectuals, who later were expelled or left the party. [[Pietro Nenni]], the national secretary of the [[Italian Socialist Party]], a close ally of the PCI, opposed the Soviet intervention as well. Napolitano, elected in 2006 as [[President of the Italian Republic]], wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regretted his justification of Soviet action in Hungary, and that at the time he believed in Party unity and the international leadership of Soviet communism.<ref>{{cite book | last = Napolitano | first = Giorgio | year = 2005 | title = Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography) | publisher = Laterza | ___location = | language = Italian | id = ISBN 88-420-7715-1}}</ref> Within the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] (CPGB), dissent that began with the repudiation of Stalinism by [[John Saville]] and [[E.P. Thompson]], influential historians and members of the [[Communist Party Historians Group]], culminated in a loss of thousands of party members as events unfolded in Hungary. [[Peter Fryer]], correspondent for the CPGB newspaper ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', reported accurately on the violent suppression of the uprising, but his dispatches were heavily censored;<ref name="Fryer"/> Fryer resigned from the paper upon his return, and was later expelled from the communist party. In France, moderate communists, such as historian [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]] resigned, questioning the policy of supporting Soviet actions by the [[French Communist Party]]. The French philosopher and writer [[Albert Camus]] wrote an [[The Blood of the Hungarians|open letter]] criticizing the West's inaction.

===Commemoration===

[[Image:1956flag.jpg|thumb|right|250px|1956 Revolution Flag flying before Parliament]]

In December 1991, the preamble of the treaties with the dismembered Soviet Union, under [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], and Russia represented by [[Boris Yeltsin]], apologized officially for the 1956 Soviet actions in Hungary. This apology was repeated by Yeltsin in 1992 during a speech to the Hungarian parliament.<ref name = cnn/>

On [[13 February]], 2006, the [[US State Department]] commemorated the Fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. US Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice|Rice]] commented on the contributions made by 1956 Hungarian refugees to the United States and other host countries, as well as the [[German reunification#The end of the division .28.E2.80.9CDie Wende.E2.80.9D.29|role of Hungary]] in providing refuge to East Germans during the 1989 protests against that communist government.<ref>{{cite press release | title = US State Department Commemorates the 1956 Hungarian Revolution | publisher = American Hungarian Federation | date = [[2006-02-13]] | url = http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/news_1956_StateDepartment_Reception_2006-02-13.htm | accessdate = 2006-10-08 }}</ref>

After the fall of the communist regime, the Republic of Hungary was declared on [[23 October]] 1989, the 33rd anniversary of the Revolution, and Imre Nagy's body was reburied with full honors.<ref name="BBCJune16"/> Today, [[23 October]] is a Hungarian [[national holiday]].

==References==

*Australian Bureau of Statistics (2002). [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[e-mail]/4079a1bbd2a04b80ca256b9d00208f92/6f23e832c6e96cadca256bc00014643a!OpenDocument Basic community profile: Carlingford (SSC 11446)]. Retrieved 19 May 2005.

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/B/Bennelong.htm Divisional Profile for Bennelong]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.

<references/>

*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/B/Berowra.htm Divisional Profile for Berowra]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.

</div>

*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/M/Mitchell.htm Divisional Profile for Mitchell]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.

*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/who/profiles/P/Parramatta.htm Divisional Profile for Parramatta]. Retrieved 4 January 2006.

==Further reading==

*Australian Electoral Commission [http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/How/newsfiles/124/index.htm#10 Definitions of 'marginal', 'fairly safe' and 'safe']. Retrieved 4 January 2006.

{{portal|Cold War}}

*{{cite book

| last = Arendt

| first = Hannah

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Origins of Totalitarianism

| publisher = Harcourt

| date = 1951

| ___location = New York

| url =

| pages = pp. 480-510

| id = ISBN 0-15-670153-7}}

*{{cite book

| last = Bekes

| first = Csaba (Editor)

| coauthors = Byrne, Malcolm (Editor), Rainer, Janos (Editor)

| year = 2003

| title = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents (National Security Archive Cold War Readers)

| publisher = Central European University Press

| pages = 600 pages

| ___location =

| language = English

| id = ISBN 9639241660}}

*{{cite book

| last = Bibó

| first = István

| authorlink =

| coauthors =

| title = Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination

| publisher = Columbia University Press

| date = 1991

| ___location = New York

| url =

| pages = pp. 331-354

| id = ISBN 0-88033-214-X }}

*{{cite book

| last = Gati

| first = Charles

| year = 2006

| title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Cold War International History Project Series)

| publisher = Stanford University Press

| pages = 264 pages

| language = English

| id = ISBN 0804756066}}

*{{cite book

| last = Györkei

| first = Jenõ

| authorlink =

| coauthors = Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos

| title = Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956

| publisher = Central European University Press

| date = 1999

| ___location = New York

| url =

| pages = 350

| id = ISBN 963-9116-36-X }}

*{{cite book | last = Kertesz | first = Stephen D. | title = [http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl00.htm Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia] | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana | date = 1953 | id = ISBN 0837175402}}

*{{cite book

| last = Morris

| first = William E.

| coauthors = Lettis, Richard (Editor)

| year = Reprint edition (August 2001)

| title = The Hungarian Revolt: October 23 - November 4, 1956

| publisher = Simon Publications

| ___location =

| id = ISBN 1931313792}}

*{{cite book | last = Napolitano | first = Giorgio | year = 2005 | title = Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography) | publisher = Laterza | ___location = | language = Italian | id = ISBN 8842077151}}

*{{cite book

| last = Sugar

| first = Peter F.

| coauthors = Hanak, Peter, Frank, Tibor (Editors)

| year = 1994

| title = A History of Hungary: From Liberation to Revolution (pp. 368-83)

| publisher = Bloomington: Indiana University Press

| pages = 448 pages

| ___location =

| language = English

| id = ISBN 025320867X}}

*United Nations: ''Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'', General Assembly, Official Records, Eleventh Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/3592), New York, 1957 [http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf (268 pages)] {{PDF}}

* {{cite book | last = Zinner | first = Paul E. | title = Revolution in Hungary | publisher = Books for Libraries Press | date = 1962 | pages = 380 pages | id = ISBN 0836968174 }}

== External links ==

*[http://www.carlingfordcourt.com Carlingford Court homepage]

;Historical collections

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{{History of Hungary}}

{{commons}}

*[http://www.rev.hu/ Institute of Revolutionary History, Hungary] A Hungarian language site providing historical photos and documents, books and reviews, and links to English language sites.

*[http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13 The Hungarian Revolt, October 23 - November 4, 1956] A Scribner research anthology of written sources on the Hungarian Revolt, edited by Richard Lettis and William I. Morris. Documents include radio broadcasts, newspaper and magazine articles, and portions of books on the revolt.

*[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=1956%20Hungarian%20Revolution 1956 Hungarian Revolution Collection] of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Cold War International History Project (Virtual Archive 2.0), containing documents and other source materials relating to the 1956 Revolution.

*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/dbforum/sets/72057594070651030/ 1956 newspaper front pages] Historic front pages from Hungarian newspapers, June to December 1956.

;Published accounts

*[http://www.vorhaug.net/politikk/hungarian_tragedy/ ''Hungarian Tragedy''] An eyewitness account by Peter Fryer, correspondent for the British Communist Party's newspaper, ''The Daily Worker''.

*[http://libcom.org/library/hungary-56-andy-anderson Hungary '56] Andy Anderson's pamphlet, written in 1964 and originally published by [[Solidarity (UK)]], about events of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, focusing on Hungarian demands for economic and political self-management. (AK Press 2002, ISBN 0 934868 01 8)

*[http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/LabHist/1956Hungary.htm A risen people – against Stalinism, for workers’ democracy] by Norma Prendiville, ''Militant Irish Monthly'' (December 1986). Account of the uprising emphasizing its socialist roots and the workers' councils.

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm "On this day 4 November, 1956: Soviet troops overrun Hungary"] (Accessed October 12, 2006) - British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on the first day of the second Soviet intervention and the fall of the Nagy government.

*[http://af-north.org/other%20pamphlets/1956.htm ''1956 - The Hungarian Revolution''] Published in the 1980s as No.1 in a series of [[Council communism|Council Communist]] pamphlets, emphasizing the events of 1956 as a Hungarian workers' uprising.

;Commemorations

*[http://www.1956andhungary.hu ''1956 and Hungary: The Memory of Eyewitnesses - In Search of Freedom and Democracy''] The website of the international conference ([[September 28]]-[[September 29]], [[2006]]) to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The conference will review the events of the 1950's era, based on the personal experience of those who left Hungary after the revolution, who found a new home in other countries, and have contributed to their development.<!-- not a lot of information at this link and conference is in the past. is link needed? -->

*[http://www.hungary1956.com The 1956 Portal] A resource for Hungarian-American organizations to highlight and promote their 1956 Hungarian Revolution commemoration activities, including 1956 photos, videos, resources, and events across the US.

*[http://project56.org/ Project 56] A multimedia project for the celebration of Hungarian life & culture with a focus on the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and its aftermath.

*[http://www.celebratingfreedom1956.org/ CHR50 Festival of Freedom] The Cleveland Hungarian Revolution 50th Anniversary Committee website describing planned events on [[October 21]] and [[October 22]], [[2006]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], a city with many citizens of Hungarian heritage.

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[[fr:Insurrection de Budapest]]

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